Trayectoria del trastorno formal del pensamiento, desde la observación clínica al análisis computacional / Trajectory of formal thought disorder, from clinical observation to computational analysis

La adecuada comprensión de un término psicopatológico requiere, no solo del conocimiento de la alteración descrita, sino también de los contextos y conceptos a partir de los cuales fue acuñado y de la transformación de los mismos a lo largo del tiempo. En el caso del trastorno formal del pensamiento se describe su evolución desde su incorporación a la psicopatología con fines puramente descriptivos y asociado a la influencia del asociacionismo y a la idea de una dependencia directa entre pensamiento y lenguaje hasta la actualidad, en que el uso de herramientas computacionales y de hipótesis provenientes de la lingüística han promovido su uso como instrumento diagnóstico y marcador pronóstico, al tiempo que ha significado la incorporación de nueva terminología. (AU)

Properly understanding a psychopathological term requires knowledge of the disorder described, the contexts and concepts from which it was coined, and its modification over time. In the case of formal thought disorder, we describe its evolution from its incorporation into psychopathology for purely descriptive purposes and associated with the influence of associationism and the idea of a direct dependence between thought and language to the present day, in which the use of computational tools and hypotheses from linguistics have promoted its use as a diagnostic tool and prognostic marker, while simultaneously leading to the incorporation of new terminology. (AU)

The Link between Abstract Thinking Style and Subjective Well-Being: Its Impact when People are in (Real or Perceived) Financial Scarcity

Across three studies, we explored the link between an abstract mindset and subjective well-being (SWB) in participants with real and/or perceived financial scarcity. In Studies 1 and 2, samples presented real objective financial vulnerability: Adolescents from lower-middle income districts (Study 1; N = 256), and adults without higher education and with very low incomes (Study 2; N = 210). In Studies 1 and 2 participants completed a survey including measures of thinking style and SWB. In Studies 2 and 3 perception of financial difficulty and SWB were also measured. Study 3 (N = 161) used a sample of university students and employed an experimental design manipulating participants’ thinking style (i.e., concrete versus abstract mindset conditions); additionally, all participants were induced to perceive financial scarcity. Correlations revealed a significant and positive relationship between an abstract thinking style and SWB (Studies 1 and 2). Thus, these results showed that a relatively more abstract thinking style was associated with greater life satisfaction. In Studies 2 and 3 mediation analyses indicated that adults who presented a more abstract thinking style, perceived lower financial difficulties and then reported greater SWB. Overall, given that an abstract thinking style can be induced, these results offer a new intervention approach for improving the SWB of people living in situations of financial scarcity. (AU)

Una Acción Civil (1998): la ley detrás del daño corporal, los defectos congénitos y la leucemia / A Civil Action (1998): the law behind bodily harm, birth defects and leukemia

Acción Civil es una película fundamental para comprender cómo la contaminación del ambiente influye en la salud humana, pero también el contexto biopsicosocial, ético, legítimo y legal en torno a la problemática de ejercer el derecho a un ambiente saludable. Muestra cómo la contaminación afecta a las comunidades, la responsabilidad que muchas empresas intentan eludir frente a sus acciones en perjuicio de la vida humana y ambiente y cómo la comunidad y los medios de comunicación pueden trabajar juntos para abordar estas cuestiones y tomar medidas para prevenir y tratar estos problemas. En la docencia universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, el filme se constituye en un recurso pedagógico para ilustrar y concientizar sobre la problemática de la contaminación del agua potable y ambiente en general en la salud humana y especialmente durante la gestación. El visionado del filme por otro lado estimula el pensamiento crítico, divergente, analítico, reflexivo, emocional y el aprendizaje significativo, al tiempo que permite integrar conocimientos de las asignaturas que cursan y cultura general en una experiencia inmersiva. Asimismo, permite integrar aspectos legales que pocas veces son abordados en la carrera como una transversal educativa que contribuye al acervo de cultura general del estudiante.(AU)

A Civil Action is a fundamental film to understand how environmental contamination influences human health, but also the biopsychosocial, ethical, legitimate and legal context around the problem of exercising the right to a healthy environment. It shows how pollution affects communities, the responsibility that many companies try to evade due to their actions in detriment of human life and the environment, and how the community and the media can work together to address these issues and take measures to prevent and treat these problems. In the university teaching of Health Sciences, the film becomes a pedagogical resource to illustrate and raise awareness about the problem of drinking water contamination and the environment in general in human health and especially during pregnancy. Viewing the film on the other hand stimulates critical, divergent, analytical, reflective, emotional thinking and significant learning, while allowing the integration of knowledge of the subjects they are studying and general culture in an immersive experience. Likewise, it allows the integration of legal aspects that are rarely addressed in the career as an educational transversal that contributes to the heritage of the student's general culture.(AU)

El fotografo de Minamata (2020): de la fotografía humanista a los defectos congénitos por metilmercurio en la asignatura de embriología humana / Minamata (2020): From Humanistic Photography to Congenital Defects due to Methyl Mercury in the Subject of Human Embryology

El fotógrafo de Minamata (2020) de Andrew Levitas es una película importante para comprender cómo la contaminación del medio ambiente puede tener una gran influencia en la salud humana. Muestra cómo la contaminación afecta a las comunidades, cómo éstas se resisten a aceptar la responsabilidad de la empresa responsable y cómo la comunidad y los medios de comunicación pueden trabajar juntos para abordar estas cuestiones y tomar medidas para prevenir y tratar estos problemas. En la docencia universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud se constituye en un recurso pedagógico importante para ilustrar y concientizar sobre la problemática toxicológica del metilmercurio en la salud humana y especialmente durante la gestación promoviendo el desarrollo de diversos defectos congénitos. El visionado del film por otro lado estimula el pensamiento crítico, divergente, analítico, reflexivo, emocional y el aprendizaje significativo, al tiempo que permite integrar conocimientos de las asignaturas que cursan y cultura general en una experiencia inmersiva. Asimismo, permite integrar el arte del filme y la fotografía de W. Eugene Smith como una transversal educativa que contribuye al acervo de cultura general del estudiante. (AU)

Minamata by Andrew Levitas is an important film to understand how environmental pollution can have a great influence on human health. It shows how pollution affects communities, how communities are reluctant to accept the responsibility of the responsible company, and how the community and the media can work together to address these issues and take action to prevent and treat these problems. In the university teaching of Health Sciences, it constitutes an important pedagogical resource to illustrate and raise awareness about the toxicological problems of methyl mercury in human health and especially during pregnancy, promoting the development of various congenital defects. Viewing the film, on the other hand, stimulates critical, divergent, analytical, reflective, emotional thinking and significant learning, while allowing the integration of knowledge of the subjects they are studying and general culture in an immersive experience. Likewise, it allows to integrate the art of the film and the photography of W. Eugene Smith as an educational transversal that contributes to the heritage of the student's general culture. (AU)

The Study of Students' Basic Literacy and Mental Health Training Strategies Based on Ideological and Physical Education / El estudio de las estrategias de formación en alfabetización básica y salud mental de los estudiantes basadas en la educación ideológica y física

Cultural education, as the key course content to build students' literacy and thought, is at the forefront of ideology. The adverse influence of news media on students' ideas, opinions and consciousness will weaken the discourse power of moral education. This article takes the media era as the breakthrough point, based on the moral education as the core idea, with the rapid development of students 'core literacy as the main line, to students' core literacy as the main body of scientific research, discusses the interaction between moral education and students' core literacy and logical sequence, organize cultural education, core idea, management system, the main content, way, evaluation way. Social morality and physical and mental health are also hot topics in the university education industry. With the deep level of research and discussion in recent years, the rapid development of this research has entered a systematic link. The new ideas and achievements produced by the ideological analysis and systematization of college students' mental health are the quality and prerequisite of higher vocational education. According to this reason and teaching environment, the paper discusses the implementation path and construction preventive measures of college students from the perspective of ideological and Physical courses.(AU)

Crea reflexión: experiencias de aprendizaje en prácticas clínicas / Create reflection: learning experiences in clinical practices

Objetivo: diseñar e incorporar un instrumento estructurado deregistro reflexivo de prácticas clínicas en formato e-portafoliopara alumnos de Grado de Enfermería en las prácticas clínicaspediátricas.Método: estudio longitudinal prospectivo cuanti-cualitativo.Sujetos de estudio: alumnos de cuarto curso de Grado de Enfer-mería. Instrumentalización: diarios reflexivos, rúbricas, CaliforniaCritical Thinking Disposition Scale, Emotional IntelligenceAssesment Scale, Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, In-ventario de roles de sexo de Bem, tutorías académico-formati-vas. Las características de la muestra se describirán con esta-dísticos de tendencia central y dispersión, acorde a su tipo ydistribución. La valoración de la efectividad se estimará con elcambio en las puntuaciones respecto a los patrones de referen-cia del estado previo a la formación en práctica reflexiva y delestado con formación y experiencia en práctica reflexiva. Laspruebas de contraste de hipótesis empleadas en estos análisisserán bilaterales, a un nivel de significación p< 0,05. El procesa-miento de los datos se realizará con SPSS 25.0. Para análisis decontenido de los registros se identificarán códigos, categoríasemergentes y reglas de categorización para generar la creaciónde conceptos. Se utilizará el programa AtlasTi-8.Resultados esperados: guía metodológica de práctica re-flexiva, rúbrica de evaluación, portafolio digital. Desarrollo dehabilidades en herramientas ofimáticas para registros amiga-bles y profundización en el conocimiento de práctica reflexivay juicio crítico en alumnos de Grado de Enfermería en el entornode prácticas clínicas pediátricas.(AU)

Objective: to design and incorporate a structured instrument for reflective record of clinical practices in e-portfolio format for Nursing Degree students in paediatric clinical practices.Method: a quanti-qualitative prospective longitudinal study; subjects: fourth year Nursing Degree students. Instrumentalization: reflective diaries, rubrics, California Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, Emotional Intelligence Assessment Scale, Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, academic-formative tutoring. Sample characteristics will be described with central tendency and dispersion, according to their type and distribution. The assessment of effectiveness will be estimated through the change in scores compared with the patterns of reference of the status previous to training in reflective practice, and the status with training and experience on reflective practice. The tests used for hypothesis testing in these analysis will be bilateral, with a p< 0,05 significance level. Data processing will be conducted with SPSS 25.0. Codes, emerging categories and categorization rules will be identified for the content analysis of records, in order to generate creation of concepts. The AtlasTi-8 program will be used.Expected results: methodological guidelines for reflective practice, evaluation rubrics, digital portfolio. Development in skills on office tools for friendly records and deepening into the knowledge of reflective practice and critical judgment in Nursing Degree students within the setting of paediatric clinical practices.(AU)

The Role of Marxist Critical Thought of Legal Philosophy in the Construction of Students' Sports Psychology / El papel del pensamiento crítico marxista de la filosofía jurídica en la construcción de la psicología del deporte de los estudiantes

Objective: As the basketball level rises, the paradox that the theoretical research of psychological tactics lags behind practice becomes more pronounced. This study is undertaken to enhance the pupils' psychological tactics training and scientific level. This study's primary purpose is to examine the effect of long-term training and competition on basketball players' propensity for critical thinking. Methods: The author blends pertinent critical thinking theories from Marxist legal theory with psychological and tactical elements. Using literature, expert interviews, surveys, and quantitative statistics, the importance of critical thinking in the psychological and tactical application process is explored from the standpoint of information gathering, processing, and decision selection and application. Using SPSS17.0, the studied data and pertinent data were obtained. Results: Based on the CUBA Chinese University Basketball Association's test of the critical thinking tendency, it can be determined that basketball players have developed some elements of the critical thinking tendency after long-term training and competition. Conclusion: In the context of modern basketball's evolution, the cognitive ability of decision-makers has a significant impact on decision-making. To attain scientific and rational decision-making in the current competitive climate, decision-makers must possess high decision-making thinking skills. Basketball players have a solid training foundation in critical thinking.(AU)

Pensamiento episódico futuro para la prevención y el tratamiento deconductas de riesgo para la salud / Episodic future thinking for the prevention and treatment of health risk behaviors

Las enfermedades no transmisibles (i.e., enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas, respiratorias y endocrinas) representan la principal causa de muerte y morbilidad en el mundo, siendo el consumo de tabaco y alcohol, una dieta no saludable y un estilo de vida sedentario los principales factores de riesgo. Desde la teoría de la patología del refuerzo, sustentada en el modelo de la Economía Conductual (EC), estas conductas de riesgo para la salud se entienden como trastornos de elección, caracterizados por una valoración excesiva del reforzador (p.ej., droga) y una preferencia por los reforzadores inmediatos en detrimento de los demorados. El pensamiento episódico futuro (PEF) es una intervención psicológica que consiste en visualizar vívidamente eventos futuros y proyectarse en ellos, con el fin de incrementar la valoración de los reforzadores asociados a la ejecución de una conducta saludable. Esta técnica presenta resultados prometedores en la reducción de la toma de decisiones impulsiva y en el aumento de conductas relacionadas con la salud (p.ej., abstinencia, dieta, actividad física).(AU)

Non-communicable diseases (i.e., cardiovascular, oncological, respiratory, and endocrine diseases) represent the main cause of death and morbidity in the world, with tobacco and alcohol use, an unhealthy diet, and a sedentary lifestyle being the main risk factors. From reinforcer pathology theory, based on behavioral economics (BE), these health risk behaviors are understood as choice disorders, characterized by an excessive valuation of the reinforcer (e.g., the drug) and a preference for immediate reinforcers over delayed ones. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a psychological intervention that consists of vividly visualizing future events and projecting oneself into them, in order to increase the valuation of the reinforcers associated with the execution of a healthy behavior. This technique shows promising results in reducing impulsive decision-making and increasing health-related behaviors (e.g., abstinence, diet, physical activity).(AU)

Modeling the correlation between children's language and thinking from a psychological perspective / Modelar la correlación entre el lenguaje y el pensamiento de los niños desde una perspectiva psicológica

This research study describes a modeling analysis of the correlation between children's language and thinking from the psychological perspective. This research study used specific questions related to the variables based on the primary data analysis for gathering the data. The data collected from almost 100 plus participants included children of school and colleges. The data collected from specific questions for measuring the data used IBM SPSS software to generate different informative numerical results that present the modeling correlation between dependent and independent variables. The children's language and thinking are the independent variables, and psychological perspective includes biological perspective, social perspective, developmental psychological perspective, and mental & health psychological perspective. These are all considered dependent variables. The descriptive statistical analysis, correlation coefficient, regression analysis, one-way ANOVA test analysis, variance ratio analysis, factor analysis, and principal components analysis between one variable and another variable. According to the comprehensive research study, the result found that children's language and thinking show a positive and significant correlation. The social perspective also shows a significant effect on children's language and thinking the mental health also plays an essential role in children's language.(AU)

Pensamiento crítico en tutoras de práctica clínica / Critical thought in female clinical practice mentors

Objetivo: conceptualizar el estado actual del pensamiento crítico en tutoras académicas y tutoras institucionales en el contexto de la práctica clínica e identificar los instrumentos más utilizados para medir el pensamiento crítico de estas.Método: revisión integrativa para la que se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed y Scopus en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1998 y marzo de 2022. La búsqueda se efectuó utilizando los términos de lenguaje controlado (critical thinking; mentor; nurse educator; clinical practice; preceptor; Education; Nursing), y artículos publicados en español, inglés y portugués. El proceso de selección de artículos fue asistido con el software Rayyan y descrito con el diagrama de flujo de PRISMA. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los artículos seleccionados para identificar los temas emergentes.Resultados: se incluyeron 72 artículos originales. 25 eran estudios cualitativos, tres de método mixto, un estudio Delphi, 18 descriptivos, seis cuasi-experimentales, cuatro ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, un estudio analítico, ocho revisiones de la literatura, cuatro estudios correlacionales y una revisión sistemática. Tres fueron las temáticas emergentes: los factores de contexto del pensamiento crítico, las estrategias de promoción y los instrumentos de evaluación del pensamiento crítico.Conclusiones: la profesión enfermera no ha adoptado todavía un estándar para evaluar el pensamiento crítico, esto dificulta el comparar resultados sobre el efecto de determinadas intervenciones relacionadas con el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico.(AU)

Objective: to conceptualise the current situation regarding critical thought in female academic mentors and institutional mentors in the clinical practice setting, and to identify the most widely used instruments to measure their critical thought.Method: an integrative review where the PubMed and Scopus databases were consulted in the period between January 1998 and March 2022. The search was conducted using these controlled language terms: critical thinking; mentor; nurse educator; clinical practice; preceptor; Education; Nursing; and in articles published in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The article selection process was assisted by the Rayyan software and described with the PRISMA flow diagram. There was content analysis of the articles selected, in order to identify the emerging subjects.Results: the study included 72 original articles: 25 qualitative studies, three with mixed method, one Delphi study, 18 descriptive studies, six quasi-experimental studies, four randomized clinical trials, one analytical study, eight literature reviews, four correlational studies, and one systematic review. There were three emerging subjects: context factors of critical thought, promotion strategies, and instruments for critical thought evaluation.Conclusions: the Nursing profession has not yet adopted a standard evaluation for critical thought: this makes it difficult to compare results regarding the effect of certain interventions associated with critical thought development.(AU)

Portafolio de casos clínicos con aula invertiday aprendizaje basado en equipos en el rendimiento académico en un módulo en línea / Portfolio of clinical cases with flipped classroom and team-based learning on academic performance in an online module

Introducción: Determinar la efectividad del portafolio electrónico basado en casos combinado con el aula invertida y el aprendizaje basado en equipos en el rendimiento académico.Sujetos y métodos.Estudio cuasi experimental pretest-postest de un solo grupo realizado durante 2020 en 15 estudiantes de medicina (seis varones y nueve mujeres) de un módulo en línea de oncología quirúrgica en la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú.Resultados.La puntuación promedio del examen teórico al final (13,8 ± 13,12) fue significativamente más alta que la obtenida al inicio del módulo (8,64 ± 2,29) (aumento promedio de 5,17 ± 0,83; intervalo de confianza al 95%, 3,92-6,43; p < 0,001). La puntuación promedio en el examen clínico objetivo estructurado virtual al final del módulo fue 12,34 ± 2,21.Conclusiones.El modelo de portafolio electrónico basado en casos combinado con el aula invertida y el aprendizaje basado en equipos es efectivo en el rendimiento académico en la enseñanza de oncología quirúrgica. (AU)

Introduction: To determine the effectiveness of the electronic case-based portfolio combined with the flipped classroomand team-based learning on academic performance.Subjects and methods. Quasi-experimental pretest-post study of a single group carried out during the year 2020, in 15medical students (6 men, 9 women) of an online module of surgical oncology at the Antenor Orrego Private University,Trujillo, Peru.Results. The average score of the theoretical exam at the end (13.8 ± 13.12) was significantly higher than that obtained atthe beginning of the module (8.64 ± 2.29) (average increase of 5.17 ± 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 3.92 - 6.43;p <0.001). The average score in the virtual OSCE at the end of the module was 12.34 ± 2.21.Conclusions. The case-based electronic portfolio model combined with the flipped classroom and team-based learning iseffective in academic performance in the teaching of surgical oncology. (AU)

Executive Functions and Improvement of Thinking: An Intervention Program to Enhance Deductive Reasoning Abilities

Empirical and theoretical advances and application to society are moved at different speed. Application work is frequently developed later because it requires the integration of knowledge from different research areas. In the present paper, we integrate literature coming from diverse areas of research in order to design a deductive reasoning intervention, based on the involved executive functions. Executive functions include working memory (WM)’s online executive processes and other off-line functions such as task revising and planning. Deductive reasoning is a sequential thinking process driven by reasoners’ meta-deductive knowledge and goals that requires the construction and manipulation of representations. We present a new theoretical view about the relationship between executive function and higher-level thinking, a critical analysis of the possibilities and limitations of cognitive training, and a metacognitive training procedure on executive functions to improve deductive reasoning. This procedure integrates direct instruction on deduction and meta-deductive concepts (consistency, necessity) and strategies (search for counterexamples and exhaustivity), together with the simultaneous training of WM and executive functions involved: Focus and switch attention, update WM representations, inhibit and revise intuitive responses, and control the emotional stress yielded by tasks. Likewise, it includes direct training of some complex WM tasks that demands people to carry out similar cognitive assignment than deduction. Our training program would be included in the school curriculum and attempts not only to improve deductive reasoning in experimental tasks, but also to increase students’ ability to uncover fallacies in discourse, to automatize some basic logical skills, and to be able to use logical intuitions. (AU)

El aprendizaje activo y el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas en la formación de los profesionales de la salud / The active learning and the development of cognitive abilities in the academic training of health professions

En esta revisión se presentan las habilidades cognitivas como el objetivo del aprendizaje activo y se explican brevemente cada una de las estrategias didácticas que facilitan su logro. Como docentes, nuestro papel es el de experto disciplinar, y para fomentar las competencias de los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud podemos incorporar de forma racional cada una de las estrategias que se presentan en este artículo a nuestro portafolio didáctico sin perder de vista el resultado de aprendizaje, competencia o capacidad que deseamos que nuestros estudiantes alcancen. Este documento busca ser una disonancia cognitiva para los docentes de las Ciencias de la Salud, que los invite a profundizar, evaluar y reflexionar sobre su práctica, así como sobre los resultados que han obtenido hasta ahora con las estrategias vigentes y en un futuro próximo incentivarlos a probar nuevos métodos que promuevan su creatividad en los espacios académicos; principalmente, comprender que este abanico de posibilidades permitirá dinamizar la interacción del grupo, y promover el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales y de comunicación para la conformación de una comunidad educativa que facilite la formación integral de los futuros profesionales de la salud.(AU)

In this review, cognitive skills are presented as the objective of active learning and each of the didactic strategies that facilitate their achievement are briefly explained. As teachers our role is being a disciplinary expert, and to promote the competencies of Health Sciences (HS) in the students. To achieve this, we can rationally incorporate each of the strategies presented in this article to our didactic portfolio without losing sight of the result of learning, competence, or ability that we want our students to achieve. This document seeks to be a cognitive dissonance for HS teachers, inviting them to deepen, evaluate and reflect on their practice, as well as on the results they have obtained to date with current strategies and in the near future encourage them to try new methods that trigger their creativity in academic spaces. Above all, understanding that this range of possibilities will make it possible to stimulate group interaction, promote the development of interpersonal and communication skills for the formation of an educational community that facilitates the comprehensive training of future health professionals.(AU)

Mejora del razonamiento analógico en ancianos / Improving Analog Reasoning in the Elderly

Analogical reasoning is perhaps the core element of intelligent behavior and it has been related to successful aging. The present study aimed to impact the analogical reasoning of the elderly individuals through the application of an analogies protocol based on promoting fluency and flexibility (FFA) in relational responding. The FFA protocol was designed specifically for this study and according to the available information on relational behavior. A pre-post design with two conditions, five participants each ranged of 69 to 89 years old. At pre-test, participants responded to two WAIS subscales as well as to three analogies tasks specifically designed for the study. Then, fluency and flexibility analogies protocol (FFA) was applied to the participants of the experimental condition throughout a week. Subsequently, in post-test, the same measures used in the pre-test were applied. The FFA protocol had a significant impact on three of the five measures. The sensitivity of the tests was discussed as well as different ways to improve the protocol impact were all discussed. The relevant effect produced for most of the participants are discussed and highlighted (AU)