A scale to measure the worry level in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy with sedation: Development, reliability, and validity

Objective: This study aims to develop a scale to measure the worry level of patients who will undergo gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with deep sedation, and to provide scientific references to alleviate their worries. Method: Based on literature review, panel discussion, patient interview and expert consultation, we developed the first version of the scale. After two pre-investigations, the formal version of the scale was formed, and the reliability and validity were tested on 1389 respondents. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the Spearman correlations analysis. Results: The scale was composed of four dimensions: financial and time costs, sedation, examination, and psychology. It has 15 items. Reliability and validity were acceptable. The Cronbach's alpha of the whole scale was 0.959 and all the factor loadings were > 0.50. The Spearman correlations of the inter-dimensions ranged from 0.614 to 0.836, and the correlation coefficients between the dimensions and the total score were 0.795 to 0.957. The correlation coefficient between the total scale score and the APAIS was 0.833. Conclusions: This scale has good validity and reliability, which is useful for physicians and medical institutions to take appropriate measures to reduce patients' worries. (AU)

Moderating Effect of Physical Exercise between the relation of Psychological Resilience and Negative Emotions of University Students in Iraq / Efecto moderador del ejercicio físico entre la relación de la resiliencia psicológica y las emociones negativas de estudiantes universitarios en Irak

Negative emotions reduce the academic achievement of college students. Students in Iraq experience bad emotions due to the country's social conditions. The purpose of this project is to improve the mental health of Iraqi students through physical activity. This study aims to examine the moderating link between psychological resilience and negative emotions among university students in Iraq. This study collects quantitative data using a Likert scale questionnaire and a random sample technique; the participants were students from several Najaf universities. The findings of this study indicate that physical health plays a substantial moderating influence between psychological resilience and unpleasant emotions. According to the study, students' negative feelings can be lessened with health education and mental health literacy. These findings are unusual since this study's theoretical framework offers a substantial relationship to the existing research. Similar to the theoretical implications, this study has significant practical consequences that are crucial to consider while attempting to reduce the negative emotions component among Iraqi university students. The next directions of this research are important for addressing the literature gap in negative emotions.(AU)

Diminished complexity of heart rate time series in adolescents facing negative events during everyday life / Complejidad reducida de las series temporales de frecuencia cardíaca en adolescentes afrontando eventos negativos diarios

Physiological systems need to be flexible in order to adapt to a changing environment. Negative events, however, induce flexibility reductions thatseem necessary for coping purposes. To date, studies have measured linear variability and entropy in heart output, but none have examined thescaling properties of the cardiac system when individuals deal with stressful everyday events. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis thatthe complexity of the cardiac dynamics is diminished when individuals face negative events in real life. Cardiac variability (linear) and complexity(nonlinear), as well as discomfort and effectiveness of event-related emotion regulation (EER) were ecologically examined in N = 65 adolescents(Mage = 14.80 years; SDage = 0.86; 55.38% girls). Repeated Measures MANOVAs revealed higher heart rate (HR) and lower cardiac complexity(higher long-term scaling exponent, p = .029; lower Fractal Dimension FD, p = .030; and lower Sample Entropy, p = .001) during EER in comparisonwith non-emotion regulation conditions (NER). Wilcoxon non-parametric tests revealed higher Hurst exponents (p = .006) in EER than in NER. Nosignificant correlations were found between discomfort and cardiac variables although the higher the cardiac entropy in NER conditions, the greaterthe self-rated effectiveness of EER (p < .050). EER processes involved increases in HR as well as scaling and FD changes that might reflect thereal-time scale’s predominance in HR output when adolescents are dealing with negative events.(AU)

Los sistemas fisiológicos necesitan ser flexibles para adaptarse a un entorno cambiante. Sin embargo, los eventos negativos disminuyen dicha flexibilidad que parecenecesaria para lograr un afrontamiento exitoso. Hasta entonces, los estudios han medido la variabilidad lineal y la entropía de la frecuencia cardíaca(FC), pero ninguno ha examinado las propiedades de escala del sistema cardíaco cuando se afrontan acontecimientos estresantes diarios. Esteestudio investigó si la complejidad cardíaca disminuye cuando los individuos se enfrentan a eventos negativos cotidianos. La variabilidad cardíaca(lineal) y la complejidad (no lineal), así como el malestar y la eficacia de los episodios de regulación emocional (EER) se examinaron ecológica-mente en N = 65 adolescentes (Medad = 14,80; DEedad = 0,86; 55,38% chicas). Los MANOVA de medidas repetidas revelaron una mayor FC y unamenor complejidad cardíaca (mayor exponente de escala a largo plazo, p = .029; menor dimensión fractal DF, p = .030; y menor entropía muestral,p = .001) durante los EER en comparación con las condiciones de no regulación emocional (NER). Las pruebas de Wilcoxon revelaron mayoresexponentes de Hurst (p = .006) en EER que en NER. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre el malestar y las variables cardíacas, pero a mayorentropía cardíaca en NER, mayor eficacia autocalificada en EER (p < .050). Los EER implicaron aumentos en la FC, así como cambios en la escalay en la DF que podrían reflejar el predominio de la escala en tiempo real del sistema cardíaco cuando los adolescentes afrontan eventos negativos.(AU)

Single-case experimental design evaluation of repetitive negative thinking-focused acceptance and commitment therapy in generalized anxiety disorder with couple-related worry

Young adults suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show high levels of worry about different domains, with couple relationships being the most frequent one. Excessive worry in this domain might lead to couple dysfunction, which is associated with lower outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapy. The current study analyzes the effect of an individual, 3-session, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) protocol focused on repetitive negative thinking (RNT) in the treatment of GAD with couple relationship as the main worry domain. Three young adults with GAD participated in this study. A delayed multiple-baseline design was implemented. All participants completed a 5 to 7-week baseline without showing improvement trends in couple-related worry (Experiences in Close Relationships -Anxiety; ECR-A) and general pathological worry (Penn State Worry Questionnaire; PSWQ). Afterwards, they received the ACT protocol, and a 3-month follow-up was conducted. All 3 participants showed evidence of intervention effects on the ECR-A and PSWQ. The standardized mean difference effect sizes for single-case experimental design were very large for the ECR-A (g= 5.93) and PSWQ (g= 3.19). No adverse events were found. Brief, RNT-focused ACT protocols for treating GAD with couple relationship as the main worry domain deserve further empirical tests

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The role of negative affect, rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness on depressive symptoms in depressed outpatients and normative individuals

This study examined the mediating effect of rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness, in the relationship between negative affect (NA) and depressive symptoms, and the differences between depressed outpatients and normative individuals. A cross-sectional design, employing validated questionnaires was used to measure NA, depressive symptoms, rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness in 140 participants (70 with Major Depressive Disorder, 57 female; 70 normative individuals, 44 female). Our tested model showed that cognitive fusion was the only significant mediator of the relationship between NA and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, our results showed that both rumination and mindfulness have a mediation effect in the relationship between NA and cognitive fusion. A partial metric invariance was indicated, allowing the identification of specific parameters that may be acting differently in the two samples. Our study showed that individuals high in NA, who repeatedly think about negative aspects of the self/situations, may become easily attached to literal content of thoughts and less sensitive to the contingencies of direct experience, which may increases their depressive symptoms. However, adopting a non-evaluative perspective of unwanted private experiences, seems to be central to achieve a psychological distance from their negative thoughts/feelings, and possibly a consequential decrease of depressive symptoms. As rumination, cognitive fusion, and mindfulness operate differently across depressed outpatients and normative individuals, a deeply understanding of their unique relations allow us to plane more effective interventions

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Behavioral activation versus cognitive restructuring to reduce automatic negative thoughts in anxiety generating situations / Activación conductual versus reestructuración cognitiva para la reducción de pensamientos automáticos negativos ante situaciones generadoras de ansiedad

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have compared the efficacy of cognitive intervention compared to behavioral techniques for the treatment of different disorders. In line with that work, the empirical study presented here examined the efficacy of Behavioral Activation (BA) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) on Negative Automatic Thoughts (PANs) elicited in situations generating anxiety. METHOD: Based on a sample of 42 students aged 18 to 21 who took the ISRA B, BADS and EROS, 18 subjects with the highest scores were selected and assigned at random to one of two experimental groups or to a control group. Experimental Group 1 was given intervention based on CT and Experimental Group 2 based on BA. Both interventions consisted of five 60-min sessions. RESULTS: Pre and post treatment measurement analyses reveal that both conditions effectively reduced the intensity of the anxiety response. However, BA was the only condition showing a significant reduction in ANTs. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed stressing the efficacy of BA in exclusively cognitive intervention

ANTECEDENTES: las intrusiones mentales (IM) constituyen la variante normativa de las obsesiones en el Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo (TOC), las preocupaciones sobre defectos en el Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC), las imágenes sobre enfermedad en Hipocondría (TH), y pensamientos sobre alimentación en los Trastornos Alimentarios (TA). Nuestro objetivo es explorar, a nivel intra-sujeto, las relaciones entre la frecuencia y la molestia asociadas a las cuatro modalidades de IM. MÉTODO: 438 participantes (Medad = 29.84, DT = 11.41; 70,54% mujeres) completaron el Inventario de Pensamientos Intrusos Desagradables (INPIDES), que evalúa la presencia y molestia de IM con contenidos obsesivos, dismórficos, hipocondríacos y alimentarios. RESULTADOS: más del 76% de los participantes experimentaron las cuatro modalidades de IM. Las alimentarias fueron las más frecuentes pero las menos molestas, mientras que las hipocondríacas fueron las menos frecuentes pero las más molestas. La frecuencia y malestar de las cuatro IM correlacionaron entre sí. Las mujeres experimentaron las IM obsesivas, dismórficas y alimentarias más que los hombres. La edad se asoció negativamente con la frecuencia y el malestar de las IM. CONCLUSIÓN: las IM pueden ser una variable transdiagnóstica a trastornos como el TOC, el TDC, los TA y la Hipocondría, y ello puede contribuir a explicar las similitudes fenomenológicas entre estos trastornos

Hostile behaviours in children and adolescents: sociodemographic and parental variables

BACKGROUND: Hostile behaviour in children and adolescents is a current and very relevant problem due to individual, social and economic harm it produces. OBJECTIVES: To verify if sociodemographic variables (gender, age, grade, place of residence and cohabitation) influence hostile behaviour in children and adolescents; to ascertain whether family variables (marital status, occupation, education level, monthly income) interfere with hostile behaviour in children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study involving a sample of 999 students of the 2nd and 3rd cycles of basic education (5th-9th years of schooling), with an average age of 12.15 years (SD = ±1.46 years). Data collection includes the questionnaire of demographic data and family context, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. RESULTS: Sociodemographic variables, sex, age, area of residence and cohabitation interfered in hostile behaviour in children and adolescents: girls, older students, residents in urban areas, living with parents were shown to have higher levels of hostile behaviours as a whole. Parents' marital status, their secularity and family income also interfered in the hostile behaviour of the sample under study, finding that children and adolescents whose parents have no partner and have an average high / high household income reveal higher levels of hostile behaviours, particularly with regard to resentment, verbal hostility, fear, negativity and global hostility. CONCLUSION: We hope that this study contributes to preventing hostile behaviour in children and adolescents, reducing the potential risks of this problem

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Efectos de la detención del pensamiento y la defusión cognitiva sobre el malestar y el manejo de los pensamientos negativos / Effects of thought stopping and cognitive defusion on discomfort and the ability to deal with negative thoughts

Las nuevas terapias conductuales han criticado la eficacia de la detención del pensamiento. En este estudio se compara la eficacia de la detención del pensamiento y la defusion cognitiva sobre el malestar informado y el manejo de los pensamientos negativos. Los 60 participantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a tres grupos: detención del pensamiento, defusion cognitiva o grupo control. Encontramos que ambas técnicas reducían significativamente el malestar informado en comparación con el grupo control y que existían diferencias significativas entre ambas técnicas en capacidad para manejar los pensamientos y en utilidad percibida, con mejores resultados para la detención del pensamiento. Se concluye que la detención del pensamiento es al menos tan eficaz como la defusion cognitiva, si es entrenada adecuadamente en sesión. Se discuten los mecanismos de funcionamiento y se resalta la importancia de considerar el análisis funcional para seleccionar las técnicas aplicadas para el manejo de pensamientos

Modern behavioral therapies have claimed that thought stopping is an ineffective technique. This study compares the effectiveness of thought stopping and cognitive defusion on self-reported discomfort and the ability to deal with negative thoughts. 60 participants were randomly assigned to three groups: thought stopping, cognitive defusion and control group. Results from our study indicate that both techniques significantly reduced self-reported discomfort compared to the control group and there were significant differences between techniques in self-perceived ability to deal with thoughts and in self-perceived usefulness, with better results for thought stopping. Our results support that thought stopping, if properly trained, is at least as efficient as cognitive defusion. The authors discuss the mechanisms underlying both techniques and highlight the relevance of functional analysis to select the techniques to be applied to deal with negative thoughts

Oposición y desafío en los niños. Reflexiones acerca de las vicisitudes del yo en la infancia / Opposition and defiance in children. Reflections on the vicissitudes of self in childhood / Oposició I desafiament en els nes. Relfexions al voltant de les vicissituds del jo en la infantesa

Este texto es una reflexión acerca de algunas modalidades frecuentes que aparecen en la clínica con niños, fundamentalmente entre los cuatro y seis años, referidas a actitudes de obstinación y oposicionismo, las cuales generan dificultades importantes

This text is a reflection on some common patterns that appear in the clinic with children, mainly between four and six years of age, concerning obstinacy and oppositional attitudes, which cause significant difficulties

Reflexions al voltant de les vicissituds del jo en la infantesa. Aquest text és una reflexió al voltant d’algunes modalitats freqüents que apareixen en la clínica amb nens, fonamentalment entre els quatre i sis anys, referides a actituds d’obstinació i oposicionisme, els quals generen dificultats importants

Reflexiones bioéticas sobre el cuidado prematuro desencadenado por el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Bioethical reflections on ill-considered care due to an early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

El diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad de Alzheimer presenta importantes problemas bioéticos. Entre la detección temprana de la enfermedad y la aparición de sus síntomas media un período de tiempo en el cual la autonomía, la intimidad y la dignidad de quien la sufre pueden verse lesionadas por las eventuales medidas de apoyo y atención sanitaria o familiar que se decida adoptar. Éstas pueden terminar por transformar al paciente en un objeto de cuidado, impidiéndole asumir la enfermedad, elaborar la identidad y reordenar el espacio vital. Debe procurarse entonces que el cuidar no se traduzca en un asedio compasivo y un efecto invasivo que lleve a la anulación del paciente con Alzheimer (AU)

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease raises important bioethical issues. In the interval between early disease detection and symptom onset, there is a time in which the patient's autonomy, privacy, and dignity may be undermined by certain healthcare measures or by family care and support. These measures may eventually turn patients into an object of care, preventing them from accepting the disease, developing an identity, and rearranging their living spaces. Every effort should be made to ensure that care does not become compassionate harassment or an invasive act, annulling the patient's autonomy, identity, and self-determination (AU)

Verbal fluency in chronic schizophrenia and severity of psychotic symptoms. Consideration of their relationship with errors in the tasks

Background and Objectives: There are many associations between psychotic symptoms and performance in Verbal Fluency (VF) tasks. However, most of these are found are with negative symptoms. In this study we examined the relationship between the performance in four VF tasks and the severity of both positive and negative symptoms. Methods: To compare performance in different VF tasks, two groups of participants were matched for age, sex and educational level, a Healthy Control Group (N = 83) and a Chronic Schizophrenia Group (N = 83). We examined the correlation between cognitive performance in these verbal tests and the severity of psychotic symptoms in the group of patients. Results: The results show that the performance of patients with chronic schizophrenia in VF tests is significantly lower than for healthy individuals. The analysis of correlations between tasks showed a significant correlation between the severity of negative symptoms and poor performance in VF tasks. Another interesting result was the association between the severity of formal thought disorder and poor performance in semantic VF. A particularly striking result was the correlation between the severity of positive symptoms and the number of errors in VF tasks in the patient group. Conclusions: These results have provided evidence for some of the proposed hypotheses and are in accordance with previous investigations. The correlations between the positive symptoms and the number of errors in the different VF tasks have not been previously reported. It is important to note that most of these correlations are between the severity of positive symptoms and intrusion errors (AU)

Prevalencia del trastorno negativista desafiante en España / Prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder in Spain

Introducción: El trastorno negativista desafiante (TND) se caracteriza por un patrón de comportamiento negativista, desafiante, desobediente y hostil, dirigido a las figuras de autoridad. El TND es uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta clínica en salud mental durante la infancia y adolescencia. Presenta gran morbilidad y disfuncionalidad, mostrando repercusiones futuras si no es tratado de forma temprana. Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de prevalencia de TND en escolares de 6-16 años de Castilla y León (España). Material y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico poblacional, con diseño muestral polietápico estratificado, proporcional y por conglomerados. Muestra analizada: 1.049 sujetos. Casos definidos según criterios DSM-IV. Resultados: La prevalencia de TND es 5,6% (IC 95%: 4,2-7%). Prevalencia género masculino = 6,8%; femenino = 4,3%. Prevalencia educación secundaria = 6,2%; educación primaria = 5,3%. No existen diferencias significativas en función del sexo, edad, tipo de centro, ni por zona sociodemográfica. La prevalencia de TND sin considerar deterioro funcional aumentaría al 7,4%. Los casos de TND presentan significativamente peores resultados académicos (resultados académicos globales, lectura, matemáticas y expresión escrita) y peor conducta en clase (relación con compañeros, respeto a las normas, destrezas de organización, realización de tareas académicas e interrupción de la clase). Conclusiones: Castilla y León presenta una tasa de prevalencia de TND levemente superior a la observada en publicaciones internacionales. En función de su distribución por edad, morbilidad y repercusión clínica disfuncional, parece necesaria una planificación sanitaria que incida en un diagnóstico temprano e intervención preventiva (AU)

Introduction: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. ODD is one of the most frequent reasons for clinical consultation on mental health during childhood and adolescence. ODD has a high morbidity and dysfunction, and has important implications for the future if not treated early. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ODD in schoolchildren aged 6-16 years in Castile and Leon (Spain). Material and methods: Population study with a stratified multistage sample, and a proportional cluster design. Sample analyzed: 1,049. Cases were defined according to DSM-IV criteria. Results: An overall prevalence rate of 5.6% was found (95% CI: 4.2%---7%). Male gender prevalence = 6.8%; female = 4.3%. Prevalence in secondary education = 6.2%; primary education = 5.3%. No significant differences by gender, age, grade, type of school, or demographic area were found. ODD prevalence without considering functional impairment, such as is performed in some research, would increase the prevalence to 7.4%. ODD cases have significantly worse academic outcomes (overall academic performance, reading, maths and writing), and worse classroom behavior (relationship with peers, respect for rules, organizational skills, academic tasks, and disruption of the class). Conclusions: Castile and Leon has a prevalence rate of ODD slightly higher to that observed in international publications. Depending on the distribution by age, morbidity and clinical dysfunctional impact, an early diagnosis and a preventive intervention are required for health planning (AU)

Efecto de contraste sucesivo negativo en la valoración emocional de imágenes / Successive negative contrast effect on the emotional evaluation of images

Se presentan dos experimentos para estudiar el efecto de la reducción del valor de incentivo sobre las respuestas de tiempo de observación y valoración de la emocionalidad de las imágenes, mediante una escala Likert. En ambos estudios un grupo de sujetos observó una serie de fotografías del Sistema Internacional de Imagen Afectiva (International Affective Picture System; IAPS) clasificadas como placenteras de alta activación (fase de precambio) y luego, placenteras de baja activación (fase de postcambio, Grupo Experimental, GE). Otro grupo observó en ambas fases solamente las imágenes placenteras de baja activación (Grupo Control, GC). No hubo efectos en el tiempo de observación de las imágenes pero sí en su valoración emocional. Durante la fase de post-cambio el GE evaluó las imágenes de baja activación como menos emocionales que el GC. El Experimento 2 replica el resultado cuando se interpone una tarea distractora entre cada ensayo de presentación de las imágenes. Estos resultados indican que la valoración afectiva de las imágenes está modulada por efectos de contraste negativo y que su mecanismo es de origen central (AU)

Two experiments were presented in which the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) was used to study the effect of the incentive value downshift upon the observation time and emotional valuation responses in humans. One group observed pleasant slides of high arousal (pre-shift phase) and then pleasant slides of low arousal (post-shift phase, Experimental Group, GE). The Control Group (GC) observed pleasant slides of low arousal in both phases. There was not an effect on the observation time measure, but a successive negative contrast (SNC) effect was found in the emotional valuation measure. During the post-shift phase, the GE evaluated the slides as less emotional than the GC. These results indicate that the affective evaluation of the images is modulated by negative contrast effect (AU)

The Effortful Control Scale for adults: psychometric properties of the Catalan version and its relationship to cognitive emotion regulation / La Escala de Control Intencional para adultos: propiedades psicométricas de la versión catalana y sus relaciones con la regulación emocional cognitiva

Los objetivos del estudio fueron (a) examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión catalana de la Escala de Control Intencional del Cuestionario de Temperamento en Adultos (forma breve) y (b) analizar las relaciones entre control intencional (CI), afectividad negativa (AN) y el uso de estrategias de regulación emocional (RE) cognitiva negativa. En una muestra de 353 estudiantes universitarios, el instrumento muestra unos niveles aceptables de consistencia interna, estabilidad temporal y validez convergente; sin embargo, sus propiedades psicométricas son menos satisfactorias que las que presentan otras versiones de este instrumento. Los índices de ajuste del análisis factorial confirmatorio revelan poca adecuación al modelo teórico de tres factores. Por otro lado, los resultados indican que la tendencia a implicarse en estrategias de RE cognitiva negativas está relacionada, principalmente, con la presencia de niveles elevados de AN. Además, aunque tales tendencias también están influenciadas por la capacidad de CI, los datos muestran que el CI no modera la relación entre AN, ansiedad y el uso de estrategias de RE cognitiva negativas (AU)

The goals of this study were (a) to examine the psychometric properties of a Catalan version of the Effortful control scale of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire short-form and (b) to analyze the relationships among effortful control (EC), negative affectivity (NA), and the use of negative cognitive emotion regulation (ER) strategies. In a sample of 353 college students, the instrument presents acceptable internal consistency, temporal stability and convergent validity; however, in general, psychometric properties are poorer than those reported for other versions. Confirmatory factor analysis fit indices revealed an overall poor fit for the three-factor theoretical model. Additionally, it has been found that the proneness to engage in negative cognitive ER strategies was mainly related with exhibiting high NA. Further, although such tendencies were also influenced by EC capabilities, data did not show EC moderating the relationships among NA, anxiety, and the use of negative cognitive ER strategies (AU)

Psicosomática y autismo en el niño pequeño: interacción, afectos y audición / Psychosomatic and autism in a Young boy; interaction, affects, and audition

Partiendo de un caso, este artículo aborda varios aspectos de la clínica infantil del espectro autista y del trastorno psicosomático. Reflexiona sobre algunas manifestaciones de ambas patologías, en el contexto de la interacción temprana entre el bebé y su entorno y establece similitudes y diferencias entre ambas patologías. Aborda algunas mecanismos psíquicos de defensa prevalentes en ambas patologías y, sin pretender abordar la etiología del autismo, se centra especialmente en l apercepción auditiva del bebé y los efectos que, en algunos casos de autismo, puede producir la utilización muy precoz de mecanismos de defensa antitraumáticos, al poder participar éstos, junto a otros factores endógenos y exógenos, en el trastorno de la perceptividad y de la expresividad emocional. Pone en relación los trastornos de la expresividad y las investigaciones sobre las hiperfrecuencias en bebés con trastornos de la comunicación. Aborda la negatividad y la negativación, procesos ligados a la interacción y presentes en diferentes patologías. Finalmente aborda las narraciones de personas que mantienen una alta sensibilidad auditiva a lo largo de toda su vida (AU)

By means of a clinical case, this article considers different aspects of the infantile clinic of autism as well as a reflection of certain manifestations of both pathologies within the context of the interaction between the baby and his environment and establishes similarities and differences between both pathologies. Studies some psychic defence mechanisms characteristic of both pathologies and without trying to establish the etiology of autism, it centers specially in the auditory perception of the baby as well as in the affects which in some cases of autism induces the utilization of defence antitraumatic mechanisms very early in life. The author establishes the relationship between the perceptive disorders and the hiperfrecuencies in babies with communication disorders. Reflexes about negativity, a process linked to interaction and present in many pathologies. Finally, the author comments on the narratives of people with high auditory sensibility (AU)

Estilos explicativos, bienestar psicológico y salud / Explanatory styles, psychological well-being and health

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión cualitativa de los estudios sobre el estilo explicativo negativo o tendencia relativamente estable a explicar las situaciones negativas mediante causas internas, estables y globales. La mayoría de las investigaciones se han centrado en su relación con la depresión, concluyéndose que, junto con otras actitudes disfuncionales, este estilo tiene un papel relevante en el desarrollo de la sintomatología depresiva. Algunos estudios que analizan los estilos atrivucionales para las situaciones positivas indican que pueden jugar con un rol protector (si estas situaciones se explican mediante causas internas, estables y globales o estilo autoensalzante) o incrementar la vulnerabilidad (si se explican mediante causas externas, inestables y específicas). Otros estudios, aunque mucho menores en número, asocian el estilo explicativo negativo con otras emociones negativas (ansiedad, hostilidad, emocional negativa) y con peor salud, por lo que se sugiere que pueda constituir un factor de vulnerabilidad general para el malestar físico y psicológico. Por último, se apunta la necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios longitudinales que tengan en cuenta variables como las atribuciones concretas, la autoestima, la percepción de controlabilidad y el grado de importancia de las situaciones, que no han recibido suficiente atención

The first goal of the present paper was to carry out a qualitative review of studies regarding negative explanatory style, in other words, the relatively stable tendency of attributing negative outcomes to internal, stable, and global causes. Most investigations have studied its relationship with depression and have come to the conclusion that this style, together with other dysfunctional attitudes, plays a relevant role in the development of depressive symptomatology. Some studies that have analysed certain attributional styles for positive events seem to suggest they can serve as a protective factor (if positive situations are explained in terms of internal, stable and global causes or enhacing explanatory style) or a vulnerability factor (if they are attributed to external, unstable, and specific causes). Other studies, albeit less numerous, have associated negaqtive explanatory style with negative emotions (anxiety, hostility, negative emotionality) and poor health, and it is suggested that this style can constitute a general vulnerability factor or maladaptive cognitive style with negative consequences in the psychological and physical domain. Finally, there is a need to carry out longitudinal studies that take into consideration certain factors like specific attributions, self-steem, controllability perception or degree of importance of situations, which have not received enough attention

Assessing workplace bullying: Spanish validation of a reduced version of the negative acts questionnaire

The aim of the present study was to validate a reduced Spanish version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997). This instrument, which has been widely used in various studies, was developed to measure workplace bullying. Two samples, the first comprising 352 employees from 11 organizations, and the second comprising victims of bullying who were recruited from 15 Spanish associations against bullying, participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with the data from the first sample revealed a two-factor solution that accounted for 63.3% of the total variance. The data from the second sample were used for confirmatory factor analyses to compare three structure models of the NAQ(one factor, two independent factors, and two correlated factors). The results indicate that the correlated two factor model provided the best fit to the data (χ2/df = 2.1, CFI = .93, GFI = .95, RMR = .04, RMSEA = .06,AIC = 215.4). Reliability analysis showed that this 14-item Spanish version had high internal consistency.Significant correlations between the NAQ and its dimensions and diverse health and perceived stress scales were found, which provided evidence of construct validity. Taken conjointly, the results of this study support the use of the Spanish version of the reduced NAQ in future research (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en la validación española de una versión reducida del Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997). Este instrumento, que ha sido ampliamente utilizado en diferentes estudios, se desarrolló para la evaluación del acoso psicológico en el trabajo. Se emplearon dos muestras en el estudio. La primera estaba compuesta por 352 trabajadores de 11 organizaciones. La segunda muestra consistió en víctimas de acoso psicológico, contactadas a través de 15 asociaciones españolas contra el acoso. El análisis factorial exploratorio, realizado con los datos de la primera muestra, mostró una solución de dos factores, que explica el 63,3% de la varianza total. Los datos de la segunda muestra se utilizaron para realizar análisis factoriales confirmatorios con el objetivo de comparar tres modelos diferentes de la estructura del NAQ (un factor, dos factores independientes y dos factores correlacionados). Los resultados indican que el modelo de dos factores correlacionados es el que mejor se ajusta a los datos (χ2/df = 2,1, CFI = 0,93, GFI = 0,95, RMR = 0,04, RMSEA = 0,06, AIC = 215,4). El análisis de la fiabilidad de la escala señaló que esta versión española de 14 ítems posee una elevada consistencia interna. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre el NAQ y sus dimensiones y distintas escalas de salud y el estrés percibido, lo que proporciona apoyo sobre su validez de constructo. De forma conjunta, los resultados de este estudio apoyan el uso de la versión española del NAQ reducido en futuras investigaciones (AU)

Psicología y neuropsicología cognitiva del trastorno formal del pensamiento / No disponible

Tras la falta de soporte experimental de la teoría del pensamiento sobre-inclusivo para explicar el síntoma del trastorno formal del pensamiento, han surgido nuevas aproximaciones, las más atractivas de las cuales son actualmente las de orientación psicológica cognitiva y las de orientación neuropsicológica cognitiva. La aproximación psicológica cognitiva principal al trastorno del pensamiento es el aumento del priming semántico. Aunque esta teoría es actualmente muy influyente y se ha puesto a prueba experimentalmente de forma repetida, los resultados están lejos de ser consistentes. La neuropsicología cognitiva y las técnicas de neuroimagen sugieren la presencia de disfunción tanto temporal como frontal en los pacientes esquizofrénicos con trastorno del pensamiento, lo cual complementa la evidencia neuropsicológica de alteraciones tanto en el lenguaje como en la función ejecutiva, lo que explicaría las múltiples alteraciones lingüísticas y no lingüísticas que son necesarias para describir el fenómeno del trastorno del pensamiento en un nivel clínico (AU)

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An overview of the neurological correlates of Cotard syndrome

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Background and objectives: Considerable etiologic ambiguity surrounds Cotard syndrome and a range of psychodynamic, existential and biological theories have been proposed to explain its etiopathogenesis. Despite the often-noted neurological abnormalities on examination and assessment in Cotard syndrome, an in-depth evaluation is lacking. In this paper, we provide an overview of the neurological (neurostructural, neurophysiological and neuropsychological) correlates of Cotard syndrome and discuss the implications of our findings from an etiological and clinical perspective. Methods: We searched electronic databases and key journals using the appropriate search terms. All reported cases of Cotard syndrome with neurological investigations published in English were included in the review. The two authors independently reviewed the full text of over 100 papers and selected the papers for inclusion in the final review. Results: Various organic conditions such as typhoid fever, temporal lobe epilepsy, brain tumours and brain injuries have been reported in association with Cotard syndrome. The most commonly reported neurological abnormalities in these patients include structural brain changes (bilateral cerebral atrophy, dilated lateral ventricles), functional brain changes (hypoperfusion in the frontal and parietal cortices) and neuropsychological abnormalities (impaired face recognition).Conclusions: In summary, although not all, some cases of Cotard syndrome are associated with structural and functional brain dysfunction. From a clinical perspective, it is crucial to maintain a low threshold for suspicion of organicity in cases of this uncommon psychiatric syndrome, and thereafter to consider appropriate neurological investigations (AU)