Alcance para Colombia de la declaración de la World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia / Scope for Colombia of the World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 declaration on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery

Introducción. El currículo para la formación del cirujano general exige precisión, ajuste al contexto y factibilidad. En 2022, la World Society of Emergency Surgery formuló cinco declaraciones sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia que puede contribuir a estos propósitos. El objetivo del presente artículo fue examinar el alcance de estas declaraciones para la educación quirúrgica en Colombia. Métodos. Se analizó desde una posición crítica y reflexiva el alcance y limitaciones para Colombia de cada una de las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery, con base en la evidencia empírica publicada durante las últimas dos décadas en revistas indexadas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados. La evidencia empírica producida en Colombia durante el presente siglo permite identificar que el país cuenta con fundamentos del currículo nacional en cirugía general, formulado por la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía en 2021; un sistema de acreditación de la educación superior; un modelo de aseguramiento universal en salud; infraestructura tecnológica y condiciones institucionales que pueden facilitar la adopción exitosa de dichas declaraciones para el entrenamiento de los futuros cirujanos en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia. No obstante, su implementación requiere esfuerzos mayores e inversión en materia de simulación quirúrgica, cooperación institucional y fortalecimiento del sistema de recertificación profesional. Conclusión. La educación quirúrgica colombiana está en capacidad de cumplir con las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery en materia de entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia.

Introduction. The general surgeon training curriculum requires precision, contextual fit, and feasibility. In 2022, the World Society of Emergency Surgery formulated five statements on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery, which can contribute to these purposes. This article examines the scope of these declarations for surgical education in Colombia. Methods. The scope and limitations for Colombia of each of the statements of the World Society of Emergency Surgery were analysed from a critical and reflective position, based on empirical evidence published during the last two decades in national and international indexed journals. Results. The empirical evidence produced in Colombia during this century allows us to identify that the country has the foundations of the national curriculum in general surgery, formulated by the Education Division of the Colombian Association of Surgery in 2021; a higher education accreditation system; a universal health insurance model; technological infrastructure, and institutional conditions that can facilitate the successful adoption of said statements for the training of future surgeons in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery. However, its implementation requires greater efforts and investment in surgical simulation, institutional cooperation, and strengthening of the professional recertification system. Conclusion. Colombian surgical education is able to comply with the declarations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery regarding training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery.

Remoção endoscópica de corpo estranho ventricular em gallus gallus domesticus da raça brahma: relato de caso / Endoscopic removal of a ventricular foreign body in a brahma gallus domesticus: case report / Extracción endoscópica de un cuerpo extraño ventricular en un brahma gallus domesticus: informe de un caso

Relatos de ingestão de corpos estranhos dos mais diferentes materiais são comuns em aves, especialmente nas mais jovens. Os corpos estranhos podem causar intoxicação (dependendo da composição do material) ou mesmo perfuração do canal alimentar ou obstrução gastrintestinal. Quando há suspeita de ingestão de corpos estranhos, exames de imagem como a radiologia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia são ferramentas valiosas para o diagnóstico. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de uma ave da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, raça Brahma, sete meses de idade, macho, pesando 4,3 Kg com quadro de sensibilidade na cavidade corporal e histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e prostração há cinco dias. As radiografias simples indicaram a presença de corpo estranho radiopaco (parafuso) alojado na região do ventrículo (moela). Após tratamento clínico com lavagens gástricas por cinco dias sem êxito, optou-se por realizar uma endoscopia digestiva alta sob anestesia geral com quetamina e isoflurano. O corpo estranho foi satisfatoriamente removido com pinça de alça de polipectomia e a ave apresentou rápida melhora clínica sem complicações. A endoscopia mostrou-se um procedimento pouco invasivo e eficaz para a resolução do presente caso. Os clínicos veterinários de aves devem considerar a possibilidade de usar a endoscopia como ferramenta para diagnóstico e resolução de corpos estranhos no canal alimentar das aves.(AU)

Reports of ingestion of foreign bodies from most different materials are common in birds, especially younger ones. Foreign bodies can cause intoxication (depending on the composition of the material) or even perforation of the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal obstruction. When foreign body ingestion is suspected, imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, and endoscopy are valuable diagnostic tools. The objective of this paper was to report a case of an avian of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, Brahma breed, seven months old, male, weighing 4.3 kg, with sensitivity in the body cavity, and a history of regurgitation, hyporexia, and prostration for five days. Plain radiographs indicated the presence of a radiopaque foreign body (screw) lodged in the ventricle region (gizzard). After clinical treatment with gastric lavages for five days without success, it was decided to perform an upper digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia with ketamine and isoflurane. The foreign body was satisfactorily removed with polypectomy loop forceps, and the bird showed rapid clinical improvement without complications. Endoscopy proved to be a minimally invasive and effective procedure for resolving the present case. Avian veterinary practitioners may consider using endoscopy to diagnose and resolve foreign bodies in the alimentary canal of birds.(AU)

Los informes de ingestión de cuerpos extraños de los más diferentes materiales son comunes en las aves, especialmente en las más jóvenes. Los cuerpos extraños pueden causar intoxicación (dependiendo de la composición del material) o incluso perforación del tubo digestivo u obstrucción gastrointestinal. Cuando se sospecha la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, las pruebas de imagen como la radiología, la ecografía y la endoscopia son valiosas herramientas diagnósticas. El objetivo fue reportar un caso de un ave de la especie Gallus gallus domesticus, raza Brahma, de siete meses de edad, macho, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con sensibilidad en la cavidad corporal y antecedentes de regurgitación, hiporexia y postración de cinco días de evolución. Las radiografías simples indicaron la presencia de un cuerpo extraño radiopaco (tornillo) alojado en la región del ventrículo (molleja). Tras tratamiento clínico con lavados gástricos durante cinco días sin éxito, se decide realizar endoscopia digestiva alta bajo anestesia general con ketamina e isoflurano. El cuerpo extraño se extrajo satisfactoriamente con pinzas de asa de polipectomía y el ave mostró una rápida mejoría clínica sin complicaciones. La endoscopia demostró ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo y efectivo para la resolución del presente caso. Los veterinarios aviares deberían considerar la posibilidad de utilizar la endoscopia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y resolución de cuerpos extraños en el tubo digestivo de las aves.(AU)

Trombose da veia mesentérica superior após sleeve gástrico / Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis after gastric sleeve

Obesity is a chronic disease that can lead to other serious health problems. In more severe cases, a therapeutic alternative is bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to present a narrative review of anatomical aspects of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis after sleeve gastrectomy. A literature review on the subject was performed from 2011 to 2021, using the Periodicals CAPES and PubMed databases, using the following descriptors in English and Portuguese: sleeve, superior mesenteric vein and thrombosis. Among the results, 7 articles were selected that met the research purposes. In conclusion, the sleeve is an efficient procedure; however, it is necessary to consider the possibility of thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein, and it is important to previously analyze the risk factors, as well as to consider the indication of the use of anticoagulants in the pre, trans and postoperative periods

A obesidade é doença crônica que pode acarretar outros graves problemas de saúde. Em casos mais severos, alternativa terapêutica é a realização de operação bariátrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar revisão narrativa aspectos anatômicos da trombose da veia mesentérica superior após sleeve gástrico. Foi realizada análise de literatura sobre o tema no período de 2011 a 2021, utilizando-se das bases de dados Periódicos da CAPES e PubMed, empregando os seguintes descritores em inglês e português: sleeve, veia mesentérica superior e trombose. Dentre os resultados, foram selecionados 7 artigos que atendiam aos propósitos da pesquisa. Como conclusão, o sleeve é procedimento eficiente, contudo é preciso considerar a possibilidade de ocorrência da trombose da veia mesentérica superior, sendo de importância analisar previamente os fatores de risco, bem como cogitar a indicação do uso de anticoagulantes no período pré, trans e pós-operatório

Atresia esofágica tipo III associada a ânus imperfurado: um relato de caso / Esophageal atresia type III associated to imperforate anus: a case report

Introdução: As malformações congênitas são defeitos que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento embrio-fetal, principalmente entre a terceira e oitava semana de gestação, podendo ser suspeitado no período pré-natal. A atresia de esôfago com ou sem fístula traqueoesofágica pode estar associada a outras anomalias congênitas, como o ânus imperfurado, o qual faz parte uma síndrome denominada malformação anorretal. Objetivo: discutir o caso de um recém-nascido (RN) portador de atresia de esôfago tipo III e ânus imperfurado, bem como associar suas ocorrências simultâneas. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo masculino, advindo de uma gestação gemelar complicada por pré-eclâmpsia, apresentava ao nascimento ausência do reflexo de busca e sucção, bradicardia e cianose central. Foi diagnosticado com ânus imperfurado e atresia esofágica. Foram realizados cirurgia de Colostomia em Duas Bocas e tratamento cirúrgico da atresia de esôfago. O paciente ficou 48 dias em incubadora com intubação orotraqueal e ventilação mecânica por 26 dias. Resultado: a programação pós- alta indicada foi o acompanhamento com cirurgião pediátrico e neurocirurgião, tendo evoluído bem e aguardando anorretoplastia. Conclusão: o rápido diagnóstico é tão necessário, nesses casos, quanto as abordagens cirúrgicas. O apoio psicológico aos familiares é de extrema importância, pois visa a melhor aceitação da família frente ao caso, propiciando dessa forma, melhores prognóstico e tratamento do paciente.

Introduction: Congenital malformations are defects that occur during embryo-fetal development, especially between the third and eighth week of pregnancy, and may be suspected in the prenatal period. Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula may be associated with other congenital anomalies, such as the imperforate anus, which is part of a syndrome called anorectal malformation. Objective: to discuss the case of a newborn (NB) with type III esophageal atresia and imperforate anus, as well as to associate its simultaneous occurrences. Case report: male patient, resulting from a twin pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia, had at birth the absence of the search and suction reflex, bradycardia and central cyanosis. He was diagnosed with imperforate anus and esophageal atresia. Double-barrel colostomy surgery and esophageal atresia surgery were performed. The patient spent 48 days in an incubator with orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for 26 days. Results: the post-discharge schedule indicated was for follow-up with a pediatric surgeon and neurosurgeon. Patient evolved well and awaits anorectomy. Conclusion: rapid diagnosis is as necessary in these cases as surgical approaches. Psychological support to family members is extremely important, as it aims at better family acceptance in the case, thus providing better prognosis and treatment for the patient.

Granuloma no caseificante como primera manifestación de artritis reumatoide. A propósito de un caso / Noncaseating granuloma as first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis: a case report

RESUMEN Los nódulos reumatoides se han descrito en cerca del 30% de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide, se localizan generalmente a nivel subcutáneo, pero son poco frecuentes en órganos viscerales; generalmente aparecen en estados tardíos de la enfermedad. Su apariencia puede ser confundida con otras condiciones clínicas en las localizaciones atípicas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que comenzó con nódulos reumatoides en el hígado como primera manifestación de artritis reumatoide.

ABSTRACT The rheumatoid nodules have been described in 30% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There are localized generally at subcutaneous planes, are rare in visceral organs, and appear tipically in advance stages of the disease. Its appearance in atyipical localizations can be confused with other conditions. We are going to discuss a patient who debuted with rheumatoid nodules in the liver as first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis.

Formación del residente en gastroenterología: una propuesta pedagógica para la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Gastroenterology residents training: a pedagogical proposal for the endoscopic holistic care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En el proceso de formación del residente en Gastroenterología se perciben limitaciones en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, las cuales tienen su base en una insuficiente dinámica, en tanto se revela una visible polarización médico-instrumental de la práctica asistencial, orientada más hacia la endoscopia digestiva diagnóstica y terapéutica, en detrimento de lo preventivo, como parte indisoluble de esa formación. Objetivo: Proponer una estrategia para la formación del residente en gastroenterología en la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo. Desarrollo: Se propone una estrategia pedagógica para sistematizar la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica en la formación del residente en gastroenterología, que deviene un instrumento práctico y flexible, contentivo de etapas, subetapas, orientaciones metodológicas y un sistema de evaluación que permite articular los contenidos clínico-endoscópicos, en un movimiento integrador, a través del diagnóstico, elaboración, implementación y evaluación de acciones para la formación del futuro especialista. Conclusiones: Este instrumento práctico se encamina a sistematizar la formación praxiológico-endoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, para el desarrollo de la excelencia en la profesión.

Introduction: In the process of the Gastroenterology resident training there are limitations in the care to patients with digestive neoplasms, which have their base in an scarce dynamics, while a visible polarization doctor-tools in the healthcare practice is observed, which is addressed towards the diagnostic and therapeutical digestive endoscopy more than to the preventive digestive endoscopy, as an indispensable part of the training process. Objective: To propose a pedagogical strategy, for the training of the Gastroenterology resident in the holistic and endoscopic care to patients with neoplasms of the digestive system. Development: A pedagogical strategy is proposed to systematize the preventive-diagnostic-therapeutical and holistic care in the training of the gastroenterology resident, which becomes a practical and flexible instrument, that includes stages and substages, methodological orientations and an evaluation system which allows to articulate the clinical and endoscopic contents, in an comprehensive movement, through the diagnosis, elaboration, implementation and evaluation of actions for the training of the future specialist. Conclusions: This practical instrument proposed is aimed at systematizing the praxiological-endoscopic training of these specialists in the holistic, preventive-diagnostic-therapeutic treatment to patients with digestive neoplasms, so as to reach professional excellence in the profession.

Identification of genetic variants the CCKAR gene and based on body measurement and carcass quality characteristics in Qinchuan beef cattle (Bos taurus)

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore genetic polymorphisms of the CCKAR gene and their relationship with the growth and development of Qinchuan cattle which could be used as molecular markers for the improvement of the breeding of Qinchuan cattle. RESULTS: Here, we have identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at loci g. 1463 C>G; g. 1532 T>A; g. 1570 G>A; g. 1594 C>A; g. 1640 T>C; g. 1677 G>C; and g. 1735 C>T in the coding region of the bovine CCKAR gene. The frequencies identified on allelic and genotypic characteristics have shown that all seven SNPs diverged from the Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium. The SNP2, SNP3, SNP6 and SNP7 had the lowest polymorphism information content values, and remaining SNPs were found to be moderate (0.25 < PIC < 0.50). The genotype CG in SNP1 at loci g.1463 C>G had the greatest association with WH, HW, CD and CCF, while the genotype TA at the very same loci was associated with BFT, ULA and IMF content in Qinchuan cattle. The CCKAR gene expression level in adipose tissue, small intestine, liver and skeleton muscle was found to be higher, whereas, the expression level of mRNA in organs of other digestive system including reticulum, abomasum and omasum was moderate. Some expression of CCKAR mRNA was found in the large intestine, kidney and rumen. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our finding suggested that the CCKAR gene could be used as a potential candidate for the improvement of carcass quality and body measurements of Qinchuan cattle.

Óbitos pós-cirúrgicos em neonatos com malformações congênitas do aparelho digestivo ou osteomuscular / Post-surgical deaths in neonates with congenital malformations in the digestive or musculoskeletal systems / Muertes post-quirúrgicas en neonatos con malformaciones congénitas digestivas o musculoesqueléticas

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de óbitos pós-cirúrgicos em recém-nascidos com malformação do aparelho digestivo ou osteomuscular em uma maternidade de referência. Método: Estudo exploratório, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em uma maternidade de referência localizada em Teresina ­ PI. Os dados foram coletados do Tabwin e de fichas de investigação de óbito infantil de neonatos nascidos em 2016 e 2017 e analisados no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: O tipo de malformação mais prevalente do aparelho digestivo e osteomuscular entre os neonatos que foram a óbito após cirurgia foi o ânus imperfurado (41%) e a gastrosquise (64,2%), respectivamente. O choque séptico, seguido da insuficiência renal aguda foram os fatores determinantes dos óbitos analisados. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce é o fator primordial para redução da morbimortalidade de neonatos acometidos por malformações congênitas, uma vez que contribui para o direcionamento e planejamento dos cuidados imprescindíveis a esses pacientes

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of post-surgical deaths in newborns with malformation in the digestive or musculoskeletal systems in a reference maternity hospital. Method: This is an exploratory and retrospective study, with a quantitative approach, conducted in a reference maternity located in Teresina ­ PI. Data were collected from Tabwin and infant death investigation forms of neonates born in 2016 and 2017 and analyzed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: The most prevalent type of malformation of the digestive and musculoskeletal systems among neonates who died after surgery was the imperforate anus (41%) and gastroschisis (64.2%), respectively. Septic shock, followed by acute kidney failure, constituted the determining factors of the analyzed deaths. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is the key factor for reducing morbidity and mortality in neonates affected by congenital malformations, as it contributes to the targeting and planning of care actions essential for these patients

Objetivo: Analizar la ocurrencia de muertes post-quirúrgicas en recién nacidos con malformación digestiva o musculoesquelética en una maternidad de referencia. Método: Estudio exploratorio, retrospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en una maternidad de referencia ubicada en Teresina - PI. Los datos se recopilaron de Tabwin y de registros de investigación de muerte infantil de neonatos en 2016 y 2017 y se analizaron utilizando el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: El tipo de malformación digestiva y musculoesquelética más frecuente entre los neonatos que murieron después de la cirugía fue el ano imperforado (41%) y la gastrosquisis (64,2%), respectivamente. El shock séptico, seguido de insuficiencia renal aguda, constituyeron los factores determinantes de las muertes analizadas. Conclusión: El diagnóstico temprano es el factor principal para reducir la morbimortalidad en los neonatos afectados por malformaciones congénitas, ya que contribuye a la dirección y planificación de la atención esencial para estos pacientes

Digestive diseases of cattle diagnosed at the "Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns"-UFRPE: retrospective study and influence of seasonality / Enfermidades do sistema digestório de bovinos diagnosticadas na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns-UFRPE: estudo retrospectivo e influência da sazonalidade

Diseases of the bovine digestive system make up an important group of diseases, often being responsible for significant economic losses in the livestock sector. The current work aimed to carry out a retrospective study of the diseases of the digestive system in cattle diagnosed at the "Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns", "Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco", from January 1999 to December 2018. In this period, a total of 9,343 cattle were admitted to the CBG-UFRPE, of which 2,238 (24.0%) were diagnosed with diseases of the digestive system. In two decades, the total number of cattle admitted annually by the institution almost doubled as well as the number of cases of digestive diseases. The diseases categorized as mechanical/motor were the most prevalent (33.6%), followed by fermentative (28.4%), gastroenteritis (16.0%), esophageal diseases (9.7%), and diseases of the oral cavity (4.5%). Lesions of the rectum and anus, congenital alterations, and other digestive diseases showed relative frequencies below 4%. Traumatic reticulitis and its sequelae (14.5%) are the most prevalent disorders, followed by simple indigestion (10.1%), esophageal and intestinal obstructive disorders (9.0%), non-specific gastroenteritis (8.6%), displaced abomasum (RDA and LDA) (5.5%), and frothy bloat, ruminal lactic acidosis, and impaction of the forestomach and abomasum, which represented approximately 5% each. In general, these diseases presented a lethality rate of 46.0%, with emphasis on mechanical/motor diseases with a lethality rate of 73.8%. In general, diseases were more prevalent in females, crossbreeds, aged over 24 months, and raised in a semi-intensive system. Diseases of the digestive system increased over the years studied, representing a considerable portion of the diseases that affect cattle raised in this region, which makes up the main milk basin in the State of Pernambuco, confirming its economic and social impact in the region.(AU)

As enfermidades do sistema digestório dos bovinos compõem importante grupo de doenças frequentemente responsáveis por perdas econômicas significativas no setor pecuário. Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo retrospectivo das enfermidades do sistema digestório dos bovinos diagnosticadas na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2018. Neste período foi atendido um total de 9.343 bovinos dos quais 2.238 (24,0%) foram diagnosticados com enfermidades do sistema digestório. Em duas décadas, o número total de bovinos atendidos anualmente pela instituição quase dobrou, assim como o número de casos de doenças digestivas. As enfermidades categorizadas como de natureza mecânica/motora foram as mais prevalentes (33,6%), seguidas das fermentativas (28,4%), das gastroenterites (16,0%), das enfermidades esofágicas (9,7%) e das enfermidades da cavidade oral (4,5%). As lesões do reto e ânus, as alterações congênitas e outras enfermidades digestórias apresentaram frequências relativas inferiores a 4%. As reticulites traumáticas e suas sequelas (14,5%) destacaram-se como as doenças mais prevalentes, seguidas das indigestões simples (10,1%), dos transtornos obstrutivos esofágicos e intestinais (9,0%), das gastroenterites inespecíficas (8,6%), dos deslocamentos de abomaso (DAD e DAE) (5,5%) e do timpanismo espumoso, acidose láctica ruminal e compactações dos pré-estômagos e abomaso, que representaram aproximadamente 5% cada. No geral estas enfermidades apresentaram taxa de letalidade de 46,0%, com destaque para as enfermidades de natureza mecânica/motora cuja letalidade foi de 73,8%. De maneira geral as enfermidades foram mais prevalentes em fêmeas mestiças, com idade superior a 24 meses, criadas em sistema semi-intensivo. As enfermidades do sistema digestório, crescentes ao longo dos anos estudados, representaram parcela considerável das doenças que acometem os bovinos criados na região que compõe a principal bacia leiteira do Estado de Pernambuco, ratificando seu impacto econômico e social para a região.(AU)

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Anatomy of soft body of Pugilina cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. erecta (Vermeij & Raben, 2009) (Neogastropoda: Melongenidae) from Thondi Coast-Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu, India / Anatomia do corpo mole de Pugilina cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) e P. erecta (Vermeij & Raben, 2009) (Neogastropoda: Melongenidae) de Thondi Coast-Palk Bay em Tamil Nadu, na Índia

The species of Pugilina cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. erecta (Vermeij & Raben, 2009) has been studied in the present study. The female can be differentiated from the male by the absence of the cephalic penis and a complicated genital aparatus visible through the mantle skirt in both the sexes. In other aspects of the external features of female are quite to males. In both species the digestive system was similar with few differences in structure between each other. It consists of buccal mass, proboscis, salivary glands, accessory salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum and anus. The nervous system in both P. cochlidium and P. erecta is constituted by six ganglia which forms the circumoesophgeal ganglionic ring. Among the neogastropods there is a similarity in the organization of the reproductive systems. The female reproductive system is more complicated than that of male. The sexes are separated in these two species. The gross morphology of the reproductive system of P. cochlidium and P. erecta was almost similar. The present study aims to describe the digestive system, nervous system and reproductive system of two gastropods species P. cochlidium and P. erecta.

As espécies de Pugilina cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) e P. erecta (Vermeij & Raben, 2009) foram tomadas no presente estudo. A fêmea pode ser diferenciada do macho pela ausência do pênis cefálico e um complicado complexo genital visível através da saia do manto em ambos os sexos. Em outros aspectos das características externas da fêmea são bastante semelhantes aos dos machos. Em ambas as espécies, o sistema digestivo era semelhante, com poucas diferenças de estrutura entre si. Consiste em massa bucal, probóscide, glândulas salivares, glândulas salivares acessórias, esôfago, estômago, intestino, reto e ânus. O sistema nervoso em P. cochlidium e P. erecta é constituído por seis gânglios que formam um anel ganglionar circunoesofágico. Entre os neogastrópodes, há uma semelhança na organização dos sistemas reprodutivos. O sistema reprodutivo feminino é mais complicado que o masculino. Os sexos são separados nessas duas espécies. A morfologia macroscópica do sistema reprodutivo de P. cochlidium e P. erecta foi quase similar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o sistema digestivo, sistema nervoso e sistema reprodutivo de duas espécies, P. cochlidium e P. erecta.

Hematoma esofágico como manifestación atípica de Vasculitis ANCA asociada: Reporte de un caso / Esophageal hematoma as an atypical manifestation of associated ANCA Vasculitis: Report of a case

Las Vasculitis ANCA pueden causar lesiones diversas a lo largo del tracto gastrointestinal pero la afectación esofágica es infrecuente. Dentro del espectro de lesiones que pueden aparecer un hematoma esofágico no es una mención habitual en la bibliografía. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 67 años con diagnóstico de vasculitis ANCA asociada (VAA) y hematemesis. Consideramos que el hematoma esofágico es una manifestación atípica de una enfermedad infrecuente. La prevalencia real de este tipo de manifestaciones atípicas es desconocida ya sea por su carácter infrecuente o por la baja tasa de reportes, por lo que creemos es de utilidad la publicación de este tipo de manifestaciones.

ANCA associated vasculitis (AAV) can cause various injuries along the gastrointestinal tract, but esophageal involvement is rare. Within the spectrum of lesions that may occur an esophageal hematoma is not a common mention in the literature. We present the case of a 67-year-old woman diagnosed with AAV and hematemesis. We consider the esophageal hematoma to be an atypical manifestation of a rare disease. The actual prevalence of this type of atypical manifestations is unknown, either due to its infrequent nature or the low reporting rate, so we believe that the publication of this type of manifestations is useful.

Anatomical and histological characterization of the digestive canal of the golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) / Caracterización anatómica e histológica del canal digestivo del congrio dorado (Genypterus blacodes)

Given the importance of the Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) as an alternative to the production of salmonid species for worldwide diversification of aquaculture this study researched the morpho-histology of the digestive canal, providing a uniform nomenclature and basic information to support their nutritional management in captive conditions. The objective was to describe the normal morphology of the digestive canal. Twelve wild specimens were collected and dissected. Samples of the esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric blind and intestines were obtained. An anatomical and histological description was performed. The digestive canal presented a short tubular esophagus, a slightly dilated, J-shaped stomach and thick walls. The stomach had a cardiac region that ended in a pyloric sphincter from which the intestine of thin walls. The intestine presented an anterior, middle and posterior segment. The anterior region of the first segment of the middle intestine presented 4-5 pairs of pyloric cecum. The middle intestine represented approximately 30 % of the total length of the digestive canal, with a smaller diameter compared to the first segment. The posterior intestine was separated from the middle intestine by a thick and powerful sphincter. The liver was large and elongated, and located in the peritoneal cavity located to the left plane and ventral to the swim bladder. The gallbladder was located lateral to the hepatic anterior wolf. The bile duct led to the duodenal region of the anterior intestine. Ventrally, the rectum ended in the anus, located in front of the anal fin. In general, the histological structures were variable according to the segment studied, a mucous tunic was recognized that presented a simple columnar epithelium, a lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue, a muscular layer of the mucosa composed of smooth muscle tissue and a submucosal layer composed of loose connective tissue, a circular and longitudinal stratum of muscular tunic, which had striated musculature and an adventitial tunic composed of a simple squamous epithelium. In conclusion, Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) presents a digestive system typical of a carnivorous benthic fish adapted to feed on fish and crustaceans.

Dada la importancia del Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) como alternativa a la producción de especies salmonídeas para la diversificación mundial de la acuicultura, el objetivo del presente estudio es describir la morfología normal del canal digestivo de esta especie, proporcionando una nomenclatura uniforme e información básica para apoyar su manejo nutricional en condiciones de cautiverio. Doce especímenes silvestres fueron colectados y disecados. Se obtuvo muestras del esófago, estómago, hígado, ciego pilórico e intestinos. Se realizó una descripción anatómica e histológica. El canal digestivo presentó un esófago tubular corto, un estómago ligeramente dilatado, con forma de J y paredes gruesas. El estómago presentaba una región cardíaca que terminaba en un esfínter pilórico desde el cual el intestino de paredes delgadas. El intestino presentaba un segmento anterior, medio y posterior. La región anterior del primer segmento del intestino medio presentó 4-5 pares de ciegos pilóricos. El intestino medio representó aproximadamente el 30 % de la longitud total del canal digestivo, con un diámetro menor en comparación con el primer segmento. El intestino posterior estaba separado del intestino medio por un esfínter grueso y poderoso. El hígado era grande y alargado, y ubicado en la cavidad peritoneal ubicado al plano izquierdo y ventral a la vejiga natatoria. La vesícula biliar se ubicó lateral al lobo anterior hepático. El ducto biliar desembocó en la región duodenal del intestino anterior. Ventralmente, el recto terminó en el ano, ubicado frente a la aleta anal. En general, las estructuras histológicas fueron variables según el segmento estudiado, se reconoció una túnica mucosa que presentaba un epitelio columnar simple, una lámina propia de la mucosa compuesta por tejido conectivo laxo, una capa muscular de la mucosa compuesta por músculo liso tejido y una capa submucosa compuesta de tejido conectivo laxo, un estrato circular y longitudinal de túnica muscular, que tenía musculatura estriada y una túnica adventicia compuesta por un epitelio plano simple. En conclusión, Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) presenta un sistema digestivo típico de un pez bentónico carnívoro adaptado para alimentarse de peces y crustáceos.

Actividad biológica y toxicológica de los ácidos biliares en la actualidad / Biological and toxicological activity of bile acids today

Introducción: los ácidos biliares no solo tienen como actividad biológica regular la absorción de vitaminas liposolubles, colesterol y lípidos, sino actúan también como moléculas de señalización, moduladores de la proliferación celular intestinal, de la expresión de genes y del metabolismo energético según estudios in vitro e in vivo; en condiciones fisiológicas mantienen su homeostasis, que al ser interrumpida promueve suacción toxicológica. Objetivo: describir la actualidad de los nuevos conocimientos sobre la actividad biológica y toxicológica de los ácidos biliares en el aparato digestivo, dirigido a cirujanos generales, gastroenterólogos, clínicos y fisiólogos que les permitan contextualizar el proceso inflamación-carcinogénesis relacionado con los efectos toxicológicos de los ácidos biliares. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la actividad biológica y toxicológica de los ácidos biliares para los cirujanos generales, gastroenterólogos, clínicos y fisiólogos, como herramienta útil en la compresión fisiopatológico del metabolismo de los ácidos biliares. Conclusión: los ácidos biliares desempeñan una función clave como moléculas de señalización en la modulación de la proliferación de células epiteliales, la expresión de genes y el metabolismo energético, que cuando se interrumpe su homeostasis se promueve la acción tóxica de estos, lo que se traduce en el proceso inflamación-carcinogénesis digestiva(AU)

Introduction: bile acids not only have as a regular biological activity the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and lipids, but also act as signaling molecules, modulators of intestinal cell proliferation, gene expression and energy metabolism according to in vitro studies and in vivo; under physiological conditions they maintain their homeostasis, which when interrupted promotes their toxicological action. Objective: to describe the news of the new knowledge about the biological and toxicological activity of bile acids in the digestive system, aimed at general surgeons, gastroenterologists, clinicians and physiologists that allow them to contextualize the inflammation-carcinogenesis process related to the toxicological effects of bile acids. Method: A systematic review of the biological and toxicological activity of bile acids was performed for general surgeons, gastroenterologists, clinicians and physiologists, as a useful tool in the pathophysiological compression of bile acid metabolism. Conclusion: bile acids play a key role as signaling molecules in the modulation of epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression and energy metabolism, which when their homeostasis is interrupted, their toxic action is promoted, which translates in the inflammation-digestive carcinogenesis process(AU)

Apendicitis del muñón: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Stump appendicitis: case report and literature review

La apendicitis del muñón es una rara entidad, de la cual se desconoce su incidencia, con alrededor de 100 casos reportados en la literatura médica. Requiere un alto grado de sospecha clínica para su correcta identificación. El tratamiento recomendado es quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 26 años, con antecedente de apendicectomía hace 17 años, con cuadro de dolor abdominal en fosa iliaca derecha y signos apendiculares positivos en el examen físico. La Tomografía Axial Computarizada demostró una colección con gas y fecalitos en su interior, localizada en fosa iliaca derecha, planteándose un diagnóstico de apendicitis del muñón. Se realizó una laparotomía exploratoria, evidenciándose un muñón apendicular perforado en su tercio proximal, por lo que se completó la apendicectomía del muñón. El informe histopatológico reportó un muñón apendicular con infiltrado mono y polimorfo nuclear, que compromete el espesor de la pared. El paciente fue dado de alta con evolución dentro de parámetros esperados y fue remitido a control y seguimiento por Consulta Externa.

Stump appendicitis is a rare entity, of which its incidence is unknown, with about 100 cases reported in the medical literature, which requires a high degree of clinical suspicion for proper identification. The recommended treatment is surgical. The case of a 26-year-old patient with an appendectomy antecedent 17 years ago, with abdominal pain in right lower quadrant and positive appendicular signs on the physical exam is presented. Computerized Axial Tomography demonstrated a collection of gas and fecalites inside, located in right lower quadrant, considering a diagnosis of stump appendicitis. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, with an appendicular stump perforated in its proximal third, and the stump appendectomy was completed. The histopathological report reported an appendicular stump with mono and polymorph nuclear infiltrate, which compromises the thickness of the wall. The patient is discharged with evolution within expected parameters and is referred to control and follow-up by External Consultation.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in Santa Inês lambs: impact on feed digestibility, blood markers, and nitrogen balance / Infecção por Trichostrongylus colubriformis em cordeiros Santa Inês: impacto na digestibilidade dos alimentos, marcadores sanguíneos e balanço de nitrogênio

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on the hemato-biochemical parameters, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance in Santa Inês lambs. Eighteen three-month-old Santa Ines castrated male lambs (16.9 ± 1.43 kg of body weight) were randomly distributed in two experimental treatments: infected with T. colubriformis (I, n = 9) and uninfected (U, n = 9). The I group received a total of 45,000 L3 larvae of T. colubriformis (5,000 infective larvae, three times per week, for three weeks). During the experimental period, blood, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance were evaluated. The I lambs showed a reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and total proteins, as well as an increase in platelets and eosinophils compared to those in the U group (p < 0.05). With the exception of total protein content, these values were within the normal range for the species. Furthermore, lower dry matter and organic matter digestibility were observed in the I lambs (p = 0.08). The present findings highlight that T. colubriformis infection has the potential to impair some hemato-biochemical parameters as well as feed digestibility in lambs, which could affect their productivity.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da infecção por Trichostrongylus colubriformis nos parâmetros hemato-bioquímicos, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio de cordeiros Santa Inês. Dezoito cordeiros Santa Inês, de três meses de idade e castrados (16,9 ± 1,43 kg de peso corporal), foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos experimentais: infectados com T. colubriformis (I, n = 9) e não infectados (U, n = 9). O grupo I recebeu um total de 45.000 larvas L3 de T. colubriformis (5.000 larvas infectantes, três vezes por semana, durante três semanas). Durante o período experimental, foram avaliadas as variáveis sanguíneas, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio. Os cordeiros I apresentaram redução de eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio e proteínas totais, além de aumento de plaquetas e eosinófilos, quando comparados ao grupo U (p< 0,05). Contudo, exceto para proteínas totais, os valores estavam dentro do intervalo normal para a espécie. Além disso, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica foi menor no grupo I de cordeiros (p = 0,08). Os presentes achados destacam que a infecção por T. colubriformis teve potencial para prejudicar alguns parâmetros hemato-bioquímicos, bem como a digestibilidade aparente da dieta, o que poderia afetar a produtividade dos cordeiros.

Leiomiosarcoma peritoneal en un canino: reporte de caso / Peritoneal leiomyosarcoma in a canine: case report

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue para presentar y documentar un leiomiosarcoma peritoneal en un canino y sus hallazgos histopatológicos e Inmunohistoquímica. El paciente, una hembra de 5 años de edad, de raza Chow-Chow, fue llevada a la Clínica Veterinaria de la Universidad de los Llanos, debido a pérdida de peso, postración y baja condición corporal. Al examen físico presentó mucosas pálidas, aumento de la silueta abdominal con contenido de fluido serosanguinolento. A la palpación se evidenció en el epigastrio craneal una masa no dolorosa, de consistencia dura, de superficie irregular y desplazable caudalmente. Anormalidades bioquímicas séricas incluyeron proteínas totales plasmáticas aumentadas, globulina y creatinina. Así, una laparotomía exploratoria fue realizada, identificando una masa en el mesenterio unida a la porción de intestino grueso. En el reporte se señalaron los siguientes hallazgos macroscópicos: una masa firme de 18 cm de longitud y 13 cm de ancho, con una superficie irregular, gran vascularización. Las muestras de tejido fueron fijadas en formalina buferada al 10% para análisis histopatológico e Inmunohistoquímica. Las muestras fueron procesadas por los métodos de rutina para microscopía y coloración con hematoxilina-eosina (HE), tricrómico de Masson, anticuerpos anti-citoqueratina CK5, anti-actina de músculo liso, vimentina y KIT(CD117). En conclusión, el tumor fue clasificado por histopatología como de origen mesenquimal e inmunopositividad citoplasmática difusa interna de células neoplásicas para actina de músculo liso, vimentina y negatividad para KIT, condujo al diagnóstico de leiomiosarcoma.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to present a peritoneal leiomyosarcoma in a canine and its histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. The patient, a 5-year old female Chow-Chow, was brought to Los Llanos University veterinary clinic due to loss of appetite, prostration and poor corporal condition. Physical examination showed pale mucous membranes, increased abdominal silhouette with a serosanguineous fluid content. Palpation at the cranial epigastrium evidenced a painless mass of hard consistency, irregular surface and caudally displaceable. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased plasma total protein, globulin and creatinine. Thus, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, identifying a mass in the mesentery attached to a portion of the small intestine. In its report it was stated the following macroscopic findings: a firm mass of 18 cm long and 13 cm wide, with irregular surface, great vascularization. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Samples were processed by routine methods for microscopy and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson trichrome, anti-cytokeratin CK5, anti-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and KIT(CD117) antibodies. In conclusion, the tumor was classified by histopathology as of mesenchymal origin and internal diffuse cytoplasmic immunopositivity of neoplastic cells for smooth muscle actin, vimentin and was negative for KIT led to diagnose of leiomyosarcoma.

Anatomical characterization of the digestive system of the pufferfish (Chilomycterus spinosus spinosus)

Descriptive studies of the fish digestive system are fundamental because they provide information on the biology of the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to morphologically describe the digestive system of the pufferfish, Chilomycterus spinosus spinosus. For this, adult specimens of pufferfish (n = 10) of both sexes were used. The animals were fixed with 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution, dissected, analyzed descriptively and photographed. The results demonstrate that the pufferfish has a morphologically modified digestive system, which is adapted to the defense behavior. This species presents a pouch-shaped diverticulum, that is called abdominal pouch, which allows the expansion of the celomatic cavity and the temporary storage of food. Although it is used to store food, macroscopically the abdominal pouch does not show gastric folds. However, this absence is compensated by a small intestine containing innumerable villi.

Efecto del consumo de casabe sobre la absorción y retención aparente de proteínas en un modelo experimental con ratas / Effect of casabe bread consumption on apparent absorption and retention of proteins in a rat experimental model

El principal producto derivado de la yuca en Venezuela es el casabe, valorado por su contenido calórico y de Fibra Dietética (FD). Objetivo: determinar el efecto del consumo de diferentes variedades de casabe sobre la absorción y retención aparente de proteínas en un modelo experimental con ratas. Métodos: se utilizaron 20 ratas machos adultas, cepa Sprague Dawley®, las cuales fueron divididas en 4 grupos: un control sin fibra y tres grupos experimentales en los que se sustituyó el almidón de maíz por una variedad de casabe, identificados por su procedencia como: "Casabe Miranda", "Casabe Sucre" y "Casabe Amazonas". Resultados: el contenido de FD total y su fracción soluble fueron significativamente mayores en las variedades de casabe Amazonas y Sucre (p<0,05). La inclusión de casabe a las dietas produjo un aumento en el peso de las heces así como en su contenido de nitrógeno (p<0,05), sin presentar diferencias significativas en la excreción de nitrógeno urinaria. La absorción de proteínas y la retención aparente de nitrógeno disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05) hasta el día 14 del período experimental. Sin embargo, se pudo apreciar que al final del ensayo (día 21) la retención aparente de nitrógeno no mostró diferencia entre los controles y los grupos experimentales. Conclusiones: la inclusión de casabe a las dietas no produjo una reducción en la utilización de proteínas como para afectar el crecimiento de los animales. Se plantea la necesidad de seguir realizando estudios en esta área ya que la literatura es muy escasa(AU)

The main product derived from cassava in Venezuela is cassava bread, valued for its caloric content and Dietary Fiber (DF). Objective: to determine the effect of the consumption of different varieties cassava bread on the absorption and retention of proteins in a rat experimental model. Methods: Twenty male adult rats, Sprague Dawley ® strain, were divided into four groups: a control without fiber and three experimental groups in which corn starch was substituted for a variety of cassava bread, identified by their origin as: "Cassava bread Miranda", "Cassava bread Sucre" and "Cassava bread Amazonas". Results: The total DF content and soluble fraction were significantly higher in the varieties of cassava breads varieties Amazonas and Sucre (p <0.05). The inclusion of cassava bread in diets produced an increase in stool weight as well as in nitrogen content (p <0.05), without presenting significant differences in the excretion of urinary nitrogen. Protein absorption and apparent nitrogen retention decreased significantly (p <0.05) until day 14 of the experimental period. However, it could be seen that at the end of the trial (day 21) the apparent nitrogen retention showed no difference between the controls and the experimental groups. Conclusions: the inclusion of cassava bread in the diets did not produce a reduction in the use of proteins to affect the growth of the animals. The need to continue conducting studies in this area is considered, since the literature is very scarce(AU)

Ex Vivos Models to Teaching Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound (T-EUS) / Modelos ex-vivo en aprendizaje de la ecoendoscopia terapéutica (EE-T)

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound training has a learning curve greater than the other endoscopic therapeutic techniques. One of the preclinical teaching methods is the use of ex vivo porcine models. Aim: To describe five ex vivo porcine models for training in therapeutic echoendoscopic procedures. Materials and methods: Using porcine digestive tract containing esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver and gallbladder, five models for therapeutic echoendoscopy training were described. With other segments of the porcine pieces (such as the bladder, spleen segment and omentum segment) and with easily accessible materials (such as grape and ultrasound gel), lesions were simulated to be treated. These models were applied in the Hands on course at the IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos of 2017. Endoscopic equipment and instruments are the same as those used in clinical practice. Result: The models are easily reproducible and do not require exchange during the hands on course period. Endoscopic and echographic imaging and tactile sensitivity are similar to the real one. Conclusion: The models described in this study demonstrated to be realistic, easy to reproduce and allow repetition during the same session. However, comparative studies are necessary to verify the real impact on teaching

Racional: El entrenamiento de la ecoendoscopía tiene una curva de aprendizaje mayor que las demás técnicas endoscópicas terapéuticas. Uno de los métodos de enseñanza preclínica es el uso de modelos porcinosex vivos. Objetivo: Describir cinco modelos porcino sex vivo para entrenamiento de procedimientos ecoendoscópicos terapéuticos. Materiales y método: Utilizando el tracto digestivo porcino, que contiene esófago, estómago, duodeno, delgado, hígado y vesícula biliar, se han descrito cinco modelos para el entrenamiento de ecoendoscopía terapéutica. Con otros segmentos de la pieza porcina (como vejiga, segmento de delgado, bazo y omento) y con materiales de fácil acceso (como uva y gel de ecografía), se simularon lesiones a ser tratadas. Estos modelos se aplicaron en el curso Handsonenel IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos de 2017. Los aparatos e instrumentos endoscópicos son los mismos utilizados en la práctica clínica. Resultado: Los modelos forman de fácil reproducibilidad, no siendo necesario el cambio de la pieza porcina durante el período del curso Handson. La imagen endoscópica y ecográfica y la sensibilidad táctil son similares a la real. Conclusión: Los modelos descritos en este trabajo han demostrado ser realistas, de fácil reproducción y permiten repetición durante la misma sesión. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos son necesarios para verificar el impacto real en la enseñanza