Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa / Uso de antimicrobianos y resistencia en la producción animal para consumo humano: inocuidad de los alimentos y preocupaciones asociadas en el África subsahariana

The use of antimicrobials in food animal (FA) production is a common practice all over the world, with even greater usage and dependence in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, this practice which serves obvious economic benefits to producers has raised public health concerns over the last decades, thus driving the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and adversely impacting food safety and environmental health. This review presents the current and comprehensive antimicrobial usage practices in food animal production across SSA. We further highlighted the overall regional drivers as well as the public health, environmental, and economic impact of antimicrobial use in the production of food animals. Antimicrobial use is likely to increase with even exacerbated outcomes unless cost-effective, safe, and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, especially probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, vaccines, etc. are urgently advocated for and used in food animal production in SSA. These, in addition to the implementation of strong legislation on antimicrobial use, and improved hygiene will help mitigate the public health concerns associated with antimicrobial use in food animals and improve the well-being and safety of food animals and their products.(AU)

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Workers’ Production of Safe Food / Aplicando la teoría de la conducta planificada para entender la producción de alimentos seguros por los trabajadores

Recent outbreaks of food related illness have brought greater attention to protecting food from contamination. Psychological approaches to behaviors during food processing can contribute to workers’ efforts to keep food safe and avoiding contamination. This study examines the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting self-reported food safety behaviors of turkey-processing workers. Consistent with the TPB, this study suggests that attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavior intention play important roles in understanding how to prevent foodborne contamination. Results also show that background factors, specifically gender, may be important in applying the TPB in specific work settings. Accordingly, salient beliefs that workers hold about food safety play a crucial role in understanding how workers’ behaviors can be aligned with the need to keep food safe and provide guidance for ways in which behaviors in organization can be modified to achieve desired outcomes.(AU)

Brotes recientes de enfermedades relacionadas con los alimentos han atraído una mayor atención a proteger los alimentos de la contaminación. Aproximaciones psicológicas a las conductas durante el procesamiento de alimentos pueden contribuir a los esfuerzos de los trabajadores para mantener seguros los alimentos y evitar la contaminación. Este estudio examina la efectividad de la teoría de la conducta planificada (TCP) para predecir conductas de seguridad alimenticia autoinformadas de trabajadores de procesamiento de pavo. Consistente con la TCP, este estudio sugiere que la actitud hacia la conducta, la norma subjetiva, el control percibido de la conducta y la intención conductual juegan roles importantes para entender cómo prevenir contaminación con origen en los alimentos. Los resultados también muestran que los antecedentes personales, particularmente el género, pueden ser importantes para aplicar la TCP en contextos laborales específicos. Por ello, las conductas más prominentes de los trabajadores sobre la seguridad alimentaria juegan un rol crucial para entender cómo pueden alinearse las conductas de los trabajadores con la necesidad de mantener seguros los alimentos y proporcionan orientación sobre cómo pueden modificarse las conductas en la organización para lograr los resultados deseados.(AU)

Foodomics Approaches to Facilitate the Verification of the Authenticity of Foods: A Possible Strategy to Screen,Validate, and Standardize Food Matrices / Enfoques de Foodomics para facilitar la verificación de la autenticidad de los alimentos: una posible estrategia para evaluar, validar y estandarizar matrices alimentarias

The complexity of globalization, including the global food trade market, has the side effect that various raw foodstuffs are vulnerable to intentional and unintentional adulteration. However, food validation and standardization approaches are still unclear and challenging and need to be explored. Through this opinion article, the author would like to introduce a foodomics approach (Food, -Omics) to facilitate integrated food authenticity verification through biosensors. This approach is potentially suitable and offers more valuable accuracy as it combines biological analysis methods spanning genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Meanwhile, several subdisciplines of Foodomics, such as metallomics, volatomics, and lipidomics, which are considered feasible to facilitate the verification of food authenticity, are also explored in this critical opinion. Foodomics consists of four main omics technologies, namely genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This is an integration of promising approaches to provide standardized food matrices, thus becoming the most likely strategy to verify the authenticity of food. However, after trying to uncover this food authentication problem and provide a Foodomics approach, we felt the need for synergies in building a database capable of storing food matrices in the form of unique genes, bioactive peptides, and secondary metabolites. We hope that through this opinion article, the target database can be formed, although databases such as MEDLINE and PubChem have provided this data facility. In particular, we suggest the development of nanobiosensors that should undoubtedly be environmentally friendly and portable (making use of smartphones) and creating a cloud database capable of storing food matrices in the form of unique genes, bioactive peptides, and secondary metabolites, integrated with smartphone biosensors.(AU)

Anisakiasis: manifestaciones radiológicas / Anisakiasis: imaging findings

Objetivo: Revisar los principales hallazgos radiológicos de la anisakiasis en las diferentes pruebas de imagen que se pueden utilizar en su diagnóstico, basándonos en estudios realizados en nuestro centro. Conclusión: La contaminación alimentaria por Anisakis muestra una tendencia creciente en países occidentales. Habitualmente se presenta como un cuadro de patología abdominal aguda, sin datos clínicos o analíticos característicos. Una anamnesis cuidadosa es clave para descubrir el antecedente de exposición, pero se ve dificultada al ser un proceso poco conocido o sospechado y con un periodo de latencia variable. Al tratarse de cuadros poco específicos, a estos pacientes con frecuencia se les realizan pruebas radiológicas para descartar otros procesos. Por ello, es recomendable familiarizarse con los posibles hallazgos en imagen que permitan incluir la anisakiasis en el diagnóstico diferencial, lo que podría guiar al clínico hacia una anamnesis dirigida y pruebas específicas.(AU)

Objective: To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center. Conclusion: The presence of Anisakis species in food consumed in Western countries is becoming more common. Patients with anisakiasis present with acute abdomen; there are no specific clinical signs or laboratory findings. Careful history taking is key to discovering exposure to Anisakis-contaminated food, but this task is hindered by unfamiliarity with the condition and lack of suspicion and is also confounded by the variable latency period after ingestion of Anisakis-contaminated food. Give the nonspecific presentation, patients with anisakiasis often undergo imaging tests to rule out other processes. Thus, radiologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings that should lead to the inclusion of anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis, so they can guide clinicians toward directed history taking and specific tests.(AU)

Prevention of COVID-19 in retail food stores in Portugal: The importance of regulations in behavioural change / Prevención de COVID-19 en puntos de venta de alimentos en Portugal: la importancia de las regulaciones para el cambio de comportamiento

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Accidental doping. Prevention strategies / Dopaje accidental. Estrategias de prevención

There is growing consumption of nutritional supplements aimed at improving performance because the number of athletes, mainly amateurs, is growing very significantly. This great demand supposes a market of huge proportions, supposing an economic activity that in Spain reached 920 million Euros in the year 2018.This consumption occurs at all levels of sport, from 13% in global numbers, to 100% in some groups of professional sportsmen and women. However, the use of these substances in very few circumstances is done under the advice of a professional, and the athlete takes them on their own. This fact, with the possibility that the product to be taken may contain prohibited substances that do not appear on the labeling, means that an adverse analytical finding can occur in a doping control through so-called accidental doping, which is the use of adulterated or contaminated nutritional supplements containing substances prohibited in sport that have not been declared on the labeling. Between 11.6% and 25.8% of nutritional supplements contaminated with anabolic androgenic steroids have been found to exist. This paper describes the various causes of accidental doping, the substances most frequently used, paying particular attention to the ways of preventing this type of doping based on information and education, product certification and information, the form of prescription, criteria for use and safety of the origin of the products, and precautions followed in case of consumption

Hay un consumo creciente de suplementos nutricionales destinados a mejorar el rendimiento porque el número de deportistas, fundamentalmente aficionados, está creciendo de forma muy importante. Esta gran demanda supone un mercado de proporciones gigantescas, suponiendo un actividad económica que en España alcanzó los 920 millones de euros en el año 2018.Este consume se produce en todos los niveles deportivos, desde el 13 % en cifras globales, hasta el 100 % en algunos grupos de deportistas profesionales. Sin embargo, el uso de estas sustancias en muy pocas circunstancias se realiza bajo al asesoramiento de un profesional y el deportista los toma por su cuenta. Este hecho, junto a la posibilidad de que el producto que se vaya a tomar pueda contener sustancias prohibidas que no figuran en el etiquetado supone que se pueda producir un hallazgo analítico adverso en un control de dopaje a través del denominado dopaje accidental que consiste el que se produce por consumir suplementos nutricionales adulterados o contaminados que contienen sustancias prohibidas en el deporte que no se han declarado en el etiquetado. Se ha comprobado que existe entre el 11,6 y el 25,8% de suplementos nutricionales contaminados con esteroides androgénicos anabolizantes. En este trabajo se describen las diversas causas de dopaje accidental, las sustancias más frecuentemente utilizadas prestando una especial atención a las formas de prevención de este tipo de dopaje que se basan en la información y educación, en la certificación e información de los productos, en la forma de prescripción, en los criterios de uso y seguridad del origen de los productos y en las precauciones que se deben tomar en caso de consumirlos

Ochratoxin A: occurrence and carry-over in meat and meat by-products. A Review

Mycotoxins are common toxic metabolites present in cereals and vegetal raw materials, which are commonly included in animal feed. Ochratoxin A (OTA) has generally been detected in plant origin foodstuffs such as cereals, coffee, dried fruits, nuts, among others. However, it has been also detected in meat and meat by-products, especially those derived from pork, which is the most sensitive specie to OTA exposure. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could lead to undesirable residues in food products of animal origin, which constitute an important part of daily diets. Thus, although contents reported in animal by-products are lower than those reported in products of vegetal origin, there is also a public health concern about the possible ingestion of edible animal products contaminated by mycotoxins, as their entry into the food chain may cause adverse effects on human health. No maximum levels have been set for OTA in animal by-products, although its presence in meat and meat products made from contaminated raw materials has been widely reported, reaching high levels in some cases. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence and the carry-over of OTA in meat products, especially focused on the last years

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Listeriosis: realidad de un brote alimentario / Listeriosis: key facts of an outbreak

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Brote de hepatitis A asociado a un manipulador de alimentos en Bizkaia, 2017 / Hepatitis A outbreak associated with a food handler in Bizkaia, 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: La notificación de un caso de hepatitis A en un manipulador de alimentos de una pastelería y de 5 casos en trabajadores de una empresa tras consumir productos de la misma dio lugar a una investigación de brote. MÉTODOS: Se definieron como casos las personas con infección por el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) confirmada por el laboratorio, con comienzo de síntomas en junio y que, durante el periodo de incubación, trabajaron con el manipulador y/o tuvieron contacto estrecho con él y/o consumieron productos de la pastelería. Se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica y se tomaron muestras de sangre para analizar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-hepatitis A. Se realizó la caracterización molecular por PCR, secuenciación de la región VP1/2A y análisis filogenético con el método de máxima verosimilitud, bootstrap 1000 (software MEGA 7.0). RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 14 casos primarios: 11 relacionados con el consumo de productos de la pastelería, 2 compañeros de trabajo del manipulador y un contacto familiar. Los 12 virus secuenciados eran genotipo IA, coincidiendo con una de las cepas (RIVM-HAV16-090) responsable de los brotes producidos en ese momento en Europa y que afectaban fundamentalmente a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. CONCLUSIONES: Se debería reforzar la vacunación frente al VHA de grupos de riesgo para prevenir brotes futuros. La implementación del uso del tipado molecular en casos de hepatitis A podría mejorar la investigación de brotes, que se puede esperar que aumenten en el futuro debido al descenso de inmunidad en la población

INTRODUCTION: The reporting of one case of hepatitis A in a food handler at a bakery and five cases in employees of a company after consuming products from the same bakery prompted an outbreak investigation. METHODS: Outbreak cases were defined as individuals with laboratory-confirmed hepatitis A (HAV) infection, with symptoms which started in June and who, during the incubation period, worked with the food handler and/or had close contact with him and/or consumed products from the bakery. Epidemiologic questionnaires were performed and blood samples were obtained to be tested for the presence of anti-hepatitis A antibodies. Molecular characterisation was carried out by PCR, sequencing of the VP1/2A region and phylogenetic analysis with the maximum likelihood estimation method, bootstrap 1000 (MEGA 7.0 software). RESULTS: A total of 14 primary hepatitis A cases were identified: eleven cases related to the consumption of products from the bakery, two cases among co-workers of the food handler, and one case was a household contact. All 12 sequenced viruses were genotype IA, matching one of the strains (RIVM-HAV16-090) responsible for the outbreaks occurring at that time in Europe, mostly affecting men who have sex with men. CONCLUSIONS: HAV vaccination of at-risk groups should be reinforced in order to prevent future outbreaks. Increasing the use of molecular typing in hepatitis A cases could improve the investigation of outbreaks, which can be expected to increase in the future because of decreasing immunity in the population

Wheat storage proteins: changes on the glutenins after wheat infection with different isolates of Fusarium graminearum

Wheat gluten proteins are decisive for the industrial properties of flour, so alterations resulting from grain infection with Fusarium graminearum produce changes in the glutenin content that affect the baking properties. This work analyzes the high-molecular-weight glutenin changes from wheat flour with different degrees of F. graminearum infection at field, since these proteins are determinant for the quality properties of flour. Wheat cultivars-on field trials-infected with F. graminearum isolates of diverse aggressiveness showed severity values between 9.1 and 42.58% and thousand kernel weight values between 28.12 and 32.33 g. Negative correlations between severity and protein content and positive correlations between yield and protein content were observed, employing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the protein signal changes were in agreement for both methodological approaches. Also, the degree of disease observed and the protein changes on infected wheat cultivars varied in relation with the aggressiveness of the isolate responsible for the infection. The principal component analysis showed a close arrangement among protein values obtained by HPLC. For each cultivar, two principal components were obtained, which explained 80.85%, 88.48%, and 93.33% of the total variance (cultivars Sy200, AGP Fast, and Klein Tigre respectively). To our knowledge, the approaches employed for the analysis of protein changes according to the degree of disease, as well as the thorough statistical analysis, are novel for the study of Fusarium Head Blight

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Consumo de psicofármacos y exposición a toxinas bacterianas vehiculizadas por alimentos: una asociación peligrosa / Consumption of psychoactive drugs and exposure to bacterial toxins carried by food: a dangerous association

Objetivo: Describir y analizar desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico un brote de toxiinfección alimentaria en una institución de enfermos psiquiátricos de Granada, en 2015, y examinar si el tratamiento con psicofármacos constituye un factor de riesgo para desarrollar una toxiinfección alimentaria, analizando los grados de susceptibilidad según el grupo terapéutico consumido. Método: Estudio ambispectivo de cohortes. La unidad de análisis fueron los residentes. Se realizó búsqueda activa de casos, encuesta alimentaria y búsqueda de otros riesgos, e inspección alimentaria. Se estudiaron variables de persona, lugar y tiempo. Análisis descriptivo (frecuencias absolutas y relativas), cálculo de las tasas de ataque por pabellón y por menú. Análisis bivariado (ji al cuadrado, t de Student) y riesgo relativo como medida de la fuerza de asociación. Análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística para el análisis de riesgos de la medicación. Resultados: Se contabilizaron 18 casos con diarrea sin fiebre (periodo de incubación de 6-16 horas), de carácter leve y autolimitado. Las manifestaciones clínicas, la agrupación temporal de casos y las características de los alimentos ingeridos centraron la sospecha en una toxina bacteriana. A igualdad en el resto de variables, los grupos terapéuticos N03AF y N03AG confirieron mayor riesgo de enfermar (odds ratio [OR]: 8,626; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2,050-36,308; p=0,003; y OR: 14,516; IC95%: 3,155-66,784; p=0,001, respectivamente). Conclusión: La disminución del tránsito intestinal causada por la administración de antiepilépticos puede aumentar el tiempo de exposición de la mucosa intestinal a la toxina, aumentando el riesgo de enfermar y de padecer complicaciones. Debe realizarse un esfuerzo higiénico suplementario en este tipo de instituciones para prevenir estas afecciones

Objective: To describe and analyse from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, a food borne outbreak in a psychiatric institution in Granada, in 2015, and to examine whether treatment with psychoactive drugs constitutes a risk factor for the development of a food borne disease, analysing the degree of susceptibility according to the therapeutic group consumed. Method: Ambispective cohort study. Residents were the unit of analysis. Our group carried out an active case search and a food survey. A search for other risks was developed as well as a food inspection. Location, time and individual variables were studied. A descriptive analysis was conducted (absolute and relative frequencies). Calculation of attack rates by building and by menu was made. Bi-variant analysis (Chi-square test, t-Student test) and relative risk were used as a measure of strength of association. For risk analysis of medication, a multivariate analysis using logistic regression was carried out. Results: 18 cases with diarrhoea without fever were found (incubation period from 6 to 16hours). Cases were mild and self-limiting. The clinical manifestations, the temporal grouping of cases and the characteristics of the ingested foods, focussed suspicion on a bacterial toxin. Being equal in the rest of variables, the N03AF, and N03AG therapeutic groups confer greater risk of disease (odds ratio [OR]: 8.626; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.050-36.308; p=0.003; and OR: 14.516; 95%CI: 3.155-66.784; p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Decreased intestinal transit, caused by the administration of anticonvulsants, may increase exposure time of the intestinal mucosa to the toxin, increasing the risk of disease and suffering from complications. An additional hygienic effort should be made in this type of institution to prevent these pathologies

Los microplásticos entran en la cadena alimentaria / No disponible

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Detection of egg and milk residues on work surfaces in school canteens in the Hortaleza District, Madrid and their relevance to children with allergy to these food groups

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Qualidade microbiológica de dieta livre e viabilidade para pacientes imunossuprimidos / Microbiological quality of regular diet and viability for immunosuppressed patients

Introdução: O câncer é uma enfermidade caracterizada pelo crescimento desordenado de células anormais cujo tratamento pode desencadear imunossupressão. Pacientes imunossuprimidos são mais susceptíveis a micro-organismos oportunistas, que em contato com o organismo, podem levar a quadros infecciosos graves. Assim, a dieta para imunossuprimidos é utilizada com a finalidade de diminuir o risco de doenças transmitidas por alimentos, através da restrição de alimentos como vegetais crus e as frutas com casca fina. Objetivo: Verificar a qualidade microbiológica da dieta livre e a viabilidade de sua oferta para pacientes imunossuprimidos Métodos: Pesquisou-se nos meses de abril a maio de 2016, 120 amostras de componentes da dieta livre (arroz, feijão, prato proteico, guarnição, salada e fruta). As amostras foram submetidas à análise microbiológica de acordo com a legislação vigente para quantificação de Coliformes a 45ºC, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sulfito redutor e análise de presença de Salmonella sp, seguindo metodologia preconizada pela American Public Health Association. Resultados: Todas as amostras analisadas estavam em conformidade com a legislação vigente. Discussão: Estudos demonstram que a relação entre dieta para imunossuprimidos e diminuição do risco de contaminantes alimentares e infecção permanece contraditória. A prevalência de complicações ou desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis são maiores entre pacientes que ingerem a dieta neutropênica ou aparecem neutras, quando comparadas a dieta livre. Em contrapartida, a aceitação alimentar pela dieta neutropênica é reduzida e visível a piora do estado nutricional do paciente. Conclusão: Foi considerada viável a oferta de dieta livre aos pacientes imunossuprimidos

Introduction: Cancer is a disorder characterized by the disordered growth of abnormal cells whose treatment can trigger immunosuppression. Immunosuppressed patients are more susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms, which in contact with the organism, can lead to serious infectious conditions. Thus, the immunosuppressed diet is used to reduce the risk of foodborne illness by restricting foods such as raw vegetables and fruits with thin bark. Objective: Verify the microbiological quality of the geral diet and the viability of its offer for immunosuppressed patients.Methods: From April to May 2016, 120 samples of free diet components (rice, beans, protein plate, garnish, salad and fruit) were investigated. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis according to the current legislation for the quantification of Coliforms at 45ºC, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sulfite reducer and analysis of the presence of Salmonella sp, following a methodology recommended by the American Public Health Association. Results: All samples analyzed were in compliance with current legislation. Discussion: Studies have shown that the relationship between diet for immunosuppressed and decreased risk of food contaminants and infection remains contradictory. The prevalence of unfavorable complications or clinical outcomes is greater among patients who ingest the neutropenic diet or appear neutral when compared to the geral diet. On the other hand, the food acceptance by the neutropenic diet is reduced and the deterioration of the nutritional status of the patient is visible. Conclusion: The availability of geral diet to immunosuppressed patients was considered feasible

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Defensa Alimentaria:revisión de herramientas y estrategias / Food Defense: tools review and strategies

La defensa alimentaria se refiere principalmente a la contaminación intencional del suministro de alimentos, amenazando de esta manera la seguridad de la cadena agroalimentaria lo que puede significar grandes riesgos e inmensurables impactos. La prevención de la contaminación de los alimentos y la reducción de la probabilidad de la contaminación deliberada y el conocimiento de los peligros son los primeros pasos para construir unas estrategias efectivas de food defense y requieren un esfuerzo recurrente en toda la cadena de suministro de alimentos. La naturaleza intencional de estos riesgos ofensivos que se pueden originar en el entorno interno o externo de la industria alimentaria, significa que se deben considerar diferentes factores y se requieren diferentes tácticas para avanzar más allá de los enfoques de seguridad alimentaria comunes. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre técnicas básicas de defensa alimentaria sigue siendo limitado. En el presente estudio, se exploran conceptos básicos de food defense para delimitar la vulnerabilidad alimentaria a nivel del fabricante, los proveedores y los clientes de la industria alimentaria así como las bases de un sistema de vigilancia sensible y programas de capacitación en comunicación

Food defense refers mainly to the intentional contamination of the food supply, thus threatening the safety of the agri-food chain, which can mean great risks and huge impacts. The prevention of food contamination and the reduction of the likelihood of deliberate contamination and knowledge of hazards are the first steps to build effective food defense strategies and require a recurring effort throughout the food supply chain. The intentional nature of these offensive risks that may originate in the internal or external environment of the food industry means that different factors must be considered and different tactics are required to move beyond common food security approaches. However, knowledge about basic food defense techniques remains limited. In the present study, basic food defense concepts are explored to delimit food vulnerability at the level of the manufacturer, suppliers and customers of the food industry, as well as the foundations of a sensitive surveillance system and communication training programs

Theophilus Redwood, héroe de la farmacia británica, primer Presidente de "The Society of Public Analysts". Parte I / Theophilus Redwood, hero of the British pharmacy, first President of "The Society of Public Analysts". Part I

En este trabajo se incide en el tema de la adulteración de los alimentos en Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII en la etapa previa a la creación de la "Society of Public Analysts". En la lucha contra el fraude alimentario y los aspectos que ello conlleva (analíticos, legales, educativos) radica el origen de esta asociación, que sigue a la "Chemical Society" en antigüedad en lo que respecta a las de ámbito científico. Theophilus Redwood, farmacéutico, uno de los héroes de la farmacia británica, fue su primer presidente. Con el tiempo "The Society of Public Analysts" pasa a ser "The Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, que otorga el "Theophillus Redwood Award" a los analistas que se destacan además de por sus trabajos científicos por su capacidad de comunicación. Se comentan detalles de la vida de Redwood, de su vinculación con la "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", la "British Pharmacopeia", y la Farmacia Práctica. Redwood fue Presidente del 5º Congreso Internacional de Farmacia celebrado en Londres, una de las etapas previas a la creación de la Federación Internacional Farmacéutica (FIP)

The topic of adulteration in Great Britain during the 18th century before the formation of the Society of Public Analyst is dealt with in this paper. It is in the fight against the food fraud and relating subjects, e.g. analytical, legal and educational, where the origin of this society is found. This association of scientific area follows the "Chemical Society" in antiquity. Theophilus Redwood, pharmacist, one of the heroes of the British pharmacy was his first president. With the time "The Society of Public Analysts" became the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, who grants the Theophillus Redwood Award to praise analysts who are characterized by this communication ability in addition to this scientific work. Details of the life and work of Redwood are commented, as well as of his entail by the "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", the "British Pharmacopeia", and the Practical Pharmacy. Redwood was President of 5º International Congress of Pharmacy celebrated in London, one of the stages in the creation of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

Overview on the safety of commercial products containing metallic nanoparticles in the food sector / Seguridad de los productos comerciales que contienen nanopartículas metálicas en el sector alimentario

The objective of this work was to highlight the importance of testing in a realistic way, metallic nanoparticles-based products, used in the food sector in order to provide representative data for a realistic and accurate risk assessment. To this end we give a brief overview of the current use and applications of metallic nanoparticles in the food industry, how the toxicological evaluations of nanoparticles in food should be performed and how nanoparticles-based products are regulated worldwide. This brief overview work provides a picture of the latest issues on the safety evaluation of metallic nanoparticles in the food sector and identifies also some major points that are important to take into consideration for future studies

El objetivo de este trabajo fue resaltar la importancia de analizar de forma realista los productos que contienen nanopartículas metálicas utilizados en el sector alimentario a fin de proporcionar datos representativos para una evaluación de riesgos realista y precisa. Con este fin, presentamos una breve descripción del uso y de las aplicaciones actuales de las nanopartículas metálicas en la industria alimentaria, cómo deben realizarse sus evaluaciones toxicológicas en los alimentos y cómo están regulados los productos de nanopartículas a nivel internacional. Este breve trabajo general proporciona una visión de los problemas más actuales sobre la evaluación de la seguridad de las nanopartículas metálicas en el sector alimentario e identifica también algunos puntos importantes a tener en cuenta para futuros estudios

Effect of water activity and temperature on the growth of Eurotium species isolated from animal feeds / Efecto de la actividad del agua y la temperatura en el crecimiento de especies de Eurotium aisladas de alimentos para animales

Background. Xerophilic fungi represent a serious problem due to their ability to grow at low water activities causing the spoiling of low and intermediate moisture foods, stored goods and animal feeds, with the consequent economic losses. Aims. The combined effect of water activity and temperature of four Eurotium species isolated from animal feeds was investigated. Methods. Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium chevalieri, Eurotium repens and Eurotium rubrum were grown at 5, 15, 25, 37 and 45°C on malt extract agar adjusted with glycerol in the range 0.710-0.993 of water activities. Results. The cardinal model proposed by Rosso and Robinson (2001) was applied to fit growth data, with the variable water activity at fixed temperatures, obtaining three cardinal water activities (awmin, awmax, awopt) and the specific growth rate at the optimum aw (μopt). A probabilistic model was also applied to define the interface between growth and no-growth. The cardinal model provided an adequate estimation of the optimal aw to grow and the maximum growth rate. The probabilistic model showed a good performance to fit growth/no-growth cases in the predicted range. Conclusions. The results presented here could be applied to predict Eurotium species growth in animal feeds (AU)

Antecedentes. Los hongos xerófilos son un problema importante debido a su capacidad de crecer a bajas actividades del agua, lo que causa el deterioro de alimentos a humedades bajas e intermedias, de materias primas almacenadas y de piensos para animales, con las consecuentes pérdidas económicas. Objetivos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio sobre el efecto de los factores ambientales (temperatura y actividad del agua) sobre el crecimiento de cuatro especies pertenecientes al género Eurotium aisladas de piensos para animales. Métodos. Se estudió el crecimiento de Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium chevalieri, Eurotium repens y Eurotium rubrum a valores de actividad de agua en el rango 0,710-0,993 en el medio de cultivo agar extracto de malta modificado con glicerol, y valores de temperatura de 5, 15, 25, 37 y 45°C. Resultados. El modelo cardinal propuesto por Rosso y Robinson (2001) se aplicó para realizar el ajuste de datos con la actividad del agua como variable a una temperatura fija; se obtuvieron tres valores cardinales de actividad del agua (awmin, awmax, awopt) y la tasa de crecimiento específico en el valor óptimo de aw (μopt). También se aplicó un modelo probabilístico para definir la interfase entre crecimiento y no crecimiento. El modelo cardinal presentó una adecuada estimación del awopt y la máxima velocidad de crecimiento. El modelo probabilístico fue adecuado para el ajuste de los casos de crecimiento/falta de crecimiento en el rango previsto. Conclusiones. Los resultados presentados en este artículo pueden aplicarse para pronosticar el crecimiento de especies de Eurotium en piensos para animales (AU)

Delitos alimentarios y protección penal de la salud pública / Food offenses and criminal protection of public health / Delictes alimentaris i protecció penal de la salut pública

Se plantea la relevancia y legitimidad de sancionar penalmente la llamada responsabilidad por el producto, con independencia de la posible imputación por homicidios, lesiones o/y estafa. Se utiliza un ejemplo de fraude alimentario como evidencia de la estructura, relevancia y legitimidad de la responsabilidad penal por el producto. La responsabilidad penal requiere que el producto sea nocivo e idóneo para afectar la seguridad en el consumo

The main question of legality and relevance for criminal product liability regardless of judgment for homicide, injuries or/and fraud. Case of massive «fraud» is used as evidence for structure, relevance and legality of criminal product liability. Criminal liability requires a product, which is a threat to people's health

Es planteja la rellevància i legitimitat de sancionar penalment l'anomenada responsabilitat pel producte, amb independència de la possible imputació per homicidis, lesions o/i estafa. S'utilitza un exemple de frau alimentari com a evidència de l'estructura, rellevància i legitimitat de la responsabilitat penal pel producte. La responsabilitat penal requereix que el producte sigui nociu i idoni per afectar la seguretat en el consum

Food additives, contaminants and other minor components: effects on human gut microbiota-a review

Gut bacteria play an important role in several metabolic processes and human diseases, such as obesity and accompanying co-morbidities, such as fatty liver disease, insulin resistance/diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Among other factors, dietary patterns, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and non-dietary factors, such as stress, age, exercise, and climatic conditions, can dramatically impact the human gut microbiota equilibrium and diversity. However, the effect of minor food constituents, including food additives and trace contaminants, on human gut microbiota has received less attention. Consequently, the present review aimed to provide an objective perspective of the current knowledge regarding the impacts of minor food constituents on human gut microbiota and consequently, on human health