Diseño y validación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil / Desenho e validação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão esportiva do futebol feminino / Design and validation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceived quality in sports management of women’s soccer

El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar la creación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil. El muestreo fue intencional por conveniencia, con un total de 332 jugadoras y un rango de edad de entre los 18 y 51 años (M= 20.92; DE= 3.59). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de validez de constructo por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) así como un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) seguido de análisis de fiabilidad y varianzamedia extractada. El instrumento creado fue el GEDECAFF. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales mostraron 36 ítems divididos en 4 factores: (1) Interacción con el entrenador, (2) Instalaciones, (3) Servicio de personal e (4) Institucional; los indicadores de pertinencia fueron apropiados y explican el 76.25% de la varianza total. Los índices de ajuste, error y chi cuadrado son adecuados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 y RMSEA = .07, χ2/gl = 2.17. Los resultados muestran que Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald por factores está por encima de .90. En conclusión, el cuestionario GEDECAFF presenta las propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias y atiende las necesidades de los servicios ofrecidos por los distintos clubes, dando oportunidad a la mejora continua de la calidad del servicio en el futbol femenil.(AU)

The purpose of this study is to design and validate the creation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of theperceived quality in the sports management of women's soccer. The sampling was intentional for convenience, with a total of 332 soccer players and an age range between 18 and 51 years (M = 20.92; SD= 3.59). Construct validity analyses were carried out using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by reliability analysis and extracted mean variance. The instrument created was the GEDECAFF. The result of the factor analysis showed 36 items divided into 4factors: (1) Interaction with a coach, (2) Facilities, (3) Personal service, and (4) Institutional; the relevance indicators were adequate, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The fit and error indices are adequate CFI = .90, TLI = .89, and RMSEA = .07, regarding the χ2/df = 2.17. The results show that Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega by factors is above .90. In conclusion, the GEDECAFF questionnaire presents the appropriate psychometric properties and meets the needs of the services offered by the different women's soccer clubs, opening an opportunity for continuous improvement in the quality of service in women's soccer.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foivalidar a criação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão desportiva do futebol feminino. A amostra foi intencional por conveniência, com um total de 332 jogadores de futebol e faixa etária entre 18 e 51 anos (M= 20.92; DP= 3.59). As análises de validade de construto foram realizadas por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória (EFA), bem como uma análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA), seguida de análise de confiabilidade e variância média extraída. O instrumento criado foi o GEDECAFF. Os resultados das análises fatoriais mostraram 36 itens divididos em 4 fatores: (1) Interação com o formador, (2) Instalações, (3) Atendimento Pessoal e (4) Institucional; os indicadores de relevância foram adequados, explicando 76.25% da variância total. Os índices de ajuste e erro são adequados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 e RMSEA = .07, em relação ao χ2/df = 2.17. Os resultados mostram que o Alfa de Cronbach e o ômega do McDonald's por fatores estão acima de 0,90. Em conclusão, o questionário GEDECAFF apresenta as propriedades psicométricas adequadas e atende às necessidadesdos serviços oferecidos pelos diferentes clubes de futebol feminino, abrindo uma oportunidade de melhoria contínua na qualidade do serviço no futebol feminino.(AU)

Psychophysiological responses during the microcycle with the start of the national championship: A case study of a volleyball team

The aim of the study was to monitoring psychophysiological responses among volleyball players in the microcycle with a high-performance competition game scheduled. Methods: Ten male athletes (26.6 ± 5.3 years) from an adult volleyball team participated in the study. The variables session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR), Well-being questionnaire (WB), testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol Ratio (T:C ratio) were evaluated during the microcycle before the game. Results: Differences were observed in the daily training load (F = 23.776; p < 0.001), TQR (F = 10.687; p < 0.001), WB (F = 6.736; p < 0.001), cortisol (F = 8.253; p < 0.001) and T:C ratio (F = 3.862; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The behavior of the variables fluctuated with factors such as training load, number of training days and time off, and due to the psychophysiological stress of the match. (AU)

Associations between workload, myosin isoforms and performance on professional male basketball. A 4 seasons follow up

The aim of this study was to determine associations between workload, myosin isoforms, and performance in professional basketball, by following the progress of a professional basketball team over four consecutive seasons. Thirty male professional basketball players (age, 27.6 ± 4.1 years;height, 200.1 ± 9.4 cm;weight, 98.5 ± 12.6 kg) from an elite professional basketball team participated in this retrospective observational study. To analyze muscle response and which types of fiber were most involved, fast and myosin in serum were evaluated from three blood samples taken during the season, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Parameters recorded were: exposure time,. Slow and fast myosins for muscle responses. Competitions won, ranking, and mean points scored for performance. Average values per season analysed were 280.1 ± 58 h of exposure to practice,1440.58±533.46µlmol/L of fast and 1178.75±427.75 µmol/L of slow myosin. Performance, assessed as team ranking was 6879.5 ± 985.37 u.a. per season and 90.72±2.79 u.a. per game, winning 7 competitions. Large negative relationships could be observed between slow myosins and exposure time (rho=−0.63;p=.02); There were possible associations between slow myosins and player mean performance per game (R2=0.98;p<.01) and team performance outcomes achieved (R2=0.83;p = 01) during these four seasons. Higher slow serum myosin values could be related to higher exposure time, and lower slow serum myosin values could be associated with better player and team performance. (AU)

Leveraging Information Technology for Rapid Product Development in Sports Equipment: A Sport Psychology Perspective / Aprovechamiento de la tecnología de la información para el desarrollo rápido de productos en equipos deportivos: una perspectiva de la psicología del deporte

Athletes constantly push the limits of their talents in the competitive world of sports, where greatness is the goal. Sports equipment, which has developed from simple tools into complex extensions of the athlete, is at the center of this quest. Information technology is now driving innovation in sports equipment, with developments like computer-aided design and data analytics. Sports gear affects the athlete's mental state and is more than a physical accessory. This research investigates the integration of sport psychology and information technology in the design of sporting goods. It demonstrates how these seemingly unrelated fields work together to produce a comprehensive strategy that improves equipment performance and supports players' psychological well-being. The intersection of sport psychology and information technology is the basis of our investigation. Due to this synergy, technology can now collect and analyze information on athletic performance and psychological states. As a result, athletes and their gear have a close relationship since the equipment is tailored to each athlete's unique characteristics. By satisfying both physical and psychological requirements, this integration enables athletes to perform at previously unheard-of heights.(AU)

Consecuencias judiciales de lesiones en instalaciones deportivas murales y opinión docente sobre seguridad en escalada escolar / Legal consequences of injuries in wall sports facilities and teachers views on school climbing safety

La prevención en el ámbito escolar y deportivo abarca una pluralidad de fuentes y factores presentes en los centros educativos e instalaciones deportivas. Pese a que el espacio de mayor siniestralidad es el patio y la propia cancha deportiva, son también destacados los accidentes en centros escolares o deportivos que implican estructuras murales, tanto en interior como exterior. Cualquier recinto o edificio, máxime cuando esté dedicado a una utilización formativa, deportiva o lúdica, debería estar sometido a una evaluación periódica, tanto por sus responsables directos, como de los propietarios. Se empleó una metodología combinada, de revisión no sistemática y observacional. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda jurídica desde 1998-2023 en el Centro de Documentación Judicial del Consejo General del Poder Judicial de las sentencias sobre accidentes en instalaciones murales escolares y deportivas; a la par también se envió un cuestionario sobre seguridad y gestión de riesgo para conocer la opinión del profesorado de educación primaria y secundaria en actividades de trepa-escalada. Se localizaron 10 condenas que cumplían los criterios necesarios, relativas sobre todo de accidentes, habitualmente con indemnización por daños. Se concluye que la mayoría de lesiones no intencionadas en el ámbito escolar y deportivo en instalaciones murales deportivas y escolares, no son graves. La jurisprudencia existente, centrada en rocódromos y pistas de pádel, advierte que se debe mejorar la gestión y mantenimiento de las paredes para evitar reclamaciones. En esta línea, el profesorado de educación primaria y secundaria participante en el estudio se queja de que la falta y escaso mantenimiento de sus instalaciones de trepa-escalada, así como de adecuada formación y recursos para un mejor control de uso. En general, son partidarios de compartir parcialmente la gestión de riesgos con el alumnado, evitando situaciones de riesgo alto o fuera de control. (AU)

Prevention in the school and sports environment encompasses a plurality of sources and factors present in schools and sports facilities. Although the area with the highest accident rate is the playground and the sports field itself, there are also accidents in schools and sports centres involving wall structures, both indoors and outdoors. Any site or building, especially when it is used for educational, sporting or recreational purposes, should be subject to periodic evaluation, both by those directly responsible for it and by the owners. A combined methodology of non-systematic and observational review was used. To this end, a search was carried out from 1998-2023 in the Judicial Documentation Centre of the General Council of the Judiciary for judgements on accidents in school and sports facilities; at the same time, a questionnaire on safety and risk management was also sent out to find out the opinion of primary and secondary school teachers in climbing activities. Ten convictions were found that met the necessary criteria, mainly relating to accidents, usually with compensation for damages. It is concluded that the majority of unintentional injuries in the school and sports environment in school and sports wall facilities are not serious. Existing case law, focusing on climbing walls and paddle tennis courts, warns that the management and maintenance of walls must be improved to avoid claims. In this line, the primary and secondary school teachers participating in the study complain about the lack and poor maintenance of their climbing facilities, as well as the lack of adequate training and resources for better control of use. In general, they are in favour of partially sharing risk management with pupils, avoiding high-risk or out-of-control situations. (AU)

Association between VO2max, anthropometrical measures and change of direction test in young soccer players / Asociación entre V02max, medidas antropométricas y test de cambio de dirección en futbolistas jóvenes

Objective: The use of the aerobic system is especially relevant due to the duration of the soccer game. In fact, the correct development of the aerobicsystem benefits the soccer player giving greater energy efficiency because the continuous change of energy system due to the intermittent nature of thegame causes a high consumption of glycogen. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate oxygen consumption by means of the Yo-Yo intermittenttest and anthropometrical measures, and different COD (change of direction) tests in young soccer players and to observe their possible relationship. Methods: A total of forty-seven young male soccer players (age= 15.7 ± 1.2 years; height = 188.8 ± 5.8 cm, and body mass= of 75.7 ± 8.3 kg; 7.6 ± 2.0 yearsof experience) from the region of Baleares, Spain, performed the Yo-yo test and subsequently, COD was evaluated by tests in the following order (i) V-cuttest; (ii) 505-COD test; and (iii) Illinois test. Results: A correlation analysis between VO2max and BMI revealed a moderate negative correlation, r=-0.35, p=0.01, and between VO2max and 505-COD,showed a large negative correlation, r=-0.55, p=0.001. Conclusions: The finding of the present study reveals that there is no relationship between VO2max and agility. Therefore, there is no single method toimprove VO2max and agility since both are independent variables. The different agents involved should take this into account if they want to improveVO2max and plan some aerobic resistance exercises; and to improve agility they must plan agility exercises separately.(AU)

Objetivo: El uso del sistema aeróbico es especialmente relevante debido a la duración del partido de fútbol. De hecho, el correcto desarrollo del sistemaaeróbico beneficia al futbolista otorgándole una mayor eficiencia energética ya que el continuo cambio de sistema energético debido a la naturalezaintermitente del juego provoca un alto consumo de glucógeno. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar el consumo de oxígeno mediante la pruebaYo-Yo intermitente y medidas antropométricas, y diferentes pruebas COD (cambio de dirección) en jóvenes futbolistas y observar su posible relación. Métodos: Un total de cuarenta y siete jóvenes futbolistas masculinos (edad= 15.7 ± 1.2 años; altura = 188.8 ± 5.8 cm, y masa corporal= de 75.7 ± 8.3 kg;7.6 ± 2.0 años de experiencia) de la región de Baleares, España, realizó la prueba Yo-yo y posteriormente, se evaluó la DQO mediante pruebas en elsiguiente orden (i) prueba de corte en V; (ii) prueba 505-COD; y (iii) prueba de Illinois. Resultados: Un análisis de correlación entre VO2max e IMC reveló una correlación negativa moderada, r=-0.35, p=0.01, y entre VO2max y 505-CODmostró una correlación negativa grande, r=-0.55, p=0.001. Conclusiones: El hallazgo del presente estudio revela que no existe una relación entre el VO2max y la agilidad. Por lo tanto, no existe un método único paramejorar el VO2max y la agilidad ya que ambas son variables independientes. Los diferentes agentes implicados deberían tener esto en cuenta si quierenmejorar el VO2max y planificar algunos ejercicios de resistencia aeróbica; y para mejorar la agilidad deben planificar ejercicios de agilidad por separado.(AU)

Impact of Coaches' Positive Behavior with Moderation of Players' Emotions on Psychological Empowerment and Players' Performance / Impacto del comportamiento positivo de los entrenadores con moderación de las emociones de los jugadores en el empoderamiento psicológico y el rendimiento de los jugadores

This study aims to investigate the effect of coaches' good behavior on players' psychological empowerment and performance in Saudi Arabia. It is seen that the players' performance is affected when they are not correctly cared. The coaches do not train the players with their mindsets and emotions in mind. In domestic-level sports, player performance and psychological empowerment are declining with time. Saudi Arabian football players are surveyed using a Likert scale to acquire the data for this study. A partial least square–structural equation model is employed for data analysis. The study indicated that the influence of coaches' good behavior on psychological empowerment and player performance is substantial. As the newly established links are added to the existing body of literature, the model generated by the current research is novel and a significant contribution to the body of knowledge. The study has important implications for the management and coaches of various teams in their efforts to enhance their players' performance and psychological empowerment. Moreover, the future paths of the present study are outstanding for scholars who wish to extend the model of player performance.(AU)

Physical exercise has control over players' emotions and psychological capital: A moderating role of coach behavior / El ejercicio físico tiene control sobre las emociones y el capital psicológico de los jugadores: Un papel moderador del comportamiento del entrenador

This is quantitative research employing a cross-sectional research design for data collection. This study's theoretical approach is intended to evaluate the impact of physical exercise on players' emotions and psychological empowerment in Saudi Arabia, with the coach's behavior as a moderator. There are no substantial reasons for this link presented by the studies in the literature. The players with destructive emotions and low psychological empowerment are unsuitable for the team because they hinder its performance. Empowering the players psychologically is essential for team performance. According to the research, athletes' emotions and psychological empowerment improve when they engage in appropriate exercise under the guidance of a committed coach. The research revealed practical consequences that are important for managing various teams to strengthen the players' psychological empowerment and improve their moods. This research improves the theoretical understanding of player emotions and psychological empowerment by introducing two direct linkages and two moderating relationships. The future recommendations of this study are endorsed for researchers contemplating work in the field of psychic empowerment and psychological control of players.(AU)

Injury epidemiology in the men’s and women’s Spanish rollerhockey league: a descriptive study / Epidemiología lesional en la liga española de hockey patines masculina yfemenina: un estudio descriptivo

The purpose of the present study is to describe the injury patterns among male and female athletes of the Spanish Rink hockey league. A cross-sectional study was performed, concerning the time-loss injuries (the athlete is prevented to participate in a training session / game because of the injury registered by the medical staff of every team. 137 athletes were included (98 male, age 26.7 ± 5.9 years; 39 female, age 23.3 ± 4.6 years). Ninety-four time-loss injuries were recorded, being the most frequent the muscle injury (38 episodes, 40.4%), especially the ones affecting the adductor longus muscle (23 episodes, 60,5% of the muscle injuries). The majority of the registered injuries were classified as mild (1-7 days of time-loss) but the and the median return-to-play was 19.4 ± 29.6 days. Eight episodes of reinjury were described (8.5% of total injuries) and 2 injuries required surgical treatment (2.1% of total injuries). Concerning female athletes, we can highlight a increased number of ligament injuries in the lower limbs compared with male athletes and the absence of tendinopathies causing time-loss. The knee injuries were the injuries with a higher return-to-play in goalkeepers. The present study is the first to describe the injury patterns among rink hockey elite athletes and must set a starting point to study and prevent injuries in this sport.(AU)

El propósito del presente estudio es describir los patrones lesionales durante una temporada de los deportistas de la máxima competición masculina y femenina de Hockey Patines en España. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las lesiones con baja deportiva (el/la deportista no puede participar como mínimo en un entrenamiento o partido debido a la lesión) recogidas por los equipos biomédicos de cada equipo. Se estudiaron 137 deportistas (98 hombres, con una media de edad de 26,7 ± 5,9 años y 39 mujeres con una media de edad de 23,3 ± 4,6 años) Se recogieron un total de 94 lesiones con baja deportiva, siendo las más frecuentes las lesiones musculares (38 episodios, 40,4% de las lesiones totales), en especial del músculo aductor largo (23 episodios, 60,5% de las lesiones musculares). La mayoría de lesiones registradas fueron leves (1-7 días de baja deportiva) aunque el tiempo medio de baja fue de 19,4 ± 29,6 días. Se recogieron 8 episodios de relesión (8,5% de las lesiones totales) y 2 lesiones que precisaron tratamiento quirúrgico (2,1% de las lesiones totales). Al estudiar a las deportistas femeninas destaca que presentaron un mayor número de lesiones ligamentosas de extremidades inferiores en comparaciones con los varones y no se describió ningún episodio de tendinopatía.Al estudiar las lesiones específicas de los porteros/as se evidenció que las lesiones que causaban más baja deportiva eran las lesiones de rodilla. El presente estudio es el primero en describir las lesiones en jugadores/as de primer nivel de hockey patines y debe marcar un punto de partida para el estudio y prevención de las lesiones en este deporte.(AU)

Effects of psychological factors on players’ performance with the mediation role of player’s satisfaction / Efectos de los factores psicológicos en el desempeño de los jugadores con el papel de mediación de la satisfacción del jugador

Nowadays, most of the players from Chinaare unable to perform outstandingly because of the effects of psychological factors which limit them and it is very common that these factors even don’t allow the players to perform accordingly. Hence, the primary objective of the current study is to investigate the role of psychological factors which affect a player’s performance particularly with the mediation role of the player’s satisfaction.To obtain the outcomes of the current study, a quantitativeresearch approach was adopted. 760 football playerswho were the respondents of the current study were surveyed for the collection of primary data. Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to evaluate the final outcomes from the primary data.From the outcomes of the current study, it is obvious that a player’spsychological factors such as punctuality, mood, competition, and commitment have a positive effect on the player’s satisfaction and performance.The current study is helpful for the players particularly from Chinato boost their performances and satisfaction level. Moreover, the current study also helps the sports industry of Chinato increase players’ performances.(AU)

Relación entre los conflictos intra-grupo y el rendimiento en deportes colectivos: efecto mediador de la eficacia colectiva / Relação entre conflitos intra-grupo e desempenho em esportes coletivos: efeito mediador da eficácia coletiva / Relationship between intra-group conflicts and performance in collective sports: mediator effect of collective efficacy

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el conflicto intra-grupo y el rendimiento percibido a final de temporada, y examinar como actúa la eficacia colectiva como variable mediadora en esta asociación. Participaron 420 jugadores semi-profesionales y amateurs (M = 22,40; DT = 4,71) de baloncesto, balonmano, fútbol y voleibol. Los resultados mostraron que el conflicto intra-grupo (tarea y social) se relacionó negativamente con el rendimiento percibido del equipo, y que la eficacia colectiva mostró resultados significativos actuando como mediadora entre la relación de el conflicto intra-grupo (tarea y social) y el rendimiento percibido del equipo. Por lo tanto, es importante destacar que los conflictos intra-grupo parecen empeorar las percepciones sobre el rendimiento grupal y que la eficacia colectiva puede suavizar esta relación negativa, consiguiendo un aumento en el la percepción de los jugadores sobre el rendimiento del equipo a final de temporada. (AU)

The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between intra-group conflict and team perceived performance at the end of the season, and to examine the mediating effect of collective efficacy on this relationship. 420 semi-professional and amateur players (M = 22,40; SD = 4,71) of basketball, handball, soccer and volleyball participated. The results showed that intra-group conflict (task and social) was negatively related to team performance and collective efficacy showed significant results acting as a mediator between the relationship of intra-group conflict (task and social) and team perceived performance. Therefore, it is important to highlight that intra-group conflict seems to worsen the collective functioning and that collective efficacy can soften this negative relationship, achieving an increase in team performance at the end of the season. (AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre conflito intra-grupo e desempenho percebido no final da temporada, e examinar como a eficácia coletiva atua como uma variável mediadora nesta associação. Participaram 420 jogadores semiprofissionais e amadores (M = 22,40; DT = 4,71) de basquete, handebol, futebol e voleibol. Os resultados mostraram que o conflito intra-grupo (trabalho de casa e social) estava negativamente relacionado ao desempenho percebido da equipe e que a eficácia coletiva apresentou resultados significativos atuando como mediador entre a relação do conflito intra-grupo (trabalho de casa e social) e o desempenho percebido da equipe. Portanto, é importante destacar que o conflito intra-grupo parece agravar o funcionamento coletivo da equipe e que a eficácia coletiva pode amenizar essa relação negativa, conseguindo um aumento na percepção do desempenho da equipe no final da temporada. (AU)

Impact of two sport education units on learning outcomes in primary school / Impacto de dos unidades didácticas de educación deportiva sobre objetivos de aprendizaje en educación primaria / Impacto de dúas unidades didáticas de educação esportiva nos objetivos de aprendizagem do ensino fundamental

The purposes of the study were (a) to explore the effect of two-Sport Education units (basketball and floorball) on game performance and game knowledge of Primary Education students according to their skill level, and (b) to know whether there were differences according to the sport taught (basketball and floorball). The participants were 33 students from two primary school classes. This study followed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were obtained through a cuasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. Qualitative data were obtained after the intervention. Two teaching units (basketball and floorball) were applied in two different classes, one class experienced the basketball unit and the other the floorball unit and vice versa. We analysed game performance variables (decision making, skill execution, game performance, game involvement) and game knowledge. Students' performance was also measured using qualitative data which were collected through two methods: (a) experts' analysis on game performance of students, and (b) students' and teacher's perception of students´ performance with Sport Education. The results were affected both the sport taught and the skill level of students. The teacher emphasized that it was very complex for the primary students to understand some tactical and technical concepts, especially in floorball. At the primary level, student previous experience with the content and skill level conditioned the results in the variables related with game performance and knowledge. It is suggested that enacting Sport Education units of invasion games with implement such as floorball, at the primary level, might require more explicit instruction and longer teaching units in order to guarantee a minimum level of technical and tactical improvement. (AU)

Los objetivos del estudio fueron: (a) explorar el efecto de dos unidades didácticas de educación deportiva (baloncesto y floorball) sobre el rendimiento de juego y el conocimiento de alumnado de educación primaria, de acuerdo con su nivel de habilidad, y (b) conocer si hubo diferencias de acuerdo con el deporte (baloncesto y floorball). Los participantes fueron 33 alumnos de dos clases de educación primaria. Este estudio siguió un enfoque de métodos mixtos. Los datos cuantitativos se obtuvieron mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental pretest-postest. Los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron después de la intervención. Se aplicaron dos unidades didácticas (baloncesto y floorball) en dos clases diferentes, una clase experimentó la unidad de baloncesto y la otra la de floorball y viceversa. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con el rendimiento de juego (toma de decisión, ejecución técnica, rendimiento de juego, implicación en el juego) y el conocimiento. Los resultados de aprendizaje del alumnado fueron también analizados utilizando datos cualitativos del: (a) análisis realizado por expertos y (b) la percepción de los propios alumnos y el maestro. Los resultados fueron afectados por el deporte enseñado y el nivel de habilidad del alumnado. El maestro enfatizó que fue complejo para el alumnado de primaria comprender determinados conceptos tácticos y técnicos, especialmente en floorball. En educación primaria, la experiencia previa del alumnado con el contenido y el nivel de habilidad condicionó los resultados de las variables relacionadas con el rendimiento de juego y el conocimiento. Se sugiere que las unidades didácticas basadas en el modelo de educación deportiva en deportes de invasión con implemento, como ocurre en floorball en educación primaria, podría requerir de una instrucción más concreta y unidades didácticas más largas con el fin de garantizar un nivel mínimo de aprendizaje técnico y táctico. (AU)

Os objetivos do estudo foram: (a) explorar o efeito de duas unidades didáticas de educação esportiva (basquete e floorball) no desempenho de jogo e no conhecimento de alunos do ensino fundamental, de acordo com seu nível de habilidade, e (b) saber se houve diferenças de acordo com o esporte (basquete e floorball). Os participantes foram 33 alunos de duas turmas do ensino fundamental. Este estudo seguiu uma abordagem de métodos mistos. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos por meio de um desenho pré-teste-pós-teste quase experimental. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos após a intervenção. Duas unidades didáticas (basquete e floorball) foram aplicadas em duas turmas distintas, uma aula experimentou a unidade de basquete e a outra a unidade de floorball e vice-versa. Variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho do jogo (tomada de decisão, execução técnica, desempenho do jogo, envolvimento no jogo) e conhecimento foram analisadas. Os resultados de aprendizagem dos alunos também foram analisados com base em dados qualitativos de: (a) análise realizada por especialistas e (b) a percepção dos próprios alunos e do professor. Os resultados foram afetados pelo esporte ensinado e pelo nível de habilidade dos alunos. O professor enfatizou que foi difícil para os alunos do ensino fundamental entender alguns conceitos táticos e técnicos, principalmente no floorball. No ensino fundamental, a experiência prévia dos alunos com o conteúdo e o nível de habilidade condicionou os resultados das variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho e conhecimento do jogo. Sugere-se que a utilização de unidades didáticas baseadas no modelo de educação esportiva em esportes de invasão com implemento, como ocorre no floorball no ensino fundamental, poderia exigir instrução mais específica e unidades didáticas mais longas para garantir um nível mínimo de aprendizagem técnico e tático. (AU)

Analysis of public management, Psychological work attention, and athletes performance in sport industries / Análisis de la gestión pública, la atención al trabajo psicológico y el rendimiento de los atletas en las industrias deportivas

In this research study, the author looks at China's accomplishments in a range of games or sports. As a country with an increasingly global presence over the past few decades, China’s sports record has drawn the consideration of several games’ specialists and fans. This research study presents an analysis of public management, the psychological work attention and athletes’ performance in the field of sports in China. The present study is based on primary data collected through several specific questions related to psychological work attention and sport performance. The public management and psychological work attention are independent variables and athletes’ performance is identified as a dependent variable. For further data analysis, the study uses STATA software, ANOVA test, graphical test analysis, and the cumulative variables test analysis normally used in this form of research. Results show that there are significant relationships between public management, psychological work attention and athletes’ performance. As of late, there has been a great deal of conversation about the advancement of a sports culture in China and how and why China distinguishes from other nations in this respect. Finally, the investigation concludes with a discussion of the research outcomes as well as recommendations for future research on this subject.(AU)

The Role of Athletic Psychology, Athlete Engagement in Athletic Performance and Athletes Sports Success in China: Does Coaching Behavior Moderates? / El papel de la psicología atlética, el compromiso de los atletas en el rendimiento atlético y el éxito deportivo de los atletas en China: ¿Modera el comportamiento el entrenamiento?

Athletes’ sports success is the driving element for the continued success of the sports centers globally and for this reason, has piqued the interest and attention of contemporary scholars and regulators. Thus, the present study investigates into the impact of athletic psychology and athlete engagement on athletic performance and athletic performance impacts on the athletes’ sports success of the sports center in China. This study also examines the mediating impact of athletic performance among the nexus of athletic psychology, athlete engagement and athletes’ sports success and also explores the moderating role of coaching behavior among the nexus of athletic performance and athletes’ sports success. Questionnaires are used to gather the data, and smart-PLS has been used to test the relations among variables. The results have shown thatathletic psychology and athlete engagement have a positive association with athletic performance and athletic performancehas a positive association with athletes’ sports success of the sports centers in China. The results also indicate that athletic performance significantly mediates among the nexus of athletic psychology, athlete engagement and athletes’ sports success while coaching behavior significantly moderates among the nexus of athletic performance and athlete’s sports success.(AU)

Coaches’ leadership behavior, motivational atmosphere and athletes’ motivational internalization: the perspective of self-determination theory / Comportamiento de liderazgo de los entrenadores, atmósfera motivacional e internalización motivacional de los atletas: la perspectiva de la teoría de la autodeterminación

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the leadership behaviour of coaches and the relationship between the mastery motivational atmosphere and the respective sub-dimensions of basic psychological needs. This is done with a view to better solve the path selection and optimization problem noted in coaches' leadership behaviour’s effectiveness based on the self-determination theory.Methods: This research focuses on volleyball players and uses the maximum likelihood method to estimate the hypothetical model by ccarrying out the path coefficient significance test.Results: In the incentive atmosphere of cooperative learning, athletes will continue to find problems, correct mistakes, and improve their understanding of training and competition. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the training-related guidance of coaches plays a key role in the construction of an incentive atmosphere of cooperative learning.Conclusion: The coaches’ positive behaviours, tolerance of failure, and encouragement of attempts can help build a task-oriented motivational atmosphere, and through the transfer of athletes to realize the internalization of external incentives, athletes show a positive behaviour orientation.(AU)

The Effect of Teammates Support on Player’s Free-Throws Effectiveness / El efecto del soporte de compañeros de equipo en la efectividad de tiros libres del jugador

Free-throw is the only isolated and stable situation in basketball where psychological aspects can be isolated during the competition. The aim of the current study is to analyze the effectiveness of free-throws according to the number of teammates who supported (i.e., showed affection) the shooter before throwing. The study sample included 319 free-throws of men's and women's semi-finals and finals of the Spanish Under-16 and Under-14 Championship. The results showed significant differences when receiving affection in the free-throws after a foul. The significant variables are the shooter’s free-throws percentage during the game and in the first free-throw. This finding leads the author to suggest that coaches should dedicate enough time to practice the free-throw as an individual task in the training sessions, as well as encouraging teammates’ cohesion and affection when the shooter is performing a free-throw.(AU)

Characteristics of Athletes' Psychological State before Competition and the Correlation Analysis of the Psychological State of Athletes of Different Levels / Características del estado psicológico de los atletas antes de la competición y el análisis de correlación del estado psicológico de los atletas de diferentes niveles

This article analyzes the mental state data of athletes, and concludes that depression has a strong correlation with mental states such as potential risk of suicide and anxiety. Static features include some basic attributes of athletes, which are related to depression through hypothesis testing and regression analysis. Dynamic features are constructed from the mental state data generated by athletes on the playing field, which can represent athletes’ consumption related to changes in athletes’ behavior. This paper analyzes the principle of the interactive multi-model algorithm in more detail, and solves the problem of the uncertainty of the target athlete's mental state measurement points and the target athlete's mental state. Aiming at the problem of the target athlete’s mental state loss during the evaluation process, the expanded correlation gate is applied to this algorithm. When the target athlete’s mental state is manoeuvring and no effective measurement can be detected in the correlation gate, the correlation gate gradually expands. At the same time, in order to reduce the computational complexity of the new algorithm as much as possible, the pre-defined sampling interval method is used to adaptively adjust the evaluation sampling period to balance the judgment accuracy of the athlete's mental state. The results of the study show that the self-confidence of each athlete representative team is generally higher, which is basically above the average level. Only a few teams have not reached the average level of self-confidence. No difference is found in the self-confidence subscale between men and women's volleyball teams. In the individual failure anxiety subscale, the top three teams are all lower than the overall average, and the individual failure anxiety of other athlete teams is higher. Physical anxiety levels of the top three teams are below the overall average level, and the level of physical anxiety is not high.(AU)

Perceived Exertion in Small Sided-Games Internal Load Quantification in Wheelchair Basketball Players / Cuantificación de la carga interna en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas

The present study seeks to analyse the physiological responses, differential perceived exertion and perceived load of wheelchair basketball (WB) players during a small sided games (SSG) and to analyse the existence or not of differences studied variables according to whether or not they have a spinal cord injury and the age of the players. This study makes a total of 128 observations of a single format SSG (4 vs. 4 players with a duration of 4 min). The players with a spinal cord injury obtain a lower mean heart rate (HR Mean) and a lower peak HR (HR Peak) in the SSG than players without a spinal cord injury (p < 0.001; ES = 0.9 to 1.1; large). However, players with a spinal cord injury show higher respiratory (RPE res) and muscular (RPE mus) perceived exertion than players without a spinal cord injury as well as record a higher respiratory (RPE res TL) and muscular (RPE mus TL) load (p < 0.001; ES = -0.7 to -0.8, moderate-large). Related to age groups, the results obtained demonstrate that players < 30 years old obtain higher HR Mean, HR Peak, tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; ES = -1.1; high), RPE res, RPE mus, RPE res TL and RPE mus TL (p < 0.001; ES = -0.7 to -0.9; moderate-large) than players > 30 years in the SSG. The impairment (whether they have a spinal cord injury or not) and the age of the players can affect the internal load in a SSG and the perceived exertion method can provide additional information about the load, especially among players with a spinal cord injury.(AU)

Does High-Quality Leadership Ensure Physical Well-Being of Athletes in China? Resolving Mystery of Team Identification and Burnout / ¿El liderazgo de alta calidad garantiza el bienestar físico de los atletas en China? Resolviendo el misterio de la identificación y el agotamiento del equipo

The main purpose of this research study is to examine the influence of high-quality leadership on promoting the physical wellbeing of Chinese athletes under the role of team identification and burnout. In order to fulfill that aim, high-quality athlete leadership based independent variable is categorized into two sub categories i.e. 1) athlete’s own perceived leadership quality and 2) leadership quality of athlete’s leader. In methodological terms, the study draws on online survey-based data (n=384) from athletes, coaches, experts and decision-makers in China wherein the majority were adult male athletes with two to five years' experience within the sports industry. After this, the correlation, hypothesis testing, and mediating and moderating effects based statistical outcomes are used to justify/ nullify the hypothesis. According to its statistical outcome, there is a significant positive relationship existing between athlete’s own perceived leadership quality and physical well-being, and between leadership quality of athlete leaders and physical well-being. Moreover, team identification also plays a significant mediating role within the relationship of athlete’s own perceived leadership quality and physical well-being, and between leadership quality of athlete’s leaders and physical well-being. However, its fifth hypothesis becomes nullified, concluding that there is no significant moderating role of burnout between team identification and physical well-being. As far as its implications are concerned, it becomes clear that its authentic data can be utilized by Chinese sports authorities, their athletes, coaches, decision-makers and policy-makers in upcoming sports projects. In addition to them, related field scholars can also re-use its reliable data in their literature review and outcome interpretation.(AU)

Analyzing Sportsman Intentions to Stay in a Team from Branding and Talent Management Perspective in China: Mediating Role of Player Recruitment Strategy, Sports Team Climate and Career Success / Analizar las intenciones de los deportistas de permanecer en un equipo desde la perspectiva de la marca y la gestión del talento en China: papel mediador de la estrategia de reclutamiento de jugadores, clima del equipo deportivo y éxito profesional

The most important goal of successful human resource management of a sports organization is to ensure the intention of the players to stay in the organization and to attract talented players from outside. The basic purpose of the current study is to explore the impact of sports employer branding orientation and talent management on players’ intention to stay along with the mediating impact of effective recruitment strategy, sports team climate and subjective career success. In other words, this study has been designed to understand the ways through which the retention and attraction levels of talented players can be increased. For this purpose, data has been collected from 394 players that are playing for different football clubs in China. The results indicate that player branding orientation has a positive but an insignificant impact on players’ intention to stay. However, the impact of the other independent variable i.e. talent management has a significant and positive impact on player intention to stay. As far as the mediating variables are considered, it has been found out in the results that all the mediating variables i.e. effective recruitment strategy, sports team climate and subjective career success have significant mediating impact in both cases i.e. in the relationship between sports employer branding orientation and player intention to stay; and in the relationship between talent management and player intention to stay. Various theoretical, practical and policy-making implications of this study have been thoroughly discussed by the researcher in the concluding sections.(AU)