Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa / Uso de antimicrobianos y resistencia en la producción animal para consumo humano: inocuidad de los alimentos y preocupaciones asociadas en el África subsahariana

The use of antimicrobials in food animal (FA) production is a common practice all over the world, with even greater usage and dependence in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, this practice which serves obvious economic benefits to producers has raised public health concerns over the last decades, thus driving the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and adversely impacting food safety and environmental health. This review presents the current and comprehensive antimicrobial usage practices in food animal production across SSA. We further highlighted the overall regional drivers as well as the public health, environmental, and economic impact of antimicrobial use in the production of food animals. Antimicrobial use is likely to increase with even exacerbated outcomes unless cost-effective, safe, and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, especially probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, vaccines, etc. are urgently advocated for and used in food animal production in SSA. These, in addition to the implementation of strong legislation on antimicrobial use, and improved hygiene will help mitigate the public health concerns associated with antimicrobial use in food animals and improve the well-being and safety of food animals and their products.(AU)

La legitimación del carnismo y el especismo. Una aproximación cualitativa a los discursos del alumnado universitario / The legitimation of carnism and speciesism. A qualitative approach to speeches of university students

El hecho de que el ser humano se haya alimentado con productos de origen animal desde sus inicios ha provocado que esta cuestión alimentaria sea vista como una necesidad y no como una elección. No obstante, las personas que comen productos de origen animal están influenciadas por un sistema de creencias, muchas veces invisible, denominado carnismo. Este trabajo ahonda, mediante una aproximación cualitativa, en tal sistema de creencias y analiza las justificaciones que utilizan los individuos para tratar a unas especies de animales como comida y a otras como mascotas. Concluyendo que, aunque se utilizan múltiples argumentos para respaldar este consumo tales como la necesidad, el gusto, la economía o la comodidad, es la falta de empatía hacia los demás animales lo que perpetúa la ideología carnista

The fact that the human being has been fed animal products since its inception has made people accept this food supply as a necessity rather than a choice. However, people who include animal products in their diet are influenced by a belief system, often invisible, called carnism. This paper explores this belief system through a qualitative approach, as well as analysing the justifications that individuals use for the different treatment given to animals. Some are used as food, as opposed to those considered pets. Concluding that, although many arguments are used to support this consumption such as the need, taste, economy, or comfort, is the lack of empathy for other animals which perpetuates the carnist ideology