The Variation of the Patellar Height in Total Knee Arthroplasties and its Relationship with the Replacement or not of the Patella / Variação da altura patelar nas artroplastias totais do joelho e sua relação com a substituição ou não da patela

Abstract Objective To compare the measurement of patellar height in the pre- and postoperative period of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) and its variation in patients with and without patellar replacement. Methods Retrospective evaluation of radiographs of patients submitted to TKA between 2014 and 2020. Profile radiographs were evaluated using the modified Caton-Deschamps patellar height index, comparing the pre- and postoperative measurements of 90 patients, with a total of 100 knees. Next, two groups were compared with a different surgical technique, considering the replacement or not of the patella. All patients who had x-rays evaluated had indication of TKA by osteoarthrosis without previous procedures that could interfere at patellar height. Results The statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference, with the preoperative index superior to the postoperative rate, evidencing an overall decrease in patellar height. The Caton-Deschamps index modified for mean preoperative TKA was 1.41 (±0.25), and it was 1.31 (± 0.25), p< 0.001for postoperative TKA. No significant difference was found in the variation of this index when comparing the groups with and without patellar replacement. The mean difference of the index in the group without patella was 0.11, and 0.08 in the group with patella, and this difference was considered nonsignificant, p= 0.510. Conclusion We can conclude that patellar height had significant variation in the total group, with reduction of patellar height in the postoperative period. However, the height did not vary significantly between the postoperative groups with and without patellar replacement, regardless of the choice of the surgeon.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a medida da altura patelar no pré- e pós-operatório das artroplastias totais do joelho (ATJs) e sua variação nos pacientes com e sem substituição patelar. Métodos Avaliação retrospectiva de radiografias de pacientes submetidos a ATJ entre 2014 e 2020. Foi feita a avaliação de radiografias em perfil, usando o índice de altura patelar de Caton-Deschamps modificado, comparando as medidas do pré- e pós-operatório de 90 pacientes, totalizando 100 joelhos. A seguir, foi feita a comparação de dois grupos, com técnica cirúrgica distinta, considerando a substituição ou não da patela. Todos os pacientes que tiveram radiografias avaliadas tiveram indicação de ATJ por osteoartrose sem procedimentos prévios que pudessem interferir na altura patelar. Resultados A análise estatística demonstrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, sendo o índice pré-operatório superior ao pós-operatório; evidenciando um abaixamento global da altura patelar. O índice Caton-Deschamps modificado para ATJ pré-operatório médio foi de 1,41 (±0,25), e o pós foi de 1,31 (±0,25), p< 0,001. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa na variação deste índice quando comparados os grupos com e sem substituição patelar. A diferença média do índice no grupo sem patela foi de 0,11 e no grupo com patela foi de 0,08, sendo esta diferença considerada não significativa, p= 0,510. Conclusão Podemos concluir que a altura patelar teve variação significativa no grupo total, com redução da altura patelar no pós-operatório. Entretanto, a altura não variou de forma significativa entre os grupos pós-operatórios com e sem substituição patelar, independentemente da opção do cirurgião.

Impact of asymptomatic genu recurvatum on patellar mobility in young males / Impacto do genu recurvatum assintomático na mobilidade patelar em jovens do sexo masculino

BACKGROUND: Genu recurvatum is one of the most commonly presented lower extremity postural malalignments in individuals. Though genu recurvatum and its impact on impaired knee proprioception, anterior cruciate injuries and posterior soft tissue dysfunctions are reported, its association with patellar mobility is scarcely reported and warrants exploration. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the medial and lateral patellar mobility differences in adult young males with genu recurvatum and normal knee alignment. METHODS: The ethical approval for this cross-sectional study protocol was obtained and the study was conducted in Research Department of Alva's College of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Moodubidire, DK, Karnataka, India. The study participants were recruited through an institutional-based musculoskeletal and sports clinic. The estimated sample size for this study was 174. A total of 87 young males with genu recurvatum and 87 young males with normal knee alignment fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled in two groups. Participants' knee joint was examined by an assessor and individuals with > 5° knee hyperextension were assigned to genu recurvatum group, and individuals with knee extension < 5° from neutral were assigned to the normal knee alignment group. Further, the patellar glide test was performed to examine the presence of patellar hypermobility in both groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in genu recurvatum and normal knee alignment group was 22.04 + 1.860 and 21.91 + 1.869, respectively. A significant higher proportion (86.2%) of participants with genu recurvatum identified with patellar hypermobility compared to normal knee alignment. Within the genu recurvatum subjects, 66.66& and 19.54% were observed to have medial and lateral patellar hypermobility. The odds for occurrence of patellar hypermobility in genu recurvatum was estimated to be 13.007 (95%, CI, 5.481 ­ 30.866), respectively. CONCLUSION: The study result suggests that medial patellar hypermobility is more common in individuals with genu recurvatum. Further study investigating on the mechanism contributing towards medial patellar mobility in genu recurvatum populations could validate the present study findings.

INTRODUÇÃO: Genu recurvatum é um dos desalinhamento posturais dos membros inferiores mais comumente apresentado em indivíduos. Embora o genu recurvatum e seu impacto na propriocepção prejudicada do joelho, lesões cruzadas anteriores e disfunções dos tecidos moles posteriores sejam relatados, sua associação com a mobilidade patelar é pouco relatada e merece exploração. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as diferenças de mobilidade patelar medial e lateral em homens adultos do sexo masculino com genu recurvatum e alinhamento normal do joelho. MÉTODOS: O protocolo do estudo foi explicado e a aprovação ética para o protocolo do estudo foi obtida e o estudo foi conduzido no Departamento de Pesquisa do Alva's College of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Moodubidire, DK, Karnataka, India. Os participantes do estudo foram recrutados por meio de clínica musculoesquelética e esportiva de base institucional. O tamanho estimado da amostra para este estudo foi de 174. Um total de 87 jovens do sexo masculino com genu recurvatum e 87 jovens do sexo masculino com alinhamento normal do joelho foram incluídos em dois grupos. A articulação do joelho dos participantes foi examinada por um avaliador e os indivíduos com hiperextensão do joelho > 5° foram designados para o grupo Genu recurvatum, e os indivíduos com extensão do joelho < 5° do neutro foram designados para o grupo de alinhamento normal do joelho. Além disso, o teste de deslizamento patelar foi realizado para examinar a presença de hipermobilidade patelar. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes do grupo genu recurvatum e alinhamento normal do joelho foi 22,04 + e 21,91 + 1,869, respectivamente. Uma proporção significativamente maior (86,2%) de participantes com genu recurvatum identificados com hipermobilidade patelar em comparação com indivíduos com alinhamento normal do joelho. Entre os indivíduos com genu recurvatum, observou-se que 66,66% e 19,54% apresentavam hipermobilidade patelar medial e lateral. Entre aqueles com alinhamento normal do joelho, 44,83% apresentaram hipermobilidade patelar. A razão de chances para ocorrência de hipermobilidade patelar no genu recurvatum foi estimada em 13,007 (95%, IC, 5,481 ­ 30,866), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O resultado do estudo sugere que a hipermobilidade patelar medial é mais comum em indivíduos com genu recurvatum. Um estudo mais aprofundado que investigue o mecanismo detalhado que contribui para a mobilidade patelar medial em populações de genu recurvatum poderia validar os resultados do presente estudo.

Reemplazar o no la patela. ¿Cuándo y por qué? / Replace or not the patella. When and why?

Cambiar, o no, la patela ha sido motivo de controversia durante muchos años. Las complicaciones asociadas al aparato extensor y el dolor anterior de rodilla representan un problema recurrente en la cirugía protésica de rodilla. En prótesis total de rodilla (PTR) nos encontramos con tres principales posibilidades: siempre cambiar la patela, nunca cambiarla, o hacer un recambio selectivo dependiendo de las características del paciente. En caso de no realizar recambio, se han descripto procedimientos asociados como la pateloplastia o la denervación de la patela. Y los autores que postulan recambio selectivo han evidenciado diversos factores que ayudarían a tomar la decisión, tales como el índice de masa corporal, grado de artrosis, edad, o anatomía patelar, entre otros. Existe una vasta cantidad de publicaciones científicas en torno al recambio patelar. En esta revisión de la literatura se discutirá qué dice la evidencia respecto de las opciones descriptas (recambio selectivo, siempre o nunca) y se concluirá con la opinión de los autores sobre lo más adecuado según la evidencia

Whether to change the patella, or not, has been a matter of controversy for many years. Complications associated with the extensor apparatus and anterior knee pain represent a recurring problem in knee replacement surgery.In total knee prosthesis (TKP) we find three main possibilities: always change the patella, never change it, or make a selective replacement depending on the patient characteristics. If replacement is not performed, associated procedures such as patelloplasty or patella denervation have been described. And the authors who postulate selective replacement have evidenced various factors that would help to make the decision, such as: body mass index, osteoarthritis degree, age, or patellar anatomy, among others.There is a vast number of scientific publications on patellar turnover. In this review of the literature, we will discuss what the evidence says regarding the options described (selective replacement, always or never) and it will conclude with the opinion of the authors on what is most appropriate according to the evidence

Uso de placa malla en el manejo de fracturas conminutas de patela: reporte de caso / Use of mesh plate for the treatment of comminuted patellar fractures: case report

OBJETIVOS Describir la técnica quirúrgica para el uso de placa malla en un caso de fractura conminuta de patela y sus resultados en el seguimiento a mediano plazo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Presentamos un caso de fractura conminuta de patela manejada con el uso de una placa malla y un tornillo canulado asociado, evitando de esta forma la patelectomía parcial y sus posibles complicaciones. RESULTADOS El paciente presentó una evolución satisfactoria, con rango de movimiento de rodilla completo y en condiciones de alta laboral a los cuatro meses desde la cirugía, sin complicaciones ni reintervenciones. DISCUSIÓN El uso de placas malla permite el manejo de fracturas conminutas de patela preservando stock óseo y restaurando la indemnidad del aparato extensor, con una osteosíntesis estable y poco prominente. Casos en que antiguamente la única alternativa era la patelectomía parcial y reinserción del tendón patelar ahora tienen etas placas como opción de manejo. CONCLUSIÓN El uso de placas malla en fracturas conminutas de patela es una alternativa atractiva por la estabilidad que brindan, la capacidad de reservar stock óseo, y la baja tasa de reintervenciones

OBJETIVE To describe the surgical technique for the use of a mesh plate in a case of comminuted patellar fracture and the mid-term follow up outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a case of comminuted patella fracture managed with the use of a mesh plate and an associated cannulated screw, thus avoiding partial patellectomy and its possible complications. RESULTS Four months postoperatively, the patient presented full knee range of motion and could be discharged to return to work, with no complications or reinterventions. DISCUSSION The use of mesh plates enables the management of comminuted patellar fractures preserving bone stock and restoring the extensor mechanism with a stable and little prominent osteosynthesis. Cases which previously would only have been treated by partial patellectomy and patellar tendon reinsertion can be treated with these plates. CONCLUSION The use of mesh plates for comminuted patellar fractures is an attractive option due to their stability, their ability to preserve bone stock, and the low rates of reintervention.

Manejo de fracturas conminutas del polo distal de la patela con asas verticales de alambre: reporte de casos / Management of comminuted fractures of the distal pole of the patela with vertical wire loops: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN Las fracturas conminutas del polo distal de la patela representan un desafío para el cirujano de rodilla, pues no existe un tratamiento estándar que permita una rehabilitación acelerada. Recientemente se han descrito la osteosíntesis y la reinserción del polo distal utilizando asas de alambre verticales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Presentamos dos casos de fractura conminuta del polo distal de la patela resueltos con asas de alambre verticales y modificaciones de esta técnica. RESULTADOS Se realizó osteosíntesis del polo distal de la patela, y se logró una reducción radiográfica satisfactoria, lo que permitió una rehabilitación acelerada, con un rango de movilidad progresivo a tolerancia desde el día siguiente tras la cirugía. Los pacientes lograron recuperar el rango de movimiento completo a los dos y tres meses de operados, evolucionaron satisfactoriamente, sin complicaciones relacionadas a esta técnica y sus variaciones, y recibieron el alta médica tras cuatro meses de la reducción y osteosíntesis. DISCUSIÓN Las técnicas tradicionales para el manejo de fracturas del polo distal implican consideraciones especiales en la rehabilitación y complicaciones asociadas. Se utilizó la técnica de asas de alambres verticales en dos pacientes: en uno de ellos, el procedimiento fue complementado con sutura tipo Krackow; y, en el otro, con una placa para minifragmentos, lo que permitió una rehabilitación acelerada y retorno precoz a sus actividades laborales. CONCLUSIÓN El uso de asas de alambre vertical aparece como una técnica segura, que permite una rehabilitación acelerada y un reintegro laboral precoz.

INTRODUCTION Comminuted fractures of the distal pole of the patella represent a challenge for the knee surgeon, as there is no standard treatment that enables accelerated rehabilitation. Osteosynthesis and reattachment of the distal pole using vertical wire loops has recently been described. MATERIALS AND METHODS We herein present two cases of omminuted fracture of the distal pole of the patella resolved with vertical wire loops and modifications of this technique. RESULTS Osteosynthesis of the distal pole of the patella was performed, achieving a satisfactory radiographic reduction and enabling accelerated rehabilitation, with a progressive range of motion the day after the surgery. The patients achieved full range of motion two and three months after surgery. They progressed satisfactorily, without complications related to this technique and its variations, and were discharged four months after the reduction and osteosynthesis. DISCUSSION The traditional techniques for the management of distal pole fractures involve special considerations regarding rehabilitation and associated complications. The vertical wire loop technique was used in two patients: in one of them, it was supplemented with a Krackow suture; and, in the other, with a mini-fragment plate, which enabled accelerated rehabilitation and early return to work. CONCLUSION The use of vertical wire loops appears to be a safe technique, which enables accelerated rehabilitation and early return to work.

Tumor de células gigantes en rótula manejado con patelectomía / Giant cell tumor in patella managed with patellectomy

Se presenta un caso de gonalgia por causa tumoral en rótula en una paciente femenina. Por el incremento de sintomatología y limitación funcional en corto tiempo, se había programado para biopsia y aplicación de injerto óseo y/o polimetilmetacrilato, pero en el acto quirúrgico fue necesario realizar patelectomía total por el masivo compromiso rotuliano ocasionado por un tumor de células gigantes (TCG). Nivel de Evidencia: V

We present a case of knee pain due to a tumor in the patella in a female patient. To which, due to the increase in symptoms and functional limitation in a short time, a biopsy and application of a bone graft or polymethylmethacrylate had been scheduled, but it was necessary to perform patellectomy due to the massive patellar involvement caused by the GCT. Level of Evidence: V

Resuperficialización de la rótula en el reemplazo primario total de rodilla: estudio comparativo a dos años de seguimiento / Patellar resurfacing in primary total knee replacement: A comparative study at two years of follow-up

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados funcionales del reemplazo total de rodilla con resuperficialización de rótula o sin resuperficialización, a los dos años de seguimiento. materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de grupos comparativos de pacientes con osteoartritis sometidos a un reemplazo total de rodilla primario con resuperficialización de rótula o sin este procedimiento, entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2016, en dos centros de Colombia. A todos se les colocó una prótesis cementada Optetrak®. La función se evaluó antes de la cirugía y a los dos años mediante las escalas Knee Society Score (KSS), Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) y Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Resultados:Se incluyeron 206 reemplazos totales de rodilla: 94 (grupo con resuperficialización) y 112 (grupo sin resuperficialización). La media de la edad en la cohorte de estudio era de 66.9 ± 9.7 años y el 76,7% (n = 155) eran mujeres. El tiempo quirúrgico fue más prolongado en el grupo con resuperficialización (mediana 100 min, RIC 90-110) que en el otro grupo (mediana 85 min, RIC 70-90; p <0,001). Aunque se observó una mejoría funcional antes del reemplazo total de rodilla y después, en ambos grupos, el cambio en el KSS clínico, el KSS funcional y el OKS fue mejor en el grupo con resuperficialización (p <0,05). Conclusiones: La resuperficialización de rótula durante el reemplazo total de rodilla se asoció a mejores resultados funcionales a los dos años. No obstante, los pacientes sin resuperficialización también refirieron una mejoría funcional después del reemplazo total de rodilla. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Objective: To compare the functional outcomes of total knee replacement (TKR) with and without patellar resurfacing at two years of follow-up. materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective observational study of patients with osteoarthritis who had undergone TKR with or without patellar resurfacing between January 2014 and December 2016 in two hospitals in Colombia. All patients received a cemented Exactech Optetrak prosthesis. Function was evaluated before surgery and after two years of follow-up with the Knee Society Score (KSS), Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Results: A total of 206 TKRs were included, 94 in the group with resurfacing and 112 in the group without resurfacing. The mean age was 66.9 ± 9.7 years and 76.7% (n = 155) were female. Surgical time was longer in the group with resurfacing with a median of 100 minutes (Interquartile range-IQR: 90-110) compared to 85 minutes in the group without resurfacing (IQR: 70-90), p <0.001). Although functional improvement was observed before and after TKR in both groups, the change in clinical KSS, functional KSS, and OKS scores before and after TKR was better in the resurfacing group (p <0.05). Conclusion: Patellar resurfacing during TKR was associated with better functional outcomes at two years of follow-up. However, patients without resurfacing also reported functional improvement after TKR. Level of Evidence: III

Algunas especificidades en torno a la rótula baja / Some specificities around the low patella

La rótula baja es una enfermedad infrecuente, de causa congénita o adquirida, caracterizada por dolor en la zona anterior de la rodilla y limitación del movimiento articular. La radiografía simple, en proyección lateral, ayuda al diagnóstico a través de determinadas mediciones; asimismo, el tratamiento conservador no resulta muy exitoso, de ahí que las modalidades quirúrgicas son más empleadas. Debido a la importancia de esta temática y a la escasa información disponible en la bibliografía nacional e internacional, en el presente artículo se comenta brevemente al respecto, con el objetivo de brindar información sobre esta enfermedad para que sirva como guía de trabajo.

The low patella is an uncommon disease, of congenital or acquired cause, characterized by pain in the anterior area of the knee and limitation of the articular movement. The simple x-ray, in lateral projection, helps to make a diagnosis through certain measurements; also, the conservative treatment is not very successful, so that surgical modalities are the most used. Due to the importance of this subject matter and the lack of information available in the national and international bibliography, it is shortly commented in this work, aimed at offering information on this disease so that it serves as working guide.

Manejo no quirúrgico de la artrosis de rodilla: ¿Son efectivos los medicamentos orales complementarios? / Non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis: are complementary oral medications effective?

La artrosis es una enfermedad progresiva de las articulaciones sinoviales que causa dolor, impotencia funcional, discapacidad, y degeneración progresiva de la articulación. En sus tratamientos, sobre todo en etapas tempranas, existen distintas intervenciones para evitar tanto su desarrollo y progresión como también para lograr un adecuado manejo de los síntomas, y hay tratamientos médicos orales no convencionales con evidencia controvertida. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una actualización, dirigida a especialistas en Ortopedia y Traumatología, respecto a la evidencia actual sobre las terapias complementarias orales en el tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla. Se hace referencia a los métodos fármacológicos complementarios más usados y estudiados, mencionando el método de acción y las consecuencias estudiadas sobre la artrosis de rodilla. Se finaliza con una tabla de recomendaciones basada en evidencia actual.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disease of the synovial joints that causes pain, functional impairment, disability, and progressive degeneration of the joint. Regarding its treatments, especially in early stages, there are different interventions to avoid its development and progression and also to achieve an adequate management of symptoms, and there are unconventional oral medical treatments with controversial evidence. The objective of the present paper is to provide an update, to specialists in Orthopedics and Traumatology, regarding the current evidence on complementary oral therapies in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. References are made to the most widely used and studied complementary pharmacological methods, mentioning the method of action and the consequences studied on knee osteoarthritis. The article ends with a table of recommendations based on current evidence.

Tratamiento de la fractura conminuta de patela: ¿existen diferencias entre realizar o no una eversión? / Treatment of comminuted patellar fracture: are there differences between performing or not performing an eversion?

OBJETIVO Comparar los resultados clínicos, funcionales e imagenológicos de dos técnicas quirúrgicas para el manejo de fracturas conminutas de patela: con y sin eversión patelar. MÉTODOS En una serie de casos retrospectivos de fracturas conminutas de patela tratadas en el mismo centro entre 2014 y 2017, con un seguimiento ≥ 3 meses, se hizo una comparación entre el grupo con eversión y el grupo sin eversión. Los criterios de exclusión fueron patelectomía parcial o total, reinserción tendínea, o rehabilitación incompleta. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus, energía del accidente, tipo de fractura, variables quirúrgicas (banda de tensión, tornillos, alambres, nudos, cerclaje circular), rango de movimiento (RDM) articular postoperatorio, presencia de osteosíntesis sintomática, puntaje de escalas funcionales (de Tegner-Lysholm y de Kujala) al alta definitiva, complicaciones (rigidez articular, infección, trombosis venosa profunda), y variables imagenológicos con tomografías computarizadas pre- y postoperatorias (brecha, desnivel articular > 2 mm, elementos de fijación intraarticular). RESULTADOS En total, 20 de 22 pacientes, 13 con eversión y 7 sin eversión, cumplieron con los criterios de selección. El seguimiento fue de 3 a 12 meses, y no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a las variables demográficas entre ambos grupos, lo cual los hace comparables. Destacaron el tiempo desde el ingreso al alta, con 7 meses para los pacientes con eversión y 5 meses para los sin eversión (p = 0.032), la proporción de pacientes con desnivel articular > 2 mm, con 7.7% para los con eversión y 14.3% para los sin eversión (p = 0.016), y una tendencia a resultados superiores en escalas funcionales para el grupo con eversión. CONCLUSIÓN El tratamiento de fracturas conminutas de patela con eversión parece ser una alternativa viable dados sus resultados imagenológicos y funcionales superiores a los de la técnica habitual.

PURPOSE To compare the clinical, functional and imaging outcomes of two surgical techniques for the treatment of comminuted patellar fractures: with and without eversion. METHODS In a retrospective series of cases of comminuted patellar fractures treated at a single center between 2014 and 2017, with a follow-up 3 months , we performed a comparison between the eversion group and the non-eversion group. The exclusion criteria were partial or total patellectomy, tendon reinsertion, or incomplete rehabilitation. The variables analyzed were age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, the energy of the accident, the fracture type, surgical variables (tension band, screws, wires, knots, circular cerclage), postoperative joint range of motion (ROM), presence of symptomatic osteosynthesis, the scores on the functional scales (of Tegner-Lysholm and of Kujala) at the final discharge, complications (joint stiffness, infection, deep vein thrombosis), and pre- and postoperative computed tomography imaging variables (gap, step-off > 2mm, intra-articular fixation elements). RESULTS In total, 20 out of 22 patients, 13 undegoing eversion and 7 not undergoing eversion, met the selection criteria.. The follow-up ranged from 3 to 12 months, and there were no statistically significant differences regarding the demographic variables between both groups, which makes them comparable. The most remarkable results were the time from admission to final discharge, of 7 months for the patients in the eversion group, and of 5 months for those in the non-eversion group (p » 0.032), the proportion of patients with a step-off > 2 mm, with 7.7% for the eversion group and 14.3% for the non-eversion group (p » 0.016), and a tendency towards higher scores in the functional scales for the eversion group. CONCLUSION The treatment of comminuted patellar fractures with eversion seems to be a viable alternative, given its superior imaging and functional results compared to those of the usual technique.

To Retain or Resurface the Patella in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study / Preservar ou substituir a patela durante a artroplastia total de joelho: Estudo comparativo

Abstract Objective To evaluate and compare clinically and functionally patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with preservation or replacement of the patella. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the functional results were evaluated and compared, using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) and Lequesne scores, of 158 patients undergoing primary TKA (162 knees); in 81 knees the patella was submitted to arthroplasty and in 81 the joint surface of the patella was preserved. Results No significant differences were identified in terms of the Lequesne score (p = 0.585), global WOMAC score (p = 0.169), nor in terms of its subdivisions regarding stiffness (p = 0.796) and functional capacity (p = 0.190). There was a significant difference only in terms of the subdivision that evaluates pain in the WOMAC score, being lower in the group undergoing patellar arthroplasty (p = 0.036). Conclusion In the present study, there was no difference in functional assessment in patients who underwent or not patellar replacement during primary knee arthroplasty surgery. However, individuals in whom the patella was preserved reported more pain.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar e comparar clínica e funcionalmente pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total primária do joelho (ATJ) com preservação ou substituição da patela. Métodos Em um estudo transversal, foram avaliados e comparados os resultados funcionais, usando escores de Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC, na sigla em inglês) e Lequesne, de 158 pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total primária o joelho (162 joelhos), sendo que em 81 joelhos a patela foi submetidaa artroplastiae em 81 a superfície articular da patela foi preservada. Resultados Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas quanto ao escore de Lequesne (p = 0,585), escore global de WOMAC (p = 0,169), nem quanto às subdivisões deste quanto a rigidez (p = 0,796) e a capacidade funcional (p= 0,190). Evidenciou-se diferença significativa apenas quanto à subdivisão que avalia a dor no escore de WOMAC, sendo menor no grupo submetido a artroplastia patelar (p = 0,036). Conclusão No presente estudo, não houve diferença na avaliação funcional em pacientes submetidos a substituição ou não da patela durante a cirurgia de artroplastia primária do joelho. Entretanto, os indivíduos nos quais a patela foi preservada relataram mais dor.

Update on Patellar Instability / Atualização em instabilidade patelar

Abstract Patellar instability is a multifactorial clinical condition that affects a significant number of patients and occurs due to morphological variations of the joint and patellofemoral alignment. The present literature review study aimed to identify and summarize current concepts on patellar instability, in relation to associated risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and the benefits and risks of conservative and surgical treatments. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (via Pubmed), LILACS and Cochrane Library. It is concluded that the accurate diagnosis depends on the detailed clinical evaluation, including the history and possible individual risk factors, as well as imaging exams. The initial treatment of patellar instability is still controversial, and requires the combination of conservative and surgical interventions, taking into consideration both soft tissues and bone structures, the latter being the most common reason for choosing surgical treatment, especially lateral patellar instability.

Resumo A instabilidade patelar é uma condição clínica multifatorial, que acomete um número expressivo de pacientes, ocorrendo devido a variações anatómicas, morfológicas da articulação e do alinhamento patelofemoral. O presente estudo de revisão e atualização da literatura teve como objetivos identificar e sumarizar os conceitos atuais sobre instabilidade patelar em relação aos fatores de risco associados, os critérios diagnósticos e os benefícios e riscos dos tratamentos conservador e cirúrgico. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados eletrónicas MEDLINE (via Pubmed), LILACS e Cochrane Library. Conclui-se que o diagnóstico preciso depende da avaliação clínica detalhada, incluindo o histórico e possíveis fatores de risco individuais, além de exames de imagem. O tratamento inicial da instabilidade patelar é ainda controverso, e requer a combinação de intervenções conservadoras e cirúrgicas, levando em consideração tanto os tecidos moles quanto as estruturas ósseas, sendo estas últimas a razão mais comum para a escolha do tratamento cirúrgico, principalmente instabilidade patelar lateral.

Lesiones tendinosas del aparato extensor de la rodilla: Protocolo de tratamiento y rehabilitación / Tendon injuries of the knee extensor mechanism: Treatment and rehabilitation protocol

Introducción: La rotura del aparato extensor puede ocurrir a nivel óseo o tendinoso; la principal causa es la fractura de rótula, seguida de la rotura del tendón cuadricipital y la rotura del tendón rotuliano. Estas lesiones pueden deberse a traumas directos o indirectos. La rotura tendinosa del aparato extensor es poco frecuente: representa el 3% de todas las lesiones tendinosas. Se presenta con traumatismos relacionados con la actividad diaria, deportiva o asociada a enfermedades sistémicas. materiales y métodos: Presentamos una serie de 22 roturas tendinosas del aparato extensor de la rodilla (8 del tendón cuadricipital [2 bilaterales] y 14 del tendón rotuliano [1 bilateral]), tratadas mediante cirugía, entre junio de 2015 y enero de 2019. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados inicialmente con radiografías y resonancia magnética. Se empleó la escala de Lysholm para la evaluación funcional posquirúrgica. Resultados: El seguimiento posquirúrgico fue mínimo de un año (rango 12-24); los resultados fueron excelentes en 13 casos, buenos en 7 casos y regulares en 2 casos. Conclusión: La reparación primaria, con sutura transósea de las roturas tendinosas del aparato extensor más cerclaje en 8 como aumento en las lesiones del tendón rotuliano brinda una reconstrucción estable, permite implementar un protocolo posquirúrgico de movilización temprana, y así lograr excelentes resultados funcionales con una tasa baja de complicaciones. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Background: The rupture of the extensor mechanism can have its origin at bone or tendon level. Its main cause is patellar fracture, followed by quadriceps tendon rupture, and, finally, patellar tendon rupture. These ruptures can be due to direct or indirect trauma. Tendon ruptures of the extensor mechanism are rare, developing with trauma related to the daily routine, sports, or associated systemic diseases. They represent 3% of all tendon injuries. materials and methods: We presented 22 tendon ruptures of the knee extensor mechanism, surgically treated between June 2015 and January 2019, from which eight (8) ruptures were of the quadriceps tendon (2 bilateral) and fourteen (14) of the patellar tendon (1 bilateral). The cases were evaluated using the Lysholm score, radiographs, and MRI. Results: The minimum follow-up was one (1) year. According to the results of those twenty-two (22) surgeries, thirteen (13) cases had excellent results, seven (7) cases were good and two (2) of them were fair. Conclusion: In cases of patellar tendon injury, the primary repair with transosseous suture plus figure-of-eight cerclage as augmentation provides a stable reconstruction, allowing the implementation of an early mobilization post-surgery protocol, thus achieving excellent functional outcomes with low complication levels. Level of Evidence: IV

Aloinjerto fresco de rótula y defectos osteocondrales / Fresh patellar allograft and osteochondral defects

Introducción: Las lesiones condrales de la rótula son un reto para el cirujano, principalmente en pacientes jóvenes y activos. La mayoría de los defectos condrales de la rótula son lesiones superficiales y pueden ser manejadas con técnicas de preservación articular; sin embargo, las lesiones profundas pueden requerir otro tipo de manejo. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar el tratamiento de defectos osteocondrales de la rótula en pacientes jóvenes, mediante la técnica de aloinjerto fresco de donante cadavérico. materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron pacientes con dolor anterior de rodilla, lesión condral de la rótula grado III-IV y que habían recibido o no algún tipo de manejo médico o quirúrgico. En estos pacientes, se usó un aloinjerto fresco de rótula con el fin de solucionar el cuadro y mejorar la función. Resultados: Todos los pacientes recuperaron la función y los arcos de movilidad, y no refirieron dolor. Se comprobó la integración del aloinjerto fresco al área receptora, sin evidencia de rechazos del tejido o infecciones. Conclusiones: El uso de aloinjerto fresco de rótula para tratar defectos osteocondrales amplios es una téc-nica quirúrgica valiosa, fácil de implementar, que no requiere una curva de aprendizaje extensa y que mejora considerablemente el dolor y la función en pacientes jóvenes. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Chondral lesions of the patella are a challenge for the surgeon, mainly in young and active patients. Most patellar chondral defects are superficial injuries and can be managed with joint preservation techniques; however, deep injuries may require other types of management. The objective of this article is to manage osteochondral defects of the patella in young patients, using the technique of fresh allograft from a cadaveric donor. Materials and methods: Patients with anterior knee pain, with grade III - IV chondral lesion of the patella and who had or had not undergone some type of medical or surgical management were included. They received a fresh patellar allograft that sought to provide a solution and improvement of the functionality. Results: In all cases, recovery of functionality and mobility, absence of pain and integration of the fresh allograft into the recipient area were achieved, without evidence of tissue rejection or infection. Discussion: The use of fresh patellar allograft for the management of wide osteochondral defects is a valuable surgical technique, easy to implement, that does not require a long learning curve and that considerably improves pain and functionality in young patients. Conclusions: The advent of fresh osteochondral grafts allows adequate management and evolution of patients, with the aim of favoring joint preservation and avoiding total knee arthroplasty over time. Level of Evidence: IV

Horizontal Intraarticular Dislocation of the Patella: Case Report / Luxação intra-articular horizontal da patela: Relato de caso

Abstract Intraarticular dislocation of the patella is an uncommon condition, with displacement in the horizontal or vertical plane, which may be associated with total or partial lesion/rupture of the quadriceps tendon, with osteochondral or collateral ligament injury. Risk factors are ligament laxity, patellar hypermobility, high patella, and trochlear dysplasia. This condition is more common in young people and may require blood reduction. Cases of intraarticular dislocation of the patella are rare events, requiring diagnostic suspicion and differentiated management. The aim of the present study is to report a rare case of intraarticular dislocation of the patella, as well as its clinical condition, diagnosis, management and literature review.

Resumo Luxação intra-articular da patela é uma afecção incomum, podendo ocorrer deslocamento no plano horizontal ou vertical; pode se associar com lesão/ruptura do tendão do quadríceps, total ou parcial, com lesão osteocondral ou dos ligamentos colaterais. Fatores de risco são: frouxidão ligamentar, hipermobilidade patelar, patela alta e displasia troclear, e é mais comum em jovens, podendo necessitar de redução cruenta. Casos de luxação intra-articular da patela são eventos raros, sendo necessários uma suspeição diagnóstica e um manejo diferenciado. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso raro de luxação intra-articular da patela, assim como seu quadro clínico, diagnóstico, conduta e revisão da literatura.

A meta-analytic review for the patella sexual dimorphism assessment / Una revisión meta-analítica para la evaluación del dimorfismo sexual de la patela

Sexual dimorphism is one of the most important ways to identify bone remains in mass disasters. Many of them have been used for this purpose; mainly skull, pelvis and long bones. However, only a few studies using the patella have been done and, to our knowledge, there are no assessments of previous results in the literature. Meta-analysis provides a useful strong tool to test, in a systematic way, the most relevant information about a given research field. The aim of this study is to apply the meta-analytic technique to assess the major studies concerning sexual dimorphism in the patella by measuring classical metric traits: maximum height and maximum width, with different techniques, such as caliper, radiography, tomography and magnetic resonance. The 17 papers found, involving a total sample size higher than 2600 patellae, showed a very high heterogeneity- around 93 % of I2 value, for height and width measurements when all the studies were analyzed together. Homogeneity increased when each study was classified according to the techniques used. In this case, a statistical difference appeared, among the several subgroups of techniques for the two measurements, suggesting the importance of the methodology used. Maximum height and maximum width were all showed to be statistically relevant in distinguishing both sexes.

El dimorfismo sexual es una de las formas más importantes para identificar restos óseos en desastres masivos. Se han utilizado huesos como cráneo, pelvis y huesos largos para la diferenciación sexual. Sin embargo, solo se han realizado unos pocos estudios con la patela y, hasta donde sabemos, no hay evaluaciones de resultados anteriores en la literatura. El meta-análisis proporciona una herramienta sólida y útil para probar, de manera sistemática, la información más relevante sobre un cierto campo de investigación. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en aplicar la técnica metaanalítica para evaluar los principales estudios sobre dimorfismo sexual en la patela midiendo los rasgos métricos clásicos: altura máxima y anchura máxima, con diferentes técnicas: calibre, radiografía, tomografía y resonancia magnética. Los 17 de documentos encontrados, con un tamaño de muestra total superior a 2600 patelas, mostraron una heterogeneidad muy alta, alrededor del 93 % del valor de I2, para mediciones de altura y anchura cuando todos los estudios se analizaron juntos. La homogeneidad aumentó cuando cada estudio se clasificó de acuerdo con las técnicas utilizadas. En este caso, se observó diferencias estadísticas, entre los subgrupos de técnicas para las dos mediciones, lo que sugiere la importancia de la metodología utilizada. La altura máxima y la anchura máxima mostraron ser estadísticamente relevantes para distinguir ambos sexos.

Tratamiento con clavo endomedular de las fracturas metafisarias proximales y distales de tibia: Abordaje pararrotuliano medial en posicion de semiextension / Intramedullary nailing treatment of proximal and distal tibia metaphyseal fractures. Medial parapatellar approach in semi-extended position

Objetivo: El enclavado endomedular de las fracturas metafisarias de tibia se asocia con algunas complicaciones relacionadas con la necesidad de flexionar la rodilla durante la introducción del clavo endomedular con la técnica infrarrotuliana clásica. Es por ello, que se han diseñado diferentes abordajes para la colocación del clavo en una posición de semiextensión de rodilla. El objetivo fue evaluar nuestros resultados, de forma retrospectiva, con el abordaje pararrotuliano medial en semiextensión, para el tratamiento de las fracturas metafisarias proximales y distales de tibia con clavo endomedular. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyó a 23 pacientes con un seguimiento posoperatorio mínimo de un año. Doce eran fracturas distales de tibia; 9, proximales y 2, segmentarias. Se evaluaron el rango de movilidad de la rodilla, el dolor posoperatorio con la escala de Lysholm, el eje posoperatorio y la tasa de consolidación. Resultados: El arco de movilidad de la rodilla fue de 125° (rango 110-140). Al año de la cirugía, 16 de 23 pacientes no tenían dolor, 5 de 23 refirieron un leve dolor durante la actividad física y 2, dolores intensos durante la actividad física. En todos los casos, se consiguió un eje posoperatorio aceptable y la consolidación ósea. Un paciente requirió un aumento con una placa e injerto óseo. Conclusión: La colocación de un clavo de tibia a través de un abordaje pararrotuliano medial con la rodilla en semiextensión es una técnica segura y simple para el tratamiento de las fracturas metafisarias de tibia. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To review the results of a series of metaphyseal tibial fractures treated with intramedullary nailing (IMN) in a semiextended position using a medial parapatellar approach. To report reduction quality, bone consolidation, range of motion (ROM) and postoperative knee pain at final follow-up. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three metaphyseal tibia fractures were treated with IMN. Twelve were distal tibial fractures (AO/OTA 43A), nine were proximal tibial fractures (AO/OTA 41A2/3), and two had segmental tibia fractures (AO/OTA 42C2). The minimum follow-up was 1 year. Results: Radiograph angulation at the fracture site was <5 degrees. All patients achieved bone healing. One patient (AO/OTA 42C2) required plate augmentation and bone autografting. Twenty-one out of 23 patients had knee pain scores of >20 according to the Lysholm scale. Conclusion: The parapatellar approach in a semi-extended position is a safe and useful technique for IMN of metaphyseal tibia fracture with no associated increased postoperative knee pain. Level of Evidence: IV

Resultados a mediano plazo del trasplante osteocondral autólogo en las lesiones del cartílago patelar / Medium-term results of autologous osteochondral transplantation in patellar cartilage injuries

Resumen: Introducción: El cartílago rotuliano está sometido a altas demandas mecánicas y es una localización muy frecuente de lesiones. No existe consenso en cuanto a su tratamiento. El trasplante osteocondral autólogo puede ser una alternativa para los defectos condrales de pequeño o mediano tamaño con resultados variables en la bibliografía. Nuestro objetivo es analizar los resultados funcionales a mediano plazo de los pacientes con lesiones del cartílago patelar grado III-IV de la International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) tratados en nuestro centro. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo con pacientes menores de 55 años, con un defecto condral patelar sintomático, diámetro menor de 2 cm, grado III-IV de la ICRS tratados mediante trasplante osteocondral autólogo entre los años 2012 y 2018. Se evalúan las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tamaño de la lesión, faceta afectada, número de cilindros trasplantados, escala de Kujala pre y postoperatoria y escala visual analógica del dolor (EVA) pre y postoperatoria. Resultados: Integramos en nuestro estudio 11 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 47 años. La mediana del diámetro del defecto condral 1.3 cm. La mediana de seguimiento 3.9 años (1.84-5.58 años). La mediana del cuestionario Kujala preoperatoria es 33 y asciende a 89 al final del seguimiento (p = 0.003). La mediana de la puntuación EVA preoperatoria es nueve y dos al final del seguimiento (p = 0.003). Conclusión: El trasplante osteocondral autólogo generó una importante mejora subjetiva de la función y del dolor.

Abstract: Introduction: Patellar cartilage is subject to high mechanical requests and is a very frequent location of injuries. There is no consensus on their treatment. Autologous osteochondral transplantation may be an alternative to small to medium-sized condral defects with varying results in the literature. Our goal is to analyze the medium-term functional outcomes of patients with grade III-IV patellar cartilage injuries from the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) treated at our facility. Material and methods: Retrospective study in patients under 55 years of age, with a symptomatic patellar condral defect, diameter less than 2 cm, grade III-IV of ICRS treated by autologous osteochondral transplant between 2012 and 2018. The following variables are evaluated: age, sex, injury size, affected facet, number of transplanted cylinders, pre- and postoperative Kujala score, and pre- and postoperative analog visual pain scale (EVA). Results: Eleven patients integrated into our study. The median age was 47 years. The median diameter of the condral defect 1.3 cm. Median follow-up 3.9 years (1.84-5.58 years). The median of the preoperative Kujala questionnaire is 33 and is 89 at the end of the follow-up (p = 0.003). The median of the preoperative EVA score is 9 and 2 at the end of the follow-up (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Autologous osteochondral transplantation generated a significant subjective improvement in function and pain.

Dimensões da patela relacionadas à massa corporal do cão para emprego na confecção de prótese: estudo em cadáver / Patellar dimensions related to canine body mass for use in the manufacture of prosthesis: cadaver study

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar as dimensões da patela de cadáveres caninos e avaliar sua relação com a massa corporal. Para a realização das medidas patelares, foram utilizados 70 cadáveres de cães adultos, com massa corpórea de 1 a 50kg, sem evidência clínica de afecção na articulação femorotibiopatelar. Com auxílio de um paquímetro, foram mensurados os comprimentos externo e interno, a largura externa no terço médio, a largura e a espessura internas nos terços proximal, médio e distal das patelas. Também foram mensuradas a largura nos terços proximal, médio e distal, a profundidade nos terços proximal, médio e distal do sulco troclear; essas medidas foram exclusivamente internas. Observou-se, de forma geral, forte correlação entre as medidas patelares e a massa corporal de cadáveres de cães. Nas condições deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o tamanho da patela varia segundo a massa corporal do cão e que essas medidas devem ser consideradas ao se planejar uma substituição protética.(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure the canine cadaver patellar dimensions and evaluate its relationship with body mass. 70 cadavers of adult dogs were used, with a body mass between 1 and 50kg, without clinical evidence of affection in the stifle joint. The external and internal lengths, external width in the middle third, width and thickness of the proximal, middle and distal thirds were measured using a pachymeter. The width was also measured in the proximal third, middle third and distal third, depth in the proximal third, middle third and distal third of the trochlear groove; these measurements were exclusively internal. A strong correlation was observed between the patellar dimension and body mass of canine cadavers. Under this study conditions, it is possible to conclude that the patellar size varies according to the canine body mass and these measures should be considered when planning a prosthetic replacement.(AU)

Osteocondroma de patela. Reporte de caso / Patellar osteochondroma. Case report

Los osteocondromas son tumores benignos frecuentes en la niñez, usualmente localizados en la metáfisis de los huesos y se van alejando de la fisis a medida que se da el crecimiento. Los osteocondromas de patela son poco comunes, refiriéndonos a su ubicación. El objetivo es informar un raro caso de un paciente escolar quien presento este tumor en su rótula derecha.

Osteochondromas are frequent benign tumors in childhood, usually located in bone metaphysis from where they recede from the physis as growth occurs. Osteochondromas of the patella are rare as this location is unfrequent. The objective is to report a rare case of a school patient who presented this tumor in his right patella.