Species composition of root-associated mycobiome of ruderal invasive Anthemis cotula L. varies with elevation in Kashmir Himalaya / La composición de especies del micobioma asociado a las raíces de la invasora ruderal Anthemis cotula L. varía con la elevación en Cachemira Himalaya

Investigating the microbial communities associated with invasive plant species can provide insights into how these species establish and thrive in new environments. Here, we explored the fungal species associated with the roots of the invasive species Anthemis cotula L. at 12 sites with varying elevations in the Kashmir Himalaya. Illumina MiSeq platform was used to identify the species composition, diversity, and guild structure of these root-associated fungi. The study found a total of 706 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 8 phyla, 20 classes, 53 orders, 109 families, and 160 genera associated with roots of A. cotula, with the most common genus being Funneliformis. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) constituted the largest guild at higher elevations. The study also revealed that out of the 12 OTUs comprising the core mycobiome, 4 OTUs constituted the stable component while the remaining 8 OTUs comprised the dynamic component. While α-diversity did not vary across sites, significant variation was noted in β-diversity. The study confirmed the facilitative role of the microbiome through a greenhouse trial in which a significant effect of soil microbiome on height, shoot biomass, root biomass, number of flower heads, and internal CO2 concentration of the host plant was observed. The study indicates that diverse fungal mutualists get associated with this invasive alien species even in nutrient-rich ruderal habitats and may be contributing to its spread into higher elevations. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of root-associated fungi in invasion dynamics and the potential use of mycobiome management strategies to control invasive species.(AU)

Evolución del microbioma intestinal en un proceso de transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF) en un paciente con infección por Clostridioides difficile: análisis por NGS con diferentes programas bioinformáticos / Evolution of intestinal microbiome in a process of faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) in a patient with Clostridioides difficile infection: NGS analysis with different software programs

Introducción: La diarrea por Clostridioides difficile es un importante problema de salud pública, cuyo tratamiento es complejo. La transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF) se postula como una terapia útil para prevenir recidivas. Material y métodos: Se analizaron seis muestras fecales, una procedente del donante y cinco del paciente antes y después de la TMF. Se amplificó y secuenció el gen 16Sr mediante secuenciación masiva y se estudió la diversidad y composición taxonómica. Resultados: La diversidad aumentó en las muestras post-TMF, y se identificaron dos clústeres, uno formado por las muestras no patológicas (donante y paciente post-TMF), y otro por la muestra patológica. Los resultados obtenidos a través Qiime2 y Bioconductor fueron similares. Conclusión: El análisis realizado demostró un incremento en la diversidad taxonómica del paciente tras la TMF, sugiriendo su utilidad. Además, los resultados obtenidos con Qiime2 y Bioconductor reflejaron la importancia de unificar los análisis bioinformáticos.(AU)

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has become a global healthcare challenge due to increases in its incidence and mortality rates. Faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is postulated as a protocol to prevent CDI recurrence. Material and methods: A donor faecal sample and patient faecal samples (pre-FMT and post-FMT) were analysed. The r16S gene was amplified and sequenced by NGS, and its diversity and taxonomy composition were examined. Results: Microbial richness increased in post-FMT samples, and the β diversity studies grouped the samples into two clusters. One included the non-pathological samples (donor and pre-FMT samples), and the other included the pathological sample. The results obtained by Qiime2 and Bioconductor were similar. Conclusion: The analysis showed an increase in taxonomic diversity after the FMT, which suggests its usefulness. Moreover, these results showed that standardisation of bioinformatics analysis is key.(AU)

Immunonutritional contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver disease / Contribución inmunonutricional de la microbiota intestinal a la hepatopatía grasa

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is indisputably the most widespread liver disease worldwide, leading to a significant increase in patient morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. The gut microbiota and its genome (microbiome) have emerged as a novel modulator of the immunometabolic processes that NAFLD implies, but microbiota-targeted interventions have resulted both astounding and at the same time unsuccessful. The most relevant alteration appears to be the overgrowth of Gram-negative bacteria, characterized by an increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, although current evidence indicates species- and strain-specific effects influencing energy harvest, the host's innate and adaptive immune systems, and epigenetic regulation as determinants of the immunomodulatory milieu in NAFLD. The genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium deserve special attention since many of their probiotic strains are marketed for human consumption, even more so when considering that, in conjunction with prebiotics, they are potential modulators of gut microbiota composition and/or metabolic activity. Here, a better understanding of the major intestinal microbial factors with a detrimental or preventive role in NAFLD, and of the dynamic interplay between gut microbiome and host factors, appears crucial in defining the exposome for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and associated diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and obesity

La esteatosis hepática no alcohólica (NAFLD, por sus siglas en inglés) es indiscutiblemente la patología hepática más extendida a escala mundial y conlleva un aumento significativo de la utilización de la atención médica de los pacientes, así como de la morbilidad y la mortalidad. La microbiota intestinal y su genoma (microbioma) se han revelado como uno de los factores moduladores de los procesos inmunometabólicos subyacentes que desencadenan la NAFLD. Las intervenciones dirigidas a modificar la composición y/o la actividad de la microbiota han resultado sorprendentes y, al mismo tiempo, infructuosas. La disbiosis más relevante en la patología es un aumento de la proporción entre Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes. La evidencia actual indica que los efectos específicos de la especie y la cepa influyen en el resultado funcional de la microbiota sobre el metabolismo de los nutrientes, la rama innata y la adaptativa del sistema inmune, y la regulación epigenética del genoma humano en relación al NAFLD. Los géneros Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium merecen especial atención ya que muchas cepas probióticas de estos géneros se comercializan para consumo humano, e incluso más si se considera que, junto con los prebióticos, son moduladores potenciales de la composición de la microbiota intestinal y/o su actividad metabólica. En este contexto, una mejor comprensión de los principales factores microbianos con papel perjudicial o preventivo en la NAFLD, y de la interacción dinámica entre el microbioma intestinal y los factores del huésped, parece crucial para definir el exposoma de la prevención y el tratamiento de la NAFLD y sus enfermedades asociadas, como el síndrome metabólico, la diabetes de tipo 2 y la obesidad

Re-purposing is needed for beneficial bugs, not for the drugs

Between 150 and 200 species of plants, insects, birds or mammals go extinct every day. We do not have any idea what the global extinction rate for microorganisms is. What is clear is that we have already lost a maximum number of the microbes that used to live in and on our skins. Many of our microbial partners are facing extinction as we apply selection pressures that are unprecedented in our long-standing relationships. Recent estimates are that we have lost at least one third of the diversity of our skin microbiome. Every day, most of us bath or shower in water that contains chlorine or fluorine; these additives do a great job of killing pathogenic microbes, but they are probably not helping our skin microbiome. Most of the people apply cosmetic products every day, as these products contain preservatives that prevent microbial growth on the shelf. These same chemicals may well kill microbes on the skin. The daily use of high-pH soaps probably will not help microbial life that is adapted to living on the skin's natural pH of 5. The rise in the rate of C-section births from around 5% in 1970 to more than 30% today is likely to be a contributing factor. Vaginal microbes seed our skins at birth and C-sections disrupt this process. The overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics has contributed to the loss of our microbial partners in all body sites and the skin is no exception. It is now clear that skin is an ecosystem that is dependent on commensal microbes for optimal health. In general, a diverse ecosystem is a healthy ecosystem that is robust in the face of change. Low-diversity ecosystems are more fragile and susceptible to dysbiosis. Eczema and acne rates have increased rapidly over the last 50 years. These diseases are almost unknown in hunter-gatherer communities. Now, we face two exciting challenges: finding out which species matter and how to get them back

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Airway microbiota in patients with paediatric cystic fibrosis: Relationship with clinical status / Microbiota respiratoria en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística: relación con la situación clínica

Introduction: New massive sequencing techniques make it possible to determine the composition of airway microbiota in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the relationship between the composition of lung microbiome and the clinical status of paediatric patients is still not fully understood. Material and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on induced sputum samples from children with CF and known mutation in the CFTR gene. The bacterial sequences of the 16SrRNA gene were analyzed and their association with various clinical variables studied. Results: Analysis of the 13 samples obtained showed a core microbiome made up of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Rothia spp., Gemella spp. and Granulicatella spp., with a small number of Pseudomonas spp. The cluster of patients with less biodiversity were found to exhibit a greater number of sequences of Staphylococcus spp., mainly Staphylococcus aureus (p 0.009) and a greater degree of lung damage. Conclusion: An airway microbiome with greater biodiversity may be an indicator of less pronounced disease progression, in which case new therapeutic interventions that prevent reduction in non-pathogenic species of the airway microbiota should be studied

Introducción: Las nuevas técnicas de secuenciación masiva permiten determinar la composición de la microbiota de las vías respiratorias en pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ). Sin embargo, la relación entre la composición de la microbiota pulmonar y el estado clínico de los pacientes pediátricos todavía no se ha establecido bien. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional en muestras de esputo inducido de niños con FQ y mutación conocida en el gen CFTR. Se analizaron las secuencias bacterianas del gen 16SrRNA y se estudió su asociación con diversas variables clínicas. Resultados: El análisis de las 13 muestras obtenidas mostró un microbioma central compuesto por Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Rothia spp., Gemella spp. y Granulicatella spp., con un pequeño número de Pseudomonas spp. Se descubrió que el grupo de pacientes con menos biodiversidad mostraba un mayor número de secuencias de Staphylococcus spp., principalmente Staphylococcus aureus (p 0,009) y un mayor daño de la función pulmonar. Conclusión: La mayor biodiversidad del microbioma de vía respiratoria puede ser un indicador de menor progresión de la enfermedad, en cuyo caso deben estudiarse nuevas intervenciones terapéuticas que prevengan la disminución de especies no patógenas

El holobionte enfermo, el ejemplo de la esclerosis múltiple / Disease of the holobiont, the example of multiple sclerosis

En los últimos años se ha producido una revolución en torno al papel de la microbiota en diferentes enfermedades, la mayoría dentro del espectro de las inflamatorias y autoinmunes, asociado al desarrollo de la metagenómica y al concepto de holobionte, entendido como el conjunto formado por los organismos superiores y su microbiota. Concretamente, en la esclerosis múltiple, existe múltiple evidencia acerca del papel de la microbiota en la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental, modelo animal de la enfermedad y se han publicado en los últimos años diversos artículos acerca de las diferencias en la microbiota intestinal entre pacientes enfermos de esclerosis múltiple y sujetos control. En este artículo revisamos el concepto de holobionte y las funciones de la microbiota dentro del mismo, así como la evidencia acumulada en el papel de la microbiota en la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental y en la esclerosis múltiple. A día de hoy, existe una amplia evidencia científica del papel de la microbiota en la génesis, prevención y tratamiento de la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental en base fundamentalmente a tres pilares inmunológicos, el equilibrio Th1-Th17/Th2, las células Treg y la inmunidad humoral. Así mismo está bien documentado que existen diferencias en la microbiota de pacientes con EM que se asocian a una diferente expresión de genes relacionados con la inflamación

In recent years there has been a revolution regarding the role of the microbiota in different diseases, most of them within the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, associated with the development of metagenomics and the concept of holobiont, a large organism together with its microbiota. Specifically, in Multiple Sclerosis, multiple evidence points to the role of the microbiota in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, animal model of the disease, and several articles have been published in recent years about differences in intestinal microbiota among patients with multiple sclerosis and control subjects. We review in this article the concept of holobiont and the gut microbiota functions, as well as the evidence accumulated about the role of the microbiota in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Nowadays, there is a lot of evidence showing the role of the microbiota in the genesis, prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis based mainly on three immunological pillars, the Th1-Th17 / Th2 balance, the Treg cells and the humoral immunity. It is also well documented that there are differences in the microbiota of patients with MS that are associated with a different expression of genes related to inflammation

La microbiota materna y los grandes síndromes obstétricos: cuando el enemigo se convierte en aliado / Maternal microbiota and the major obstetric syndromes: When the enemy becomes an ally

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