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1.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 35(1): 33-46, 2023. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-215863

RESUMO

El sistema cannabinoide se ha asociado con varios trastornos psiquiátricos como la esquizofrenia y las adicciones. Diversos estudios hanobservado que algunos polimorfismos del receptor cannabinoide tipo2 (CNR2), del receptor cannabinoide tipo 1 (CNR1) y del gen de la enzima amido hidrolasa de ácidos grasos (FAAH) pueden ser factores deriesgo de estos trastornos. Hemos analizado diversos polimorfismos delsistema cannabinoide en pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia sintrastorno por uso de sustancias (n = 379), esquizofrenia con trastornopor uso de cannabis (n = 124), dependientes de cannabis sin psicosisasociada (n = 71) y un grupo de control (316) procedentes de diversoshospitales y centros de asistencia sanitaria españoles. Hemos encontrado una asociación entre los polimorfismos rs35761398 y rs12744386 delCNR2 con la presencia de esquizofrenia y trastorno por uso de cannabis comórbido y una pérdida de heterocigosidad en el polimorfismors324420 del gen FAAH con la dependencia de cannabis en poblaciónespañola. Los polimorfismos rs35761398 y rs12744386 en CNR2 son factores de riesgo para esquizofrenia en sujetos dependientes de cannabis.La pérdida de heterocigosidad en el polimorfismo rs324420 en el genFAAH es un factor de riesgo para la dependencia de cannabis. (AU)


The endocannabinoid system has been associated with various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia or addictive disorders. Recent studies have found that some polymorphisms in the cannabinoid receptortype 2 (CNR2), cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes could play an important role as risk factorsin the etiology of these diseases. We analysed different cannabinoidgene polimorphisms from non-substance using patients diagnosed withschizophrenia (n = 379), schizophrenic patients with cannabis use disorders (n = 124), cannabis users who did not have psychoses (n = 71),and 316 controls from various Spanish hospitals and health centres.We found a statistical association between polymorphisms rs35761398and rs12744386 in the CNR2 gene and comorbidity of schizophreniaand cannabis dependence, as well as an association between loss ofheterozygosity (overdominance) for polymorphism rs324420 in theFAAH gene and cannabis dependence in a Spanish population sample.The rs35761398 and rs12744386 polymorphisms in the CNR2 gene aregenetic risk factors for schizophrenia in cannabis-dependent subjects.Loss of heterozygosity for polymorphism rs324420 in the FAAH gene isa genetic risk factor for cannabis dependence in this population. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Abuso de Maconha/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides , Espanha , Polimorfismo Genético , Genes MDR , Amidoidrolases/genética
2.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 39(6): 276-278, Jun.-Jul. 2021. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-209559

RESUMO

Introduction: Prompt detection of antibiotic resistance genes in healthcare institutions is of utmost importance in tackling the spread of multi-drug resistant micro-organisms. We evaluated the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Direct Flow Chip Kit versus phenotypic screening assays for rectal and nasopharyngeal specimens upon ICU admission. Methods: A total of 184 dual specimens (92 rectal and 92 nasopharyngeal swabs) from 92 patients were collected from 11/2017 to 8/2018. All swabs were subjected to both AMR and phenotypic tests according to their origin. The degree of agreement of the two methods was assessed by the kappa coefficient. Results: The kappa coefficient showed perfect agreement for MRSA, ESBLs, oxacillinases and vancomycin resistance genes (1.000, p<0.01) and very good agreement for mecA-positive CoNS, KPC-carbapenemases and metallo-beta-lactamases (0.870, p<0.01; 0.864, p<0.01; and 0.912, p<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit is a useful alternative to phenotypic testing for rapid detection of resistance markers.(AU)


Introducción: La detección rápida de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en instituciones de salud es de importancia extrema para abordar la propagación de microorganismos multi-resistentes. Evaluamos el Antimicrobial Resistance Direct Flow Chip (AMR) versus los ensayos de detección fenotípica para muestras rectales y nasofaríngeas al ingreso en la UCI. Métodos: Se recogieron 184 muestras duales (92 rectales y 92 nasofaríngeos) de 92 pacientes durante 11/2017-8/2018. Todos los hisopos se sometieron a pruebas de AMR y fenotípicas según su fuente. El grado de acuerdo de los 2 métodos fue evaluado por el coeficiente kappa. Resultados: El coeficiente kappa mostró una concordancia perfecta para MRSA, ESBL, oxacilinasas y para genes de resistencia a vancomicina (1.000, p<0,01) y muy buena concordancia para CoNS mecA positivos, carbapenemasas KPC y metalo-beta-lactamasas (0,870, p<0,01; 0,864, p<0,01 y 0,912, p<0,01, respectivamente). Conclusión: El AMR es una alternativa útil a las pruebas fenotípicas para la detección rápida de marcadores de resistencia.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , DNA , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Genes MDR , Manejo de Espécimes , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Transmissíveis , Microbiologia
5.
Int. microbiol ; 19(2): 121-129, jun. 2016. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-158066

RESUMO

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is the major cause of hospital-acquired infections. It has been shown that A. baumannii with high biofilm formation increases the risk of acquiring infection. In this study, the prevalence of virulence genes involved in biofilm formation was determined in 225 A. baumannii clinical isolates from three hospitals in Thailand. Most of the isolates were multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains (86.2%). Among all isolates, 76.9% (173/225) showed biofilm formation ability. The association between biofilm forming ability and gentamicin resistance was found (P < 0.05). The presence of virulence genes, epsA, bap, ompA, bfmS and blaPER-1 genes, was investigated by PCR. The prevalence of ompA, bfmS, bap, blaPER-1 and epsA genes among the isolated strains was 84.4%, 84%, 48%, 30.2%, respectively. Biofilm formation related genes, ompA and bap were associated with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. The result of this study revealed that a high prevalence of biofilm-forming phenotypes among A. baumannii strains obtained from different hospitals. Effective strategies to prevent infection due to A. baumannii that produce biofilms are therefore needed (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fatores de Virulência/análise , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Genes MDR/genética
6.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 27(4): 239-243, dic. 2014. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-130630

RESUMO

Introducción. Se han estudiado los genes marA, soxS, ramA, acrB y ompF para caracterizar los mecanismos del sistema de expulsión activa AcrAB/TolC y las alteraciones en la permeabilidad de membrana que reducen la sensibilidad a fluoroquinolonas en Salmonella spp. Métodos. Se detectaron las mutaciones en los genes marA, soxS, ramA, acrB y ompF y se cuantificó su nivel de expresión en presencia y ausencia de ciprofloxacino calculando su valor de nivel de cambio por qPCR. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante el programa SPSS 19.0. Resultados. No se encontraron mutaciones en ninguno de los genes, pero la expresión de los genes reguladores de AcrAB/TolC y del gen estructural acrB se vieron afectados por la presencia de ciprofloxacino tanto en las cepas con mutación en gyrA como en las cepas silvestres. La activación del gen marA en presencia del fármaco fue mayor en las cepas silvestres (nivel de cambio de 0,823) que en las mutantes (nivel de cambio de 0,158; p=0,049). Se vio una disminución de la expresión del gen ompF en presencia de ciprofloxacino en cepas con mutación (nivel de cambio de -0,949 p=0,017). Conclusión. La disminución de la sensibilidad a fluoroquinolonas en Salmonella spp es un proceso complejo, donde intervienen diferentes mecanismos bacterianos. Este estudio encuentra gran diferencia en el grado de participación de los mecanismos estudiados entre las cepas con y sin mutación en gyrA. Mientras que las cepas silvestres activan el sistema de expulsión activa, especialmente a través del gen marA, las cepas con mutación reprimen la expresión del gen ompF, relacionado con las porinas (AU)


Introduction. The marA, soxS, ramA, acrB and ompF genes have been studied in order to characterize mechanisms of AcrAB-TolC active efflux pumps and membrane permeability alterations that reduce fluoroquinolones susceptibility in Salmonella spp. Methods. Mutations in marA, soxS, ramA, acrB and ompF genes were detected, as well as their expression levels in presence and absence of ciprofloxacin, calculating the level of change between them by qPCR. Data were analysed by using SPSS 19.0. Results. No mutations in these genes were found, but both AcrAB-TolC regulatory genes and structural acrB gene expression were affected by ciprofloxacin in both mutant strains and wild type bacterial strains (WT). The activation of the marA gene in presence of drug was higher in WT strains (level of change 0.823) than in mutants strains (level of change 0.158; p=0.049). In gyrA mutants, a reduction in ompF gene expression in presence of ciprofloxacin was found (level of change -0.949 p=0.017). Conclusion. The reduction of fluoroquinolones susceptibility in Salmonella spp is a complex process, in which several different bacterial mechanisms are involved. This study has found a high difference in the degree of participation among studied mechanisms, between bacterial strains with and without gyrA mutation. Whereas WT strains activated efflux pumps especially through marA gene, mutants supressed ompF gene expression related to porins (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Salmonella/química , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Supressão Genética , Genes MDR , Fluoroquinolonas/química , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fenótipo
7.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 31(3): 142-146, mar. 2013. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-110861

RESUMO

Introduction Only automated phenotypic methods are currently used in Colombian hospitals for identifying isolates of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex (ACB). The phenotypical similarities in these species mean that they cannot be differentiated by manual or automated methods, thereby leading to their identification as A. baumannii, or ACB complex in clinical settings. Our objective was to identify to the species level 60 isolates, from four hospitals, evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility, and detect resistance-related genes.Methods16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and rpoB gene partial sequences were amplified. Resistance genes for cephalosporin, carbapenem and aminoglycoside were detected by PCR. Possible mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) were evaluated. The association of ISAba-1 with blaOXA and blaADC genes was determined by PCR. Amplification products of ITS region, rpoB gene and some resistance genes were sequenced and compared using the BLAST tool. Results: 16S-23S rRNA ITS region and partial rpoB gene sequence analysis allowed 51isolates to be identified as A. baumannii, 8 as A. nosocomialis, and 1 isolate as A. pitti. A. baumannii isolates were highly resistant to all antibiotics tested, while the others were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin/sulbactam. Quinolone resistance, found only in A. baumannii, was associated with mutations in the QRDR region of gyrA and parC genes. Conclusion This is the first investigation in Colombia that has identified ACB complex species using molecular methods, and determined differences in antibiotic resistance and resistance genes among the species. It is of the highest importance to identify isolates to the species level for future resistance and epidemiology studies in our region (AU)


Introducción Actualmente, los hospitales en Colombia utilizan únicamente métodos fenotípicos automatizados para la identificación de aislamientos del complejo Acinetobacter calcoaceticus - baumannii (ACB). La similitud entre estas especies no permite que se diferencien por métodos fenotípicos ya sean estos manuales o automatizados, llevando a que los aislamientos se identifiquen como A. baumannii o como pertenecientes al complejo ACB en las instituciones hospitalarias. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar a nivel de especie, 60 aislamientos de cuatro hospitales, identificados como del complejo ACB, evaluar su resistencia a antibióticos y detectar genes de resistencia. Métodos Para la identificación de especies se amplificaron la región intergénica espaciadora de los genes 16S y 23S rRNA y la secuencia parcial del gen rpoB. Estos amplificados y algunos genes de resistencia se secuenciaron y se compararon utilizando la herramienta BLAST. Se detectaron por PCR genes de resistencia a cefalosporinas, carbapenemes y aminoglicósidos. Se evaluaron posibles mutaciones en la región determinante de resistencia a quinolonas (QRDR). Se determinó por PCR la asociación de ISAba-1con los genes blaOXA y blaADC. Resultados Con las secuencias de la región ITS 16S-23S rRNA y el gen rpoB, se identificaron 51 aislamientos (..) (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/imunologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/patogenicidade , Acinetobacter baumannii/patogenicidade , Genes MDR/imunologia , DNA Intergênico/imunologia
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(3): 150-159, mar. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64708

RESUMO

La glucoproteína P (PGP) es una proteína de membrana, producto del gen MDR-1, que actúa como bomba expulsora de diversos fármacos, entre ellos los inhibidores de proteasa (IP) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Numerosos estudios in vitro, en animales y en pacientes, han analizado las relaciones de esta proteína con la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de los antirretrovirales, con conclusiones dispares. Por otra parte, las publicaciones que analizan la influencia de los polimorfismos de nucleótido único del gen MDR-1, principalmente el C3435T en el exón 26, y el G2677A/G2677T en el exón 21, con las concentraciones plasmáticas de los antirretrovirales, su eficacia y efectos secundarios también demuestran resultados variables que se han tratado de explicar mediante la influencia de otros polimorfismos como el del citocromo p-450 (AU)


P-glycoprotein (PGP) is a membrane protein and product of the MDR-1 gene, which acts as an efflux pump for several drugs, such as protease inhibitors (PI) used in HIV. Numerous studies in vitro, in experimental animals, and in patients have analyzed the relationships between PGP and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antiretroviral agents, with differing conclusions. In addition, studies focusing on the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MDR-1 gene, mainly C3435T in exon 26 and G2677A/G2677T in exon 21, on antiretroviral plasma concentrations, efficacy and adverse effects, have reported varying results, which have been attributed to the influence of other polymorphisms, such as cytochrome P450 (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Glicoproteínas/biossíntese , Antirretrovirais/farmacocinética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacogenética/métodos , Genes MDR , Polimorfismo Genético , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Carga Viral
9.
Int. microbiol ; 10(1): 57-60, mar. 2007. tab
Artigo em En | IBECS | ID: ibc-054988

RESUMO

High-level aminoglycoside resistance was assessed in 190 commensal erythromycin-resistant alpha-hemolytic streptococcal strains. Of these, seven were also aminoglycoside-resistant: one Streptococcus mitis strain was resistant to high levels of kanamycin and carried the aph(3’)-III gene, four S. mitis strains were resistant to high levels of streptomycin and lacked aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and two S. oralis strains that were resistant to high levels of kanamycin and streptomycin harbored both the aph(3’)-III and the ant(6) genes. The two S. oralis strains also carried the ant(6)-sat4- aph(3’’)-III aminoglycoside-streptothricin resistance gene cluster, but it was not contained in a Tn5405-like structure. The presence of this resistance gene cluster in commensal streptococci suggests an exchange of resistance genes between these bacteria and enterococci or staphylococci (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/imunologia , Estreptococos Viridans/imunologia , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacocinética , Estreptotricinas/farmacocinética , Genes MDR/imunologia
10.
Clin. transl. oncol. (Print) ; 9(1): 13-20, ene. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-123260

RESUMO

Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs presents a big caveat for cancer treatment. In this review we will describe the molecular mechanisms involved in chemoresistance, discussing the mechanisms of resistance related to tumour microenvironment, as well as their intracellular mechanisms. Chemoresistance can also appear as a consequence to treatments with new anticancer drugs. In this sense, we will exemplify this type of resistance discussing mechanisms of action of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. We conclude that the main problem of chemoresistance is due to its pleiotropic and multifactorial nature(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Tratamento Farmacológico , Genes MDR , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/imunologia , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Gigantes/tratamento farmacológico , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Morte Celular , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Genes MDR/efeitos da radiação , Células/patologia , Apoptose/imunologia , Genes MDR/imunologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia
11.
An. sist. sanit. Navar ; 30(supl.2): 163-180, 2007. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-056279

RESUMO

El presente trabajo trata de analizar la complejidad de la vieja batalla que lleva librando, desde hace millones de años, la especie humana contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis, intentando realizar un repaso de todos los conocimientos que se tienen sobre esta enfermedad y de lo más importante de lo que puede acontecer en el futuro, con el fin de llegar a la conclusión de si es posible acabar soñando con erradicar esta enfermedad que tanto daño ha causado a la humanidad. A pesar de que la especie humana tiene suficientes conocimientos para vencer la batalla a M. tuberculosis, importantes condicionantes, sobre todo sociales (pobreza, inmigración, VIH, MDR), están favoreciendo la guerra del lado del bacilo. Y que, incluso aplicando adecuadamente todos los buenos conocimientos adquiridos para el control de la TB (detección y curación de casos, quimioprofilaxis, vacunación BCG, etc.), se tardaría aún varios siglos en poder conseguir la erradicación. Sólo la posibilidad de descubrir una vacuna 100% eficaz, o el descubrimiento de nuevas asociaciones antimicrobianas que pudiesen curar la enfermedad en un plazo no superior a 15 días, podría acelerar este ritmo hacia la erradicación. Pero, lamentablemente, no existen fundamentos que permitan soñar con que cualquiera de estas dos posibilidades pueda cumplirse en los próximos 10-20 años. Por lo tanto, el sueño de erradicar la TB es un sueño muy antiguo, pero, lamentablemente, aún muy lejano


This article analyses the complexity of the age-old battle that the human species has been waging for millions of years against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We review all of the knowledge available about this disease, and the most important future developments, in order to reach the conclusion that it is indeed possible to dream of eradicating this disease that has caused such harm to humanity. In spite of the human species possessing sufficient knowledge to win the battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, important conditioning factors, above all social in character (poverty, immigration, HIV, MDR), are favouring the bacteria in this war. And, in spite of suitably applying all of the positive knowledge acquired for the control of TB (detection and cure of cases, chemoprofilaxis, BCG vaccination, etc.), it will still take several centuries to achieve its eradication. Only by discovering a vaccine that is 100% efficient, or the discovery of new anti-microbial associations that could cure the disease in no longer than 15 days, could accelerate this advance towards its eradication. But, unfortunately, there are no reasons allowing us to dream that either of these two possibilities can be fulfilled in the next 10 to 20 years. Therefore, the dream of eradicating TB is a very old dream, but one that unfortunately remains very distant


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Vacina BCG/provisão & distribuição , Mecanismos de Defesa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Genes MDR/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Genes MDR/fisiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva
12.
Cir. Esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 79(4): 202-214, abr. 2006.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-044354

RESUMO

Las causas de que una célula tumoral sea resistente a la quimioterapia son muchas y de variada naturaleza. El motivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión y una puesta al día de una de estas posibles causas, en concreto, la expresión de proteínas relacionadas con la resistencia a múltiples fármacos (AU)


The causes of drug resistance in tumor cells vary widely. The present study aims to provide an update of multidrug resistance in tumor cells and, in particular, of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (AU)


Assuntos
Proteínas , Resistência a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Genes MDR/genética , Genes MDR/fisiologia , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/genética , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/fisiologia , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Morte Celular/genética , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/fisiologia , Morte Celular , Genes MDR/imunologia , DNA/análise , DNA/genética , Glicoproteínas/química , Imuno-Histoquímica/estatística & dados numéricos , Imuno-Histoquímica/normas
13.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 18(3): 236-242, jul.-sept. 2005. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-042924

RESUMO

Se ha estudiado la actividad de siete macrólidos, clindamicina y telitromicina frente a aislamientos clínicos del género Corynebacterium. Deéstos, 36 pertenecían a la especie C. jeikeium y 57 a C. amycolatum. Todos los macrólidos estudiados y la clindamicina presentaron escasaactividad, con CMI90 >256 mg/l. La telitromicina presentó mejor actividad, siendo sensibles un 52,3% de C. amycolatum y un 70% de C.jeikeium resistentes a la eritromicina. El fenotipo de resistencia fue de tipo MLSb constitutivo en todos los aislamientos. El gen ermX fue detectadoen el 100% de las cepas resistentes a eritromicina, presentando una homología, en el caso de C. amycolatum, de un 100% con elde C. striatum y C. diptheriae


The activity of seven macrolides, clindamycin and telithromycin against clinical isolates of Corynebacterium spp. was studied. Of these, 36isolates were identified as C. jeikeium and 57 as C. amycolatum. The frequency of resistance to erythromycin and other macrolides as wellas clindamycin was high, with CMI90 >256 ìg/ml. Telithromycin showed the best activity, with 52.3% of C. amycolatum and 70% of C. jeikeiumerythromycin-resistant strains susceptible to this ketolide. All strains had the MLSb constitutive phenotype. The ermX gene was presentin all erythromycin-resistant strains, and in C. amycolatum was 100% homologous with that of C. striatum and C. diphtheriae


Assuntos
Humanos , Macrolídeos/farmacocinética , Corynebacterium , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Corynebacterium/patogenicidade , Clindamicina/farmacocinética , Eritromicina/farmacocinética , Genes MDR , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos
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