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1.
Rev. esp. geriatr. gerontol. (Ed. impr.) ; 53(5): 279-284, sept.-oct. 2018.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-178090

RESUMO

El proceso de envejecimiento se caracteriza por la pérdida gradual de la reserva funcional, lo cual, asociado a la adopción de hábitos de vida sedentarios y al incremento de factores de riesgo, se traduce en un deterioro de la defensa antioxidante y en un aumento de los niveles circulantes de marcadores inflamatorios y oxidativos. Estos fenomenos incrementan el estado de inflamacion cronica de bajo grado, denominado inflamm-aging, presente en la etiopatología de cuadros crónicos y procesos de deterioro cognitivo asociados a la edad. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir el efecto modulador antioxidante y antiinflamatorio del ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad y volumen durante el envejecimiento. Se presenta evidencia de su efectividad como herramienta no farmacológica, orientada a aminorar los efectos deletéreos del envejecimiento, debido en gran parte a su acción neuroprotectora, incremento de marcadores antiinflamatorios circulantes y mejora de la defensa antioxidante derivados de su práctica


Aging is characterised by a gradual loss of the functional reserve. This, along with the fostering of sedentary habits and the increase in risk factors, causes a deterioration of antioxidant defences and an increase of the circulatory levels of inflammatory and oxidative markers, boosting a low-rate chronic inflammation, defined as inflamm-aging. This phenomenon is present in the aetiopathology of chronic diseases, as well as in cognitive deterioration cases associated with aging. The objective of this review is to describe the modulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise of moderate intensity and volume in the elderly. Evidence of its effectiveness as a non-pharmacological resource is presented, which decreases some deleterious effects of aging. This is mainly due to its neuroprotective action, the increase in circulating anti-inflammatory markers, and the improvement of antioxidant defence derived from its practice


Assuntos
Humanos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Mediadores da Inflamação/análise , Fatores de Risco , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia
2.
Rev. esp. nutr. comunitaria ; 23(3): 0-0, jul.-sept. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-170064

RESUMO

Fundamentos: La defensa antioxidante puede contribuir al mantenimiento de la masa y de la fuerza muscular. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el perfil de defensa antioxidante en función del estadio de sarcopenia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 24 ancianos de una residencia geriátrica. El estado nutricional se valoró con el Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), la función cognitiva con el Mini Examen Cognoscitivo de Lobo (MEC), y el estado emocional con la versión abreviada de la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage (GDS-15). Se utilizó el criterio del European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) para establecer el diagnóstico de sarcopenia. El perfil de defensa antioxidante se valoró cuantificando las concentraciones séricas de ácido úrico, ferritina, albúmina, tioles totales, coenzima Q10, α-caroteno, β-caroteno, licopeno, luteína-zeaxantina, retinol-palmitato, retinol, vitamina C, α-tocoferol, δ-tocoferol, γ-tocoferol y selenio, y la actividad de la catalasa y de la superóxido dismutasa en sangre. Resultados: Los residentes sin sarcopenia mostraron concentraciones superiores de ferritina y de γ-tocoferol que los sujetos con sarcopenia severa. Conclusiones: Los residentes sin sarcopenia mostraron mejor perfil de defensa antioxidante, situación que pudo contribuir a la mayor masa muscular observada en este grupo (AU)


Background: Antioxidant defense can contribute to maintaining muscle mass and strength. The objective is to know the profile of antioxidant defense as a function of the stadium of sarcopenia. Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed in 24 elderly of a nursing home. Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), cognitive function with the Mini Mental State Examination by Lobo (MEC), and emotional state with the Geriatric Depression Scale of Yesavage (GDS-15). The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criterion was used to establish the diagnosis of sarcopenia. The antioxidant defense profile was assessed by quantifying serum concentrations of uric acid, ferritin, albumin, total thiols, coenzyme Q10, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein-zeaxanthin, retinol-palmitate, retinol, vitamin C, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and selenium, and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in blood. Results: Ferritin and γ-tocopherol concentrations were higher in subjects without sarcopenia. Conclusions: Residents without sarcopenia showed better antioxidant defense profile, situation that could contribute to the greater muscle mass observed in this group (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Sarcopenia/epidemiologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Saúde do Idoso Institucionalizado , Avaliação Geriátrica/métodos , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Pesos e Medidas Corporais/estatística & dados numéricos
4.
Nutr. hosp ; 33(6): 1418-1423, nov.-dic. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-159825

RESUMO

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of grape juice consumption on the antioxidant capacity and the interleukin-6 blood level of lactating rats. Material and method: Eighteen Wistar rats, lactating females adult, were divided into two groups: control group (CG) and grape juice group (GJG). The antioxidant activity was determined by the method of 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-kidnapping of free radicals (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the interleukin-6 was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The data were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: The antioxidant capacity was higher (p < 0.05) in the GJG (25.00 ± 3.08 μmol eq. Trolox/g) than in the CG (10.00 ± 3.11 μmol eq. Trolox/g), by the ORAC method. The interleukin-6 (pg/ml) level was lower in the grape juice group than in CG. Conclusion: The consumption of grape juice during lactation improves the antioxidant capacity in lactating rats and seems capable to decrease the inflammatory activity (AU)


Introducción: este estudio evaluó el efecto del consumo de zumo de uva sobre la capacidad antioxidante y el nivel de interleucina-6 en sangre de ratas lactantes. Material y método: dieciocho ratas Wistar lactantes adultas se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo control (CG) y grupo de zumo de uva (GJU). La actividad antioxidante se determinó mediante el método de secuestro de radicales libres (DPPH) y la Capacidad de Absorción Radical de Oxígeno (ORAC) por 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), y la interleucina-6 se determinó mediante Inmunosorbent Enzyme-linked Método de ensayo (ELISA). Los datos se presentaron como media y desviación estándar. Resultados: la capacidad antioxidante fue mayor (p < 0,05) en el GJU (25,00 ± 3,08 μmol ecuación Trolox/g) que en el CG (10,00 ± 3,11 μmol ecuación Trolox/g), según el método ORAC. El nivel de interleucina-6 (pg/ml) fue menor en el grupo de zumo de uva que en CG. Conclusión: el consumo de zumo de uva durante la lactancia mejora la capacidad antioxidante de las ratas lactantes y parece ser capaz de disminuir la actividad inflamatoria (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Estresse Oxidativo , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Vitis , Interleucina-6 , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças
5.
Nutr. hosp ; 33(6): 1424-1429, nov.-dic. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-159826

RESUMO

Background: Lecythis pisonis Cambess is commonly known as «castanha de sapucaia» in Brazil. Chemical composition studies revealed that this nut is an excellent source of anti-oxidant minerals and of essential lipids. Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Lecythis pisonis Cambess on the brain tissue of Wistar rats. Material and methods: The animals were divided in four experimental groups (n = 6), total of forty-eight rats. Treatments included the standard diet (AIN-93G) and high-fat food, supplemented with Sapucaia nut from 14 to 28 days. The gene expression markers TNF-α, NFkB, ZnSOD and HSP-72 were defined through reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). The anti-oxidant effect was assessed through the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and the measurement of the activity performed by superoxide dismutase enzymes. Results: Accordingly, the gene expression of the inflammatory markers NFkB (p65) and TNF-α was lower in rats fed on diets supplemented with «sapucaia», and they presented significant difference in the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The heat-shock HSP-72 protein and the ZnSOD enzyme raised the gene expression and showed significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) in both groups fed on Sapucaia nut-based diet. Conclusion: Thus, the nutritional properties of the Sapucaia nuts perform important neuroprotective activities because they modulated the anti-oxidant activity and the brain tissue inflammatory process in the assessed animals (AU)


Introducción: la Lecythis pisonis Cambess es conocida popularmente en Brasil como «castaña de sapucaia». Estudios de su composición química revelaron que esta castaña es una excelente fuente de minerales antioxidantes y de lípidos esenciales. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos antioxidantes y anti inflamatorios en el tejido cerebral de ratones Wistar. Material y métodos: los animales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos experimentales (n = 6) totalizando 48 ratones. Los tratamientos fueron conducidos por un periodo de 14 a 28 días con dietas estándar AIN-93G y de cafetería con castaña de sapucaia. La expresión génica de los marcadores TNF-α, NFkB, ZnSOD y HSP-72 fue determinada por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa tras transcripción inversa (qPCR). La actividad antioxidante también fue verificada por la determinación de las especies reactivas del ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y por mensuración de la actividad de la enzima superoxido dismutasa. Resultados: la expresión génica de los marcadores inflamatorios NFkB (p65) y TNF-α fue menor para los grupos de ratones que consumieron las dietas enriquecidas con sapucaia con diferencia significativa por el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). La proteína de choque térmico HSP-72 y la enzima ZnSOD presentaron aumento de la expresión génica con diferencia estadística significativa (p < 0,05) para ambos grupos que consumieron sapucaia en sus dietas. Conclusión: las propiedades nutricionales de la castaña de sapucaia ejercieron importante actividad neuroprotectora por modular la actividad antioxidante y el proceso inflamatorio en los tejidos cerebrales de los animales evaluados (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Neuroproteção , Bertholletia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo , Antioxidantes/provisão & distribuição , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Inflamação/fisiopatologia
6.
Nutr. hosp ; 33(supl.4): 21-25, 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-155236

RESUMO

Los kiwis, tanto la variedad verde (Green®) (Actinidia deliciosa) como la de color amarillo (Sungold®) (A. chinensis), destacan entre las frutas de consumo habitual por su composición nutricional. Son excepcionalmente ricos en vitamina C, ya que los kiwis verdes duplican la cantidad que tienen las fresas o naranjas, y el kiwi de color amarillo incluso la triplica. Además, los kiwis tienen un elevado contenido en vitaminas E, K, folatos, carotenoides, potasio, fibra y otros fitoquímicos, que proporcionan no solo beneficios nutricionales, sino también sanitarios. El consumo regular de kiwi en el contexto de una dieta equilibrada tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre la función inmune y defensa antioxidante; en la función gastrointestinal, mejorando la digestión proteica y el estreñimiento; y en el tracto respiratorio superior, ayudando en la prevención de infecciones y mejorando su sintomatología. Por último, el consumo habitual de kiwi se ha asociado a mejoras del estado de ánimo. La mayoría de estos beneficios pueden deberse al elevado contenido de vitamina C del kiwi, pero también a los otros nutrientes y fitoquímicos que actúan de forma sinérgica en la matriz alimentaria. Los resultados de los estudios realizados hasta ahora sugieren que el consumo diario de kiwi puede ser una estrategia efectiva para la promoción de la salud y prevención de numerosas enfermedades (AU)


Both the Green® kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and the Sungold® one (A. chinensis) stand out among other commonly consumed fruits for their nutritional composition. They are fruits exceptionally rich in vitamin C, since green kiwi fruit have twice and Sungold® have three times the same amount of the vitamin of strawberries or oranges. Kiwifruit is very rich in vitamins E, K, folates, carotenoids, potassium, fiber and other phytochemicals. Regular consumption of kiwifruit, in the context of a balanced diet, has proven to have beneficial effects on immune function and antioxidant defense; also in the gastrointestinal function, improving protein digestion and constipation; and in the upper respiratory tract, preventing infections and improving their symptoms. Finally, regular consumption of kiwifruit has been associated with improvements in mood. Most of these benefits may be due not only to the high content of vitamin C of the kiwifruit, but also to other nutrients and phytochemicals that work synergistically in the food matrix. The results of the studies suggest that the daily consumption of kiwifruit can be an effective strategy for health promotion and prevention of numerous diseases (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Actinidia/fisiologia , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Valor Nutritivo/fisiologia , Vitamina E/uso terapêutico , Vitamina K/uso terapêutico , Prevenção de Doenças , Nutrientes/métodos , Antioxidantes/análise , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Afeto/fisiologia
7.
J. physiol. biochem ; 71(3): 373-380, sept. 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-142436

RESUMO

The aim was evaluating the effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation repetitive episodes during 5 days of apnea diving (3-day training/2-day competition) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage, and plasma xanthine oxidase activity. Blood samples, from seven professional apnea divers, were taken under basal conditions the previous morning to the first training session (pre-diving basal), 4 h after ending the competition (4 h post-diving) and the following morning (15 h after last dive) in basal conditions (post-diving basal). Glucose levels significantly decreased whereas triglycerides increased at 4 h post-diving, both returning to basal values at post-diving basal. Glutathione reductase and catalase activity significantly increased after 4 h post-diving remaining elevated at post-diving basal. Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and catalase protein levels progressively increased after diving with significant differences respect to initial values at post-diving basal. No significant differences were observed in circulating PBMCs and oxidative damage markers. Plasma xanthine oxidase activity and nitrite levels, but not the inducible nitric oxide synthetase, significantly increased 4 h post-diving, returning to the basal values after 15 h. In conclusion, chronic and repetitive episodes of diving apnea during five consecutive days increased plasma xanthine oxidase activity and nitric oxide production which could enhance the signalling role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for PBMCs antioxidant adaptation against hypoxia/reoxygenation


Assuntos
Humanos , Mergulho/fisiologia , Apneia/fisiopatologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Leucócitos Mononucleares/fisiologia , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Xantina Oxidase/análise , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia
8.
J. physiol. biochem ; 71(3): 415-434, sept. 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-142440

RESUMO

Beneficial effects of the antioxidant L-ascorbic acid (Asc) in human health are well known. Its particular role in hemostasis deserves further consideration, since it has been described a dose-dependent effect of Asc in platelet activity. Contrary, it has been demonstrated that phenolic compounds have inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation stimulated by the physiological agonist thrombin (Thr). Here, we have evaluated the actions of three synthetic phenolic esters of Asc: L-ascorbyl 6-protocatechuate (Prot Asc), L-ascorbyl 6-gallate (Gal Asc), and L-ascorbyl 6-caffeate (Caf Asc). All these Asc derivatives exhibited greater radical scavenging activity than Asc, and in experiments using human platelets from healthy subjects, they do not evoke changes in platelet viability upon their administration. Nevertheless, these compounds altered platelet calcium homeostasis in response to Thr, although Prot Asc induced a smaller effect than Gal Asc, Caf Asc, and Asc. As a consequence, platelet aggregation was also impaired by these compounds, reporting Prot Asc and Caf Asc a weaker antiaggregant action than Gal Asc and Asc. Treatments with Gal Asc and Caf Asc altered in larger extent the phosphorylation pattern of pp60Src and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) evoked by stimulating human platelets with Thr. Summarizing, Prot Asc is the ascorbyl phenolic ester with the strongest antioxidant properties and weakest antiaggregant actions, and its use as antioxidant may be safer than the rest of derivatives in order to prevent thrombotic alteration in patients that need treatment with antioxidant therapies (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacocinética , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR
9.
J. physiol. biochem ; 71(2): 227-238, jun. 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-140531

RESUMO

Previous studies have shown that naturally occurring phytochemicals, indole-3-carbinol, phenethyl isothiocyanate, protocatechuic acid, and tannic acid increased the activity and protein level of hepatic phase II enzymes in animal models. In order to further explore the mechanism of this activity, we investigated the effect of these compounds on the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated transcription in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Treatment with all the tested compounds resulted in the translocation from the cytosol and nuclear accumulation of active phosphorylated Nrf2. Furthermore, phenethyl isothiocyanate and indole-3-carbinol increased the transcript and protein levels of GSTA, GSTP, GSTM, GSTT, and NQO1. On the other hand, protocatechuic and tannic acids enhanced only the expression of GSTA, GSTM, and GSTT. The expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GR, and GPx was increased after the treatment with all the tested phytochemicals. These results indicate that isothiocyanates/indoles and protocatechuic and tannic acids induce phase II and antioxidant gene expression in HepG2 cells through the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathway. Moreover, the results of this study confirmed that the degradation products of glucosinolates are more effective inducers of phase II and antioxidant enzymes than protocatechuic and tannic acids


Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacocinética , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Citosol/fisiologia , Fosfolipases A2 Citosólicas , Expressão Gênica , Isotiocianatos , Protocatecoate-3,4-Dioxigenase
10.
Nutr. hosp ; 31(5): 1989-1995, mayo 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-140363

RESUMO

Introduction: Obesity has been associated with an oxidative process, however there are controversies regarding the potential role of circulating antioxidant activity attributed to non-protein compounds. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between antioxidant activity levels and obesity related-indicators in Mexican young adults. Methods: Anthropometric measures, serum lipids and uric acid were determined in 78 men and 90 women (a total of 168 individuals). Serum antioxidant activity in different fractions also was measured by using TEAC assay (TEACNP, TEACP and TEACTotal). Results: TEACNP was positively correlated (p <0.05) the higher the TEACNP values. However, when TEACP values decreased, the number of obesity related-indicators (p <0.05) increased. Conclusion: The positive association between TEACNP and obesity related-indicators suggests that apparently increase in TEACNP may not always indicate a healthier condition (AU)


Introducción: La obesidad ha sido asociada a un proceso oxidativo, no obstante existen controversias en relación al papel que pueda desempeñar la actividad antioxidante circulante atribuida a compuestos no proteicos. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre los niveles de actividad antioxidante e indicadores relacionados con obesidad en adultos jóvenes mexicanos. Métodos: Se determinaron las medidas antropométricas y niveles séricos de lípidos y ácido úrico en 78 hombres y 90 mujeres (un total de 168 individuos). También se determinó la actividad antioxidante en distintas fracciones de suero mediante el ensayo de TEAC (TEACNP, TEACP y TEACTotal). Resultados: TEACNP se correlacionó positivamente (p<0.05) con IMC (r=0,307), CC (r=0,322), LDL (r=0,274), CT (r=0,293), TG (r=0,409) y AU (r=0,441). La actividad antioxidante medida como TEACNP en individuos con indicadores relacionados con obesidad fue más alta comparada con aquellos individuos sin indicadores relacionados con obesidad. Considerando como indicadores de obesidad a IMC, CC, HDL, LDL, CT, TG y AU, se observó que a medida que se incrementó el número de indicadores relacionados con obesidad se incrementaron los valores de TEACNP. Sin embargo, cuando disminuyeron los valores de TEACP el número de indicadores relacionados con obesidad se incrementó (p <0.05). Conclusión: La asociación positiva entre TEACNP e indicadores relacionados a obesidad sugiere que al parecer un incremento en TEACNP no siempre puede indicar una condición saludable (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Aterosclerose/fisiopatologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Biomarcadores/análise
11.
Nutr. hosp ; 31(4): 1682-1688, abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-135074

RESUMO

The non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer and accounts for more than half of the diagnoses of cancer, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most frequent cutaneous neoplasm, corresponding to 70-80% of cutaneous tumors. Oxidative stress is an important trigger for skin carcinogenesis. Thus, it is important to evaluate oxidative stress, in order to discern effective therapeutic strategies able to stop it or attenuate it, thereby prevent the installation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Cross-sectional study with controls, involving 84 individuals of both sexes aged between 38-84 years, divided into two groups: control group of healthy people(n = 24) and the case group included individuals who presented non-melanoma skin and they have undergoing surgery (n = 60). The blood samples of the individuals were obtained for evaluation of biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane, nitrite, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity). The usual dietary intake and nutritional status of the subjects were evaluated. The significance level for this study was 5%. Patients in the case group had higher serum concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress, F2-isoprostane concentrations were significantly higher compared to controls. The results showed high rates of overweight and obesity in the case and control groups. The dietary concentrations of antioxidant minerals zinc, copper and selenium in the case group were significantly lower compared to controls. The correlation between markers of oxidative stress and dietary concentrations of antioxidant nutrients showed the influence of food intake of vitamins A and E in reducing oxidative stress, since these nutrients behave as important antioxidants, acting as sweepers of RL, by removing of the body the negative effects on the redox balance of the skin. We emphasize the importance of adopting healthy eating habits that optimize the consumption of antioxidant nutrients as a strategy to prevent oxidative damage to the skin (AU)


El cáncer de piel no melanoma es el cáncer más común y representa más de la mitad de los diagnósticos de cáncer, y el carcinoma de células basales (BCC), la neoplasia cutánea más frecuente, representando el 70-80% de los tumores cutáneos. El estrés oxidativo es un disparador importante en la carcinogénesis de la piel. Por lo tanto, es importante para evaluar el estrés oxidativo, con el fin de prever y estrategias terapéuticas eficaces capaces de detener o mitigar ella, para evitar de este modo la instalación de cáncer de piel no melanoma. Estudio transversal con los controles, con la participación de 84 sujetos de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 38 a 84 años, divididos en dos grupos: grupo control de sujetos sanos (n =24) personas y el grupo de casos incluyeron los individuos que presentaron para el cáncer de piel no melanoma tiene someterse a la cirugía (n = 60). Las muestras de sangre de los sujetos fueron obtenidos para la evaluación de los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo (F2-isoprostano, nitritos, sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y capacidad antioxidante total). Se evaluó la ingesta dietética habitual y el estado nutricional de los sujetos. El nivel de significación para este estudio fue de 5%. Los pacientes en el grupo de casos tenían mayores concentraciones séricas de biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo, las concentraciones de F2-isoprostano fueron significativamente mayor en comparación con los controles. Los resultados mostraron altas tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad en los grupos de casos y controles. Las concentraciones dietéticas de antioxidante minerales de zinc, cobre y selenio en el grupo de casos fueron significativamente más bajos en comparación con los controles. La correlación entre los marcadores de estrés oxidativo y las concentraciones dietéticas de nutrientes antioxidantes destacó la influencia de la ingesta de alimentos de vitaminas A y E en la reducción del estrés oxidativo, ya que estos nutrientes se comportan como antioxidantes importantes, actuando como barrenderos RL, el cuerpo se deshaga de estos efectos negativos sobre el equilibrio redox de la piel. Hacemos hincapié en la importancia de adoptar hábitos de alimentación saludables que optimizan el consumo de nutrientes antioxidantes como estrategia para prevenir el daño oxidativo de la piel (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Nutrientes/análise , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , F2-Isoprostanos/análise
12.
Nutr. hosp ; 31(3): 1183-1186, mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-134415

RESUMO

Objectives: To explore the effects of computer radiation on weight and oxidant-antioxidant status of rats, and further to confirm that whether vitamin C has protective effects on computer radiation. Methods: Sixty Male adult ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups. each group give different treatment as follows: group A was control, group B given vitamin C intake, group C given 8 h/day computer radiation exposure, group D given vitamin C intake and 8 h/day computer radiation group E given 16 h/day computer radiation exposure, group F given vitamin C intake plus exposure to 16 h/day computer radiation. After seven weeks, mice was executed to collect the blood samples, for detecting total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and alkaline phosphates (ALP)content in serum or liver tissue were determined by ELIASA. Results: No difference was found for the change of weight among six groups at different week. In the group C, D and F, the liver tissue T-AOC level were higher than the group A. In the group B, C and E, the serum ALP level were lower than the group A (P<0.05).Conclusions: The study indicate that computer radiation may have an adverse effect on T-AOC and ALP level of mice, and vitamin C have protective effect against computer radiation (AU)


Objetivos: Explorar los efectos de la radiación de ordenador sobre el peso y el estado oxidativo-antioxidativo de los ratones, y además para confirmar si la vitamina C tiene efectos protectores contra la radiación de ordenador. Métodos: Sesenta ratones machos adultos ICR fueron aleatoriamente divididos en seis grupos. Cada grupo recibió un tratamiento diferente del modo siguiente: el grupo A fue el grupo de control, el grupo B recibió vitamina C, el grupo C fue sometido a una exposicion a la radiacion de ordenador de 8 h/día, el Grupo D recibió vitamina C y fue sometido a una exposicion a la radiacion de ordenador de 8 h/día, el Grupo E fue sometido a una radiación de ordenador de 16 h/día, el grupo F recibió vitamina C y fue sometido a una exposicion a la radiacion de ordenador de 16 h/día. Al cabo de siete semanas, los ratones fueron ejecutados para extraer las muestras de sangre, para detectar la capacidad antioxidante total (T-AOC) y el contenido de fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) en suero o en tejido hepático fue determinado mediante ELISA. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a cambio de peso entre los seis grupos diferentes. En los grupos C, D y F, el nivel en de T-AOC en tejido hepático fue más alto que en el grupo A. En los grupos B, C y E, el nivel de ALP en suero fue más bajo que en el Grupo A (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: El estudio indican que la radiación de ordenador puede tener un efecto adverso en los niveles de T-AOC y ALP de ratones, y que la vitamina C tendría un efecto protector contra la radiación del ordenador (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Radiação não Ionizante/efeitos adversos , Computadores , Radiação Eletromagnética , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacocinética , Peso Corporal/efeitos da radiação , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Fosfatase Alcalina
13.
J. physiol. biochem ; 70(4): 961-969, dic. 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-131429

RESUMO

Due to substantial morbidity and high complication rate of diabetes mellitus, which is considered as the third killer in the world, a search for the effective blockade of the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains a therapeutic challenge. Alternative antidiabetic drugs from natural plants are highly demanded nowadays. The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) on DN induced in rats. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by a high-fat diet (HFD) and an intraperitoneal 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats treated with SDG at 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, and diabetic rats treated with SDG at 20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, blood and renal tissue samples were collected for biochemical examination. The results revealed that SDG treatment significantly increased insulin level and decreased blood glucose, fructosamine, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels in diabetic rats. Also, SDG significantly increased renal reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. In addition, SDG downregulated the renal nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and upregulated renal survivin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expressions when compared with untreated diabetic control rats. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the renoprotective effects of SDG in HFD/STZ-induced DN in rats through correction of hyperglycemia; attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress markers; downregulation of renal expressions of inflammatory markers NF-κB, TNF-α, and iNOS; along with upregulation of renal expressions of antiapoptotic markers survivin and Bcl-2


No disponible


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Nefropatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Fitoestrógenos/farmacocinética , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Estreptozocina/farmacocinética , Complicações do Diabetes/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , NF-kappa B/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Linfoma de Células B
14.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 61(6): 302-308, jun.-jul. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-124456

RESUMO

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: 1) Valorar nutricionalmente la dieta seguida por los pacientes con síndrome metabólico, y 2) analizar bioquímicamente el nivel de oxidación-reducción en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado a pacientes con síndrome metabólico de la Región de Murcia. Se seleccionaron 53 individuos, 33 con síndrome metabólico y 20 sin él (grupo control). La intervención realizada consistió en la cumplimentación de una encuesta recordatorio y un test para valorar nutricionalmente la ingesta dietética, además de la determinación de variables antropométricas y analíticas que incluyen variables relacionas con la actividad antioxidante. RESULTADOS: La actividad antioxidante en ambos grupos analizados está dentro de los límites normales (1,7 ± 0,2 mmol/l en el grupo control y 1,8 ± 0,1 mmol/l en el grupo con síndrome metabólico; ns). La enzima superóxido dismutasa no presenta diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Los valores medios de glutatión reductasa (U/l) son superiores en el grupo control que en los pacientes con SM (p < 0,05). Respecto a los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo, los valores medios de isoprostanos son superiores en el grupo control (4,9 ± 6,2 ng/ml) que en los pacientes con SM (3,5 ± 3,9 ng/ml; p < 0,05). Los valores de LDL oxidadas tienden a ser superiores en los enfermos con SM (96 ± 23,2 U/l) que en el grupo control (86,2 ± 17,3 U/l), no observándose diferencias significativas. Conclusiones Existe una tendencia a un peor perfil nutricional y bioquímico de los pacientes que presentan síndrome metabólico. También tienden a presentar un mayor grado de estrés


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: 1) Nutritional assessment of the diet followed by patients with metabolic syndrome, and 2) biochemical analysis of the oxidation-reduction level in patients with metabolic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with metabolic syndrome in Murcia. Fifty-three patients, 33 with and 20 without (control group) metabolic syndrome, were selected. The intervention consisted of completion of a recall survey and a test to nutritionally assess dietary intake. Anthropometric and laboratory variables, including those related to antioxidant activity, were also tested. RESULTS: Antioxidant activity was within normal limits in both groups (1.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L in the control group and 1.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L in the metabolic syndrome group) (NS). Superoxide dismutase levels were not significantly different between the groups. Mean glutathione reductase levels (U/L) were higher in the control group as compared to patients with metabolic syndrome (P < .05). As regards oxidative stress biomarkers, mean isoprostane levels were higher in the control group (4.9 ± 6.2 ng/mL) than in metabolic syndrome patients (3.5 ± 3.9 ng/mL) (P < .05). Oxidized LDL values tended to be higher in metabolic syndrome patients (96 ± 23.2 U/L) as compared to the control group (86.2 ± 17.3 U/L), but differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend to a poorer nutritional and biochemical profile in patients with metabolic syndrome, who also tend to have a greater degree of oxidative stress


Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Biomarcadores/análise , Isoprostanos/análise , Estudos Transversais , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Oxirredução
15.
J. physiol. biochem ; 70(2): 297-309, jun. 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-122952

RESUMO

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and protective properties of date fruit aqueous extract (DFAE) on trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Oral administration of TCA as drinking water (0.5 and 2 g/L) daily for 2 months caused nephrotoxicity as evident by elevated levels of plasma creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), was decreased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were increased along with histopathological injuries. The oral administration of DFAE (4 mL/kg/day) to TCA-treated groups proved some significant correction by increasing the antioxidant activity of the CAT and GPx enzymes and normalizing the SOD activity and the MDA level (p < 0.05). It also protected kidney's histology and normalized the functions of this organ. It could be concluded that DFAE has a protective role against TCA-induced oxidative stress in rat, thereby protecting the renal tissue from TCA-induced damage


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácido Tricloroacético/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Arecaceae
16.
Fisioterapia (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 36(1): 40-48, ene.-feb. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-119513

RESUMO

Objetivo: Describir las relaciones entre el estrés oxidativo presente en el asma bronquial y el papel que desempeñan los efectos agudos y crónicos del ejercicio físico en la inflamación de la vía aérea y en el sistema de defensa antioxidante del asmático, sobre la base de la literatura científica actual concerniente al tema. Estrategia de búsqueda: Se buscaron artículos científicos relevantes en las bases de datos Pub Med, Scopus, Embase y Ovid. Selección de estudios: Se emplearon artículos internacionales actuales publicados en inglés, portugués o español, que proporcionaran un enfoque objetivo en la realización del contexto epidemiológico, fisiopatológico, fisiológico y bioquímico del artículo. Síntesis de resultados: La inflamación bronquial del paciente asmático se asocia directamente a la ejecución de ejercicio físico, la producción de oxidantes endógenos y el sistema de defensa antioxidante. Conclusiones: El ejercicio físico agudiza la constricción bronquial y aumenta el estrés oxidativo. A largo plazo proporciona adaptaciones antiinflamatorias y antioxidantes enzimáticas. La cantidad de estudios que describen las adaptaciones antioxidantes del asmático es mínima


Objective: To describe the relationship between oxidative stress present in bronchial asthma and the role of acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on airway inflammation and antioxidant defense system balance based on the current scientific literature on this subject. Search strategy: Relevant scientific articles were searched in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Ovid databases. Study selection: We used international articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish that provided an objective approach within the epidemiological, physiopathological and physiological and biochemical context of the article. Synthesis of results: Asthmatic bronchial inflammation is directly associated with the execution of physical exercise, endogenous oxidant production and the antioxidant defense system. Conclusions: Physical exercise exacerbates bronchial constriction and increases oxidative stress. However, in the long term, it provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzyme adaptations. The number of studies that describe the antioxidant adaptations in asthma is ephemeral


Assuntos
Humanos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Asma Induzida por Exercício/fisiopatologia , Terapia por Exercício , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia
17.
Nutr. hosp ; 28(6): 1905-1911, nov.-dic. 2013. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-120396

RESUMO

Introducción: La diabetes se asocia a un incremento en la peroxidación de lípidos, cuantificada a partir del nivel de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). En paralelo, se activa el sistema de defensa antioxidante (SDA) para delimitar el daño. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de peroxidación de lípidos en individuos obesos diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2) y la respuesta del SDA en comparación con individuos con DM2 sin obesidad. Método: Se evaluó el daño a lípidos a través de la medición de las TBARS en dos grupos de 30 individuos. Se evaluó la respuesta del SDA por medio de la medición de la actividad de las enzimas catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y glutatión peroxidasa (GPx). Resultados: El grupo de DM2 obesos presentó un índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio de 38,6 ± 3,5 kg m2 en comparación con el grupo control 24,7 ± 3,6 kg m2 (p < 0,01). Los niveles de TBARS en el grupo en estudio fueron más altos en comparación al grupo control (p < 0.01). En un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple la actividad de SOD y CAT explicó los niveles de TBARS en el obeso con DM2. Conclusión: Los niveles de TBARS sugieren mayor daño por estrés oxidativo en DM2 obesos por un exceso en la producción de radicales libres (RL), así como incapacidad del SDA para delimitar el daño (AU)


Introduction: Diabetes is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, quantified as the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In parallel, the antioxidant defense system (ADS) reacts to diminish the oxidative damage. Objective: To determine the levels of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in obese type 2 diabetic (DM2) individuals compared to non-obese DM2 individuals. Methods: Lipid peroxidation was quantified by measuring TBARS and the ADS response by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results: Two groups of 30 subjects were studied. The obese DM2 group had a mean body mass index (BMI) 38.6 ± 3.5 kg m-2 compared to the control group 24.7 ± 3.6 kg m-2 (p<0.01). TBARS levels in the study group were higher compared to the control group (p <0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that activities of SOD and CAT adjusted to lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the obese DM2 individuals. Conclusion: TBARS levels suggest greater oxidative damage in obese DM2 subjects with a diminished response of ADS (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Radicais Livres/análise
18.
Rev. toxicol ; 30(2): 171-181, jul.-dic. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-126297

RESUMO

La quercetina es un antioxidante natural presente en gran variedad de alimentos que se ha asociado con la prevención de determinadas enfermedades. Sus propiedades beneficiosas han sido claramente demostradas en estudios preclínicos, sin embargo, las dosis utilizadas han sido superiores a las de una dieta rica en este flavonoide. Por este motivo, se han desarrollado procesos para la obtención y posterior comercialización de la misma como suplemento alimenticio. A pesar de que en los últimos años se ha incrementado el consumo de preparados de quercetina, no están bien definidos cuáles son los efectos tóxicos derivados de su administración. Además, no se han establecido dosis diarias admisibles que aseguren la seguridad de su uso. Mediante esta revisión pretendemos analizar la información presente en la bibliografía, tanto de las propiedades terapéuticas asociadas a la quercetina, como de los posibles riesgos debidos al aumento de su consumo (AU)


Quercetin is a natural antioxidant present in a variety of food that has been associated with the prevention of certain diseases. Its beneficial properties have been clearly demonstrated in preclinical studies, however, the doses used were higher than those of a diet rich with this flavonoid. For this reason, the production and commercialization processes of quercetin as a food supplement have been developed. Although in recent years the consumption of quercetin preparations has increased, toxic effects resulting from its administration have not been well defined. Furthermore, no acceptable daily intakes have been established to ensure the safety of its use. Through this review we attempt to analyze the information in the literature, both therapeutic properties of quercetin and the possible risks due to its increased consumption (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Eficácia/métodos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/síntese química , Quercetina/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Quercetina/toxicidade , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Substâncias Perigosas/uso terapêutico
19.
Rev. toxicol ; 29(2): 90-94, jul.-dic. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-126219

RESUMO

En este trabajo se evaluó la respuesta inmunológica celular inespecífica del pez Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) expuestoaconcentracionessubletalesde cobreycadmio,atravésde la determinación de la viabilidad celular, la quimiotaxis, la fagocitosis y la muerte bacteriana en células inmunocompetentes extraídasdelriñóncefálico,lasangreyel hígado.Lospecesfueron expuestos por separado a 0,5 mg/L de cloruro de cobre y 1,0 mg/L de cloruro de cadmio durante 28 días; después de la exposición, se depuraron por el mismo período. La viabilidad celular se mantuvo entre 99-94%. La exposición al cadmio causó una reducción significativa en la respuesta quimiotáctica de granulocitos en los tejidos evaluados. Tanto los peces expuestos a cobre como los expuestos a cadmio presentaron una disminución significativa en la respuesta fagocítica de granulocitos. En sangre, el cadmio afectó la efectividad de los granulocitos de inducir muerte bacteriana; el cobre sin embargo, afectó la efectividad de inducir muerte bacteriana en los granulocitos provenientes del hígado. Los peces expuestos a cadmio presentaron un incremento significativo en los niveles de cortisol sérico y una disminución de esta hormona en los peces expuestos a cobre. Estos resultados demuestran que la exposición crónica a los metales cobre y cadmio produce una inhibición de la respuesta inmune inespecífica en el pez Colossoma macropomum (AU)


The non-specific immune response was evaluated thought cellular viability, quimiotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing by PMN of innate immune cells providing of blood, head kidney and liver of freshwater fish Colossoma macropomum. Fish were exposed to 0.5 mg/L copper chloride and 1.0 mg/L cadmium chloride for 28 days; finalized the exposure, the fishes were depurated for 28 days. The cellular viability was between 94-99%, being observed the lowest values in both Cd-exposed and Cu-exposed fishes. A decrease in quimiotatic responses was found in granulocytes of the evaluated tissues. We observed a decrease in phagocytic response in both copper exposed fish and cadmium exposed fish on the three evaluated tissues. Cadmium reduced the effectiveness to induce bacterial killing in blood granulocytes; however, copper reduced the response in granulocytes of the hepatic tissue. The serum cortisol level was increased in Cd-exposed fish: on the contrary, it was decreased in Cu-exposed fish. These results suggest that chronic exposure to cadmium and copper of the fish Colossoma macropomum decreased the innate immunological response (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cobre/toxicidade , Cádmio/toxicidade , Peixes , Fatores Quimiotáticos/imunologia , Fagocitose/imunologia , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Quimiotaxia/imunologia , Granulócitos/imunologia , Modelos Animais , Análise de Variância
20.
J. physiol. biochem ; 68(2): 237-245, jun. 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-122343

RESUMO

In view of the significant health impact of oxidative stress and apoptosis dysfunction, and further, because of suggestions that administration of antioxidants might reduce apoptosis rate through up-regulation of body antioxidant defense systems, therefore the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins (PP at 100 ìg/kg BW, i.p.) with melatonin (MEL at 10 mg/kg BW, i.p.) on blood (erythrocytes) antioxidant defense system and apoptosis in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes of female Wistar albino rats. The cell viability index (%) and apoptosis index (%), which are directly related to the apoptosis rate of the cells, were used as dependent measures for inferring PP and MEL activity. The total cell viability index did not differ between rats treated with MEL and PP from control animals. The percentage of apoptotic cell death through fluorescence microscopy also did not change in MEL and PP groups as compared with control. DNA fragmentation as an index of apoptosis was detected with propidium iodide staining and assessed by flow cytometry. Pineal proteins and MEL administration caused significant (p < 0.05) reduction in lipid peroxidation and increased level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in erythrocytes as compared with control. Interestingly, we did not observe increase in the non-viable cells and percentage of apoptotic cell death in PP-treated group, controls or in animals in which MEL had been administered. Therefore, the present study confirmed the up-regulation of erythrocytes (blood) antioxidant defense systems and absence of adverse effect on rate of apoptosis in PP and MEL-administered rats under absence of stress or toxicant exposure. Hence, these test agents can be tested for further therapeutic values against adverse apoptosis rate under stress or toxicants exposures (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Melatonina/farmacocinética , Apoptose/fisiologia , Antioxidantes/fisiologia , Hormônios Neuro-Hipofisários/farmacocinética , Elementos de Resposta Antioxidante/fisiologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , 5-Metoxitriptamina/farmacocinética
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