Efficacy of anti-suppression therapy in improving binocular vision in children with small-angle Esotropia

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of anti-suppression exercises in children with small-angle esotropia in achieving binocular vision. Methods: A retrospective review of patients aged 3–8 years who underwent anti-suppression exercises for either monocular or alternate suppression between January 2016 and December 2021 was conducted. Patients with esotropia less than 15 prism diopters (PD) and visual acuity ≥ 6/12 were included. Patients with previous intra-ocular surgery or less than three-month follow-up were excluded. Success was defined as the development of binocular single vision (BSV) for distance, near, or both (measured clinically with either the 4 prism base out test or Worth four dot test) and maintained at two consecutive visits. Qualified success was defined as the presence of diplopia response for both distance and near. Additionally, improvement in near stereo acuity was measured using the Stereo Fly test. Results: Eighteen patients with a mean age of 5.4 ± 1.38 years (range 3–8 years) at the time of initiation of exercises were included in the study. The male female ratio was 10:8. The mean best corrected visual acuity was 0.18 LogMAR unit(s) and the mean spherical equivalent was +3.8 ± 0.14 diopters (D). The etiology of the esotropia was fully accommodative refractive esotropia (8), microtropia (1), post–operative infantile esotropia (4), partially accommodative esotropia (1), and post-operative partially accommodative esotropia (4). Patients received either office-based, home-based, or both modes of treatment for an average duration of 4.8 months (range 3–8). After therapy, BSV was achieved for either distance or near in 66.6 % of patients (95 % CI = 40.03–93.31 %). Binocular single vision for both distance and near was seen in 50 % of children. Qualified success was observed in 38.46% of patients. Persistence of suppression was observed in one patient (5.5 %)... (AU)

Índice biespectral y tasa de supresión tras parada cardiaca: ¿son útiles para individualizar planes de escalada terapéutica? / Bispectral index and suppression ratio after cardiac arrest: are they useful as bedside tools for rational treatment escalation plans?

Introducción y objetivos: La disfunción miocárdica contribuye a la mortalidad precoz (24-72 horas) de los supervivientes de parada cardiaca (PC). Actualmente, la decisión de implantar un dispositivo de soporte circulatorio en este contexto se toma con información limitada acerca del potencial de recuperación neurológica (PRN) del paciente, lo que en muchas ocasiones termina en infratratamiento. Por tanto, requerimos de herramientas accesibles y fiables que añadan información sobre el PRN y ayuden a establecer planes individualizados de escalada terapéutica. Métodos: Se recogieron valores de índice biespectral (BIS) y tasa de supresión (TS) en supervivientes de una PC sometidos a control de la temperatura corporal. La función neurológica se evaluó con la escala Cerebral Performance Category (CPC). Resultados: Se incluyeron 340 pacientes. En la primera evaluación neurológica completa, 211 (62,1%) alcanzaron buen pronóstico (CPC 1-2). Los valores de BIS fueron significativamente mayores y los de TS menores, en pacientes con CPC 1-2. Un BIS promedio> 26 en las primeras 12 horas predijo buena evolución neurológica (sensibilidad 89,5%; especificidad 75,8%; AUC=0,869), mientras que una TS promedio> 24 en las primeras 12 horas predijo mala evolución o CPC 3-5 (sensibilidad 91,5%; especificidad 81,8%; AUC=0,906). Los valores horarios de BIS/TS mostraron buena capacidad predictiva (AUC> 0,85) desde la 2.a hora para TS y 4.a para BIS. Conclusiones: El BIS/TS permiten estimar el PRN tras una PC. Este hallazgo puede contribuir a crear conciencia con respecto a evitar la limitación de escalada terapéutica en pacientes potencialmente recuperables.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Myocardial dysfunction contributes to early mortality (24-72 hours) among survivors of a cardiac arrest (CA). The benefits of mechanical support in refractory shock should be balanced against the patient's potential for neurological recovery. To date, these early treatment decisions have been taken based on limited information leading mainly to undertreatment. Therefore, there is a need for early, reliable, accessible, and simple tools that offer information on the possibilities of neurological improvement. Methods: We collected data from bispectral index (BIS) and suppression ratio (SR) monitoring of adult comatose survivors of CA managed with targeted temperature management (TTM). Neurological status was assessed according to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. Results: We included 340 patients. At the first full neurological evaluation, 211 patients (62.1%) achieved good outcome or CPC 1-2. Mean BIS values were significantly higher and median SR lower in patients with CPC 1-2. An average BIS> 26 during first 12hours of TTM predicted good outcome with 89.5% sensitivity and 75.8% specificity (AUC of 0.869), while average SR values> 24 during the first 12hours of TTM predicted poor outcome (CPC 3-5) with 91.5% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity (AUC, 0.906). Hourly BIS and SR values exhibited good predictive performance (AUC> 0.85), as soon as hour 2 for SR and hour 4 for BIS. Conclusions: BIS/SR are associated with patients’ potential for neurological recovery after CA. This finding could help to create awareness of the possibility of a better outcome in patients who might otherwise be wrongly considered as nonviable and to establish personalized treatment escalation plans.(AU)

Pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular. ¿Se pueden suprimir los hipolipemiantes? / No disponible

No disponible

Indication of acid suppression therapy and predictors for the prophylactic use of protonpump inhibitors vs. histamine-2 receptor antagonists in a Malaysian tertiary hospital / Indicación del tratamiento de supresión ácida y predictors del uso profiláctico de inhibidores de la bomba de protones vs. Antagonista de receptores de histamina-2 en un hospital terciario malayo

Background: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are common acid suppressants used in gastrointestinal disorders. The trend of usage in Malaysia has changed from predominantly H2RA to PPI from 2007 to 2008, 3.46 versus 2.87 and 2.99 versus 3.24 DDD (Defined Daily Dose)/1000 population/day respectively. This raises concerns as PPI overutilization amounts to higher cost expenditure and are associated with various untoward consequences such as Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, pneumonia, and osteoporosis. Objectives: To evaluate the indication of acid suppression therapy (AST) and to look for predictors associated with the prophylactic use of PPI as compared to H2RA. Methods: Data collection was conducted via a standardized surveillance form over a 2-month period in the general medical wards of Sarawak General Hospital. All patients who received at least one dose of PPI or H2RA in any dosage form were included in the study. Appropriateness of prophylaxis was determined using current available guidelines. Selected risk factors were analysed using simple logistic regression to look for predictors associated with the choice of PPI in prophylactic AST. Results: Out of 212 cases in the present cohort, about three quarters (75.5%, n=160) of acid suppressants were given as prophylaxis. Over half of these did not have appropriate indications for prophylactic AST (58.1%, n=93). Among all cases given prophylactic AST, 75.0% (n=120) of them were given PPI. Renal insufficiency was identified as the only predictor associated with the use of prophylactic PPI in preference to H2RA (OR=2.86, 95%CI 1.21:6.72, p=0.011). Conclusion: Inappropriate prophylactic AST is a major concern and may even be underestimated due to the lack of appropriate guidelines. More data is required to guide the selection between PPI and H2RA, specifically the more cost-effective use of H2RA in patients with lower gastrointestinal risk or in whom PPI has no clear advantage (AU)

Antecedentes: Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (PPI) y los antagonistas de los receptores de histamina-2 (H2RA) son antiácidos comunes que se usan en desordenes gastrointestinales. La tendencia de uso en Malasia ha cambiado de la predominancia de H2RA a PPI entre 2007 y 2008 de 3,46 vs. 2,87 y 2,99 vs. 3,24 DDD (Dosis Diarias Definida)/1000 habitantes/día, respectivamente. Esto preocupa ya que la sobreutilización de PPI produce mayores costes y están asociados a varias consecuencias indeseadas como diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile, neumonía, y osteoporosis. Objetivos: Evaluar la indicación del tratamiento de supresión ácida (AST) y buscar predictores asociados con el uso de PPI comparados con H2RA. Métodos: Se recogieron datos mediante un formulario de vigilancia estandarizado durante 2 meses en los servicios de medicina heneral del Hospital General de Sarawak. Todos los pacientes que recibieron, al menos una dosis de PPI o de H2RA en cualquier forma fueron incluidos en el estudio. La adecuación del tratamiento fue determinada usando las guías disponibles actualmente. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo usando una regresión logística simple para buscar predictores asociados con la elección de PPI en AST profiláctica. Resultados: De los 200 casos presentes en la cohorte, cerca de tres cuartos (75,5; n=160) de los antiácidos fueron usado como profilácticos. Más de la mitad de ellos no tenían una indicación apropiada para AST profiláctica (58,1%, n=93). Entre todos los casos con AST profiláctica, el 75,0% (n=120) eran PPI. La insuficiencia renal fue el factor asociado con el uso de profilaxis con PPI en preferencia a los H2RA (OR=2,86; 95%CI 1,21:6,72, p=0,011). Conclusión: La AST profiláctica inadecuada es una gran problema y podría estar subestimada debido a la ausencia de guías apropiadas. Se requieren más datos para guiar la selección entre PPI y H2RA, específicamente el uso más coste-efectivo de los H2RA en pacientes con riesgo gastrointestinal bajo, o en los que no hay una clara ventaja de los PPI (AU)

Neumoencéfalo como causa de descenso del índice biespectral / Pneumocephalus as a cause of a decrease in the bispectral index

En un paciente sometido a extirpación de un tumor epidermoide del ángulo pontocerebeloso por vía retrosigmoidea derecha con anestesia general, se observó un descenso brusco de los valores del índice biespectral (BIS) con elevación de la tasa de supresión, que probablemente fue debido a la aparición de neumoencéfalo a nivel frontal. No se observó clínica neurológica simultánea, y el paciente fue extubado en la sala de reanimación sin incidencias después de que las cifras del BIS volvieran a elevarse. Se optó por el tratamiento conservador contando con la reabsorción y redistribución del aire (AU)

A sharp decrease in the values of the bispectral index (BIS), along with an increase in suppression rate, was observed in a patient after the removal of an epidermoid tumor in the cerebellopontine angle by right retrosigmoid access under general anesthesia. This was probably related to a frontal pneumocephalus. No accompanying neurological signs were observed. The patient was extubated in the Recovery Room with no further incidents, as the BIS increased again. The neurosurgeons chose conservative treatment, relying on the reabsorption and redistribution of the air (AU)