Sex determination from scapula by volume rendering technique in Turkish population / Determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula mediante la técnica de representación de volumen en la población turca

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to measure the significant parameters on scapula at computed tomography images and to determine the effects of these parameters for sex determination. The second aim is to find the most effective single and combined parameters to use for sex determination using scapula in Turkish population. In this study, morphometric measurements of scapula on the computed tomography images of 60 male and 60 females were evaluated and their impacts on sex determination were examined via stepwise logistic regression analysis. 10 parameters and 6 indexes calculated via using these parameters were measured. Scapular breadth of the right scapulae (86.7%), maximum scapular length of the left scapulae (85%), scapular breadth of all scapulae (80%) were found to be the most effective single parameters. Combination of the scapular breadth and maximum scapular length were 85%, 90%, 86.7% effective in sex determination on the right scapulae, on the left scapulae and on all of the scapulae, respectively. We believe that the results of this study will contribute to sex determination studies using the scapula in Turkish population for anatomist, anthropologist and forensic scientists.

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir los parámetros significativos en la escápula en imágenes de tomografía computarizada y determinar los efectos de estos parámetros para la determinación del sexo. El segundo objetivo fue encontrar los parámetros individuales y combinados más efectivos para determinar el sexo utilizando la escápula en la población turca. Se evaluaron las medidas morfométricas de la escápula en las imágenes de tomografía computarizada de 60 hombres y 60 mujeres y se examinó su impacto en la determinación del sexo mediante un análisis de regresión logística paso a paso. Se midieron 10 parámetros y 6 índices calculados mediante el uso de estos parámetros. El ancho escapular de la escápula derecha (86,7 %), la longitud escapular máxima de la escápula izquierda (85 %), el ancho escapular de todas las escápulas (80 %) resultaron ser los parámetros individuales más efectivos. La combinación del ancho escapular y la longitud máxima escapular fueron 85%, 90%, 86,7% efectivas en la determinación del sexo en la escápula derecha, en la escápula izquierda y en todas las escápulas, respectivamente. Creemos que los resultados de este estudio contribuirán a los estudios de determinación de sexo utilizando la escápula en la población turca para anatomistas, antropólogos y científicos forenses.

Síndrome de fricción escapulotorácica por un osteocondroma subescapular: presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Snapping scapula syndrome resulting from a subscapular osteochondroma: Case report and literature review

El síndrome de fricción escapulotorácica, resalto o chasquido escapular es un cuadro poco frecuente, descrito, por primera vez, por Boinet, en 1867. Se produce por una incongruencia en la articulación escapulotorácica, asociada a múltiples causas, como bursitis, exostosis, masas óseas, tejidos fibrótico o muscular anómalos, consolidación defectuosa de fracturas o variaciones de la anatomía costal o escapular. El propósito de este artículo es comunicar un caso clínico de una adolescente con dolor incapacitante y deformidad en la región escapular derecha, de más de cuatro años de evolución. Los estudios diagnósticos revelaron una masa ósea única subescapular sugestiva de un osteocondroma de gran tamaño, más de 2,5 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm. También, se presenta una revisión y actualización de la bibliografía sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento actual de esta enfermedad. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Snapping scapula syndrome is a rare pathology first described by Boinet in 1867. Its pathogenesis is caused by an incongruency in the thoracic scapular joint, associated with multiple causes including bursitis, exostosis, bone mass, fibrotic tissue or muscular abnormalities, defective consolidation of fractures or anatomical rib or scapular fractures. The purpose of this article is to present a clinical case of an adolescent with incapacitating clinical pain in the right scapular region, as well as a deformity at this level that had evolved for more than 4 years, and which, when diagnostic tests were performed, revealed a subscapular bone mass suggestive of a single large osteochondroma measuring more than 2.5 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm.. A review and update of the literature on the diagnosis and current treatment of this pathology is made. Level of Evidence: III

Descompresión artroscópica para la neuropatía del nervio supraescapular. Reporte de un caso y revisión anatómica / Arthroscopic decompression in suprascapular neuropathy. Case report and anatomical review

La neuropatía del nervio supraescapular es una causa poco común de dolor y debilidad en el hombro y, por lo tanto, a menudo, es mal diagnosticada. Como consecuencia, el diagnóstico erróneo puede llevar a indicar un tratamiento conservador inapropiado o un procedimiento quirúrgico fallido. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 55 años con síndrome de atrapamiento del nervio supraescapular. El paciente fue sometido a una artroscopia de hombro y se le diagnosticó una compresión del nervio supraescapular por el ligamento transverso escapular superior. La liberación artroscópica del nervio supraescapular alivió el dolor, la debilidad y la atrofia de los músculos supraespinoso e infraespinoso. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Suprascapular neuropathy is a rare cause of shoulder pain and weakness and is therefore often misdiagnosed. As a consequence, misdiagnosis may lead to inappropriate conservative treatment or a failed surgical procedure. A case of a 55-year-old man suffering from suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome is presented. The patient underwent shoulder arthroscopy, where the compression of the suprascapular nerve by the superior transverse scapular ligament was diagnosed. Arthroscopic release of the suprascapular nerve relieved pain, weakness, and atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Level of Evidence: IV

Fibromatosis subescapular como causa de escápula alada. Presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Subscapularis fibromatosis as a cause of winged scapula. Case report and literature review

La escápula alada suele producirse por lesiones neurológicas tanto del nervio espinal como del nervio torácico largo. La aparición a causa de un tumor ventral de la escápula dificulta su diagnóstico inicial. Presentamos el caso de una mujer joven, con limitación para la rotación externa del hombro, sin antecedentes traumáticos conocidos, evolución progresiva e imagen compatible con una lesión de partes blandas dependiente de la aponeurosis del músculo subescapular confirmada por biopsia como un tumor desmoide. Aunque se trata de un tumor benigno y autolimitado, tiene una inquietante alta tasa de recidivas después de la resección, por lo que se dispone de numerosos tratamientos y muchos grupos optan por hacer un seguimiento médico estrecho de los factores pronósticos y las limitaciones funcionales del paciente, con lo que obtienen resultados satisfactorios y, en algunas series, superiores a los del tratamiento quirúrgico. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Winged scapula is usually caused by neurological injuries to both the spinal nerve and the long thoracic nerve. Its presence as a result of a ventral scapular tumor makes initial diagnosis difficult. We present the case of a young woman with limited external shoulder rotation, no known traumatic history, and images consistent with a soft tissue lesion dependent on subscapular muscle aponeurosis, which was confirmed by biopsy as a desmoid tumor. Although it is a benign, self-limiting tumor, it has an alarmingly high rate of relapse after resection, so many treatments are available, and many teams choose to closely monitor the patient's prognostic factors and functional limitations, obtaining satisfactory outcomes and, in some series, superior to those of surgical treatment. Level of Evidence: IV

Strength of scapular elevation in women with TMD and asymptomatic women - a cross-sectional study

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is recognized for its high prevalence, presenting characteristic signs and symptoms. Cervical spine pain is present in 70% of diagnosed TMD cases. Aim To verify if women with TMD present changes in isometric muscle strength in the scapula elevation. Methods This is an observational, cross-sectional study. Thirty-five women, aged 22.89±2.04 years, were divided into the TMD group (TMDG), diagnosed with TMD according to the DC/TMD, and control group (CG), with asymptomatic individuals. The volunteers accessed a online link by the smartphone in order to answer questions on personal data, the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Masticatory preference. In all participants, evaluation of the force of the scapula elevation muscles was performed, using a load cell model MM-100 (Kratos® SP, Brazil). Data were analyzed descriptively using the maximum, mean, and standard deviation and a two-way ANCOVA test was applied for all variables. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the TMDG and CG for the maximal and mean muscle strength of scapular elevation. There were statistically significant differences in FAI (p <0.001*) between the CG and the TMDG. Conclusion Based on the results, it was not possible to confirm the hypothesis that women diagnosed with TMD present lower isometric strength during scapular elevation (right/left).

Síndrome del nervio dorsal escapular en un adulto / Dorsalscapular nerve syndrome in an adult

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 47 años de edad, quien acudió al Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología del Hospital Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán de La Habana por presentar dolor en el cuello irradiado al miembro superior izquierdo. En la exploración física se destacó atrofia de los músculos romboides de la escápula izquierda y deformidad alar, acentuada durante la maniobra. Se realizó radiografía y electromiografía; en la primera, se observó costilla cervical supernumeraria izquierda y, en la segunda, lesión del nervio dorsal escapular, por lo cual se diagnosticó síndrome del nervio dorsal escapular secundario a síndrome del escaleno anterior. Se indicó tratamiento fisioterapéutico y el paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente.

The case report of a 47 years patient is presented, who went to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of Joaquín Albarrán Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Havana due to a pain in the neck irradiated to the left superior member. In the physical exploration atrophy of the left scapula romboid muscles and alar deformity were notable, accented during the maneuver. Radiography and electromyography were carried out; in the first one, left supernumerary cervical rib was observed and, in the second one, dorsalscapular nerve leison, reason why the secondary dorsal scapular nerve syndrome to anterior scalene syndrome was diagnosed. Physiotherapeutic treatment was indicated and the patient had a favorable clinical course.

Sex determination using scapular and clavicular parameters in modern Thai population / Determinación del sexo utilizando parámetros escapulares y claviculares en la población tailandesa moderna

SUMMARY: As natural disasters or crimes, precise postmortem identification is needed especially in case of unknown human remains. The aim of the study is to assess sexual dimorphism by formulating new multivariate equations based on scapular and clavicular parameters for a modern Thai population. Eight left scapular and six left clavicular parameters were measured from 278 individuals (124 males and 124 females for training group; and 15 males and 15 females for test group) of a modern Thai population with age ranges from 19 to 101 years. All scapular and clavicular parameters were sexually dimorphic. Direct and stepwise multivariate discriminant function analysis was performed to generate models. Three direct multivariate discriminant functions showed accuracy rates from 91.1c to 92.3 % (cross-validated range from 90.3 % to 91.5 %). Similarly, three stepwise multivariate discriminant functions showed accuracy rates from 90.7 % to 92.7 % (cross-validated range from 90.7 % to 92.7 %). Moreover, the test group showed 86.67 % to 100 % of sex determination accuracy in six discriminant functions. As recommendation for sex determination by using combination of the scapular and clavicular parameters yields statistically high accuracy for sex determination. Therefore, the accuracies of these multivariate discriminant function equations obtained from scapula and clavicle can be applied for forensic sex determination, especially in modern Thais.

RESUMEN: En casos de desastres naturales o crímenes se requiere una identificación post mortem precisa, especialmente en el caso de restos humanos desconocidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el dimorfismo sexual mediante nuevas ecuaciones multivariadas basadas en parámetros escapulares y claviculares para una población tailandesa moderna. Se midieron ocho parámetros escapulares izquierdos y seis claviculares izquierdos de 278 individuos (124 hombres y 124 mujeres para el grupo de entrenamiento; y 15 hombres y 15 mujeres para el grupo de prueba) de una población tailandesa moderna con rangos de edad de 19 a 101 años. Todos los parámetros escapulares y claviculares presentaban dimorfismo sexual. Se realizaron análisis de funciones discriminantes multivariadas directas paso a paso para generar modelos. Tres funciones discriminantes multivariadas directas mostraron tasas de precisión de 91,1 % a 92,3 % (rango de validación cruzada de 90,3 % a 91,5 %). De manera similar, tres funciones discriminantes multivariadas mostraron tasas de precisión de 90,7 % a 92,7 % (rango de validación cruzada de 90,7 % a 92,7 %). Además, el grupo de prueba mostró del 86,67 % al 100 % de precisión en la determinación del sexo en seis funciones discriminantes. Como recomendación para la determinación del sexo mediante el uso de la combinación de los parámetros escapulares y claviculares, se obtiene una precisión estadísticamente alta para la determinación del sexo. Por lo tanto, las precisiones de estas ecuaciones de funciones discriminantes multivariadas obtenidas de la escápula y la clavícula se pueden aplicar para la determinación forense del sexo, especialmente en los tailandeses modernos.

Sex determination from glenoid cavity by computed tomography in Turkish population / Determinación del sexo de la cavidad glenoidea mediante tomografía computarizada en la población turca

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to contribute to sex determination studies from the scapula in the Turkish population and compare with previous studies. This study was performed with 200 scapulae (100 males and 100 females). The age range of the patients was between 18-93 years old. Computed tomography scans were used and length of glenoid cavity (LGC), breadth of glenoid cavity (BGC), depth of glenoid cavity (DGC), perimeter (PM) and volume (VL) were measured. Randomly selected 20 scapulae were measured three times for examine the intra-rater reliability from those measurements. Gender logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the significant variables at sex determination from the scapula. The most effective parameter in determining sex from scapula was found to be VL (88.5%). The effects of LGC, PM, BGC and DGC at sex determination from scapula were found to be 83%, 82.5%, 79.5%, 66%, respectively. The combination of VL and PM (89.5%) was found to be the most effective combination at sex determination from the scapula. The intraclass correlation values of all measurements were found to be at high reliability. According to the literature, PM and DGC along with the VL in Turkish population, were not used previously for sex determination from the scapula. A combination of the VL and PM was found to be the most effective parameters at sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. There are few studies on the sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. This study will guide anthropologists, forensic scientists and anatomists at sex determination studies from scapula and surgeons by morphometrically in clinical situations related to the scapula.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue contribuir a la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula en la población turca y comparar con estudios previos. Esta investigación se realizó con 200 escápulas (100 hombres y 100 mujeres). El rango de edad de los pacientes estaba entre de 18 años y 93 años. Escaner de tomografía computada se usó para medir en la cavidad glenoidea los siguientes parámetros: longitud (LCG), ancho (ACG), profundidad (PCG), perímetro (PG) y volumen (VCG). Se midieron 20 escápulas seleccionadas tres veces al azar para examinar la confiabilidad intraevaluador de estas mediciones. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística de género para encontrar las variables significativas en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. El parámetro más eficaz para determinar el sexo a partir de la escápula resultó ser VCG (88,5%). Los efectos de LCG, PG, ACG y PCG en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula fueron del 83 %, 82,5 %, 79,5 % y 66 %, respectivamente. La combinación de VCG y PG (89,5%) resultó ser la combinación más efectiva en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Se encontró que los valores de correlación intraclase de todas las mediciones tenían una alta confiabilidad. De acuerdo con la literatura, PG y PCG junto con el VCG en la población turca, no se han utilizado previamente para la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Se determinó que una combinación de VCG y PG son los parámetros más efectivos en la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula. Existe escasa información sobre la determinación del sexo a partir de la escápula en la población turca. Este estudio guiará a los antropólogos, forenses y anatomistas en los estudios de determinación del sexo de la escápula y sera útil para los cirujanos en situaciones clínicas relacionadas con la escápula.

Efeitos do treinamento resistido nos músculos escapulares nas epicondilalgias: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Effects of resistant training on scapular muscles in epicondylalgia: systematic review and meta-analysis

As epicondilalgias medial e lateral são as causas mais frequentes de sintomas dolorosos nos membros superiores. Observa-se um aumento no número de publicações sobre os efeitos do treino da musculatura escapular no manejo clínico das epicondilalgias, porém desconhecemos uma revisão sistemática que avalie os efeitos do treinamento resistido nos músculos escapulares nessa condição. Objetivo: revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do treinamento resistido nos músculos escapulares nas epicondilalgias. Metodologia: foi realizada uma busca científica (SciELO, PubMed, LILASCS, PEDro) de estudos clínicos controlados sobre os efeitos do treinamento resistido nos músculos escapulares nas epicondilalgias publicados até maio 2021. A escala de PEDro foi aplicada para avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Resultados: foram encontrados 266 artigos e 3 foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Os estudos inclusos enfatizaram o treinamento dos músculos trapézio médio, trapézio inferior e serrátil anterior associados a reabilitação convencional. Através da análise individual dos estudos observa-se efeitos positivos do treino escapular na dor, na função (Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire ­ PRTEE) e na força de preensão manual em indivíduos com epicondilalgias lateral. A metanálise revela que adicionar exercícios escapulares a fisioterapia convencional reduz a dor (EVA 0-10) em 1.23 (95% IC, 2,00-0,47, p=0,002, I2=47%, p para heterogeidade = 0.17) e aumenta a função (PRTEE 0-100) em 5.47 (95% IC, 10,00-0,93, p=0,02, I2=0%, p para heterogeidade = 0.84) na epicondilalgias lateral. A média de pontuação da escala PEDro foi de 6,33/10. Conclusão: o treinamento resistido dos músculos escapulares associados a reabilitação reduzem dor e aumentam função em indivíduos com epicondilalgia lateral. Sugere-se a realização de mais estudos com melhor qualidade metodológica para avaliar a importância do fortalecimento dos músculos escapulares em indivíduos com epicondilalgias. (AU)

Medial and lateral epicondylalgia are the most requente causes of painful symptoms in the upper limbs. There is na increase in the number of publications on the effects of scapular muscle training in the clinical management of epicondylalgia, but we do not know of a systematic review that assesses the effects of resistance training on scapular muscles in this condition. The aim of the study was to systematically review the effects of resistance training on scapular muscles in epicondylalgia. A scientific search (SciELO, PubMed, LILASCS, PEDro) of controlled clinical studies on the effects of resistance training for the scapular muscles in epicondylagias published until May 2021 was performed. The PEDro scale was applied to assess the methodological quality. 266 articles were found and 3 were included in the systematic review. The included studies emphasized the training of the middle trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles associated with conventional rehabilitation. Through the individual analysis of the studies, positive effects of scapula training on pain, function Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire ­ PRTEE) and handgrip strength were observed in individuals with lateral epicondylalgia. The meta-analysis reveals that adding scapular exercises to conventional physical therapy reduces pain (VAS 0-10) by 1.23 (95% CI, 2.00-0.47, p=0.002, I2=47%, p for heterogeneity = 0.17) and increases function (PRETEE 0-100) by 5.47 (95% CI, 10.00- 0.93, p=0.02 I2=0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.84) in lateral epicondylalgia. The average score of the studies on the PEDro scal e was 6.33 out 10. In conclusion, resistance training of scapular muscles associated with rehabilitation reduces pain the increases function in individuals with lateral apicondylalgia. It is suggested that more studies be carried out with better methodological quality to assess the importance of strengthening the scapular muscles in individuals with epicondylalgia. (AU)

Confiabilidade de instrumentos de avaliação de retração de cintura escapular em uma unidade de cuidados intermediários neonatal / Reliability of the evaluation of shoulder girdle retraction instrument in a neonatal intermediate unit care

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade inter e intraexaminador, na utilização de instrumentos de avaliação da retração de cintura escapular em crianças internadas em uma unidade de cuidados intermediários neonatal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e observacional, realizado com recém-nascidos e lactentes que necessitaram de internamento em uma unidade de cuidados intermediários neonatal. A coleta de dados ocorreu de outubro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. Para avaliação da retração da cintura escapular foi utilizado um protocolo de inspeção biomecânica elaborado pelas pesquisadoras, que possibilitou a realização de medidas (em centímetros) das bordas mediais superiores e inferiores, direita e esquerda, até a coluna vertebral, com a cabeça em rotação para a direita e para a esquerda, e o sinal do cachecol. As avaliações foram realizadas sempre pelos mesmos avaliadores. Para estimar a confiabilidade inter e intraexaminador do protocolo de inspeção biomecânica e sinal do cachecol, foi utilizado o Índice de Kappa e para as medidas do posicionamento das escápulas, o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. RESULTADOS: O protocolo de inspeção biomecânica dos sinais sugestivos de retração de cintura escapular demostrou concordância leve a moderada interexaminadores, e substancial a quase perfeita intraexaminador. A concordância interexaminadores obtida no sinal do cachecol foi leve a moderada, e quase perfeita intraexaminador. O posicionamento das escápulas apresentou concordância interexaminadores considerada como boa, e concordância excelente intraexaminador. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação de sinais sugestivos de retração de cintura escapular, em recém-nascidos e lactentes, apresenta baixos índices confiabilidade interexaminadores e altíssima confiabilidade intraexaminador

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inter and intra-examiner reliability in the use of instruments to assess shoulder girdle retraction in children hospitalized in a neonatal intermediate care unit. METHODS: Quantitative, cross-sectional and observational study carried out with newborns and infants who required hospitalization in a neonatal intermediate care unit. Data collection took place from October 2019 to February 2020. To evaluate shoulder girdle retraction, a biomechanical inspection protocol developed by the researchers was used, which made it possible to measure (in centimeters) from the upper and lower medial edges, right and left, to the spine, with the head in rotation to the right and left, and the scarf sign. The evaluations were always carried out by the same evaluators. To estimate inter and intra-examiner reliability of the biomechanical inspection protocol and scarf signal, the Kappa Index was used and, for measurements of scapular positioning, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS: The biomechanical inspection protocol for suggestive signs of scapular girdle retraction showed mild to moderate inter-examiner agreement and substantial to almost perfect intra-examiner agreement. The intra-examiner agreement obtained in the scarf sign was mild to moderate and almost perfect intra-examiner. The positioning of the scapulae showed good inter-examiner agreement and excellent intra-examiner agreement. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of suggestive signs of scapular girdle retraction in newborns and infants has low inter-examiner reliability and very high intra-examiner reliability.

Foramen escapular osificado en una muestra poblacional colombo-chilena / Ossified scapular foramen in a Colombian-Chilean population sample

RESUMEN: Ocasionalmente la incisura escapular puede ser reemplazada por un foramen óseo producto de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula. Esta formación ósea se considera un factor precipitante de la compresión del nervio supraescapular. Ciento noventa y cinco escápulas de individuos adultos pertenecientes a osteotecas de universidades de Colombia (114 escápulas) y de Chile (81 escápulas), fueron estudiadas macroscópicamente para determinar la presencia de un foramen escapular óseo. Ambas escápulas de un mismo individuo colombiano (1,75 % del total) presentaban el foramen escapular y una escápula izquierda (1,23 %) presentaba esta formación en un individuo chileno. La prevalencia de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula es muy variable en los distintos estudios y tiende a situarse inferior al 10 %, sin embargo, puede constituirse en un factor de riesgo debido al atrapamiento o compresión del nervio supraescapular, hecho conocido como neuropatía supraescapular.

SUMMARY: Occasionally the scapular notch can be replaced by a bony foramen product of the ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. This bone formation is considered a precipitating factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve. One hundred and ninety-five adult scapulae from Colombian (114 scapulae) and Chilean (81 scapulae) university osteotheques were studied macroscopically to determine the presence of a bony scapular foramen. Both scapulae of the same Colombian individual (1.75% of the total) presented the scapular foramen and one left scapula (1.23%) presented this formation in a Chilean individual. The prevalence of ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament is highly variable in the different studies and tends to be less than 10%; however, it can become a risk factor due to entrapment or compression of the suprascapular nerve, a fact known as suprascapular neuropathy.

Acromioclavicular, Coracoclavicular and Medial Coracoclavicular Ligaments Assessment in Acromioclavicular Dislocation / Avaliação dos ligamentos acromioclavicular, coracoclaviculares e coracoclavicular medial na luxação acromioclavicular

Abstract Objective To study the anatomy of the medial coracoclavicular ligament and assess the contribution of the acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular and medial coracoclavicular ligaments to the stability of the acromioclavicular joint. Methods Twenty-six shoulders from 16 fresh cadavers were dissected after placement in dorsal recumbency with a 15-cm cushion between the shoulder blades. An extended deltopectoral approach was performed proximally and medially, followed by plane dissection and ligament identification. The acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular distances were measured using points previously marked with a millimeter caliper. Six of these specimens were submitted to a biomechanical study. The acromioclavicular ligament, the coracoclavicular ligament and the medial coracoclavicular ligament were sectioned sequentially, and a cephalic force of 20 N was applied to the lateral clavicle. The acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular distances were measured in each of the ligament section stages. Results The right medial coracoclavicular ligament presented, on average, 48.9 mm in length and 18.3 mm in width. On the left side, its mean length was 48.65 mm, with a mean width of 17.3 mm. Acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular and medial coracoclavicular ligament section resulted in a statistically significant increase in the coracoclavicular distance and posterior scapular displacement. Conclusion The medial coracoclavicular ligament is a true ligamentous structure found in all dissected shoulders. Our results showed that the scapular protraction relaxed the medial coracoclavicular ligament, while scapular retraction tensioned it; in addition, our findings demonstrate that this ligament contributes to the vertical and horizontal stability of the acromioclavicular joint.

Resumo Objetivo Estudar a anatomia do ligamento coracoclavicular medial e avaliar a contribuição do ligamento acromioclavicular, coracoclaviculares e coracoclavicular medial na estabilidade da articulação acromioclavicular. Métodos Foram dissecados 26 ombros de 16 cadáveres frescos, posicionados em decúbito dorso-horizontal, com um coxim de 15 cm de altura entre as escápulas. Realizou-se uma via deltopeitoral estendida proximal e medialmente. Realizou-se dissecção por planos e identificação dos ligamentos. Realizou a medida da distância acromio-clavicular e coracoclavicular usando pontos previamente demarcados com paquímetro milimetrado. Em seis dessas amostras foi realizado estudo biomecânico. Seccionando, nesta ordem, o ligamento acromioclavicular, os coracoclaviculares e o ligamento coracoclavicular medial com uma força cefálica de 20N foi aplicada na clavícula lateral. Foi medida a distância acromio-clavicular e coracoclavicular em cada uma das etapas de secção dos ligamentos. Resultados A média de comprimento do ligamento coracoclavicular medial foi de 48,9mm e a média de largura, de 18,3mm no lado direito. No esquerdo, a média de comprimento foi de 48,65mm e a média da largura, 17,3mm. Após a secção dos ligamentos acromioclaviculares, coracoclaviculares, com a secção do ligamento coracoclavicular medial houve aumento estatisticamente significativo da distância córaco-clavicular e um deslocamento posterior da escápula. Conclusão O ligamento coracoclavicular medial é uma estrutura ligamentar verdadeira, presente em todos os ombros dissecados. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o ligamento coracoclavicular medial encontra-se relaxado com a escápula em protração e tenso com a escápula em retração e segundo nossos resultados participa tanto da estabilidade vertical quanto da estabilidade horizontal da articulação acromioclavicular.

Effect of adduction during glenohumeral external rotation exercises in the scapulohumeral muscles / Efecto de la adducción durante ejercicios de rotación externa glenohumeral en los músculos escapulohumerales

SUMMARY: The effect of adduction during glenohumeral external rotation (ER) exercises on the scapulohumeral muscles is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carrying out adduction during external rotation exercises in low and high shoulder positions on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the infraspinatus (IS), middle deltoid (MD), and posterior deltoid (PD) muscles. EMG activity of the IS, MD, and PD muscles of 20 healthy participants was evaluated. Subjects performed 6 ER exercises that combined two factors: i) different adduction pressures according to biofeedback unit (0, 5 and 10 mmHg), and ii) low and high shoulder position. The pressure was controlled using a biofeedback unit. The low and high shoulder positions were 20? and 90? of abduction. In the low shoulder position, the activity of the IS muscle increased as the pressure on the biofeedback unit increased and the MD and PD muscles presented the highest activity at 10 mmHg. In the high shoulder position, the activity of the IS muscle was higher at 0 and 10 mmHg, the MD muscle presented higher activity at 5 mmHg, and PD muscle activity did not vary with the pressure. The addition of adduction at a pressure of 5 mmHg in the low shoulder position promotes is activity. Likewise, adduction at a pressure of 10 mmHg will promote activity of the IS, MD, and PD.

RESUMEN: El efecto de la aducción durante los ejercicios de rotación externa (RE) glenohumeral sobre los músculos escapulohumerales es controversial. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la realización de la aducción durante los ejercicios de rotación externa en posiciones bajas y altas del hombro sobre la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) delos músculos infraespinoso (IS), deltoides medio (DM) y deltoides posterior (DP). Se evaluó la actividad EMG de los músculos IS, MD y PD de 20 participantes sanos. Los sujetos realizaron 6 ejercicios de RE que combinaron dos factores: i) diferentes presiones de aducción de acuerdo con la unidad de biorretroalimentación (0, 5 y 10 mmHg), y ii) posición del hombro baja y alta. La presión se controló mediante una unidad de biorretroalimentación. Las posiciones del hombro baja y alta fueron de 20? y 90? de abducción. En la posición del hombro bajo, la actividad del músculo IS aumentó a medida que aumentaba la presión sobre la unidad de biorretroalimentación y los músculos MD y PD presentaron la actividad más alta a 10 mmHg. En la posición del hombro alto, la actividad del músculo IS fue mayor a 0 y 10 mmHg, el músculo MD presentó mayor actividad a 5 mmHg y la actividad del músculo PD no varió con la presión. La adición de aducción a una presión de 5 mmHg en la posición baja del hombro promueve la actividad del músculo IS. Asimismo, la aducción a una presión de 10 mmHg promoverá la actividad del IS, MD y PD.

Accuracy of sonographic identification of suprascapular nerve at supraclavicular fossa: a cadaveric study / Precisión de la identificación ecográfica del nervio supraescapular en la fosa supraclavicular: un estudio cadavérico

SUMMARY: Sonographic identification of suprascapular nerve (SSN) is essential for diagnosis of suprascapular neuropathy and ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block. This study aims to demonstrate the accuracy of identification of SSN at supraclavicular region by ultrasonography in fresh cadavers. Ninety-three posterior cervical triangles were examined. With ultrasonography, SSN emerging from the upper trunk of brachial plexus was identified and followed until it passed underneath the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle. Sonographic visualization of SSN in supraclavicular fossa was recorded. Then, cadaveric dissection was performed to determine the presence or absence of SSN. An agreement between sonographic identification and direct visualization was specified and categorized the following three patterns: "correctly identified" (pattern I), "incorrectly identified" (pattern II), and "unidentified" (pattern III). The identification of SSN using sonography was correct in almost 90 %. The diameter of SSN with pattern I was the largest compared to those of other two patterns. In pattern I, SSN ran laterally from the upper trunk of brachial plexus and passed underneath the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle. Therefore, SSN was easily identified under ultrasonography. In pattern II, nerve identified by ultrasonography was literally the dorsal scapular nerve. In pattern III, SSN was unable to be identified because of its anatomical variation. The accuracy of ultrasonographic identification of SSN at supraclavicular fossa is high and the key sonoanatomical landmarks are the lateral margin of brachial plexus and the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle. The anatomical variants of SSN are reasons of incorrect or unable identification of SSN under ultrasonography.

RESUMEN: La identificación ecográfica del nervio supraescapular (NSE) es esencial para el diagnóstico de neuropatía supraescapular y bloqueo del nervio supraescapular mediante la ecografía. Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar la precisión de la identificación de NSE en la región supraclavicular por ecografía en cadáveres frescos. Se examinaron noventa y tres triángulos cervicales posteriores. Se identificó el NSE emergente de la parte superior del tronco del plexo braquial con la ecografía, y se siguió hasta su trayecto por debajo del vientre inferior del músculo omohioideo. Se registró la visualización ecográfica del NSE en la fosa supraclavicular. Luego, se realizó disección cadavérica para determinar la presencia o ausencia de NSE. Se especificó un acuerdo entre la identificación ecográfica y la visualización directa y se categorizaron los siguientes tres patrones: "identificado correctamente" (patrón I), "identificado incorrectamente" (patrón II) y "no identificado" (patrón III). La identificación de NSE mediante ecografía fue correcta en casi el 90 %. El diámetro del NSE con el patrón I fue el más grande en comparación con los de los otros dos patrones. En el patrón I, NSE corría lateralmente desde la parte superior del tronco del plexo braquial y pasaba por debajo del vientre inferior del músculo omohioideo. Por lo tanto, el NSE se identificó fácilmente mediante ecografía. En el patrón II, el nervio identificado por ecografía era literalmente el nervio escapular dorsal; en el patrón III, el NSE no pudo ser identificado debido a su variación anatómica. La precisión de la identificación ecográfica del NSE en la fosa supraclavicular es alta y los puntos de referencia sonoanatómicos clave son el borde lateral del plexo braquial y el vientre inferior del músculo omohioideo. Las variantes anatómicas de NSE son razones de identificación incorrecta o incapaz de NSE bajo ecografía.

Acromial type in Brazilian young adults: a radiological study / Tipo acromial em adultos jovens brasileiros: um estudo radiológico

Introduction: curved and hooked acromia play a key role in shoulder impingement syndrome. Little is known about acromial type in the Brazilian population. Aim: To describe the acromial profile of Brazilian young adults; to evaluate its correlation with gender and handedness and the occurrence of symmetry between the genders. Methodology: forty acromia in 20 Brazilian adults of both genders, aged 21-25 years, were studied. The acromial type was classified through the Bigliani/Epstein method using radiographs in supraspinatus outlet view. Results: as there was no gender difference in occurrences of acromial type, we considered the male and female groups together. Thus, among the 20 right acromia, we found 5 type I (25%), 8 type II (40%) and 7 type III (35%). Among the 20 left acromia, we found 4 type I (20%), 11 type II (55%) and 5 type III (25%). The only left-handed volunteer (100%) presented acromial type III in both the right and the left shoulder. Among the 19 right-handed volunteers, 5 (26.3%) presented right acromion type I, 8 (42.1%) had type II and 6 (31.6%) had type III; for the left acromion, 4 (21.1%) presented type I, 11 (57.9%) had type II and 4 (21.1%) had type III. Acromial symmetry occurred in 60% of females and 70% of males. Conclusion: type II acromion was predominant, in both the right and the left shoulder in Brazilian young adults. There was no correlation between acromial type and gender. It was not possible to analyze the correlation between acromial type and handedness. Acromial type tended to be symmetrical in our sample.

Introdução: o acrômio curvo e gancho desempenham um papel fundamental na Síndrome do impacto do ombro. Pouco se sabe sobre o tipo acromial na população brasileira. Objetivo: descrever o perfil do tipo acromial em adultos jovens brasileiros e avaliar sua correlação com o gênero e a lateralidade e a ocorrência de simetria entre os sexos. Metodologia: foram estudados 40 acrômios de 20 adultos brasileiros, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 21 e 25 anos. O tipo acromial foi classificado pelo método de Bigliani/ Epstein nas radiografias de perfil de escápula. Resultados: como não houve diferença na ocorrência do tipo acromial quanto ao gênero, consideramos os grupos masculino e feminino juntos. Assim, dos 20 acrômios direitos, foram encontrados 5 (25%) do tipo I, 8 (40%) do tipo II e 7 (35%) do tipo III, enquanto que dos 20 acrômios esquerdos, foram encontrados 4 (20%) tipo I, 11 (55%) tipo II e 5 (25%) tipo III. O único voluntário canhoto (100%) apresentou para o ombro direito e esquerdo o tipo acromial III. Dos 19 voluntários destros, 5 (26,3%) apresentavam acrômio direito tipo I, 8 (42,1%) tipo II e 6 (31,6%) tipo III; para o acrômio esquerdo, 4 (21,1%) apresentavam tipo I, 11 (57,9%) tipo II e 4 (21,1%) tipo III. A simetria acromial ocorreu nos grupos feminino (60%) e masculino (70%). Conclusão: o acrômio tipo II foi o mais predominante para os ombros direito e esquerdo em adultos jovens brasileiros. Não houve correlação entre o tipo de acromial e o gênero. Não foi possível analisar a correlação entre o tipo acromial e a lateralidade. O tipo acromial tende a ser simétrico em na amostra estudada.

Effect of kinesio tape on scapular kinematics in subjects with scapular dyskinesis

Scapular dyskinesis is an abnormality in scapula static or dynamic position. There are several techniques for scapular dyskinesis conservative treatment, including Kinesio Tape application, which is used to promote and support scapula joint alignment, decrease pain and improve local muscle control. The study aim to investigate the effect of kinesio tape on scapular kinematics in subjects with scapular dyskinesis. Fourteen subjects with scapular dyskinesis performed flexion and scaption movements in two conditions: (1) without load and (2) holding a dumbbell. A scapular tape was applied over the lower trapezius (Y shaped) muscle with a 20% tension. Kinematic data were captured with 10 infrared cameras and analyzed based on Euler angles, peak values of upward rotation, internal rotation, and posterior tilt angles. To compare the situations with and without kinesio tape the repeated measures two-way ANOVAs (α = 0.05) was performed using SPSS software. Scapular tape increase upward rotation and posterior tilt during flexion of the shoulder. No interaction (Load x KT) was found during flexion, suggesting that KT effect in the peak values is the same, regardless the load condition. Scapular tape decreases internal rotation during scaption and a significant interaction was found between load x KT, suggesting the effect of using KT could depend the load u sed during this movement. The results suggest that kinesio tape may can be use as assistant to increase upward rotation, posterior tilt and decrease internal rotation in scapular dyskinesis subjects. (AU)

Body height and its estimation utilizing shoulder blade length measurements of Montenegrin adolescents of both sexes / La altura del cuerpo y su estimación utilizando medidas de la longitud de la escápula de adolescentes montenegrinos de ambos sexos

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research is to determine a regression equation for estimation of stature from shoulder blade length measurements. The sample in this research comprised 1001 adolescents, all of whom were in their final year of high school (504 males and 497 females) among the population of Montenegrin adolescents. The stature and shoulder blade length measurements were taken according to the ISAK protocol, and the data were analyzed statistically. Linear regression analysis determined the prediction of and shoulder blade length on the criterion variable a body height at the significance level of p <0.05. These relations are presented by using a scatter diagram (Fig. 2). Thereby, we obtained the coefficient of determination, the multiple correlation coefficients, the partial correlation coefficient, the regression, t-test and standardized beta coefficient. The research study confirmed that shoulder blade length reliably predicts stature in both sexes of Montenegrin adolescents and revealed a very useful finding for physical anthropologists and experts from related fields. It was confirmed that there is a correlation between shoulder blade length and body height (males: 34.3 %, females: 38.8 %). Therefore, shoulder blade length proves to be a reliable predictor for the actual body height estimates.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar una ecuación de regresión para estimar la estatura corporal a partir de las medidas de la longitud del escápula. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1001 adolescentes, en su último año de estudios secundarios (504 hombres y 497 mujeres) entre la población montenegrina. Las medidas de estatura y longitud del escápula se tomaron de acuerdo con el protocolo ISAK y los datos se analizaron estadísticamente. El análisis de regresión lineal determinó la predicción y la longitud del escápula en la variable de criterio a altura corporal con un nivel de significación de p <0,05. Estas relaciones se presentan mediante un diagrama de dispersión. De ese modo, obtuvimos el coeficiente de determinación, los coeficientes de correlación múltiple, el coeficiente de correlación parcial, la regresión, la prueba t y el coeficiente beta estandarizado. El estudio confirmó que la longitud del escápula predice de manera confiable la estatura en ambos sexos de los adolescentes montenegrinos y reveló información muy útil para los antropólogos físicos y expertos de áreas relacionadas. Se confirmó que existe una correlación entre la longitud del escápula y la altura del cuerpo (hombres: 34,3 %, mujeres: 38,8 %). Por lo tanto, la longitud del escápula demuestra ser un predictor confiable de las estimaciones de la altura corporal real.

Osteocondroma solitario de la escápula: localización poco habitual para un tumor frecuente / A solitary osteochondroma of the scapula: Uncommon location for a common tumor

El osteocondroma es un tumor óseo benigno que afecta, en general, a niños y adultos jóvenes. Se localiza habitualmente en las metáfisis de los huesos largos alrededor de la rodilla, aunque también puede afectar a huesos planos como la escápula.Se presenta el caso clínico de un niño de 11 años con tumoración dolorosa en la superficie dorsal de la escápula de un año de evolución. Se diagnostica un osteocondroma escapular, localización poco frecuente para este tumor. Debido a la persistencia de la sintomatología, se realizó exéresis quirúrgica

Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that usually affects children and young adults. It is typically located in the metaphysis of long bones around the knee, although it could also affect flat bones like scapula. We report the case of a 11-year-old child with one year of evolution painful tumor at the dorsal surface of the scapula. He was diagnosed with osteochondroma of the scapula, uncommon location for this tumor. Due to the persistence of the symptomatology surgical excision was performed.

A Simple Bone Cyst of the Acromion: Case Report / Cisto ósseo simples do acrômio: Relato de caso

Abstract Simple bone cysts rarely occur in the scapula, and, to our knowledge, they have not been reported in the acromion. In the present report, we present the case of a 24-year-old female patient who was successfully treated by curettage and grafting using xenografting. No recurrence findings were observed during the follow-up six months postoperatively, the patient had recovered full range of motion, and she was able to perform all routine activities satisfactorily.

Resumo Cistos ósseos simples são raros na escápula, e, pelo que sabemos, não foram relatados no acrômio. Aqui, apresentamos uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 24 anos, submetida com sucesso ao tratamento composto por curetagem e xenoenxerto. Não foram observados achados de recidiva no acompanhamento pós-operatório de seis meses, quando a paciente apresentou amplitude total de movimento e foi capaz de realizar todas as atividades rotineiras de maneira satisfatória.

Anatomical features of some bones of the forelimbs of lions (Panthera leo) / Características anatómicas de algunos huesos de los miembros torácicos de leones (Panthera leo)

SUMMARY: We studied the bones of forelimb of four adult lions (Panthera leo) of both sexes to record the gross anatomical and morphometrical features of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. We observed some unique anatomical features that will be helpful for radiographic interpretation and forensic investigations. The lateral surface of scapula was unequally divided into supraspinous (fossa supraspinata) and infraspinous fossa (fossa infraspinata) by a well developed spine (spina scapulae). The acromion process was subdivided into suprahamate process (processus suprahamatus)and hamate process (processus hamatus); the later one was over hanged the glenoid cavity (cavitas glenoidalis), but the supraglenoid tubercle (tuberculum supraglenoidalis) was absent. The shaft (diaphysis) of humerus was compressed craniocaudally in proximal part, rounded to oval in middle part and compressed mediolaterally in distal part. A long, narrow supracondyloid foramen was found at distal limb just above the medial epicondyle (epicondylus medialis) which didn't connect the radial fossa (fossa radialis) with the olecranon fossa (fossa olecrani). The radius and ulna were twin bones where radius was articulated craniolateral to the ulna proximally and craniomedial to the ulna distally. However, the ulna was the longest bone in the forelimb of lion. The olecranon tuberosity of this bone had three prominences - two were cranially, whereas the caudal one was the largest and rounded. Distally projected styloid processes (processus styloideus) were found in the distal limb of both radius and ulna.

RESUMEN: Estudiamos los huesos de las miembros torácicos de cuatro leones adultos (Panthera leo) de ambos sexos para registrar las características anatómicas y morfométricas macroscópicas de la escápula, el húmero, el radio y la ulna. Se observaron algunas características anatómicas únicas que serán útiles para la interpretación radiográfica y las investigaciones forenses. La superficie lateral de la escápula se dividió de manera desigual en fosa supraespinosa y fosa infraspinosa por una columna bien desarrollada (espina de la escápula). El proceso del acromion se subdividió en proceso suprahamato (processus suprahamatus) y proceso hamato (processus hamatus); el tubérculo supraglenoideo (tuberculum supraglenoidalis) estaba ausente. La diáfisis (diafisis) del húmero estaba comprimida craneocaudalmente en la parte proximal, redondeada a ovalada en la parte media y comprimida mediolateralmente en la parte distal. Se encontró un foramen supracondileo largo y estrecho en la extremidad distal, por encima del epicóndilo medial (epicondylus medilaris) que no conectaba la fosa radial (fosa radial) con la fosa olecraneana (fossa olecrani). El radio y la ulna eran huesos idénticos en los que el radio se articulaba craneolateral a la ulna proximalmente, y craneomedial a la ulna distalmente. Sin embargo, la ulna era el hueso más largo del miembro torácico del león. La tuberosidad del olécranon de este hueso tenía tres prominencias: dos eran craneales, mientras que la caudal era la más grande y redondeada. Se encontraron procesos estiloides proyectados distalmente (processus styloideus) en la extremidades distales del radio y la ulna.