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1.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 35(1): 87-97, 2023. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-215065

RESUMO

Background: Deficits in information processing, sustained attention and social cognition have important implications for the daily functioning of people with schizophrenia. The present study analyzed the relationship between processing speed, sustained attention, social cognition, and functioning in clinically stable people with schizophrenia. Method: Ninety people with schizophrenia and 100 healthy controls completed a battery of measures to assess clinical symptoms, processing speed, sustained attention, social cognition, and functioning. GLMMs and SEM were used to assess the relationships between these variables. Results: People with schizophrenia had impaired performance in all cognitive outcomes compared to healthy controls. Processing speed and sustained attention, together in a latent variable, had a strong effect on functioning (Beta = 0.32; p < .05). However, social cognition had also a strong effect on functioning (Beta = 0.29; p <.001) in the mediation model, which exhibited better indices of fit than the model including neurocognition alone (e.g. RMSEAbasic = 0.131 and RMSEAmediator = 0.054). Conclusions: The mediating effect of social cognition on the relationship between processing speed, sustained attention, and functioning in people with schizophrenia suggests the importance of including both domains of neurocognition along with social cognition as treatment targets in rehabilitation interventions to optimize improvements in functioning in schizophrenia.(AU)


Antecedentes: Los déficits en el procesamiento de la información, la atención sostenida y la cognición social tienen implicaciones importantes para el funcionamiento diario de las personas con esquizofrenia. El presente estudio analizó la relación entre velocidad de procesamiento, atención sostenida, cognición social y funcionamiento en personas clínicamente estables con esquizofrenia. Método: Noventa personas con esquizofrenia y 100 controles sanos completaron una batería de pruebas para evaluar síntomas clínicos, velocidad de procesamiento, atención sostenida, cognición social y funcionamiento. Se utilizaron GLMM y SEM para evaluar las relaciones entre variables. Resultados: Las personas con esquizofrenia tuvieron un peor rendimiento en todos los resultados cognitivos. La velocidad de procesamiento y la atención sostenida, juntas en una variable latente, tuvieron un fuerte efecto sobre el funcionamiento (Beta = 0,32; p < 0,05). La cognición social también tuvo un fuerte efecto sobre el funcionamiento (Beta = 0,29; p < 0,001) en el modelo de mediación, que mostró mejores índices de ajuste que el modelo que incluía solo neurocognición (e.g. RMSEAbasic = 0.131 y RMSEAmediator = 0.054). Conclusiones: El efecto mediador de la cognición social sobre la relación entre la velocidad de procesamiento, la atención sostenida y el funcionamiento sugiere la importancia de incluir ambos dominios junto con la cognición social como objetivos de tratamiento en las intervenciones de rehabilitación.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cognição , Esquizofrenia , Atenção , Testes Psicológicos , Processos Mentais , Reabilitação , Psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Espanha
2.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 73(12): 421-428, Dic 16, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-229607

RESUMO

Introducción: Vivimos la época de mayor difusión de información en la historia de la humanidad, y este exceso de información ha dado como consecuencia considerar la atención humana como un bien escaso. La sobrecarga informativa es la situación en la cual la cantidad o la intensidad de información exceden la capacidad limitada de procesamiento cognitivo del individuo. Objetivo: Describir el concepto de sobrecarga informativa, sus posibles sustratos neurocognitivos, síntomas asociados, causas, medidas para evitarla, así como su posible relación con internet y los dispositivos electrónicos. Desarrollo: Las personas responden de forma diferente a la sobrecarga informativa, y esto depende tanto de factores individuales como de la cantidad y características de la estimulación informativa. Algunos síntomas de la sobrecarga informativa son: trabajo ineficiente, confusión, retraso al tomar decisiones, falta de evaluación crítica de la información, pérdida de control sobre la información, rechazo de la recepción en la comunicación, falta de perspectiva general, mayor tolerancia al error, ansiedad, estrés, etc. Probablemente, los límites de la capacidad de procesamiento de información estén condicionados por la energía metabólica limitada que se distribuye en el cerebro y que permanece constante independientemente de la dificultad de las tareas. Conclusión: La atención es una función cognitiva limitada. Para que los efectos adversos de la sobrecarga informativa puedan disminuirse, se requiere mejorar la gestión personal de nuestros propios recursos cognitivos y comprender su relación con la tecnología. Es necesario mejorar el manejo de información mediante la organización, el filtrado y la aplicación de pautas de diseño de ergonomía cognitiva.(AU)


Introduction: We are living in the time of greatest dissemination of information in the history of the human race, and this excess of information has resulted in considering human attention as a scarce resource. Information overload is the situation in which the amount or intensity of information exceeds the individual’s limited capacity for cognitive processing. Objective: To describe the concept of information overload, its possible neurocognitive substrates, associated symptoms, causes, measures to avoid it, as well as its possible relationship with the internet and electronic devices. Development: People respond differently to information overload, and this depends on individual factors as well as on the amount and characteristics of the informative stimulation. Some symptoms of information overload are: inefficient work, confusion, delay in making decisions, lack of critical evaluation of information, loss of control over information, refusal to receive communication, lack of general perspective, greater tolerance for error, anxiety, stress, etc. The limits of information processing capacity are probably conditioned by the limited metabolic energy that is distributed in the brain and remains constant regardless of the difficulty of the tasks. Conclusion: Attention is a limited cognitive function. In order to reduce the adverse effects of information overload, it is necessary to improve the personal management of our own cognitive resources and to understand their relationship with technology. Likewise, it is necessary to improve the handling of information through the organization, filtering and application of cognitive ergonomics design guidelines.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Acesso à Informação , Acesso à Internet , Neurociência Cognitiva , Memória , Ergonomia , Atenção , Neurologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso , Processos Mentais
3.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-202155

RESUMO

En el presente artículo, reflexionamos sobre la exclusión de otras especies, así como de grupos humanos, a los que se les somete y se les violenta, a partir de coloquios después del visionado de vídeos y películas. Partimos de la hipótesis de que cuando se adornan ciertos grupos humanos de narcisismo patológico, estos se convierten en supremacistas, o en mentes que funcionan predominantemente en la parte psicótica de la personalidad. Hay una represión de las representaciones más ori­ginales que dificultan la comprensión, la empatía, el trabajo y el vínculo social


In this article, we reflect on the exclusion of other species, as well as of human groups, to which they are subjected and which are subjected to violence, based on discussions after watching videos and films. We start from the hypothesis that when certain human groups are embellished with pathological narcissism, they become supremacists, or minds that function predominantly in the psychotic part of the personality. There is a repression of the most original representations that make un­derstanding, empathy, work and social bonding difficult


En el present article, reflexionem sobre l'exclusió d'altres espècies, així com de grups humans, als quals se'ls sotmet I se'ls violenta, a partir de col·loquis després del visionament de vídeos I pel·lícules. Partim de la hipòtesi que quan es revesteixen certs grups humans de narcisisme patològic, aquests es converteixen en supremacistes, o en ments que funcionen predominantment en la part psicòtica de la personalitat. Hi ha una repressió de les representacions més originals que dificulten la comprensió, l'empatia, el treball I el vincle social


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Pensamento/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Processos Mentais/fisiologia , Vínculo Humano-Animal , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Estigma Social , Emoções , Apego ao Objeto
4.
Enferm. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 30(supl.5): 103-105, jun. 2020. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-196486

RESUMO

Anxiety is an internal response that gives danger signals to individuals. An anxiety reaction in preschool children arises from the effect of hospitalization where the child loses control of himself. This study aims to determine the effect of giving play therapy to arrange puzzles for anxiety in preschoolers in the Kendari City childcare room. Quantitative research was done with the design of quasi experiments among preschool children as samples treated in hospitals. The results showed that the level of anxiety of preschoolers experienced a significant decrease after being given puzzle play therapy. The conclusion in this study showed that puzzle play therapy effected anxiety levels in preschoolers


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Jogos e Brinquedos/psicologia , Processos Mentais/fisiologia , Ansiedade/terapia , Ludoterapia/métodos , Análise de Variância , Ansiedade/classificação , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Criança Hospitalizada/psicologia , Psicometria/métodos
6.
Eur. j. psychol. appl. legal context (Internet) ; 12(1): 23-34, ene.-jun. 2020. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-189158

RESUMO

In a countermeasures experiment, we examined to what extent liars who learn about the Model Statement tool and about the proportion of complications (complications/complications + common knowledge details + self-handicapping strategies) can successfully adjust their responses so that they sound like truth tellers. Truth tellers discussed a trip they had made; liars fabricated a story. Participants were of Lebanese, Mexican, and South-Korean origin. Prior to the interview they did or did not receive information about (I) the working of the Model statement and (II) three types of verbal detail: complications, common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies. We found no evidence that liars sounded like truth tellers after being informed about the Model Statement and/or types of detail we examined. Actually, veracity differences were similar across experimental conditions, with truth tellers reporting more detail and more complications and obtaining a higher proportion of complications score than liars


En un experimento de contramedidas examinamos hasta qué punto los mentirosos que reciben información sobre la Declaración modelo y la proporción de complicaciones que presenta (complicaciones / complicaciones + detalles de conocimiento general + estrategias de autoobstaculización) pueden ajustar sus respuestas con éxito para que parezca que dicen la verdad. Los que dicen la verdad declararon sobre un viaje que habían hecho; los mentirosos inventaron una historia. Los participantes eran de origen libanés, mexicano y surcoreano. Antes de la entrevista habían recibido o no información sobre (I) el funcionamiento de la Declaración modelo y (II) tres tipos de detalles verbales: complicaciones, detalles de conocimiento general y estrategias de autoobstaculización. No encontramos evidencia de que los mentirosos se parecieran a los que dicen la verdad después de ser informados sobre la Declaración modelo y los tipos de detalle que examinamos. En realidad, las diferencias de veracidad fueron semejantes en todas las condiciones experimentales: los que decían la verdad informaron con mayor detalle y de más complicaciones y obtuvieron una mayor puntuación en la proporción de complicaciones que los mentirosos


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Psicologia Experimental/métodos , Detecção de Mentiras/psicologia , Revelação da Verdade , Coleta de Dados/classificação , Entrevistas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Processos Mentais/classificação , Estudantes/psicologia
7.
Eur. j. psychol. appl. legal context (Internet) ; 12(1): 35-42, ene.-jun. 2020. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-189159

RESUMO

Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) proposes that baseline statements on different events can serve as a within-subject measure of a witness' individual verbal capabilities when evaluating scores from Criteria-based Content Analysis (CBCA). This assumes that CBCA scores will generally be consistent across two accounts by the same witness. We present a first pilot study on this assumption. In two sessions, we asked 29 participants to produce one experience-based and one fabricated baseline account as well as one experience-based and one fabricated target account (each on different events), resulting in a total of 116 accounts. We hypothesized at least moderate correlations between target and baseline indicating a consistency across both experience-based and fabricated CBCA scores, and that fabricated CBCA scores would be more consistent because truth-telling has to consider random event characteristics, whereas lies must be constructed completely by the individual witness. Results showed that differences in correlations between experience-based CBCA scores and between fabricated CBCA scores took the predicted direction (cexperience-based = .44 versus cfabricated =.61) but this difference was not statistically significant. As predicted, a subgroup of event-related CBCA criteria were significantly less consistent than CBCA total scores, but only in experience-based accounts. The discussion considers methodological issues regarding the usage of total CBCA scores and whether to measure consistency with correlation coefficients. It is concluded that more studies are needed with larger samples


El Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) propone que las declaraciones sobre diferentes eventos pueden servir como una línea base intrasujeto de la medida de las capacidades verbales individuales de un testigo al evaluar las puntuaciones del Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA). Esto implica que las puntuaciones del CBCA serán congruentes en dos relatos del mismo testigo. Presentamos un primer estudio piloto sobre este supuesto. Se pidió a 29 participantes en dos sesiones que elaboraran un relato verdadero (línea base) y otro inventado, además de un relato verdadero y otro inventado (cada uno en situaciones diferentes), arrojando un total de 116 relatos. Se planteó la hipótesis de una correlación al menos moderada entre la declaración fabricada y la verdadera, que indicaría una consistencia entre las puntuaciones en el CBCA de relatos inventados y experimentados y que las puntuaciones en el CBCA inventadas serían más consistentes porque la verdad incluye las características aleatorias de los hechos, mientras que las mentiras las construye totalmente el testigo. Los resultados mostraron que las diferencias en las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones en el CBCA de relatos experimentados y fabricados iban en la dirección predicha (cvivido = .44 frente a cinventado = .61), pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. Como se predijo, un subgrupo de criterios de CBCA relacionados con los hechos fue menos congruente que las puntuaciones totales de CBCA, pero sólo en los relatos de hechos experimentados. Se discuten las implicaciones metodológicas relacionadas con el uso de las puntuaciones totales del CBCA y si se debe medir la consistencia mediante el coeficiente de correlación. Se concluye que se necesitan otros estudios con muestras más grandes


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria/instrumentação , Psicologia Experimental/métodos , Detecção de Mentiras/psicologia , Revelação da Verdade , Coleta de Dados/classificação , Entrevistas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Processos Mentais/classificação , Comportamento Verbal/classificação , Testes de Hipótese
8.
Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiquiatr ; 40(137): 73-91, ene.-jun. 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-197020

RESUMO

Con la esperanza de que los conocimientos en neurociencia ayudasen a comprender al ser humano y a tratar de modo científico sus pérdidas de equilibrio mental, durante los últimos años del siglo XX se dedicaron grandes esfuerzos a la investigación del cerebro, dando lugar a la comúnmente denominada psiquiatría biológica. Sin embargo, debido a los límites y conveniencia de estos conocimientos en su aplicación práctica, junto con las dudas que proporciona la ciencia actual sobre la percepción humana, un número creciente de científicos y filósofos han abierto nuevas líneas de investigación y desarrollado nuevas hipótesis sobre la actividad mental y las relaciones mente-materia que podrían cambiar nuestra comprensión del mundo


In the hope that knowledge in neuroscience helped to understand human beings and treat their losses of mental balance in a scientific way, during the last years of the 20th century great efforts were devoted to brain research, leading to the so-called “biological psychiatry”. However, due to the limits and convenience of this knowledge in its practical application, together with the existing doubts regarding current science about human perception, an increasing number of scientists and philosophers have opened new lines of research and developed new hypotheses about mental activity and mind-matter relationships that might change our understanding of the world


Assuntos
Humanos , Consciência , Metacognição/fisiologia , Cérebro/fisiopatologia , Psiquiatria Biológica/tendências , Processos Mentais/fisiologia , Psicofisiologia/tendências , Relações Metafísicas Mente-Corpo , Teoria Quântica , Filosofia , Ciência
9.
Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiquiatr ; 40(137): 109-130, ene.-jun. 2020. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-197022

RESUMO

La investigación sugiere que los síntomas, la neurocognición y la cognición social se influyen mutuamente y se relacionan, a su vez, con el funcionamiento psicosocial en la esquizofrenia. La medida de los déficits neurocognitivos se ha desarrollado notablemente con el protocolo “MATRICS”. Estos déficits se han relacionado con un funcionamiento anormal de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y con defectos en su conectividad con otras áreas cerebrales. Por otro lado, el deterioro de la cognición social se ha vinculado al llamado “cerebro social” y se ha relacionado con los síntomas y el funcionamiento psicosocial. La atención, memoria y función ejecutiva parecen alteradas en la esquizofrenia, relacionándose con un funcionamiento anormal de estructuras cerebrales y su conectividad entre ellas. Déficits en diferentes dominios de la cognición social, vinculados al llamado “cerebro social”, se apuntan como un posible marcador endofenotípico de la esquizofrenia. No obstante, problemas tanto metodológicos como conceptuales impiden asumir estas conclusiones como definitivas


Research suggests that symptoms, neurocognition and social cognition influence each other and are related to psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. The measurement of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia has been remarkably developed with the "MATRICS" protocol. In addition, these impairments have been linked to abnormal functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and problems in its connectivity with other brain areas. On the other hand, deficits in social cognition have been linked to the so-called "social brain" and have been related to symptoms and psychosocial functioning. Attention, memory and executive function seem to be altered in schizophrenia, relating to abnormal functioning of brain structures and their connectivity between them. Impairments in different social cognitive domains, linked to the so-called "social brain", could be an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia. However, possible methodological and conceptual issues prevent to take these conclusions as definitive


Assuntos
Humanos , Esquizofrenia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Cognição/classificação , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência/estatística & dados numéricos , Habilidades Sociais , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Metacognição/classificação , Teoria da Mente , Processos Mentais
10.
Span. j. psychol ; 23: e16.1-e16.9, 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-196591

RESUMO

In the course of their work, psychologists must make judgments and complex decisions, skills that are part of clinical reasoning. Recent models approach the analysis of such process using the dual-process theories framework. This study provides an assessment of the two systems, System 1 and System 2, in forty-five clinical psychologists with different levels of experience (novices, intermediates and experts) with the purpose of exploring their level of activation and evolution throughout such stages of expertise. According to the results, clinical psychologists mainly activate System 2, M = 70.91, SD = 6.71, than System 1, M = 60.49, SD = 3.78; when performing their clinical duties. However, no significant changes have been observed regarding the preferential use of thinking Systems 1 or 2 throughout the experience, both systems are used in a similar way in the different levels of expertise analyzed, with an increase of System 2 at the intermediate level of expertise. The results are analyzed in terms of intermediate effect and discussed focusing on the unremitting need for System 2 in psychologist work given the idiosyncratic characteristics of each case requiring treatment in the area of psychology and on the relationship of the two systems in clinical reasoning


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Pensamento , Transferência de Experiência/classificação , Processos Mentais , Psicologia Clínica/organização & administração , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Tomada de Decisão Clínica/métodos , Modelos Psicológicos
11.
Span. j. psychol ; 23: e21.1-e21.10, 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-196596

RESUMO

Increasing findings suggest that different components of the stimulus-response pathway (perceptual, motor or cognitive) may account for slowed performance in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It has also been reported that depressive symptoms (DS) exacerbate slowness in MS. However, no prior studies have explored the independent and joint impact of MS and DS on each of these components in a comprehensive manner. The objective of this work was to identify perceptual, motor, and cognitive components contributing to slowness in MS patients with and without DS. The study includes 33 Relapsing-Remitting MS patients with DS, 33 without DS, and 26 healthy controls. Five information processing components were isolated by means of ANCOVA analyses applied to five Reaction Time tasks. Perceptual, motor, and visual search components were slowed down in MS, as revealed by ANCOVA comparisons between patients without DS, and controls. Moreover, the compounding effect of MS and DS exacerbated deficits in the motor component, and slowed down the decisional component, as revealed by ANCOVA comparisons between patients with and without DS. DS seem to exacerbate slowness caused by MS in specific processing components. Identifying the effects of having MS and of having both MS and DS may have relevant implications when targeting cognitive and mood interventions


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esclerose Múltipla/psicologia , Processos Mentais/classificação , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Transtornos das Habilidades Motoras/psicologia , Transtornos da Percepção/psicologia , Tempo de Reação , Estudos de Casos e Controles
12.
Span. j. psychol ; 23: e37.1-e37.10, 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-200132

RESUMO

Selective attention is involved in multiple daily activities. Several authors state that it experiences a decline after 20 years, although there is no agreement regarding the cognitive processes that explain it. Two theories dominate the discussion: The theory of inhibitory inefficiency and the theory of processing speed. At the same time, it has been suggested that there could be complementary relations between both; however, it is not clear what the contribution of inhibition and processing speed is on the changes of selective attention. Therefore, the present study proposes to analyze this contribution, in adults between 20 and 80 years old. To assess selective attention and inhibitory control, two indices of a visual search task were obtained in which participants must identify a target stimulus among a set of distracting stimuli. To evaluate the processing speed, a response speed task was used. The main results indicate that, from the age of 60, a gradual decrease in selective attention begins and that this decline can be largely explained by a decrease in processing speed and inhibitory control. We discuss about the literature on the development of selective attention, the contribution of processing speed, and the inhibitory inefficiency hypothesis


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Atenção/classificação , Viés de Atenção/classificação , Processos Mentais , Tempo de Reação , 50293 , Remediação Cognitiva
13.
Span. j. psychol ; 23: e54.1-e54.10, 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-200150

RESUMO

Implicit theories (also referred to self-theories) represent a cognitive conceptualization about a matter, generally raised as a belief. It is marked as the primary aspect of cognitive processing among living beings affecting their overall behavior towards others'. In the present study, it is attempted to consider a Pakistani perspective on this phenomenon of self-theories and also to validate the implicit theories Scale. It is a measure of people's beliefs about things to be fixed or changeable. A quantitative approach of correlational methodology was employed. Participants of the study were 355 Pakistani young adults with an age range of 20-30 years (M = 23.08, SD = 1.99). There were 175 males and 180 females (as they reported their gender) from Islamabad. Confirmatory factor analysis was computed to assess the dimensionality of the scale. An adequate model fit indices were found as Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .04, Comparative Fit Index = .99, Tucker-Lewis Index = .98, Goodness of Fit Index = .97, and Incremental Fit Index = .99, confirming a bidimensional implicit theories measure. The reliability coefficients of Entity Theory and Incremental Theory subscales were assessed through internal consistency and test-retest methods which are found to be in an acceptable range. Demographic specifications are also addressed to reflect upon the indigenous importance of this concept. This will be an additive feature in the literature to consider the cultural specification enabling individuals to align their mindsets in the desired direction of growth and achievement


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Priming de Repetição , Processos Mentais , Características Culturais , Islamismo/psicologia , Características da Família , Amigos/psicologia , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Análise Fatorial , Individualidade , Logro , Crescimento Demográfico , Estudantes/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais
14.
Cuad. psicol. deporte ; 19(2): 124-134, mayo 2019. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-183274

RESUMO

The ability to generate and control mental images is present in all of us, but it differs from person to person. Therefore, it is important to understand that imagery ability can be changed through training and experimentation, it is not a fixed ability (Cumming & Williams, 2012). The aim of this study is to compare imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite athletes in a sport which involves closed and continuous motor skills, such as swimming. 79 swimmers (male N = 37; female N = 42) at an average age of 17 took part in this study. In order to assess imagery ability, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3 was used, Portuguese version (Mendes et al., 2016). After analysis of the results, these show that in each and every imagery modality, the scores in the three groups differ significantly. In kinesthetic and external visual imagery the elite and sub-elite groups' scores, although not statistically different from each other, are significantly higher than those of the non-elite group. In internal visual imagery, the differences between all the compared pairs of groups are statistically significant. The elite group got the highest scores, followed by the sub-elite group average scores and finally the non-elite group average scores. According to these results, the conclusion is that athletes with better performance show greater imagery ability and that apparently the external visual imagery proved to be the best intervention method among swimming athletes


La capacidad de controlar y generar imágenes mentales está presente en todos los individuos, pero varía de sujeto a sujeto, por lo tanto, es importante entender que la habilidad de visualización mental es una capacidad que se puede modificar con el entrenamiento y la experimentación, y no una habilidad fija (Cumming & Williams, 2012; Hall, 2001). El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue el de comparar la habilidad de visualización mental en practicantes de Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite, en una modalidad deportiva con habilidades motoras cerradas y continuas, la natación. En este estudio participaron 79 sujetos practicantes de Natación (N = 76) (género masculino N = 37, género femenino N = 42) con una edad media de 17 años (DE = 3,1). Se definieron tres niveles de práctica, el grupo de Elite (N = 29), el grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) y No-Elite (N = 23). Para evaluar la habilidad de visualización mental se utilizó el Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versión portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Después de analizar los resultados verificamos que en todas y cada una de las modalidades de visualización mental, las medias obtenidas en los tres grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite) muestran diferencias significativas. De acuerdo con estos resultados podemos concluir que los atletas con mejor rendimiento deportivo muestran una mejor capacidad de visualización mental y que, aparentemente, la modalidad visual externa resultó como el mejor método de intervención para practicantes de Natación


A habilidade de controlar e gerar imagens mentais está presente em todos os indivíduos, mas varia de sujeito para sujeito. Consequentemente, é importante entender que a habilidade de imagery é uma capacidade que pode ser modificável com o treino e a experimentação, e não uma habilidade fixa (Cumming & Williams, 2012; Hall, 2001). O objetivo do nosso estudo foi comparar a habilidade de imagery em praticantes de Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite, numa modalidade com habilidades motoras fechadas e contínuas, a Natação. Neste estudo, participaram 79 sujeitos praticantes de Natação (N = 76) (sexo masculino N = 37; sexo feminino N = 42), com uma média de idades de 17 anos (SD = 3.1). Foram definidos três níveis de prática, sendo o grupo de Elite (N = 29), o grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) e Não-Elite (N = 23). Para avaliar a habilidade de imagery, foi utilizado o Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versão portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Após a análise dos resultados, verificámos que em todas e em cada uma das modalidades do imagery, as médias obtidas nos três grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite) apresentam diferenças significativas. De acordo com estes resultados, podemos concluir que atletas com melhor performance desportiva revelam uma melhor capacidade de imagery e que aparentemente a modalidade visual externa se revelou como melhor método de intervenção em praticantes de Natação


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Percepção Visual , Processos Mentais , Natação/psicologia , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Psicometria/instrumentação , Aptidão , Autonomia Pessoal , Comportamento Competitivo , Estratégias de Saúde
15.
Int. j. psychol. psychol. ther. (Ed. impr.) ; 18(3): 257-271, oct. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-174404

RESUMO

This paper aims to review studies concerned on registering the activation of brain areas during the performance of tasks based on effort, as well as on determining specifically the role of the amygdala in such situations. The search was carried out in three databases: PubMed database, Neuroscience Information Framework, and PsycARTICLES section of the APA PsycNET database; 48 studies presented a methodological arrangement clearly oriented to analyze the effort during the performance of learning tasks. The studies reviewed employed tasks like memorization, decision-making, calculation, motor sequences, and spatial discrimination. Though some variability is found, the main key areas activated for such tasks were: a) Prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex in memorization tasks; (b) Cerebellum, basal ganglia, motor and pre-motor areas in specific motor tasks; (c) Nucleus accumbens and striatum when explicit reinforcing consequences and high effort were involved; (d) Cingulate cortex for effort requirements and persistent behavior; and (e) Hypothalamus, hippocampus, and related regions for the initial consolidation of memory, as well as for spatial discrimination. The amygdala was activated only under very specific conditions: in unpredictable contingencies (i.e., for superstitious behavior), and when the effort was far above the average. Thus, since the amygdala is the main area activated in aversive conditioning, we conclude that the performance of tasks based on effort, in general, cannot be considered equivalent to the aversive conditioning in neurological terms, accordingly to the review performed


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Processos Mentais/fisiologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Cerebelo/fisiologia , Núcleo Accumbens/fisiologia
16.
Cuad. psicol. deporte ; 18(3): 86-101, sept. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-173815

RESUMO

Perceptions of mental toughness attributes were explored among Judo competitors. Twelve Portuguese judokas from different levels of achievement underwent a semi-structured interview, based on Personal Construct Psychology "sociality" and "dichotomy" corollaries (Kelly, 1991). Properties and dimensions of each conceptual category arose from the data among the verbatim transcribed interviews. Inductive content analysis revealed 22 attributes that composed mental toughness in competitive Judo. Emotional regulation, resilience, self-confidence, attention regulation, self-motivation and optimism were reported by all subjects of the sample. In relation to previous single-sport researches that explored mental toughness attributes, our results supported the existence of large conceptual similarities across sports, despite subtle differences in Judo discussed in reference to optimism, self-improvement, pragmatism and self-presentation regulation. Self-esteem and adaptability emerged as a novelty in the sport’s mental toughness literature. Combativity was suggested to be the only mental toughness attribute rather peculiar to Judo


El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar las percepciones de los atributos de fuerza mental entre los competidores de Judo. Doce judocas Portugueses de diferentes niveles de realización deportiva fueron sometidos a una entrevista semiestructurada, basada en corolarios de sociabilidad y dicotomía de la teoría Personal Construct Psychology (Kelly, 1991). De las entrevistas realizadas resultaron 148 páginas de datos transcritos verbatim. A partir del análisis de contenido de manera inductiva surgieron las propiedades y dimensiones de cada categoría conceptual, totalizando 22 atributos que compusieron la fuerza mental en el Judo de competición. La regulación emocional, la resiliencia, la autoconfianza, la regulación de la atención, la automotivación y el optimismo fueron mencionados por todos los sujetos de la muestra. En relación con las investigaciones anteriores de un solo deporte que exploraron los atributos de la fuerza mental, nuestros resultados apoyaron la existencia de grandes similitudes conceptuales en los deportes, a pesar de las diferencias sutiles en Judo discutidas en referencia al optimismo, el auto-perfeccionamiento, el pragmatismo y la regulación de la autopresentación. La autoestima y la adaptabilidad surgieron como un nuevo aporte a la literatura de fuerza mental en el deporte. Se sugirió que la combatividad fue el único atributo de fuerza mental bastante peculiar al Judo


Percepções dos atributos de força psicológica foram exploradas em competidores de Judo. Doze judocas Portugueses, com diferentes níveis de realização competitiva, foram individualmente submetidos a uma entrevista semi-estruturada, assente nos corolários de sociabilidade e dicotomia da teoria Personal Construct Psychology proposta por Kelly (1991). Das entrevistas realizadas resultaram 148 páginas de dados transcritos verbatim. Da análise indutiva de conteúdo emergiram as propriedades e dimensões de cada categoria conceptual, totalizando 22 atributos que compuseram a força psicológica no Judo de competição. A regulação emocional, a resiliência, a autoconfiança, a regulação da atenção, a auto-motivação e o optimismo foram reportados por todos os sujeitos da amostra. Por comparação a estudos anteriores que exploraram os atributos de força psicológica num só desporto, os nossos resultados apoiaram a existência de grandes semelhanças conceptuais entre desportos, pese embora a obtenção de diferenças subtis no Judo discutidas em referência ao optimismo, ao auto-aperfeiçoamento, ao pragmatismo e à regulação da auto-apresentação. A auto-estima e a adaptabilidade emergiram enquanto novidade na literatura de força psicológica no desporto. A combatividade foi sugerida como sendo o único atributo de força psicológica bastante peculiar ao Judo


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Artes Marciais/psicologia , Esportes/psicologia , Teoria da Construção Pessoal , Competência Mental/psicologia , Psicometria/instrumentação , Processos Mentais , 25783 , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia
17.
Psicológica (Valencia, Ed. impr.) ; 39(2): 164-197, jul. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-175092

RESUMO

There is extensive evidence showing that bilinguals activate lexical representations in a non-selective way both when words are presented in isolation and in sentence contexts. Recent research has shown the existence of cross-language activation at the syntactic level as well. However, the extent to which the lexical and syntactic levels of representation interact during second language (L2) sentence processing, and how these interactions are modulated by L2 proficiency remain unclear. In this paper, we explore how native speakers of European-Portuguese (L1) who are learning English as an L2 at different levels of proficiency (intermediate vs. advanced) resolve relative clause (RC) syntactic ambiguities in their L2. European Portuguese and English native speakers were used as controls. Participants were asked to perform a sentence completion task, with cognates and noncognates critically embedded in the complex noun phrase (NP) preceding the RC, and which contained its antecedent. Results revealed that L2 learners, like English controls, preferred to attach the RC to the last host of the complex NP, regardless of L2 proficiency. Importantly, the cognate status of the complex NP modulated the results, although, contrary to our expectation, the presence of cognates induced less L1 syntax interference compared to noncognates


Existe abundante evidencia acerca de la existencia de una activación no selectiva de las representaciones de las dos lenguas de un bilingüe, tanto en el nivel léxico como en el nivel sintáctico. Sin embargo, no está claro en qué medida interactúan estos niveles durante el procesamiento de oraciones en una L2, o si la competencia en la L2 modula dicha interacción. En este trabajo analizamos el modo en el que hablantes nativos de Portugués Europeo (L1) que están aprendiendo inglés (L2) y que tienen distinto nivel de competencia en la L2 (intermedio vs. alto), resuelven cláusulas de relativo (CR) ambiguas en su L2. Monolingües de portugués europeo y de inglés formaron también parte del estudio como grupos control. Los participantes realizaron una tarea de compleción de oraciones en la que palabras cognadas y no cognadas fueron críticamente incluidas en el sintagma nominal complejo (SNC) que precedía a las CR y que contenía su antecedente. Los resultados mostraron que los aprendices de inglés preferían adjuntar la CR al último nombre del SNC, al igual que los nativos de inglés, independientemente de su competencia en la L2. Además, el status cognaticio del SNC moduló los resultados, aunque, en contra de lo esperado, los cognados indujeron menos interferencia sintáctica de la L1 que los no cognados


Assuntos
Humanos , Multilinguismo , Processos Mentais , Fala , Comportamento Verbal , Psicolinguística/métodos , Idioma , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Tradução
18.
Psicológica (Valencia, Ed. impr.) ; 39(2): 198-222, jul. 2018. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-175093

RESUMO

Whether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo - witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing


La cuestión de si el procesamiento morfológico ocurre más allá del mero procesamiento ortográfico continúa siendo objeto de intenso debate. En este estudio se examina el procesamiento morfológico en tres experimentos de decisión léxica con anticipador enmascarado presentando como anticipadores palabras complejas (brujería -> brujo - witchcraft -> witch), así como pseudopalabras simples (brujaña ->brujo) y pseudopalabras complejas (brujanza ->brujo). En el primer experimento, las tres condiciones experimentales facilitaron el reconocimiento en comparación con la condición de control, pero sin mostrar diferencias entre ellas. Debido a la importancia del efecto observado de la frecuencia de palabra se llevó a cabo un segundo experimento. En él se emplearon únicamente estímulos de baja frecuencia, pero los resultados fueron idénticos a los del primer experimento. En el tercer experimento se eliminaron las vocales de los anticipadores para reducir el solapamiento ortográfico entre anticipador y objetivo y, consecuentemente, la influencia del efecto de repetición de la base. Los resultados mostraron efectos facilitadores solo para las palabras complejas. Sin embargo, las comparaciones por pares no mostraron diferencias entre las condiciones experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos suponen en conjunto un rol muy destacado para el procesamiento de las bases en el reconocimiento léxico y son explicados a la luz de los modelos teóricos actuales sobre procesamiento morfológico


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Testes de Associação de Palavras/estatística & dados numéricos , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Diferencial Semântico , Processos Mentais , Tradução , Estudantes/psicologia , Testes Psicológicos
19.
Cuad. psicol. deporte ; 18(2): 205-213, mayo 2018. tab
Artigo em Português | IBECS | ID: ibc-173807

RESUMO

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia de um treino de VM, na habilidade de visualização mental em praticantes de Boccia. Participaram neste estudo 42 praticantes federados (n = 24) e não federados (n = 18). A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: experimental, submetido ao treino de VM (n = 21) e de controlo, submetido a treino regular (n = 21). No início do estudo e após um período de 8 semanas de treino de visualização mental, os participantes completaram o Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3 (MIQ - 3), versão portuguesa. A análise de dados foi realizada com recurso aos testes Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes e Wilcoxon para amostras emparelhadas. Os resultados mostraram que os praticantes do grupo experimental aumentaram significativamente a pontuação no MIQ-3 (p < .05), enquanto o grupo de controlo não revelou alterações na habilidade de visualização mental (p > .05). Os dois grupos mostraram-se homogéneos no que diz respeito à habilidade de VM no primeiro momento de avaliação. O gru o experimental revelou uma pontuação no MIQ - 3 significativamente superior ao grupo controlo no segundo momento de avaliação (p < .05). Os resultados obtidos pelos praticantes federados foram semelhantes aos obtidos pelos não federados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a importância da realização de programas de treino de VM para a melhoria das capacidades de VM dos praticantes da modalidade desportiva de Boccia


Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la eficacia de un entrenamiento de Visualización mental (VM), en la habilidad de VM en practicantes de Boccia. La muestra la constituyen 42 praticantes, federados (n = 24) y no federados (n = 18). La muestra de practicantes de Boccia federados y no federados fue divididos en dos subgrupos: experimental, sometido al entrenamiento de VM (federados: n = 12, no federados: n = 9) y de control, sometido a entrenamiento regular (federados: n = 12, no federados: n = 9). Al inicio del estudio, y tras un período de 8 semanas de entrenamiento de visualización mental, los participantes completaron el cuestionario Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3 (MIQ - 3), en su versión Portuguesa. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando el método de inferencias basadas en la magnitud de los efectos. Los dos grupos se mostraron homogéneos en lo que se refiere a la habilidad de VM en el primer momento de evaluación, verificándose un efecto del entrenamiento de VM en el segundo momento de evaluación. Los resultados revelaron que el grupo experimental (federados y no federados) aumentó la habilidad de VM, mientras que el grupo de control (federados y no federados) no reveló cambios en la habilidad de VM. Por su parte, los practicantes no federados del grupo experimental revelaron un aumento superior en la habilidad de VM en comparación con los practicantes federados. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la idoneidad de llevar a cabo programas de entrenamiento de VM para mejorar las capacidades de VM de los practicantes de la modalidad deportiva de Boccia


This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of imagery training in imagery ability in Boccia practitioners. A total of forty-two Boccia practitioners participated on the study: 24 federated and 18 amateurs. The group was divided in two sub-groups: an experimental group that performed regular training with imagery training (n=21, 12 federated and 9 amateurs) and a control group that was submitted to regular training without imagery training (n=21, 12 federated and 9 amateurs). Participants completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) adapted to Portuguese population. Statistics was carried out following the method of magnitude based inferences. In baseline, both groups were quite homogeneous in the visual mental imagery ability. In second evaluation moment, results revealed that, in general, experimental group (federated and amateur) significantly improved imagery abilityreversely to the control group (federated and amateur) that maintained baseline scores. At the end, amateurs from the experimental group, revealed a higher increase imagery ability compared to federated participants. These results highlight the effectiveness of the inclusion of visual mental imagery training into Boccia program training due to the improvement of visual mental imagery abilities on these practitioners


Assuntos
Humanos , Esportes/psicologia , Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/psicologia , Percepção Visual , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Autoeficácia , Destreza Motora , Processos Mentais
20.
Inf. psiquiátr ; (231): 37-55, ene.-mar. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-173277

RESUMO

El estudio del estado cognitivo de las personas con Trastorno Mental Grave (TMG) ha cobrado relevancia por su capacidad tanto de pronosticar el rendimiento funcional, como la eficacia de las intervenciones psicosociales. Sin embargo mientras los estudios publicados se han centrado en personas con diagnósticos específicos, a la fecha no existen trabajos que comparen el grado y tipo de alteración en los procesos cognitivos en los principales diagnósticos incluidos en el TMG. Clarificar esta cuestión tendría un interés aplicado ya que permitiría mejorar tanto la evaluación como la rehabilitación en los recursos de rehabilitación psicosocial dirigidos fundamentalmente a personas con TMG. Por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar las alteraciones cognitivas presentes en los principales diagnósticos incluidos en el TMG, i.e., esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar, trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno obsesivo compulsivo. Tras realizar una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed se seleccionaron nueve meta-análisis actuales sobre alteraciones cognitivas en dichos diagnósticos. Los resultados mostraron que los cuatro diagnósticos comparten alteraciones moderadas-graves en atención, memoria operativa, memoria a largo plazo, funciones ejecutivas y velocidad de procesamiento, mostrando tamaños del efecto moderados-altos y observándose diferencias cuantitativas en la gravedad de las alteraciones entre los diagnósticos. Las mayores diferencias entre los diagnósticos en cuanto a la gravedad de las alteraciones se observó en cognición social siendo las personas con esquizofrenia las que presentaron dificultades más graves con un tamaño del efecto alto. El diagnóstico que tuvo alteraciones cognitivas menos graves fue el trastorno depresivo mayor mostrando tamaños del efecto moderados. Los cuatro diagnósticos compartieron alteraciones graves en control de la interferencia y flexibilidad cognitiva. Se discuten las implicaciones aplicadas para los recursos de rehabilitación así como sugerencias para futuras investigaciones


Cognitive impairment in Severe Mental Disorders (SMD) has critical importance due to its ability to predict functional performance, as well as the efficacy of psychosocial interventions. While there are previous studies about cognitive functioning on specific diagnoses, to date no works have compared cognitive impairment between the four main diagnosis included in the SMD. Clarifying this point has clinical implications to target assessment and interventions given that the recipients of many psychosocial rehabilitation services are people with SMD. The aim of the present study was to compare cognitive performance in the main diagnoses included in the SMD, i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, by means of a review of the existing literature. The results of the nine meta-analyses found showed that the four diagnoses shared moderate-severe impairment in attention, working memory, long-term memory, executive functions, and processing speed, (medium-large effect sizes), with quantitative differences in the comparison of the severity of the deficits between diagnoses. The largest differences between diagnoses regarding deficits severity were observed in social cognition, with people with schizophrenia presenting more severe impairment with larger effect sizes. The diagnosis that had less severe cognitive deficits was major depressive disorder showing medium effect sizes. The four diagnoses shared severe impairment in control of interference and cognitive flexibility. Implications for rehabilitation and guidelines for future research are discussed


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Reserva Cognitiva , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Transtorno Bipolar/complicações , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/complicações , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/complicações , Processos Mentais
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