Síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas secundario a infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Alice in Wonderland syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection

El síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas es un conjunto de trastornos complejos de la percepción visual con múltiples etiologías, siendo las infecciones las más frecuentes en Pediatría. Es un cuadro poco frecuente, pero es importante conocerlo por su carácter generalmente autolimitado. Presentamos el caso de un niño de 11 años que, a las 48 horas de infección por SARS-CoV-2, inició distorsión visual de la forma corporal, micropsias y macropsias. Se descartaron otras causas orgánicas, manteniéndose actitud expectante dada su evolución benigna. Se destaca la aparición de este síndrome en contexto clínico de infección por SARS-CoV-2, no habiendo sido descrita hasta ahora su asociación en la literatura. (AU)

The Alice in Wonderland syndrome is defined by the presence of visual perception disorders with several etiologies, being infectious the most frequent in pediatrics. It is a rare clinical condition, but it is important to recognize it because of the generally self-limited nature. We present an 11 years old child who presented visual body distortions, micropsia and macropsia 48 after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Other organic causes were discarded, maintaining an expectant treatment because of its benign evolution. It is noteworthy that this syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection has not yet been published. (AU)

Impact of active vision therapy compared to conventional patching therapy on visual acuity and stereoacuity in children with amblyopia

Purpose To compare improvements in visual acuity (VA) and stereoacuity between active vision therapy (AVT) and conventional patching therapy in children with amblyopia. Methods This study included 65 children aged 5 to 16 years (mean age±SD, 11.00±3.29 years) with unilateral amblyopia. Among them, 31 children underwent active vision therapy (AVT group), and 34 children underwent conventional patching therapy (patching group). AVT group underwent three sequential phases of AVT: Monocular phase (pursuit, saccades, fixation, visuomotor, eye-hand coordination, and central peripheral activities), biocular phase (diplopia awareness, antisuppression, monocular fixation in a binocular field, accommodative activities, bilateral integration, and fine motor activities) and binocular phase (fusion and stereopsis). Patching group patched their fellow eyes as per guidelines by Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Best-corrected monocular VA and stereoacuity were measured at baseline and after three months of therapy in both groups. Results There were significant improvements in the mean acuities in amblyopic eye (AE) in both AVT (0.32±0.11 logMAR, p <0.001) and patching groups (0.27±0.19 logMAR, p ˂ 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in mean acuity gains in AE between AVT and patching groups (p = 0.059). Mean gains in stereoacuities (log seconds of arc) were statistically significant in both AVT (0.81±0.34, p < 0.001) and patching groups (0.32±0.34, p < 0.001). The stereoacuity gain in the AVT group was significantly higher compared to patching group (p < 0.001). Conclusion Active vision therapy had a better impact than conventional patching therapy in terms of improvement of stereoacuity but not in terms of VA when used for treating children with amblyopia. (AU)

Impact of strabismus and binocular dysfunctions in the developmental eye movement test and test of visual perception skills: A multicentric and retrospective study

Purpose: To compare the performance in the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) between three groups: individuals with strabismus and amblyopia, patients with binocular and accommodative dysfunctions, and subjects with normal binocular and accommodative function. Methods: A multicentric, retrospective study including 110 children aged 6–14 years old was conducted to investigate the potential impact of strabismus, amblyopia, and different binocular conditions in DEM results (adjusted time in vertical and horizontal parts) and TVPS (percentiles in the seven sub-skills). Results: No significant differences were found in the different subtests of the vertical and horizontal DEM and all the sub-skills in the TVPS between the three groups of the study. We found high variability of performance in the DEM test between participants with strabismus and amblyopia compared with binocular and accommodative problems. Conclusion: DEM and TVPS scores have not been found to be influenced by the presence of strabismus with or without amblyopia, nor by binocular and accommodative dysfunctions. A slightly correlation tendency with horizontal DEM and degree of exotropia deviation was observed. (AU)

Role of reading medium and audio distractors on visual search

Purpose: Visual search is an active perceptual task influenced by objective factors and subjective factors such as task difficulty, distractors, attention and familiarity respectively. We studied the effect of different search directions, task medium and presence or absence of audio distractors on visual search time in young normal subjectsMethodsTwenty-four young (19–27 years) subjects with normal ocular health (except refractive error) participated in the study after obtaining informed consent. Subjects performed a word search task of ten 7-letter words of medium difficulty level. It was performed by each subject in Up-down, Down-Up, Left-Right, Right-Left, Diagonal and Random directions, with equal number of distractors. The task was performed in paper and digital medium, with or without audio distractors. The conditions were performed in random order by each subject and the time taken to accurately complete the word search was documented for each condition.ResultThe visual search time (VST) was significantly different with different search directions (ANOVA p<0.0001, df=5), considering both digital and non-digital medium, with or without audio distractors. The average VST was the least for left-right search direction (100±7.2 s) and was highest for random search direction (291±19 s), on a digital medium (VSTdigital: 183±77 s) and in presence of an audio distractor (VSTaudio: 184±77 s). The VST scores were not correlated with the age (r=-0.14, p = 0.25).ConclusionThe visual search time is significantly delayed for search direction other than left-right direction and in presence of an audio distractor on a digital medium. These factors could play a significant role in visual orientation and specific tasks such as reading. (AU)

The effect of short-term resistance training on hand reaction time improvement is independent of sexual dimorphism / El efecto del entrenamiento de resistencia a corto plazo en la mejora del tiempo de reacción manual es independiente del dimorfismo sexual / O efeito do treinamento resistido de curto prazo sobre a melhora do tempo de reação é independente do dimorfismo sexual

Objectiveː The aim was to evaluate the effects of four weeks of resistance training and sexual dimorphism on Manual reaction time in apparently healthy subjects.Methods: The subjects of the sample were randomly allocated in two groups, as follow: Control (CTRL) - kept 4 weeks without any systematized physical activity (Nmales= 8, age= 24±3 yrs., body weight= 76.9±15.4 kg; Nfemales= 8, age= 22.5±4 yrs., body weight= 70.8±17.5 kg); Experimental (EXP) - 4 weeks of resistance training (Nmales= 8, age= 23±3 yrs., weight= 69.6±11 kg; Nfemales= 8, age= 22.5±1 yrs., body weight= 59.77±6.8 kg). The resistance training consisted of 4 exercises for upper limbs (3 sets x 8-12 reps) and 4 exercises for lower (3 sets x 12-15 reps). Manual reaction time was evaluated in a manufactured Arduino-based reaction time device connected to a computer.Results: For men, there was a significant decrease in Manual reaction time after resistance training within EXP (p<0.0001) and between groups (p<0.0001). Women showed the same results within EXP (p<0.0001) and between groups (p<0.0001). Additionally, there was no sexual dimorphism before or after four weeks of resistance training.Conclusion: The results suggest that just four weeks of resistance training was sufficient to improve Manual reaction time, regardless of sexual dimorphism. Therefore, resistance training inclusion in the training periodization seems essential to improve or rehabilitate the fast voluntary motor response, especially for activities or sports that require it. (AU)

Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de cuatro semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia y dimorfismo sexual sobre el tiempo de reacción manual en jóvenes aparentemente sanos.Métodos: Los sujetos de la muestra fueron asignados aleatoriamente en dos grupos, como sigue: Control (CTRL) - mantenido 4 semanas sin ninguna actividad física sistematizada (Nhombres= 8, edad= 24 ± 3 años, peso corporal= 76.9 ± 15.4 kg; Nmujeres= 8, edad= 22.5 ± 4 años, peso corporal= 70.8 ± 17.5 kg); Experimental (EXP) - 4 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia (Nhombres= 8, edad= 23 ± 3 años, peso corporal= 69.6 ± 11 kg; Nmujeres= 8, edad= 22.5 ± 1 año, peso corporal= 59.77 ± 6.8 kg). El entrenamiento de resistencia consistió en 4 ejercicios para las extremidades superiores (3 series x 8-12 repeticiones) y 4 ejercicios para las inferiores (3 series x 12-15 repeticiones). El tiempo de reacción manual se evaluó utilizando una placa Arduino fabricada conectada a la computadora.Resultados: Para los hombres, hubo una reducción significativa en tiempo de reacción manual después de entrenamiento de resistencia intra EXP (p <0.0001) y entre grupos (p <0.0001). Los mismos resultados se observaron en mujeres, intra EXP (p <0.0001) y entre grupos (p <0.0001). Además, no hubo dimorfismo sexual antes y después de 4 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia.Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que solo cuatro semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia fueron suficientes para mejorar la tiempo de reacción manual, independientemente del dimorfismo sexual. La inclusión del entrenamiento de resistencia en la periodización del entrenamiento parece importante para mejorar o rehabilitar la respuesta motora voluntaria rápida, especialmente para actividades o deportes que lo requieran. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de quatro semanas de treinamento resistido e do dimorfismo sexual sobre o tempo de reação manual em jovens aparentemente saudáveis.Metodos: 32 jovens destreinados de ambos os sexos compuseram a amostra. Eles foram aleatoriamente alocados em 2 grupos: Controle (CTRL) – ficaram 4 semanas sem exercícios físicos (Nhomens= 8, idade= 24±3 anos, peso corporal= 76.9±15.4 kg; Nmulheres= 8, idade= 22.5±4 anos, peso corporal= 70.8±17.5 kg); Experimental (EXP) - 4 semanas de treinamento resistido (Nhomens= 8, idade= 23±3 anos, peso corporal= 69.6±11 kg; Nmulheres= 8, idade= 22.5±1 anos, peso corporal= 59.77±6.8 kg). O treinamento resistido consistiu em 4 exercícios para membros superiores (3 séries x 8-12 reps) e 4 para inferiores (3 sets x 12-15 reps). tempo de reação manual foi avaliado através de uma placa manufaturada de Arduino conectada ao computador.Resultados: Para os homens, houve uma redução significativa no tempo de reação manual após treinamento resistido intra EXP (p<0.0001) e entre os grupos (p<0.0001). Os mesmos resultados foram observados em mulheres, intra EXP (p<0.0001) e entre os grupos (p<0.0001). Adicionalmente não houve dimorfismo sexual antes ou após 4 semanas de treinamento resistido.Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que apenas quatro semanas de treinamento resistido foram suficientes para melhorar o tempo de reação manual, independente do dimorfismo sexual. Portanto, a inclusão do treinamento resistido na periodização de treinamento parece importante para melhorar ou reabilitar a resposta motora voluntária rápida, principalmente para atividades ou esportes que assim necessitem. (AU)

Predictive factors for the perceptual learning in stereodeficient subjects

Background: Stereopsis is a valuable feature of human visual perception which is critically impaired in amblyopia, but can be improved through perceptual learning (PL). This article aims to determine the variables affecting the outcomes and intensity of a stereoacuity stimulation program.MethodsRe-analysis of a previous study in stereodeficient subjects with a history of amblyopia. Sixteen subjects (12 females, 4 males) aged between 7 and 14 received stereopsis stimulation through a PL program at home. A correlation analysis evaluated whether treatment intensity or percentage improvement were related to age or baseline stereoacuity measurements. Further analysis was performed to assess whether the type of amblyopia conditioned the PL treatment (Fischer Statistical Test).ResultsNo significant correlation was found between age and percentage improvement (rho=−0.08, p=0.749), nor was age correlated with treatment intensity (rho=0.170, p=0.544). However, a correlation did exist between baseline stereoacuity levels and treatment intensity (rho=0.734, p=0.001). Baseline stereoacuity and percentage improvement had a negative correlation (rho=−0.748, p=0.005), while treatment intensity showed only a weak association with the type of amblyopia (p=0.064).ConclusionsPresent results suggest that perceptual learning in stereodeficient subjects is not influenced by either the subject's age or the type of amblyopia. Baseline stereoacuity, on the other hand, seems to be a predicting factor for perceptual learning outcomes. According to our study, subjects with poor basal stereoacuity needed more sessions to improve and their percentage improvement was lower. However, due to the reduced size of the sample, the results should be considered with caution. (AU)

Comparativa del control postural entre niños estrábicos y no estrábicos / Comparison of postural control between strabismic and non-strabismic children

OBJETIVO: Comparar el control postural de niños estrábicos frente a niños sin estrabismo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohortes transversales. Se incluyeron un total de 171 niños: 73 niños con endotropia, 24 con exotropia y 74 controles. El control postural fue explorado mediante una plataforma dinamométrica en bipedestación, en varias condiciones: ojos abiertos y cerrados, fijación de mirada cercana y lejana; y sobre suelo duro y gomaespuma. Se estudiaron como variables: el área, la velocidad media, las longitudes en el eje X e Y del desplazamiento del centro de presión. RESULTADOS: Los niños con endotropia y exotropia presentaron valores de velocidad media, longitud X e Y significativamente mayores frente a los controles en el examen de ojos abiertos, distancia de fijación lejana y sobre suelo de gomaespuma; con ojos abiertos, sobre suelo duro y distancia lejana, los valores de las exotropias fueron mayores que los de endotropias y controles. Con ojos cerrados, no hubo diferencias entre los 3 grupos en todas condiciones de exploración descritas, pero sus valores empeoraban frente a sus respectivos con ojos abiertos. CONCLUSIONES: Los niños estrábicos presentaron un peor control postural que los niños no estrábicos. Todos los niños se mostraron más inestables con ojos cerrados frente a con ojos abiertos lo que demuestra que, tanto para estrábicos como no estrábicos, la visión tiene un papel relevante en la estabilidad postural

OBJECTIVE: To compare the postural control of children with strabismus versus non-strabismus children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional cohort study with a total of 171 children, including 73 children with esotropia, 24 with exotropia, and 74 controls. Postural control was determined using a dynamometric platform in a standing position in various conditions: eyes open and eyes closed, near and gaze fixation, and with and without foam pad. The studied variables were the area, the mean speed, and the lengths in the X and Y axis of the centre of pressure displacement. RESULTS: Children with esotropia and exotropia had significantly higher mean values (speed, lengths of X and Y) compared to controls. In the open-eye, far distance fixation, and on foam pad, as well as under exam conditions; with eyes open, without foam pad, and far distance fixation, the exotropia values were higher than those of endotropia and controls. With eyes closed, there were no differences between the 3 groups under the described examination conditions, but their values were worse compared to their respective ones with eyes open. CONCLUSIONS: The children with strabismus had a worse postural control than the non-strabismus ones. All of the them appeared to be more unstable with eyes closed than with eyes open, which demonstrates that vision plays an important relevant role in postural stability in both strabismus and non-strabismus children

Los estímulos contextuales visuales y auditivos impactan de manera diferenciada el control inhibitorio relacionado con el alcohol / Visual and auditory contextual cues differentially influence alcohol-related inhibitory control

Con el objetivo de crear un entorno de evaluación más ajustado a la realidad, en este estudio se expuso a los participantes a estímulos visuales y auditivos relacionados con el alcohol para evaluar su impacto en el control inhibitorio relacionado con el alcohol. Además, se examinó si las diferencias individuales en el consumo de alcohol y el rasgo autorregulación predecían el rendimiento del control inhibitorio. Veinticinco estudiantes universitarios del Reino Unido (edad media = 23,08 años; SD = 8,26) llevaron a cabo una tarea anti-sacádica de seguimiento ocular, en la que se les pedía que miraran hacia (pro), o directamente en la dirección contraria (anti), estímulos visuales tanto relacionados con el alcohol como neutros. Además, en el 50% de los ensayos se reprodujeron estímulos auditivos breves relacionados con el alcohol (sonido de bar), y las respuestas se compararon con las que se producían en la ausencia de sonidos. Los resultados indican que los participantes dirigieron más movimientos sacádicos incorrectos hacia los estímulos visuales relacionados con el alcohol en los ensayos antisacádicos, y que respondieron más rápido al alcohol en los ensayos prosacádicos. Los estímulos auditivos relacionados con el alcohol redujeron la latencia de respuesta tanto para los ensayos pro- como antisacádicos, y redujeron la tasa de errores antisacádicos en los estímulos relacionados con el alcohol. Sin embargo, estos efectos se eliminaron al controlar el rasgo autorregulación y el consumo problemático de alcohol. Estos resultados sugieren que los estímulos visuales relacionados con el alcohol pueden estar asociados con una reducción del control inhibitorio, lo cual se pone de manifiesto en el aumento de errores y en unas latencias de respuesta más rápidas. Sin embargo, la presentación de estímulos auditivos relacionados con el alcohol parece aumentar la precisión en la tarea. Se propone que los estímulos auditivos pueden recontextualizar los estímulos visuales en un contexto más familiar que reduce su prominencia y disminuye su capacidad de captar la atención

Representing a more immersive testing environment, the current study exposed individuals to both alcohol-related visual and auditory cues to assess their respective impact on alcohol-related inhibitory control. It examined further whether individual variation in alcohol consumption and trait effortful control may predict inhibitory control performance. Twenty-five U.K. university students (Mage = 23.08, SD = 8.26) completed an anti-saccade eye-tracking task and were instructed to look towards (pro) or directly away (anti) from alcohol-related and neutral visual stimuli. Short alcohol-related sound cues (bar audio) were played on 50% of trials and were compared with responses where no sounds were played. Findings indicate that participants launched more incorrect saccades towards alcohol-related visual stimuli on antisaccade trials, and responded quicker to alcohol on pro-saccade trials. Alcohol-related audio cues reduced latencies for both pro- and antisaccade trials and reduced anti-saccade error rates to alcohol-related visual stimuli. Controlling for trait effortful control and problem alcohol consumption removed these effects. These findings suggest that alcohol-related visual cues may be associated with reduced inhibitory control, evidenced by increased errors and faster response latencies. The presentation of alcohol-related auditory cues, however, appears to enhance performance accuracy. It is postulated that auditory cues may re-contextualise visual stimuli into a more familiar setting that reduces their saliency and lessens their attentional pull

Análisis de las acciones técnico-tácticas del portero de fútbol en competición / Analysis of the technical-tactical actions by goalkeeper on football in competition

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias en el número y tipo de acciones técnico-tácticas de los porteros en competición en función de la división y de si juegan como local o visitante. Para ello, se han analizado 80 partidos con un total de 160 porteros de 1ª, 2ª, 2ªB y 3ª división española. Los resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias significativas entre el número de acciones medias realizadas por partido en cada división, pero sí se encontraron diferencias significativas en 9 de los 48 gestos técnico-tácticos específicos estudiados. Además, se encontraron pequeñas diferencias en cuanto al número de acciones en función de si los porteros juegan como local o visitante. Por tanto, la principal conclusión de este estudio es la importancia de analizar los tipos de acciones técnico-tácticas de los porteros ya que nos pueden ofrecer información relevante para el entrenamiento y la competición

The present study tries to respond about three different objectives: a) to quantify the number of technical-tactical actions carried out by goalkeepers during matches and to analyze if there are differences between divisions, b) to examine the possible differences in the number and type of technical-tactical actions between divisions under investigation, and c) to analyze the differences between this number and the type of technical-tactical actions when goalkeepers play at home team or away teams . To this end, a viewing was made of the 80 matches of the four most important divisions of Spanish football and a total of 160 goalkeepers were analyzed using the observational methodology. After the application of the tests the H-test of Krustal-Wallis and U of Mann-Whitney, showed no significant differences between the number of average actions performed per game in each division. Only significant differences were found in 9 of the 48 specific technical-tactical gestures studied. So, the first conclusion in this study is the importance of analyzing the types of technical-tactical actions of goalkeepers, due to they can offer relevant information for training and competition

Does social content influence the subjective evaluation of affective pictures?

This study explored the effect of the perceived social content of affective pictures on the subjective evaluation of affective valence and arousal. For this purpose, we established three categories of social content (pictures without people, with one person and with two or more people). A sample of 161 subjects rated 200 pictures varying in affective valence (unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant), arousal and social content. Results of two-factor analysis of variance, F(4, 157) = 71.7, p < .001, ηp2 = .31, showed that perceived social content influenced the ratings of affective valence, specially for unpleasant pictures, with the greatest social content (two or more people) leading subjects to rate unpleasant pictures with the lowest ratings (all pairwise comparisons' p < .001). Regarding arousal, F(4, 157) = 64.0, p < .001, ηp2 = .29), the higher the social content, the higher the arousal ratings, but only for pleasant (all pairwise comparisons' p < .007) and unpleasant (all pairwise comparisons' p < .001) pictures. Overall, this study demonstrated an effect of the perceived social content on the subjective evaluation of affective valence and arousal of emotional stimuli

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Age, education and intellectual quotient influences: structural equation modeling on the study of Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)

This study searched for sociodemographic influences on visual memory and visuoconstructive ability in healthy and clinical samples evaluated with Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) in two studies. In Study 1, we searched for changes related to age in children, adolescents, adults and elderly on the performance of the BVRT. In Study 2, we investigated the relations among age, years of education and intellectual quotient (IQ) on the performance of the BVRT using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Participants were 624 individuals aged between six and 89 years old (M = 25.40; SD = 22.34) from the normatization and evidence validity studies at Brazil. We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, BVRT and IQ measure was estimated. Study 1 has shown a performance similar to the developmental graphics with a U-inverted pattern in relation to age: An increase of the visual memory ability in the children and adolescent groups as age increases, a tendency of a decrease in the performance in the adult group that intensifies in the elderly group. Study 2 found that the model for the BVRT performance tested by SEM denoted satisfactory goodness-of-fit indexes, χ2/gl = 2.67, p < .001; CFI = .92; TLI = .93; RMSEA = .004, 90% CI = [.03, .05];WLSMV = 1.79, and corroborated the theoretical assumption. The SEM model confirmed in this study highlight the strong role of years of education in the prediction of BVRT scores

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The emotional attentional blink as a measure of patriotism

This study aims to explore whether the implicit processing of emotional symbols related to patriotic feeling may exert some effects on attention. Here, we have conducted an experiment using two interrelated tasks. First, we use flags with different meanings to participants for measuring the strength of the emotional attentional blink (EAB) within a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. Then, we use a "congruency judgments" subjective test, where we confront participants to judge the affinity between pairs of politician leaders and flags of different sign for community participants, while recording two physiological measures (Heart Rate Variance and Galvanic Skin Response) to evaluate the variations elicited by that confrontation. Results on the EAB task show a significant emotion induced blindness for emotional stimuli representing Catalan and Spanish patriotism (alfa = .05), while the effect does not appear for the stimulus representing neutral patriotism. The interaction "Flags X Patriotism" was significant, F(1, 51) = 4.62; p = .036; ηp2 = .083. Results on the second task show that measures derived from electrophysiological records are sensitive to patriotic feeling, both being complementary. In addition, by using measures of congruence, the "Leaders X Flags" interaction was significant, F(3.682, 125.204) = 53.55; p < .001; ηp2 = .612. Finally, a multiple linear regression model for each emotional inductor was verified for the Catalan case, using the EAB effect as criteria, R2Adjusted = .79; p < .001. Some theoretical and methodological aspects derived of this exploratory study are discussed

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Comportamiento visual y toma de decisiones en situaciones de ataque en voleibol / Visual Behaviour and Decision-Making in Attack Situations in Volleyball

El objetivo de estudio fue comparar el comportamento visual (número y duración de las fijaciones visuales) y la toma de decisiones (TD) en el análisis de escenas de ataque en voleibol, entre entrenadores y jóvenes jugadores. Participaron 59 sujetos - 34 entrenadores (M=32.5; DT=9.4) con experiencia como jugadores y entrenadores de voleibol (M=16.78; DT=11.09), y 25 jugadores (M=16.9; DT=1) con experiencia como jugadores de voleibol (M=3.72; DT=1.17). Para el análisis de la calidad de la TD se emplearon las escenas de ataque del Test de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo en Voleibol (TCTD:Vb). Para el análisis del comportamiento visual se utilizó el Eye Tracking SMI RED500(R) durante el análisis de las escenas. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en la duración de las fijaciones siendo mayores en el grupo de los entrenadores. Concluye que existe un patrón similar de comportamiento visual em la comparación entre los grupos unicamente diferenciado por la duración de las fijaciones visuales

The objective of comparing visual behavior (number and duration of visual fixations) and decision-making (DM) in the analysis of attack scenes in volleyball, between coaches and young players. 59 subjects will participate - 34 coaches (M = 16.7, SD = 9.4) with experience as players and volleyball coaches (M = 16.78, SD = 11.09), and 25 players (M = 16.9, SD = 1) with experience as volleyball players (M = 3.72 , SD = 1.17). For the analysis of DM quality, the attack scenes of the Tactical Declarative Knowledge Test in Volleyball (TDKT:Vb) were used. For the analysis of visual behavior, the Eye Tracking SMI RED500(R) was used during the analysis of the scenes. The results show significant differences in duration of fixations being greater for the coaches group. It concludes that there is a similar pattern of visual behavior in the comparison between groups only differentiated by the duration of the visual fixations

Cognitive entrainment to isochronous rhythms is independent of both sensory modality and top-down attention

The anisochrony of a stimulus sequence was manipulated parametrically to investigate whether rhythmic entrainment is stronger in the auditory modality than in the visual modality (Experiment 1), and whether it relies on top-down attention (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants had to respond as quickly as possible to a target presented after a sequence of either visual or auditory stimuli. The anisochrony of this sequence was manipulated parametrically, rather than in an all or none fashion; that is, it could range from smaller to larger deviations of the isochrony (0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ms). We compared rhythmic entrainment patterns for auditory and visual modalities. Results showed a peak of entrainment for both isochrony and deviations of isochrony up to 50 ms (i. e. , participants were equally fast both after the isochronous sequences and after 10, 20 and 50 ms deviations), suggesting that anisochronous sequences can also produce entrainment. Beyond this entrainment window, the reaction times became progressively slower. Surprisingly, no differences were found between the entrainment patterns for auditory and visual rhythms. In Experiment 2, we used a dual-task methodology by adding a working memory n-back task to the procedure of Experiment 1. Results did not show interference of the secondary task in either auditory or visual modalities, with participants showing the same entrainment pattern as in Experiment 1. These results suggest that rhythmic entrainment constitutes a cognitive process that occurs by default (automatically), regardless of the modality in which the stimuli are presented, and independent of top-down attention, to generate behavioural benefits

La anisocronía de una secuencia de estímulos se ha manipulado paramétricamente para investigar si la sincronización rítmica es más potente en la modalidad auditiva que en la visual (Experimento 1), y si esta depende de procesos de la atención de tipo arriba-abajo (Experimento 2). En el Experimento 1, los participantes tenían que responder lo más rápido posible ante un estímulo objetivo presentado después de una secuencia de estímulos que podían ser visuales o auditivos. La anisocronía de esta secuencia era manipulada paramétricamente en lugar de siguiendo un procedimiento discreto del tipo "todo o nada"; es decir, la anisocronía podía variar en un rango de pequeñas a mayores desviaciones (0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150 y 200 ms). Los patrones resultantes de la sincronización rítmica fueron comparados para las modalidades auditiva y visual. Los resultados mostraron un pico de sincronización para las condiciones de isocronía y las condiciones de anisocronía que tenían hasta un máximo de 50 ms de desviación (es decir, los participantes respondían igual de rápido para las condiciones de desviación 0, 10, 20 y 50 ms), lo cual sugiere que las secuencias anisócronas también pueden producir sincronización rítmica. A partir de esta ventana de sincronización, los tiempos de reacción fueron progresivamente más altos. Sorprendentemente, no encontramos diferencias en los patrones de sincronización entre los ritmos auditivos y los visuales. En el Experimento 2, utilizamos una metodología de tarea dual mediante la inclusión de una tarea n-back de memoria de trabajo al procedimiento del Experimento 1. Los resultados no mostraron una interferencia de la tarea secundaria ni en la modalidad auditiva ni en la visual, pues los participantes mostraron el mismo patrón de sincronización que en el Experimento 1. Estos resultados sugieren que la sincronización rítmica constituye un proceso cognitivo que beneficia el comportamiento, que ocurre por defecto (automáticamente), independientemente de la modalidad por la que se presenten los estímulos, y que es independiente de procesos "arriba-abajo" de la atención

Investigating the efficacy of an interactive warning for use in labeling strategies used by us pharmacies

Background: United States pharmacies repackage medications into multi-dose vials, enabling customized dosing for prescription drugs. Investment in infrastructure has made this the predominant approach to packaging for US prescriptions. Although recent changes to labeling now discourage the use of auxiliary labels (small stickers highlighting information germane to the safe and effective use), they are still allowed by USP<17>, provided their use comes from an evidence-based perspective. Objectives: Evaluate how 'interactive,' placements of auxiliary labels (placement requiring physical manipulation of the warning to accomplish a task (e.g. opening)) garner attention as compared to those placed vertically or horizontally. Methods: Ninety-six participants were eye tracked while opening three prescription vials (each with an auxiliary warning label with a different placement: vertical, horizontal and interactive). Recall and recognition were tested subsequently. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the continuous variables while the binary response variables were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. The effect of auxiliary labels was fitted as a fixed effect and the subject-to-subject variation was considered as a random effect in the model. Participants' age, health literacy and sex were added to the models if their effect was statistically significant at alpha=0.05. Results: The placement of the warnings significantly impacted the time spent viewing the information they contained at alpha=0.05; people spent significantly longer on interactive placements (0.96; SD 0.13 seconds) than either, horizontal placements (0.27; SD 0.037 seconds) or those placed vertically (0.18 seconds; SD 0.035). Participants were equally as likely to see information presented in an interactive placement (90%; SD 3.8) or horizontal placement (78%; SD 05.5) but less likely to view warnings placed vertically (60%; SD 6.9). Free recall responses also supported the use of interactive placement (62%; SD 6.8 recall) as compared to horizontal placements which were 29%; SD 3.0 and 20%; SD 6.0 for vertical placements. Conclusions: Data provides evidence which suggests that interactive and horizontal placements out-perform auxiliary labels placed vertically on prescription vials with regard to garnering patient attention

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The comparison of Imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite swimmers / Comparación de la habilidad de Visualización Mental de los atletas de Elite, Sub - Elite y No - Elite en la Natación / Comparação entre praticantes de Elite, Sub - Elite e Não - Elite na habilidade de Imagery em praticantes de Natação

The ability to generate and control mental images is present in all of us, but it differs from person to person. Therefore, it is important to understand that imagery ability can be changed through training and experimentation, it is not a fixed ability (Cumming & Williams, 2012). The aim of this study is to compare imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite athletes in a sport which involves closed and continuous motor skills, such as swimming. 79 swimmers (male N = 37; female N = 42) at an average age of 17 took part in this study. In order to assess imagery ability, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3 was used, Portuguese version (Mendes et al., 2016). After analysis of the results, these show that in each and every imagery modality, the scores in the three groups differ significantly. In kinesthetic and external visual imagery the elite and sub-elite groups' scores, although not statistically different from each other, are significantly higher than those of the non-elite group. In internal visual imagery, the differences between all the compared pairs of groups are statistically significant. The elite group got the highest scores, followed by the sub-elite group average scores and finally the non-elite group average scores. According to these results, the conclusion is that athletes with better performance show greater imagery ability and that apparently the external visual imagery proved to be the best intervention method among swimming athletes

La capacidad de controlar y generar imágenes mentales está presente en todos los individuos, pero varía de sujeto a sujeto, por lo tanto, es importante entender que la habilidad de visualización mental es una capacidad que se puede modificar con el entrenamiento y la experimentación, y no una habilidad fija (Cumming & Williams, 2012; Hall, 2001). El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue el de comparar la habilidad de visualización mental en practicantes de Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite, en una modalidad deportiva con habilidades motoras cerradas y continuas, la natación. En este estudio participaron 79 sujetos practicantes de Natación (N = 76) (género masculino N = 37, género femenino N = 42) con una edad media de 17 años (DE = 3,1). Se definieron tres niveles de práctica, el grupo de Elite (N = 29), el grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) y No-Elite (N = 23). Para evaluar la habilidad de visualización mental se utilizó el Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versión portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Después de analizar los resultados verificamos que en todas y cada una de las modalidades de visualización mental, las medias obtenidas en los tres grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite) muestran diferencias significativas. De acuerdo con estos resultados podemos concluir que los atletas con mejor rendimiento deportivo muestran una mejor capacidad de visualización mental y que, aparentemente, la modalidad visual externa resultó como el mejor método de intervención para practicantes de Natación

A habilidade de controlar e gerar imagens mentais está presente em todos os indivíduos, mas varia de sujeito para sujeito. Consequentemente, é importante entender que a habilidade de imagery é uma capacidade que pode ser modificável com o treino e a experimentação, e não uma habilidade fixa (Cumming & Williams, 2012; Hall, 2001). O objetivo do nosso estudo foi comparar a habilidade de imagery em praticantes de Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite, numa modalidade com habilidades motoras fechadas e contínuas, a Natação. Neste estudo, participaram 79 sujeitos praticantes de Natação (N = 76) (sexo masculino N = 37; sexo feminino N = 42), com uma média de idades de 17 anos (SD = 3.1). Foram definidos três níveis de prática, sendo o grupo de Elite (N = 29), o grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) e Não-Elite (N = 23). Para avaliar a habilidade de imagery, foi utilizado o Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versão portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Após a análise dos resultados, verificámos que em todas e em cada uma das modalidades do imagery, as médias obtidas nos três grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite) apresentam diferenças significativas. De acordo com estes resultados, podemos concluir que atletas com melhor performance desportiva revelam uma melhor capacidade de imagery e que aparentemente a modalidade visual externa se revelou como melhor método de intervenção em praticantes de Natação

Validation of a photographic atlas of food portions designed as a tool to visually estimate food amounts in Ecuador / Validación de un atlas fotográfico de porciones de alimentos diseñado como una herramienta para estimar visualmente las cantidades de alimentos en Ecuador

Introduction: the use of real images of food portions constitutes a useful and effective tool to help measure the amount of food consumed. Objective: to validate content and visual perception of the images of a photographic atlas of food portions designed for Ecuador. Methods: first, eight experts assessed the content in an atlas of food portions, using the Delphi technique. Then, 56 adults (aged 18-59) gave an assessment of their visual perception of about 35 portions of nine selected products. The concordance in the estimation using the atlas versus an estimation without the atlas was evaluated through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the Bland-Altman graphical method, and a hypothesis contrast. The differences between the real amounts and the estimation were assessed using the Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). For each of the food items, the percentage of participants who chose the correct photograph, the one directly above or below was calculated. Results: the assessment carried out by experts showed that this instrument is relevant and appropriate. ICC values of between 0.576 and 0.956 were obtained using the atlas, as well as significant differences between the real amounts and the estimation without the atlas (p < 0.001). There was a sufficient correlation between the actual image and its perception for all food items except mayonnaise. The correct photograph was chosen in 66% of 500 estimations. Conclusions: the photographic atlas of food portions for Ecuador is an appropriate tool for helping to estimate the amount of food consumed by adults

Introducción: utilizar imágenes reales de porciones de alimentos es útil y efectivo para estimar la cantidad de alimentos consumidos. Objetivo: validar el contenido y la percepción visual de las imágenes de un atlas fotográfico de porciones de alimentos diseñado para Ecuador. Métodos: primero, ocho expertos evaluaron el contenido de un atlas de porciones de alimentos utilizando la técnica Delphi. Luego, 56 adultos (18-59 años) participaron en la evaluación de la percepción visual de 35 porciones de nueve productos seleccionados. La concordancia en la estimación utilizando el atlas respecto a una estimación sin el atlas se evaluó a través del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI), el método gráfico de Bland-Altman y el contraste de hipótesis. Las diferencias entre las cantidades reales y las estimadas se evaluaron mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon (p < 0,05). Para cada alimento, se calculó el porcentaje de participantes que eligieron la fotografía correcta, la adyacente superior o la inferior. Resultados: la evaluación realizada por expertos mostró que esta herramienta es relevante y apropiada. Se obtuvieron valores de CCI entre 0,576 y 0,956 utilizando el atlas, así como diferencias significativas entre las cantidades reales y la estimación sin el atlas (p < 0,001). Hubo una adecuada concordancia entre la percepción de la imagen realizada y la imagen real para todos los alimentos, excepto para la mayonesa. La fotografía correcta fue elegida en el 66% de las 500 estimaciones realizadas. Conclusiones: el atlas fotográfico de porciones de alimentos para Ecuador es una herramienta apropiada para ayudar en la estimación de la cantidad de alimento consumido

Efecto de las experiencias corporales sobre el patrón perceptivo y el juicio en ballet: Un estudio de casos en danza clásica / Effect of body experiences on the perceptual pattern and judgment in ballet: A cases study in classic dance / Efeito da experiência corporal no padrão perceptivo e no julgamento em ballet: um estudo de caso em dança clásica

Este estudio de casos analizó la influencia de tener experiencias corporales previas (a nivel visual, motriz y de enseñanza) en danza clásica sobre las estrategias de búsqueda visual y de juicio perceptivo. Tres participantes de danza clásica, con diferentes experiencias visuales, motrices, y de enseñanza (i.e., participante experto, participante intermedio, participante novel) percibieron nueve secuencias video-proyectadas de ballet en laboratorio. Se registró el comportamiento visual con un sistema de registro ocular (SMI EYE TRACKING GLASSES 2 WIRELESS). Tras cada ensayo, los participantes emitían un juicio sobre la calidad con que la bailarina había realizado la secuencia de movimientos. La puntuación se realizó con la planilla de observación validada en danza (Score Sheet for Performance Competence Evaluation in Dance), y posteriormente comparada con la realizada por un profesor experto de danza. Los resultados mostraron un patrón perceptivo diferenciado entre participantes, con diferencias en el número y tiempo de jme paciones en la mayoría de localizaciones corporales. La participante experta mostró un juicio perceptivo similar al profesor de danza ya que no mostraron diferencias en las puntuaciones otorgadas a las ejecuciones de la bailarina. Sin embargo, tuvo una puntuación diferente a la de la participante intermedia y novel. Tampoco hubo diferencias de puntuaciones entre la participante intermedia y novel. Las experiencias corporales previas de las participantes del estudio en danza clásica influyeron en sus estrategias visuales. Especícamente, las experiencias de enseñanza parece que aportaron un valor añadido al juicio perceptivo de la participante experta ya que su juicio fue el más similar al realizado por el profesor experto de danza

This cases study addressed the inuence of previous body (visual, motor, and teaching) experiences in classic dance on visual search strategies and perceptual judgments. Three participants of classic dance, with different visual, motor, and teaching experiences (i.e., expert-, intermediate-, and novel- participant) perceived nine video-projected sequences of ballet in a laboratory setting. The visual behaviour was collected with an eye tracking system (SMI EYE TRACKING GLASSES 2 WIRELESS). After each trial, the participants made a judgment about the quality of dancer's performance. The measure of the scores was carried out with the Score Sheet for Performance Competence Evaluation in dance, and after that compared with the scores of an expert teacher of dance. The results revealed a different perceptual pattern between participants, with differences in the number and time of fixations for the most of body locations. The expert participant showed a similar perceptual judgment to the teacher of dance because they did not reported dierences in the scores marked to the dancer's performance. However, dierent scores were found between expert participant vs intermediate and novel participants. There were no dierences between the intermediate and novel participants. The previous body experiences in classic dance constrained the participants' visual behaviour. Specifically, the teaching experiences seem to sum an added value to the expert participant' judgment because it was the most similar to the expert teacher's one

Este estudo de caso analisou a influência de ter experiências corporais anteriores (visual, motor e de ensino) em dança clásica em estratégias de busca visual e julgamento perceptivo. Três participantes de dança clássica, com diferença visual, experiencia de condução, e actividades de formação (um participante especialista, participante intermediária, participante novato) recebeu nove sequências de balé projetada com vídeo no laboratório. O comportamento visual com um sistema de registo olho (SMI EYE TRACKING GLASSES 2 WIRELESS) foi registado. Após cada ensaio, os participantes tiveram de fazer um juízo sobre aqualidade com que a dançarina tinha realizado a sequência de movimentos. A pontuação foi realizada com um formulário validado de observação (Score Sheet for Performance Competence Evaluation in Dance), e depois comparados por um professor especialista dança. Os resultados mostraram um padrão de percepção distinta entre os participantes, com ciferenças no número e tempo de Exações na maioria dos locais do corpo. O participante especialista mostrou um julgamento e professora de dança semelhante que não mostrou diferença nas pontuações dadas aos execuções do dançarino. No entanto, ele teve um pontuação diferente que a participante intermediária e novato. Houve também há dezenas diferença entre o participante intermediário e novato. As diferentes experiências corporais anteriores em dança clássica condicionado estratégias visuais dos participantes do estudo. Especificamente, as experiências de ensino na dança clássica parecem ter adicionado valor ao julgamento do participante especialista, uma vez que foi o mais parecido com o realizado pelo professor de dança especialista

Influencia del entrenamiento visual en el control postural de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular crónico: estudio piloto aleatorizado controlado / Influence of visual training on the postural control of patients with chronic stroke: A randomised-controlled pilot trial

Antecedentes y objetivos: El accidente cerebrovascular supone una de las primeras causas de discapacidad física de la población adulta. Los afectados pueden presentar alteraciones motoras y sensitivas, así como alteración del control postural o equilibrio y, consecuentemente, un elevado riesgo de caída. Conociendo la relación entre el control postural y los sistemas sensoriales somatosensorial, vestibular y visual, este estudio se centra en la influencia del sistema visual. El objetivo es averiguar la efectividad del entrenamiento visual en la rehabilitación del equilibrio en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular crónico. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio piloto aleatorizado simple ciego (estudio experimental, longitudinal y prospectivo). El total de participantes fue de 12 (accidente cerebrovascular > 1 año), aleatoriamente distribuidos en 2 grupos. Los grupos realizaron terapia del equilibrio orientada a tarea (30 min) y, adicionalmente, el grupo experimental realizó entrenamiento visual (15 min). Ambos grupos completaron 5 sesiones en 3 semanas. El control postural se ha valorado con la Escala de Equilibrio de Berg, prueba Timed Up and Go y monitorización del centro de presión. Resultados: Relativo a todas las variables, se ha observado mayor rango de evolución positiva en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo de control. Sin embargo, los únicos resultados estadísticamente significativos fueron relativos a la simetría del centro de presión corporal (p = 0,05 y p = 0,01). Conclusiones: El entrenamiento visual parece ser útil en la rehabilitación del control postural de individuos con accidente cerebrovascular crónico. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones para confirmar su efectividad

Background and objectives: Stroke is one of the first causes of physical disability in the adult population. Those affected may have motor and sensory disturbances, as well as altered postural control, and consequently high risk of falls. Knowing the relationship between postural control and somatosensory, vestibular and visual systems, this study focuses on the influence of the visual system. The aim of this study is to determine whether visual training increases the effectiveness of balance rehabilitation in patients with chronic stroke. Material and methods: A single blind randomised pilot study (prospective longitudinal experimental study) was conducted on a total of 12 participants (Stroke > 1 year) randomly distributed into two groups. The groups performed task-oriented balance therapy (30 minutes), in addition the experimental group performed visual training (15 minutes) in the same session. Both groups completed 5 sessions in 3 weeks. Postural control was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go test, and pressure centre monitoring. Results: A greater range of positive progress was observed in all variables in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, the only statistically significant results were related to the symmetry of the centre of body pressure (P = .05 and P = .01). Conclusions: Visual training seems to be useful in postural control rehabilitation of individuals with chronic stroke. Further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness

Different bias mechanisms in recall and recognition of conceptual and perceptual information of an event / Diferentes mecanismos de los sesgos en el recuerdo y reconocimiento de información conceptual y perceptual de un evento

The aim of this research was to study the memory and response bias for conceptual and perceptual information in the recall and recognition of an event. The participants watched a movie trailer video and their memory of verbal and visual actions and details was evaluated using specific recall questions or a true/false recognition task. The participants recalled and recognized actions better than details, and visual information better than verbal information. Memory biases affected recall and recognition differently. The participants showed a high tendency to accept false verbal actions consistent with the gist of the event as true in the recognition task, while in the recall task the participants were more likely to answer incorrectly questions involving visual perceptual details. These results reflect the different mechanisms which are involved in the processing and cognitive management of conceptual and perceptual information of an event

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la memoria y sesgos de respuesta para información conceptual y perceptual en el recuerdo y reconocimiento de un evento. Los participantes vieron el video del tráiler de una película y se evaluó su memoria de las acciones y detalles, verbales y visuales, usando preguntas específicas en una tarea de recuerdo y frases con los mismos contenidos en una tarea de reconocimiento verdadero/falso. Los participantes recordaron y reconocieron mejor las acciones que los detalles y la información visual que la información verbal. Los sesgos de memoria afectaron de manera diferente al recuerdo y reconocimiento. Los participantes mostraron mayor tendencia a aceptar las acciones verbales falsas consistentes con la esencia del evento como verdaderas en la tarea de reconocimiento, mientras que en la tarea de recuerdo los participantes fueron más propensos a responder incorrectamente preguntas que implicaban detalles visuales. Estos resultados reflejan mecanismos diferentes implicados en el procesamiento y gestión cognitiva de la información conceptual y perceptual de un evento