Organic amendments modulate the crop yield and rhizospheric bacterial community diversity: a 3-year field study with Cajanus cajan / Las enmiendas orgánicas modulan el rendimiento de los cultivos y la diversidad de la comunidad bacteriana rizosférica: un estudio de campo de 3 años con Cajanus cajan

Excessive use of chemicals to enhance soil nutrient status and crop yield has resulted in a decline in soil health. Organic farming promotes organic amendments, which help to balance the ecosystem. Understanding the dynamic patterns of belowground microbial populations is essential for developing sustainable agricultural systems. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the effect of different agri-practices on rhizospheric bacterial diversity and crop yield in an Indian agricultural system. A 3-year field experiment was set up in a randomized block design using Cajanus cajan as a model crop, comparing conventional farming with organic practice (with animal manure and bio-compost as amendments). Plant and rhizospheric soil samples were collected at the harvest stage for assessing various growth attributes, and for characterizing rhizospheric bacterial diversity. Enhanced crop productivity was seen in conventional farming, with a 2.2-fold increase in grain yield over control. However, over the 3 years, an overall positive impact was observed in the bio-compost-based organic amendment, in terms of bacterial abundance, over other treatments. At the harvest stage of the third cropping season, the bacterial diversity in the organic treatments showed little similarity to the initial bacterial community composition of the amendment applied, indicating stabilization along the growth cycles. The study emphasizes the significance of the choice of the amendment for ushering in agricultural sustainability.(AU)

Contribution of Serendipita indica on growth improvement, antioxidative capacity of Dracocephalum kotschyi, and its resistance against cadmium stress / Contribución de Serendipita indica a la mejora del crecimiento, la capacidad antioxidante de Dracocephalum kotschyi y su resistencia al estrés por cadmio

Cadmium pollution is a severe issue worldwide which causes an elevated concern in agriculture. The utilization of plant–microbial interactions offers a promising approach for the remediation of cadmium-polluted soils. To elucidate the mechanism of Serendipita indica-mediated cadmium stress tolerance, a potting experiment was conducted to study the impact of S. indica on Dracocephalum kotschyi plants grown under different cadmium concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). The effects of cadmium and S. indica on plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, and accumulation of cadmium were investigated. The results showed that cadmium stress significantly decreases biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate content concomitantly with increasing antioxidant activities, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide, proline, and cadmium content. Inoculation with S. indica alleviated the adverse effect of cadmium stress by enhancing shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate, proline, and catalase activity. Unlike cadmium stress, the presence of fungus led to a reduction in electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide content as well as the content of cadmium in D. kotschyi leaf which mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrated S. indica inoculation alleviates the adverse effects of cadmium stress in D. kotschyi plants which could prolong their survival under stressful conditions. Due to the importance of D. kotschyi and the effect of biomass increase on the amount of its medicinal substances, exploiting S. indica not only promotes plant growth, but also may be used as a potential eco-friendly method for relieving the phytotoxicity of Cd and remediating Cd-contaminated soil.(AU)

"Las lanzas se convertirán irrevocablemente en arados": el Instituto agrario de Vicente Rocafuerte y José Indelicato (1838-1839) / “The spears shall become plows”: Vicente Rocafuerte and José Indelicato’s agrarian institute (1838-1839)

El artículo se propone analizar la fundación del primer Instituto agrario del Ecuador mediante una reconstitución del itinerario de su director, el médico siciliano José Indelicato, que permitirá esclarecer el doble contexto en que se creó el establecimiento: la difusión del socialismo utópico, que marcó el recorrido de Indelicato, y el auge de la agronomía como ciencia específica, que llevó a la creación de las primeras escuelas de agricultura en Europa y América a principios del siglo XIX.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the creation of the first Ecuadorian Agrarian Institute by reconstructing the travels of its director, the Sicilian doctor José Indelicato, between Europe and America, which will allow us to clarify the context of the Institute’s creation: the spread of utopian socialism, that influenced Indelicato’s trajectory, and the emergence of agronomy as a separate science that led to the creation of the first schools of agriculture in Europe and the Americas at the beginning of the 19th century.(AU)

Analyzing the use of pesticides on health complaints of farmers in Waihatu Village, Indonesia

Objective: The study aimed to find the factors that contributed greatly to health complaints due to use of pesticides. Method: The research using the cross-sectional research design. The sample was determined using a total sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by path analysis using Smart PLS. Results: The result of the study found that the use of pesticides affected the working time t-statistic 3.467. The use of pesticides affects health complaints t-statistic 2.586. Types of pesticides affect working time t-statistic 2. Improper timing of spraying and the frequency of spraying has a bigger impact on farmers’ health complaints. Conclusions: Spraying time has the greatest influence on health complaints. It is recommended that farmers reduce the frequency of spraying more than 2 times a day, spraying time in the morning, and pay attention to the wind direction to reduce exposure and health hazards due to pesticides. (AU)

The linkages between health and agriculture sectors through regional expenditure review

Objective: To analyze government allocations in the health and agriculture sector expenditure and find out their linkages based on the output of each sector. Method: The research was conducted in Bima Regency, Indonesia, by employing descriptive statistical analysis to describe linkages between the health and agriculture sectors. Results: The health sector (including education and infrastructure) is a priority sector in the allocation of regional expenditure with a greater proportion compared to the agriculture sector. However, the allocation of expenditure in the health sector seems to have implications for the improvement of health status, which ultimately affects the production of leading commodities in the agriculture sector as indicated by increased production from year to year. Conclusion: There was a linkage between the performance of health and agriculture sectors as an implication of the allocation of health and agriculture sector expenditure, which was carried out proportionally by the Bima government. In addition, the agriculture sector will strengthen the health sector in terms of nutrition and environmental health. This implies that linkages between agriculture and health sectors are necessary to accelerate development in the country. (AU)

El recurso didáctico de los huertos y las granjas escolares del Programa Edalnu y sus antecedentes (1958-1972) / The didactic resource of school allotments and farms of the Edalnu Program and its antecedents (1958-1972)

El trabajo analiza el antecedente histórico de los huertos y las granjas escolares que promovió el Servicio de Extensión Agraria en sus actividades formativas y divulgativas en la década de 1950; así como la continuidad que tuvieron como unidades educativas desarrolladas en el Programa de Educación en Alimentación y Nutrición (Edalnu) que se puso en marcha en 1961. Como principales fuentes de estudio se han utilizado el Boletín Informativo de Extensión Agraria, con posterioridad Revista de Extensión Agraria así como las publicaciones y documentos que generó el Programa Edalnu y que estaban relacionados con los huertos y las granjas escolares. La implantación de los huertos y granjas ayudó a fomentar la producción local de alimentos protectores, además de mejorar los hábitos alimentarios a nivel escolar y familiar. La aplicación de la metodología de "aprender haciendo" fomentó tanto el aprendizaje por descubrimiento, como el basado en problemas y el aprendizaje servicio. En línea con la corriente historiográfica del tiempo presente y los usos del pasado, la visión integradora del Programa Edalnu, en el que la escuela, el entorno y la familia estaban interconectados, puede servir de ejemplo para las actuales estrategias de educación en alimentación y nutrición

Here, we analyse the creation of school allotments and farms, promoted by the Agricultural Outreach Service as one of its education and training actions in the 1950s, and their continuing existence as educational units within the Food and Nutrition Education Programme (Spanish acronym: Edalnu) launched in 1961. The main sources used in this study were the Boletín Informativo de Extensión Agraria (agricultural outreach newsletter), subsequently named the Revista de Extensión Agraria (agricultural outreach journal), as well as the publications and documents related to school allotments and farms generated by the Edalnu Programme. The implantation of allotments and farms helped to encourage local production of healthy food, as well as improving eating habits by schools and families. Application of the "learning by doing" methodology fostered discovery learning, problem-solving and service. In respect of the history matters and the uses of the past, the integrative vision of the Edalnu Program, in which the school, the environment and the family were interconnected, can serve as an example for the current education strategies in food and nutrition

Estatura y desigualdad nutricional en la España rural mediterránea, 1840-1965: regadío frente a secano / Height and nutritional inequality in rural Mediterranean Spain, 1840-1965: irrigated versus dryland agriculture

Introducción: desde la década de 2000 el estado nutricional de las poblaciones rurales españolas ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de la historia antropométrica. A pesar de este indudable avance, apenas contamos con ensayos comparativos sobre la estatura y la desigualdad biológica entre zonas agrarias de distinta especialización productiva (regadío y secano). Objetivos: analizar la desigualdad del estado nutricional en zonas agrarias de distinta especialización productiva en la España mediterránea (regadío y secano) durante el proceso de modernización. Métodos: usamos los datos de estatura de 146.041 mozos llamados al reclutamiento en diez municipios (72.557 observaciones en regadío y 73.514 en secano). Estimamos promedios de talla, coeficientes de variación y percentiles según zona de secano y regadío. Resultados: entre las cohortes de 1840 y 1965 mejoró el estado nutricional. La altura promedio creció 9,1 cm. En las zonas de regadío fueron más altos que en las de secano (con diferencias de 1,8 cm). Al final del periodo, el mayor incremento de la talla media se registra en el regadío. El análisis de los coeficientes de variación (CV) y de los percentiles muestran, sin embargo, que la desigualdad nutricional fue mayor en las zonas de secano. Conclusiones: se advierten diferencias significativas de talla media según patrones de especialización agraria en la España mediterránea y una clara ventaja relativa en las zonas de riego frente a las de secano. Se discuten distintos factores explicativos que podrían ser futuras líneas de investigación

Introduction: since the 2000s the nutritional status of Spanish rural populations has been studied by anthropometric history. But despite this undoubted progress, we hardly have comparative studies on the height and biological inequality between agrarian zones of different productive specialization (irrigated and dryland agriculture). Objectives: to analyse the nutritional inequality in agrarian zones of different productive specialization in Mediterranean Spain (irrigated and dryland agriculture) during the process of modernization. Methods: we use height data of 146,041 conscripts called for recruitment in ten municipalities (72,557 in irrigated areas and 73,514 in dryland areas). We estimate average height, coefficients of variation and percentiles according to agrarian specialization. Results: between the cohorts of 1840 and 1965 the nutritional status improved. The average height grew 9.1 cm. The conscripts measured in the irrigated areas were higher than the conscripts measured in the dryland areas (differences of 1.8 cm). At the end of the study period, the average height growth was greater in the irrigated ones. The analysis of coefficients of variation (CV) and percentiles show, however, that the nutritional inequality was greater in dryland areas. Conclusions: there are significant differences in the average height according to patterns of agrarian specialization in Mediterranean Spain and a clear relative advantage in irrigated areas versus dryland. Various explanatory factors that could be future research lines are discussed

The food in our future: where will we find ethics? / El alimento en nuestro futuro: ¿dónde encontraremos la ética?

Food and agricultural systems are in large part driven by technology. Together with public policy, the kinds of technologies that are induced into, or chosen by actors in, food systems, dictates their structure and activities. The "Big Story" or ideology which underlies research, development and adoption of technologies provides the justification for choices we make about the future of the food system. A combination of productionism -more is better, and "feed the world"- is what governs, and seems to be what will govern Western food systems. Important ethical questions include whether more is better and whether we will feed the world with our technology and policy. But a parallel question is how will we include critical consideration of the continued legitimacy of our Big Story? This system, after all, has worked well for the past century

Los sistemas alimentarios y agrícolas son, en gran parte, impulsados por la tecnología. Junto con la política pública, las tipologías de tecnologías que están introducidas, o elegidas por los sujetos en los sistemas alimentarios, imponen sus estructuras y actividades. La «Gran Historia» o ideología que subyace a la investigación, al desarrollo y a la adopción de las tecnologías, proporciona la justificación de las decisiones que tomamos sobre el futuro del sistema alimentario. Una combinación de produccionismo -"more is better", y "feed the world"- es lo que gobierna, y parece ser lo que sostendrá, los sistemas alimentarios occidentales. Las preguntas éticas importantes incluyen si «más es mejor» y si vamos a «alimentar al mundo» con nuestra tecnología y política. Sin embargo, una cuestión paralela es, ¿cómo vamos a incluir la consideración crítica de la legitimidad continua de nuestra «Gran Historia»? Este sistema, después de todo, ha funcionado bien durante el siglo pasado

Diálogo de saberes ambientales entre Europa-América. Agroecosistemas oasianos en Baja California Sur s. XVIII-XX / Environmental knowledge dialogue between Wurope and Latin American. Agroecosustems oasiens in Baja California Sur s. XVIII-XX

Desde hace más de dos siglos, las Comunidades Oasianas de Baja California Sur han estado viviendo en íntima conexión con su medio ambiente. Con la llegada de los Jesuitas se produjo un intenso proceso de exterminio biocultural de los saberes sociambientales de esas comunidades, repoblando estas huertas y llanos con población -en muchos casos colonos- procedentes del sur de España-, redimensionado la identidad territorial como ranchera que gestionó los ecosistemas bajo pautas de autosuficiencia y subconsumo, dadas las fuertes constricciones socioambientales de agroecosistemas sudcalifornianos. A inicios del siglo XXI, las comunidades oasianas luchan contra la pérdida de sus saberes comunitarios, enclavados en edenes de enorme potencial biocultural, rescatando y manteniendo los cultivos traídos con la llegada de los jesuitas. Este marco nos permite describir un proceso de colonización de los ecosistemas a lo largo de los dos últimos siglos (AU)

During two centuries, Oasis Communities of Baja California had been living in a intense connection with their environment. With the arrival of Jesuits, a deep extermination of biocultural heritage and socioenvironmental knowledges of these communities, repopulating of vegetable garden and drylands with people - in many cases, settler from the south of Spain - reconstructing the territorial identity as ranchera to manage the ecosystems under pattern of self-competence and under-consumption, due to the strong environmental constraints of lower california agro-ecosystem. At the beginning of XXIth century, Oasis Communities are fighting against the loss of community heritage, embedded in Eden with enormous bio-cultural dimension, rescuing and keeping crops from Europe with the Jesuits arrival. This frame allow us to draw a colonization process of ecosystems during contemporary age (AU)

Paisaje, esclavitud y medio ambiente en la economía cafetalera brasileña: Vale do Paraiba, siglo XIX / Landscape, slavery and environment in the brazilian coffee economy: Vale do Paraiba, XIXth. century

El artículo analiza las estrategias de administración del paisaje y del trabajo adoptadas en las plantaciones esclavistas del Valle de Paraíba a lo largo del siglo XIX. Sostiene que la presencia masiva de la población africana esclavizada, en un contexto local y global muy turbulento, marcado por la competencia entre los diferentes productores mundiales para el control de este artículo y por la intensificación de la resistencia esclava, condujo a la adopción, por los propietarios esclavistas, de las formas de administración del paisaje en sus haciendas que buscaron restringir la autonomía de los esclavos en el proceso de trabajo y, al mismo tiempo, explotar al máximo su capacidad de trabajo. El resultado de estas formas de administración del paisaje y del trabajo fue un proceso de devastación ambiental sin precedentes. En el momento de la crisis de la esclavitud en la década de 1880, estos patrones históricos se volvieron contra los propios esclavistas, que sin embargo lograron mantener el dominio sobre la tierra por medio de una reconfiguración específica de las formas de explotación agraria (AU)

The article analyses the landscape and labor management devices adopted in the nineteenth-century Paraiba Valley slave coffee plantations. It argues that the presence of an enormous mass of enslaved Africans in a turbulent local and global conjuncture framed by world competition between different coffee producers and increasing slave resistance led planters to adopt measures of landscape management that closely restricted slave autonomy in the labor process as they tried to extract the maxim amount of labor from the slaves. The outcome of these forms of landscape and labor management was a process of unprecedented environmental devastation. At the time of slavery crisis in the 1880s, these historical patterns turned against slaveholders, who however managed to maintain dominion over the land by means of a specific reconfiguration of the forms of agronomic exploitation (AU)

Ciencia y saberes locales en la posguerra: la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (AIA) y los programas de modernización de la agricultura en Brasil (1945-1961) / Science and local knowledge in post war: the American Internationa lAssociation (AIA) and the modernizations of agriculture in Brazil (1945-1961)

Este artículo discute la actuación de la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Social y Económico (AIA) en Brasil. La acción de la AIA se caracterizó por un intenso proceso de negociación entre 1946 y 1961. Contemporánea de la emergente ideología de la modernización, la AIA estudió los posibles proyectos adecuados para la América Latina, en especial Brasil y Venezuela. Inspirada en las experiencias norteamericanas del crédito rural, el extensionismo, entre otras estrategias de desarrollo, la agencia procuró adaptar estos modelos a las condiciones locales, partiendo de la base de que, desde el punto de vista de la AIA, los proyectos exitosos en Estados Unidos, si fueran adaptados, tendrían también éxito en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, las experiencias en la provincia brasileña de Minas Gerais demostraron grandes dificultades de ejecución (AU)

It aims to discuss the work of American International Association for Economic and Social Development (AIA) in Brazil. AIA’s work was characterized for a intense process of negotiation with local governments between 1946 and 1961. Contemporary to the rise of the ideology of modernization, AIA introduced some projects which were considered suitable for Latin America, as Brazil and Venezuela in special. Following the American experiences in supervised credit and extension work, this agency tried to adapt this models to local conditions, interpreting that successful projects earlier developed in United States could be also successful in Latin America. On the other hand, these set of experiences in Brazilian states like Minas Gerais had strong difficulties to be developed (AU)

El mango: aspectos agroindustriales, valor nutricional/funcional y efectos en la salud / Mango: agroindustrial aspects, nutritional/functional value and health effects

Objetivo: Revisar y discutir la información más reciente sobre el valor agroindustrial, funcional y nutricional de uno de los frutos de mayor cultivo, exportación y consumo en México: el Mango. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en diversas bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) y documentos de libre acceso (Google Scholar) sobre Mangifera indica L. Esta información fue posteriormente sub-clasificada en aspectos agroindustriales, nutricionales, funcionales y efectos a la salud. Resultados: Uno de cada veinte mangos consumidos mundialmente, es mexicano. 'Ataulfo' es la variedad la de mayor importancia agronómica. El procesamiento mínimo de su pulpa (MP) genera residuos de cáscara (MC) y semilla con alto potencial nutracéutico. MP y MC son buenas fuentes de ascorbato, fructosa, fibra dietarias soluble (MP, almidones y ramnogalacturonanos) e insoluble (MC, ligninas y hemicelulosa) y lípidos funcionales (MP). MP y MC poseen un perfil de compuestos fenólicos (CF) monoméricos (MP) como el acido gálico y el protocatehuico y poliméricos (MC) como la β-PGG asociados con efectos anti-obesigénicos, anti-inflamatorios, anti-cancerigenos y anti-diabeticos. Estos beneficios son dependientes de la bioaccesibilidad (liberación de su matriz alimentaria) y destino metabólico (biodisponibilidad) de estos CF. Discusión: El mango resulta una valiosa fuente de compuestos antioxidantes con comprobado beneficio a la salud. Sin embargo, factores como la variedad, temporalidad de cultivos, tratamientos pre y post-cosecha, extracción de bioactivos y algunas barreras fisiológicas pueden modificar su potencial nutracéutico (AU)

Objective: To review and discuss the latest information on agroindustrial, functional and nutritional value of one of the most produced/consumed fruit crop in México: The mango. Methods: A search was conducted in several databases (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) and public repositories (Google Scholar) on Mangifera indica L. This information was further sub-classified into agroindustrial, nutritional, functional aspects and health effects. Results: One out of twenty mangoes consumed worldwide is Mexican. The variety 'Ataulfo' variety is the most important crop. Minimal processing of its pulp (MP) generates peel (MC) and seeds as biowastes, which have nutraceutical potential. MP and MC are good sources of ascorbate, fructose, soluble (MP, starches and rhamnogalacturonans) and insoluble (MC, lignin and hemicelluloses) dietary fibers as well as functional lipids (MP). MP and MC are good sources of monomeric (MP) phenolic compounds (PC) such as gallic and protocatehuic acids and polymeric PC (MC) such as β-PGG with associated anti-obesigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetic potential. However, these benefits are dependent on their bioaccessibility (release from its food matrix) and metabolic fate (bioavailability). Discussion: Mango is a valuable source of antioxidant compounds with proven health benefits. However, factors such as its variety, seasonality, pre and post-harvest handling, extraction of bioactives and some physiological barriers, can modify their nutraceutical potential (AU)

Quickening nature’s pulse: atomic agriculture at the International Atomic Energy Agency

Mutation breeders in the 1960s seemed poised to use atomic energy to speed up mutation rates in plants in order to develop new crop varieties, for the benefit of all people. Although skepticism had slowed this work in the United States, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nurtured the scientific field, its community of experts, and an imagined version of the future that put humans in control of their destiny. The IAEA acted as a center of dissemination and support for experts and ideas even when they had fallen from favor elsewhere. Through the lens of the IAEA, plant breeding bore the appearance of a socially progressive, ultra-modern science destined to alleviate population pressures. Administrators at the IAEA also were desperate for success stories, hoping to highlight mutation plant breeding as a potential solution to the world’s ills. The community of mutation plant breeders gained a lifeline from the consistent clarion call from the Vienna-based agency to use atomic energy to understand the natural world and quicken its pulse with radioisotopes (AU)

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De plantas y hombre: cómo los genetistas se vincularon a la eugenesia en Brasil (un estudio de caso 1929-1933) / Of plants and men: how geneticists were linked to eugenics in Brazil (1929-1933)

En el presente artículo pretendemos reflexionar sobre la trayectoria de Octávio Domingues (1897-1972) y Salvador Toledo Piza Jr. (1898-1988), dos genetistas de una escuela agrícola del Estado de São Paulo que se vincularon al principal propagador de la eugenesia en Brasil, Renato Kehl (1889-1974). Ese acercamiento se concretó en su asociación alrededor de la publicación del Boletim de Eugenia, importante vehículo de divulgación del movimiento eugenésico entre los años 1929 y 1933. A partir del análisis de esa publicación periódica, ha sido posible detectar que, aunque los dos partían de la teoría mendeliana de la herencia, Toledo Piza Jr. consideraba el mestizaje de la población brasileña como algo que iba en contra de la naturaleza, mientras que Octávio Domingues la juzgaba saludable (AU)

The aim of this article is to analyse the trajectory of Octávio Domingues (1897-1972) and Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr. (1898-1988), two geneticists in the Agricultural School of São Paulo State, who engaged with the main propagandist for the eugenics in Brazil, Renato Kehl (1889-1974). This approach is embodied in its association surrounding the publication of the Boletim de Eugenia, an important vehicle for the dissemination of the eugenics movement between the years 1929 and 1933. From the analysis of this journal, it was possible to detect that even sharing both Mendelian theory of heredity, Toledo Piza Jr. considered miscegenation of the Brazilian population as something against nature, while Octávio Domingues judged it healthy (AU)

Salud ocupacional en agricultura: necesidad de implementar programas ergonómicos en el Perú / Occupational health in agriculture: The need to implement ergonomic programs in Peru

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Riesgos psicosociales y accidentabilidad laboral: investigación y propuestas de actuación / Psychosocial risks and work-related accidents: researchstudies and practical implications

Los accidentes de trabajo constituyen un problema importante por sus graves consecuencias. Las cifras sobre los daños personales y los costes económicos justifican su estudio, sin embargo, diferentes razones (múltiples variables implicadas, mortandad experimental, dificultad de acceder a datos, etc.) explican que no sea atractivo para los investigadores. Aún así los estudios han aumentado en los últimos años, tanto en nuestro país como en los de nuestro contexto. La crisis económica ha agravado el problema al aumentar la precariedad del empleo. Este artículo recoge los principales resultados de dos proyectos de investigación llevados a cabo en el Dpto. de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones de la UNED sobre accidentabilidad laboral. El primero con soldados profesionales, y el segundo en dos sectores de especial peligrosidad, la construcción y la agricultura. Siguiendo clasificaciones previas que distinguen entre variables personales, del puesto de trabajo y de la organización, se revisan los principales modelos explicativos y los datos obtenidos. El artículo finaliza con una serie de recomendaciones prácticas para mejorar la investigación y la praxis en la prevención de accidentes

Work-related accidents are a problem of extreme importance due to their serious consequences. Available data on the level of personal injuries and on the economic cost of work accidents justify their study. However, the amount of variables involved, the difficulty of accessing data and "experimental mortality", among other reasons, may explain why this field is not a highly attractive one for researchers. Nevertheless, over the last few years, research studies related to this area have significantly increased not only in our country but also in neighbouring countries. The economic crisis has worsened this problem as employment has become more precarious. This article summarizes the principal results of two research projects carried out by the Social and Organizational Psychology Department of UNED on work-related accidents. The sample of the first study is made up of professional soldiers and the second, with workers from two especially dangerous sectors, construction and agriculture. Following previous classifications that distinguish between personal, job and organizational variables, we review the main models and data obtained. Several practical recommendations to improve the research in this field as well as the prevention of work-related accidents can be found at the end of this article

Biotecnología: presente y futuro / No disponible

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Salud Pública y política agraria liberal en España. La inspección de sanidad del campo (1910-1918) / Public health and agrarian liberal politics in Spain. The health bureau (1910-1918)

Abordo el significado en la historia de la Salud pública española de la Inspección de Sanidad del Campo (1910-1918) partiendo de fuentes escasamente conocidas producto de una búsqueda sistemática en las revistas médicas de la época y en el Boletín de Agricultura técnica y económica, órgano de la Dirección general de Agricultura. La Inspección dependió del Ministerio de Fomento, al igual que la higiene veterinaria, y su objetivo era proporcionar bases higiénicas para un plan de infraestructuras agrarias, lo que se tradujo en una ingente tarea de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre anquilostomiasis, paludismo, aguas y alimentación. En este sentido resulta un perfecto epítome de la tradición informativa liberal, así como un complemento de la política hidráulica impulsada por Rafael Gasset (AU)

This paper reviews the meaning of the Rural Health Bureau (1910-1918) for the history of Spanish public health, thanks to a wealth of previously unknown sources found through a systematic search through medical journals of the time and the Bulletin of the national department of Agriculture. The Bureau was dependent of the Ministry of Development, in the same way as the competences on animal health. It aimed to provide a public health rationale for a plan of agrarian infrastructures, a goal resolved into a huge task of surveillance on hookworm disease, malaria, water supplies and diet. Thus it becomes a perfect paradigm of the Spanish Liberal tradition of promoting information instead than actual changes into society, as well as a needed complement to the hydraulic policy sponsored by Rafael Gasset (AU)

Compromisos fisiológicos y biomecánicos de la mujer en tareas agrícolas manuales / Physiological and biomechanical requirements of womer in agricultural work manuals

Objetivo: Conocer las demandas funcionales y biomecánicas de las actividades laborales de las mujeres agricultoras. Material y Métodos: Estudio sobre 100 trabajadoras desempeñando tareas agrícolas (siembra: 6, recogida: 5, limpieza: 5 y otras: 3). Se determinó la capacidad física durante la realización del trabajo, evaluando la frecuencia cardiaca, la temperatura oral, la tasa de sudación horaria y el gasto metabólico. El análisis biomecánico analizó la postura, la fuerza y la repetición de acciones utilizando el método MODSI. Resultados: Las demandas fisiológicas no desbordaron los límites funcionales para una jornada de trabajo, pero fueron elevadas en algunas situaciones concretas lo cual asociado con las altas exigencias biomecánicas y las desfavorables condiciones del entorno, generan los llamados momentos de esfuerzo. Conclusión: Se facilitan recomendaciones para utilizar un vestuario y calzado más adecuados, la habilitación de condiciones sanitarias y la utilización de herramientas e instrumentos de trabajo adecuados (AU)

Objetive: Analysed the functional and biomechanical demands of their work activities. Material and Methods: A study was conducted on 100 agricultural workers performing 19 tasks (planting-6, pick-5, and other cleaning-5-3). The physiological assessment consisted of determining the physical capacity through the application of the test step. During the conduct of work, we evaluated the heart rate, oral temperature, the rate of sweats time and energy expenditure. Biomechanical analysis was performed to evaluate the position, strength and repetition of actions using the method MODSI. Results: The physiological demands overflowed no functional limitations for a day of work, but were high in some specific situations which the high demands associated with biomechanical and unfavorable environmental conditions, generating the so-called moments of trying. Conclusions: We established recommendations to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and these were organized in response to the provision of better clothing and footwear, enabling health conditions and use of tools and instruments of service (AU)

El papel del malestar físico y psicológico en los accidentes laborales en la agricultura / The role of physical and psychological distress in occupational accidents in agriculture

La agricultura es uno de los sectores con más accidentes laborales, sin embargo, no se ha profundizado suficiente en el estudio psicosocial de sus riesgos. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación entre diferentes estresores del puesto, el malestar (físico y psicológico) y el número de accidentes laborales en una muestra de 261 agricultores españoles. Para la medida de los estresores laborales se usó una versión adaptada del Cuestionario de Estrés Laboral de Hurrel y McLaney (1988) y para el malestar las escalas correspondientes del Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI; Cooper, Sloan & Williams, 1988). Los resultados muestran que el malestar no influye directamente en los accidentes, pero sí modula el efecto de los diferentes estresores. El estudio concluye indicando algunas medidas para la reducción de la siniestralidad labora y la mejora de la calidad de vida de los agricultores (AU)

Agriculture is one of the sectors with more occupational accidents; nevertheless, its psychosocial risks have not been sufficiently studied. The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between different job stressors, physical and psychological distress and the number of occupational accidents in a sample of 261 Spanish farmers. Job stressors were measured using an adapted version of Hurrel and McLaney´s (1988) Job Stress Questionnaire; distress was measured through the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI; Cooper, Sloan & Williams, 1988). Results show that distress does not have a direct influence over the number of accidents, but it does modulate the effect of different job stressors. The study concludes indicating some measures that can be taken to reduce the rate of occupational accidents and improve farmers´ quality of life (AU)