Quiste de duplicación duodenal en un paciente pediátrico. Reporte de caso / Duodenal duplication cyst in a pediatric patient. Case report

Introducción. Los quistes de duplicación duodenal son malformaciones raras, que ocurren durante el desarrollo embriológico del tracto gastrointestinal. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un niño de tres años, con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal, náuseas y vómitos. La ecografía y la tomografía computarizada informaron una imagen quística entre el hígado, riñón derecho y colon. Resultados. Se realizó laparoscopia encontrando un quiste de duplicación duodenal con moco en la primera porción del duodeno. Se practicó una resección del quiste y mucosectomía del segmento restante. Conclusión. Los síntomas de un quiste de duplicación duodenal son inespecíficos y su hallazgo frecuentemente es incidental. El tratamiento quirúrgico depende del tamaño, la ubicación y su relación con la vía biliar.

Introduction. Duodenal duplication cysts are rare malformations that occur during the embryological development of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical case. The case of a three-year-old boy with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting is presented. Ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a cyst between the liver, right kidney, and colon. Results. Laparoscopy was performed, finding a duodenal duplication cyst with mucus in the first portion of the duodenum. A resection of the cyst and mucosectomy of the remaining segment were performed. Conclusion. The symptoms of a duodenal duplication cyst are nonspecific and its finding is frequently incidental. Surgical treatment depends on the size, location, and relationship to the bile duct.

Paraganglioma gangliocítico metastásico: una rara entidad histológica diagnosticada tras una duodenopancreatectomía / Metastatic gangliocytic paraganglioma: a rare histological entity diagnosed after duodenopancreatectomy

Introducción. El paraganglioma gangliocítico es una entidad histológica infrecuente, siendo el duodeno su principal localización extra ganglionar. Caso clínico. Se trata de un varón de 54 años que consulta por dolor abdominal y hemorragia digestiva alta. Se diagnosticó una lesión sospechosa de ampuloma por lo que se realizó una duodenopancreatectomía cefálica. En el análisis histológico, se confirmó el diagnóstico de paraganglioma gangliocítico metastásico por la presencia patognomónica de tres estirpes celulares (epiteliales, ganglionares y Schwann-like). Dado su buen pronóstico, asociado con baja quimiosensibilidad, no recibió tratamiento adyuvante. Resultados. Durante el seguimiento, el paciente no presentó complicaciones tardías, ni signos de recidiva después de un año de la intervención. Conclusión. El paraganglioma gangliocítico es una entidad potencialmente maligna, que requiere un correcto estudio de extensión y un seguimiento estrecho a largo plazo

Introduction. Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare histological entity, with the duodenum being its main extra-nodal location. Clinical case. This is a 54-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A suspicious ampuloma lesion was diagnosed, for which a pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. In the histological analysis, the diagnosis of metastatic gangliocytic paraganglioma was confirmed by the pathognomonic presence of three cell lines (epithelial, ganglionic, and Schwann-like). Given his good prognosis associated with low chemosensitivity, he did not receive adjuvant treatment. Results. During follow-up, the patient did not present late complications or signs of recurrence one year after the intervention. Conclusion. Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a potentially malignant entity that requires a correct extension study and close long-term follow-up

Causa rara de dolor abdominal recurrente; coexistencia del síndrome de Wilkie y el síndrome del cascanueces / A rare cause of recurrent abdominal pain; the coexistence of Wilkie's syndrome and nutcracker syndrome

El síndrome del cascanueces es un síndrome que presenta síntomas clínicos como hematuria, proteinuria ortostática, congestión pélvica, varicocele del lado izquierdo, hipertensión y dolor en fosa renal. Estos síntomas se producen por la compresión de la vena renal izquierda entre la aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior. En el síndrome de Wilkie, la tercera porción del duodeno está comprimida entre la arteria mesentérica superior y la aorta abdominal, lo que provoca diversos síntomas gastrointestinales. La coexistencia de estos dos síndromes constituye una afección rara y se incluye como casos clínicos en la bibliografía. En este artículo, se presentan los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de un paciente de 17 años que presentaba dolor abdominal recurrente debido al síndrome de Wilkie, acompañado del síndrome del cascanueces que le provocaba proteinuria, por lo que el paciente fue derivado a los consultorios externos de reumatología pediátrica con un diagnóstico preliminar de fiebre mediterránea familiar.

Nutcracker syndrome is a syndrome that has clinical symptoms such as hematuria, orthostatic proteinuria, pelvic congestion, left-sided varicocele, hypertension, and flank pain. These symptoms occur because of the compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. In Wilkie's syndrome, the third part of the duodenum is compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta, causing various gastrointestinal symptoms. The coexistence of these two syndromes is a rare condition and is included as case reports in the literature. This article presents the clinical and radiological results of a 17-year-old male patient who had recurrent abdominal pain due to Wilkie's syndrome, which was accompanied by nutcracker syndrome that caused proteinuria, and for this reason, the patient was referred to the Pediatric Rheumatology outpatient clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever.

Síndrome biliar obstructivo no litiásico o de Lemmel. ¿Es tan infrecuente como parece? / Non-lithiasic obstructive biliary syndrome or Lemmel's syndrome. Is it as rare as it seems?

Introducción. Aproximadamente el 5 % de los divertículos duodenales pueden causar síntomas y el 1 % presentar complicaciones, siendo la colangitis la más frecuente. El síndrome de Lemmel corresponde a un tipo de ictericia obstructiva intermitente, asociado a la presencia de divertículos periampulares y disfunción del esfínter de Oddi, sin presencia de coledocolitiasis. Método. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en Pubmed, Google Académico y ProQuest, con los términos: síndrome de Lemmel, divertículo duodenal sintomático e ictericia obstructiva intermitente. Resultados. Se encontraron 38 casos, siendo España el país con mayor número, seguido de México, Japón y Colombia. No hay diferencias de distribución con respecto al género. El tratamiento más frecuentemente empleado fue la colangio pancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica. Conclusión. El síndrome de Lemmel es poco frecuente, sin un cuadro clínico especifico, con un incremento en los casos informados en los últimos años, posiblemente debido a la mejor disponibilidad de métodos diagnósticos. Es más frecuente en pacientes en la octava década de la vida y su tratamiento generalmente es endoscópico

Introduction. Approximately 5% of duodenal diverticula can cause symptoms and 1% have complications, cholangitis being the most common. Lemmel syndrome corresponds to a type of intermittent obstructive jaundice, associated with the presence of peri-ampullary diverticula and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, without choledocholithiasis. Method. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in Pubmed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, with the terms: Lemmel syndrome, symptomatic duodenal diverticulum, and intermittent obstructive jaundice.Results. 38 cases were found, Spain being the country with the highest number, followed by Mexico, Japan and Colombia. There are no differences in distribution with respect to gender. The most frequently used treatment was endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Conclusion. Lemmel syndrome is a rare disease, without a specific clinical presentation, with an increase in reported cases in recent years possibly due to the better availability of diagnostic methods. It is more frequent in patients in the eighth decade of life and its treatment is generally endoscopic

The effects of early diabetes on duodenal alterations in the rats / Efectos de la diabetes temprana sobre las alteraciones duodenales en ratas

SUMMARY: Diabetes mellitus (DM) mainly affects functional changes in the duodenum, which plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of food. The impairment of duodenal function contributes to malnutrition, abdominal bloating and pain in diabetic patients. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the histological alterations and quantitative measurements of duodenal structures in the early stage of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three control and five diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of 60 mg/kg STZ. After four weeks of diabetic induction, the duodenum was prepared for histological study and morphometric analysis. In diabetic rats, there were deformed villi with disrupted surface epithelium and mildly distorted shapes of crypts, together with an increase in villus height and crypt depth. The epithelial cells detached from their underlying basement membrane. The goblet cells decreased in number, whereas an increased number of Cellula panethensis (Paneth cells) with pale-stained eosinophilic granules occurred in the DM group. A diabetic thickened submucosal layer was observed as enhanced duodenal glands (Brunner's glands) hypertrophy and collagen accumulation. These findings indicated that histopathologic lesions of the duodenum developed in the early stage of diabetes. The destruction of villi, crypts, and epithelium may affect digestion and absorption. The structural changes in goblet and Cellula panethensis and duodenal glands may be associated with malfunction to protect duodenal mucosa from bacteria and stomach acid. These conditions can worsen the quality of life in diabetic individuals, leading to complications such as maldigestion, malabsorption, and duodenal ulcer.

RESUMEN: La diabetes mellitus (DM) afecta principalmente a cambios funcionales en el duodeno, que juega un papel importante en la digestión y absorción de los alimentos. El deterioro de la función duodenal contribuye a la desnutrición, distensión abdominal y dolor en pacientes diabéticos. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo estudiar las alteraciones histológicas y determinar las mediciones cuantitativas de las estructuras duodenales en la etapa temprana de ratas diabéticas inducidas por estreptozotocina (STZ). Ocho ratas macho Sprague-Dawley fueron distribuidas en dos grupos: tres ratas control y cinco diabéticas. La diabetes se indujo mediante una dosis intraperitoneal única de 60 mg/kg de STZ. Después de cuatro semanas de inducción, se preparó el duodeno para estudio histológico y análisis morfométrico. En ratas diabéticas, había vellosidades deformadas con epitelio superficial destruido y formas ligeramente distorsionadas de las criptas, junto con un aumento en la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de las criptas. Las células epiteliales se encontraban separadas de la membrana basal subyacente. Las células caliciformes habían disminuido en número, mientras que en el grupo DM se produjo un aumento en el número de Cellula panethensis (células de Paneth) con gránulos eosinofílicos teñidos pálidos. Se observó una capa submucosa engrosada con aumento de la hipertrofia de las glándulas duodenales (glándulas de Brunner) y acumulación de colágeno. Estos hallazgos indican que las lesiones histopatológicas del duodeno se desarrollaron en la etapa temprana de la diabetes. La destrucción de vellosidades, criptas y epitelio puede afectar la digestión y la absorción. Los cambios estructurales en Cellula panethensis y glándulas duodenales pueden estar asociados con un mal funcionamiento en la protección de la mucosa duodenal tanto de las bacterias como del ácido gástrico. Estas condiciones pueden empeorar la calidad de vida de las personas diabéticas y provocar complicaciones como mala digestión, malabsorción y úlcera duodenal.

Divertículo duodenal intraluminal como causa de obstrucción duodenal / Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum as a cause of duodenal obstruction

Introducción. El divertículo duodenal intraluminal, también conocido como windsock diverticulum, es una causa rara de dolor abdominal intermitente y plenitud postpandrial, que puede complicarse con obstrucción, sangrado, pancreatitis o colangitis. Suele cursar de forma asintomática y ante la aparición de síntomas el tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 24 años, sin antecedentes de interés, que es estudiada por dolor abdominal y plenitud postpandrial, que resulta finalmente en una obstrucción intestinal alta. Tras estudio exhaustivo y necesidad de una cirugía previa, es diagnosticada de un divertículo duodenal intraluminal. Conclusión. La paciente se trató mediante cirugía con resolución exitosa del cuadro de obstrucción intestinal.

Introduction: Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum, also known as a windsock diverticulum, is a rare cause of intermittent abdominal pain and postprandial fullness, which can be complicated by obstruction, bleeding, pancreatitis, or cholangitis. It is usually asymptomatic and when symptoms appear, the treatment of choice is surgical. Clinical case: We present the case of a 24-year-old woman with no relevant history who is studied for abdominal pain and postprandial fullness, presented with an upper intestinal obstruction. After an exhaustive study and the need for a previous surgery, she was diagnosed with an intraluminal duodenal diverticulum.Conclusion: The patient was treated by surgery with successful resolution of the intestinal obstruction

Uso de la enteroscopía intraoperatoria como método diagnóstico en pacientes con sangrado gastrointestinal de origen oscuro. Experiencia inicial / Use of intraoperative enteroscopy as a diagnostic method in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Initial experience

Introducción: el sangrado gastrointestinal de origen oscuro es una entidad poco frecuente y se reserva a los casos en los que ya se ha realizado exploración del intestino delgado (endoscópica/radiológica) sin encontrar la causa. Actualmente el estándar de oro es la videocápsula, que se ha descrito como una técnica segura, útil y eficaz para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades del intestino delgado. Objetivo: describir variables demográficas, indicaciones, hallazgos, segmento explorado, tratamiento y tiempo de procedimiento quirúrgico de la enteroscopía transoperatoria en 15 pacientes con diagnóstico de sangrado de tubo digestivo de origen oscuro. Material y métodos: se incluyeron 15 pacientes adultos con el diagnóstico de sangrado de origen oscuro con panendoscopía y colonoscopía negativa a sangrado. A todos se les realizó laparotomía exploradora y enteroscopía transoperatoria con un gastroduodenoscopio. Resultados: se realizaron 15 enteroscopías transoperatorias con gastroduodenoscopio; 10 en mujeres y 5 en hombres, con promedio de edad de 67.2 años. Se exploró la tercera y cuarta porción del duodeno, yeyuno e íleon terminal. Los diagnósticos encontrados fueron enfermedad de Crohn en 1 paciente (6.66%), adenomas en 2 (13.3%), divertículo yeyunal en 6 (40%) y angiectasias en 6 casos (40%). La localización fue en yeyuno [12 casos (80%)] e íleon [3 casos (20%)]. Conclusiones: la enteroscopía intraoperatoria es una alternativa diagnóstica en el sangrado de origen oscuro cuando no se cuente con la enteroscopía doble balón o la videocápsula endoscópica.

Background: Bleeding of dark origin is a rare entity and it is reserved for cases in which exploration of the small intestine has already been performed (endoscopic / radiological) without finding the cause. Currently, the gold standard is the videocapsule which has been described as a safe, useful and effective technique for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the small intestine. Objective: The objective was to describe demographic variables, indications, findings, explored segment, treatment and time of the surgical procedure of the intraoperative enteroscopy in 15 patients with a diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding of dark origin. Material and methods: 15 adult patients with the diagnosis of bleeding of dark origin with panendoscopy and negative colonoscopy to bleeding were included. All of these underwent exploratory laparotomy and intraoperative enteroscopy with a gastroduodenoscope. Results: 15 intraoperative enteroscopies were performed with a gastroduodenoscope; 10 women and 5 men with an average age of 67.2 years. Third and fourth portions of the duodenum, jejunum, and terminal ileum were explored. The diagnoses found were Crohn's disease 1 (6.66%), Adenomas 2 (13.3%), jejunal diverticulum 6 (40%) and angiectasias in 6 cases (40%). The location was in jejunum, 12 cases (80%) and ileum, 3 cases (20%). Conclusions: Intraoperative enteroscopy is a diagnostic alternative in bleeding of dark origin when there is no double balloon enteroscopy or endoscopic video capsule.

Perforación duodenal por barotrauma durante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: caso clínico / Duodenal perforation due to barotrauma during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: clinical case

Resumen Introducción: La perforación duodenal secundaria a la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es una complicación infrecuente y más aún cuando su mecanismo lesional es por barotrauma. La inyección de aire a alta presión produce un neumoretroperitoneo, cuya extensión y evolución lesional es incierta. Caso Clínico: Se comunica el caso de un hombre joven que sufrió una perforación duodenal durante una CPRE, su manejo quirúrgico y evolución. Discusión: El diagnóstico clínico-imagenológico suele ser precoz y claro si se detecta la lesión durante el procedimiento. El manejo terapéutico conservador o quirúrgico de esta entidad depende de varios factores que se analizan en el presente estudio.

Introduction: Duodenal perforation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a rare complication and even more if the mechanism of injury is secondary to barotrauma. The injection of high-pressure-air produces a pneumo-retroperitoneum, the extent and lesional evolution of which is uncertain. Clinical Case: We report the case of a young man who suffered a duodenal perforation during an ERCP, his surgical management and evolution. Discussion: The clinical-imaging diagnosis is usually early and clear if the lesion is detected during the procedure. Its conservative or surgical management will depends on several factors that are analyzed in the present study.

Incubation variables, performance, and morphometry of the duodenal mucosa of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submitted to different incubation temperatures and thermally challenged after hatching / [Variáveis de incubação, desempenho e morfometria da mucosa duodenal de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de incubação e desafiadas termicamente após eclosão]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on incubation variables, performance, and morphometry of the duodenal mucosa of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submitted to chronic heat stress after hatching. We distributed 540 eggs in three incubators with a temperature of 37.8°C and 60% of humidity. From the 6th day of incubation until hatching, the temperatures were adjusted to (37.8°C, 38.5°C and 39.5°C). After hatching, quails were evaluated for the quality score, weighed, and distributed in a completely randomized design with three incubation temperatures (37.8, 38.5, and 39.5°C) and two ambient temperatures (stress and thermoneutral). At 10, 20, 30, and 40 days they were weighed to determine the live weight (g) and weight gain(g). To collect the duodenum and determine morphometric parameters, we euthanized four quails of each treatment. The data were analyzed, and the differences between the means determined by the Tukey test at 5%. The incubation temperature of 39.5°C provided lower hatching rate and the live weight at birth; however, from the 10th day of age, increased live weight, weight gain, and positively influenced the morphological parameters of the duodenal mucosa in situations of chronic stress.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas de incubação sobre as variáveis de incubação, desempenho e morfometria da mucosa duodenal de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetidas ao estresse térmico crônico por calor após eclosão. Foram distribuídos 540 ovos em três incubadoras, com temperatura de 37,8°C e umidade 60%. A partir do sexto dia de incubação até a eclosão, as temperaturas foram ajustadas para 37,8°C, 38,5°C e 39,5°C. Após a eclosão, as codornas foram avaliadas quanto ao escore de qualidade, pesadas e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três temperaturas de incubação (37,8ºC, 38,5ºC e 39,5°C) e duas temperaturas ambientes (estresse e termoneutro). Aos 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias, foram pesadas para determinar o peso vivo (g) e o ganho de peso(g). Quatro codornas de cada tratamento foram eutanasiadas para coleta do duodeno, para determinar os parâmetros morfométricos. Os dados foram analisados e as diferenças entre as médias foram determinadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A temperatura de incubação de 39,5°C proporcionou menor taxa de eclosão e menor peso vivo ao nascer, entretanto, a partir do 10° dia de idade, essa temperatura aumentou o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e influenciou positivamente os parâmetros morfológicos da mucosa duodenal em situações de estresse crônico.(AU)

Aneurisma de artéria pancreatoduodenal inferior: tratamento endovascular / Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm: endovascular approach

Resumo Os aneurismas das artérias pancreatoduodenais constituem uma afecção rara. Seu diagnóstico é realizado, na maioria das vezes, em situações de emergência por complicações como a rotura, a qual está associada a altas taxas de mortalidade (21-26%). A embolização do saco aneurismático é o tratamento de escolha, devido à sua alta efetividade e menor mortalidade. Neste artigo, é apresentado e discutido um caso de aneurisma de artéria pancreatoduodenal inferior com diagnóstico obtido durante investigação de sintomas gastrointestinais. O tratamento instituído foi a embolização com micromolas, com completa exclusão do aneurisma e boa evolução clínica.

Abstract Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries are a rare condition. In the majority of cases, diagnosis is made in emergency situations due to complications such as rupture, which is associated with high mortality rates (21-26%). Embolization of the aneurysm sac is the treatment of choice, because of its high efficacy and lower mortality. This article presents and discusses a case of inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm that was diagnosed during investigation of gastrointestinal symptoms. The treatment provided was microcoil embolization, with complete exclusion of the aneurysm and a good clinical course.

Pseudomelanosis duodeni: a propósito de un caso - revisión de literatura / Pseudomelanosis duodeni: a case report - literature review

Pseudomelanosis duodeni is a very rare appearance of the duodenal mucosa, characterized by the presence of a dark pigment (iron oxide) seen in the surface of the villi, evident by endoscopy. It can be associated with pathologies such as arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and consumption of different drugs. We describe the case of a 68-year-old male patient, with chronic renal insufficiency, hemodialysis and intravenous iron treatment.

La Pseudomelanosis duodeni es una entidad muy poco frecuente de la mucosa duodenal que se caracteriza por la presencia de un pigmento oscuro de las vellosidades (oxido de hierro) que es evidente mediante endoscopía y puede estar asociado a patologías como hipertensión arterial, insuficiencia cardíaca crónica, insuficiencia renal crónica, hemorragia gastrointestinal y consumo de diferentes fármacos. Describimos el caso de un paciente masculino de 68 años, con antecedentes de insuficiencia renal crónica, en hemodiálisis y uso de hierro intravenoso.

Efectos de la adición de probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre histomorfología intestinal en pollos de engorde / Effects of addition of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on intestinal histomorphology in broilers

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe los efectos del probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre el área, número de criptas de Lieberkühn en duodeno y yeyuno, y producción de moco en ambas secciones intestinales de pollos de engorde. Fueron empleados los tejidos de un total de 27 individuos clasificados en un grupo control GC (n=12) y un grupo suplementado con probióticos GP (n=15). Los resultados revelaron que los grupos suplementados con el S. cerevisiae presentaron una mayor amplitud del área de las criptas en duodeno (p= 0,0119) y yeyuno (p= 0,0355), menor número de criptas por milímetro en duodeno (p= 0,0420) y mayor producción de moco en duodeno respecto al grupo control (p= 0,0185), mientras que en yeyuno no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se concluyó que el uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae aumentó el tamaño del área de las criptas en ambas secciones intestinales y aumentó la producción de moco en duodeno; lo cual, al aumentar la superficie de absorción intestinal, seguramente podría resultar en mejoras de los parámetros productivos.

ABSTRACT This work describes the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the area, number of Lieberkühn crypts in the duodenum and jejunum, and mucus production in both intestinal sections. Tissues from a total of 27 individuals were used, classified in control group - GC (n = 12) and group supplemented with probiotics - GP (n = 15). The results revealed that the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae presented a greater area of the crypts in the duodenum (p = 0.0119) and jejunum (p = 0.0355), less number of crypts per millimeter in the duodenum (p = 0.0420) and higher mucus production in the duodenum compared to the control group (p = 0.0185), while in the jejunum no significant differences were observed. It was concluded that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the size of the crypt area in both intestinal sections and increased mucus production in the duodenum; which by increasing the intestinal absorption surface could surely result in improvements in the productive parameters.

Evaluación por gastroscopia simple y cromoendoscopia convencional de la superficie gastroesofágica y duodenal proximal del equino. Estudio piloto / Evaluation by simple gastroscopy and conventional chromoendoscopy of the gastro-esophageal and proximal duodenal surface of equine. Preliminary study

RESUMEN Las enfermedades gastrointestinales equinas tienen una alta incidencia con un pronóstico variable en la práctica clínica. La mayoría de los estudios se limitan a describir lesiones ulcerativas y lesiones inflamatorias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial diagnóstico complementario de la cromoendoscopia convencional en la mucosa gas-troesofágica y duodenal proximal del equino. El estudio incluyó 20 caballos criollos colombianos de ambos sexos (12 hembras y 8 machos), con edades entre 5 y 20 años, peso entre 250 y 350 kilogramos, condición corporal 4-5/9 y con historial de alteraciones digestivas en los últimos 3 meses; quienes previo a la evaluación por gastroscopia y cromoendoscopia se sometieron a ayuno (sólidos 12h y líquidos 4h) y sedación (xilacina 0,5 mg/kg/iv). Se utilizaron tinciones como rojo fenol, lugol, índigo carmín, azul de metileno y ácido acético y se tomaron biopsias de los segmentos que mostraron reacción. El azul de metileno reveló 52% de las lesiones, el lugol 19%; por su parte, el rojo fenol, el índigo carmín y el ácido acético revelaron el 9,5% restante. El epitelio escamoso fue el más afectado (66,6%), el glandular (19%), antro pilórico (9,5%) y duodeno proximal (4,7%). Los hallazgos histopatológicos fueron hiperplasia, hipertrofia, hiperqueratosis, congestión, degeneración vacuolar, infiltrados celulares, fibrosis, necrosis y atrofia en diferentes grados de severidad. La cromoendoscopia reveló lesiones prematuras, que pasaron desapercibidas con las técnicas convencionales de endoscopia del tracto digestivo. Este es el primer estudio que emplea la cromoendoscopia en equinos; a pesar de que la técnica mejoró la visualización y facilitó la ubicación y descripción de lesiones ulcerativas prematuras a través de la histopatología, se recomiendan mayores estudios controlados y con un número más amplio de muestras.

ABSTRACT Equine gastrointestinal diseases have a high occurrence with a variable prognostic in clinic practice. Most of the studies limits to describe ulcerative and inflammatory lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential complementary diagnostic of conventional chromoendoscopy on the gastroesophageal and proximal duodenal mucosa of the equine. 20 Colombian creole horses, of both sexes (12 females and 8 males), with ages between 5 and 20 years old, weight between 250 and 350 kilograms, body condition 4-5/9, that had presented digestive alterations in the last 3 months, were subjected to fasting (solids 12h and liquids 4h) and sedated (xylazine 0,5 mg/kg/iv) to be evaluated by gastroscopy and chromoendoscopy, using for stains phenol red, lugol, indigo carmine, methylene blue and acetic acid, taking biopsy samples of the segments that showed reaction. The methylene blue revealed 52%, lugol 19%, and phenol red, indigo carmine and acetic acid revealed only 9,5% of the lesions, being the squamous epithelium the most affected (66,6%), glandular epithelium (19%), pyloric antrum (9,5%) and proximal duodenum (4,7%), where histopathological findings were hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperkeratosis, congestion, vacuolar degeneration, cellular infiltrates, fibrosis, necrosis and atrophy in different degrees of severity. Chromoendoscopy revealed lesions premature, which go unnoticed with conventional light endoscopy techniques. This is the first study using chromoscopy in horses to show that the reagents used allow a better visualization of injuries than the conventional technique, helping histopathological studies and molecular biology to understand ulcerative premature injuries and possible pathophysiological pathways. However, larger controlled studies and a larger number of samples are needed.

Pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomía cefálica con complicaciones locales / Acute pancreatitis with local complications after cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomía cefálica inmediata es una complica ción cuya frecuencia puede llegar al 55% y condiciona la aparición de fístula pancreática. Objetivo: describir el manejo de 3 pacientes que presentaron pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancrea tectomía con complicaciones locales y realizar una revisión de la literatura. Material y métodos: se revisó una base de datos prospectiva de resecciones pancreáticas. Se identifi caron los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda con lesiones locales posterior a la realización de duodenopancreatectomía. Se definió fístula pancreática de acuerdo con la clasificación del ISGPF y pancreatitis como la elevación de la amilasa o lipasa tres veces por encima del máximo valor sérico normal en asociación con dolor abdominal o confirmación radiológica. Resultados: entre 2008 y 2019 los autores realizaron 260 duodenopancreatectomías. Tres pacientes presentaron pancreatitis posoperatoria con complicaciones locales. Conclusiones: la pancreatitis aguda posoperatoria es una complicación de una frecuencia elevada. La mayoría de ellas se resuelven en forma espontánea. Pocos pacientes presentan complicaciones locales que pueden requerir tratamiento percutáneo o quirúrgico, predisponiendo al desarrollo de fístulas a veces de difícil manejo. No hay forma de prevenir la aparición de la fístula pancreática. El tratamiento de las complicaciones locales se realizará de acuerdo con su aparición y repercusión, pudiendo requerir desde la colocación de un drenaje percutáneo hasta la pancreatectomía total.

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of acute pancreatitis immediately after cephalic pancreaticoduodenec tomy is up to 55% and is associated with the development of pancreatic fistula. Objective: The aim of this study is to report three cases of acute pancreatitis after pancreaticoduode nectomy with local complications with a review of the literature. Material and methods: The information about pancreatic resections was retrieved from a prospective database. Patients with diagnosis acute pancreatitis with local lesions immediately after pancreatico duodenectomy were identified. Pancreatic fistula was defined according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) Definition and pancreatitis was defined as serum amylase or lipase >3x upper limit of normal associated with abdominal pain or imaging criteria. Results: A total of 260 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed between 2008 and 2019. Three patients developed postoperative acute pancreatitis with local complications. Conclusions: Postoperative acute pancreatitis is a common complication that solves spontaneously in most cases. Few patients present local complications that may require percutaneous or surgical treatment, which may predispose to the development of fistulas that are sometimes difficult to mana ge. There is no way to prevent pancreatic fistulas. Local complications will be treated according to their occurrence and impact, and may require a variety of procedures, ranging from percutaneous drainage to total pancreatectomy.

Associação de infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal com infecção por Helicobacter pylori, mas não com dispepsia funcional / Association of duodenal eosinophilic infiltrate with helicobacter pylori infection, but not with functional dyspepsia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection on eosinophilic infiltration in duodenal mucosa is poorly studied. An increase in the number of eosinophils in duodenum has been associated with functional dyspepsia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of H. pylori infection on duodenal eosinophil count and the role of eosinophilic infiltrate of duodenum in functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Positive and negative H. pylori individuals were included. Both functional dyspeptic patients according to Rome III criteria (cases) and individuals without gastrointestinal symptoms (controls) were enrolled. They were submitted to upper endoscopy and H. pylori infection was verified by gastric histopathology and urease test. Eosinophils in the duodenal mucosa were counted in five high-power fields, randomly selected on slides of endoscopic biopsies. RESULTS: Thirty-nine H. pylori positive (mean age 40.5 and 69.2% women) and 24 negative patients (mean age 37.3 and 75% women) were included. The influence of the infection was observed in the duodenal eosinophil count, which was higher in infected individuals: median 13.2 vs 8.1 in non-infected individuals (P=0.005). When we analyzed patients according to symptoms, cases - mean age 39.6; 71.4% women - and controls - mean age 38.7; 71.4% women - had similar duodenal eosinophil count: median 11.9 and 12.6 respectively (P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: We did not demonstrate association of duodenal eosinophil count with functional dyspepsia but found association with H. pylori infection.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O papel de infecção por Helicobacter pylori no infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal ainda é pouco compreendido. Um aumento no número de eosinófilos duodenais tem sido associado a dispepsia funcional. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do H. pylori na contagem de eosinófilos duodenais e o papel do infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal na dispepsia funcional. MÉTODOS: Indivíduos H. pylori positivo e negativo foram incluídos. Ambos os grupos, compreendendo dispépticos funcionais pelos critérios de Roma III (casos) e indivíduos sem sintomas gastrointestinais (controles), foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta para pesquisa de H. pylori, efetuada por histopatologia e teste de urease. Eosinófilos na mucosa duodenal foram contabilizados em cinco campos de maior aumento, selecionados randomicamente nas lâminas de biópsia endoscópicas. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove indivíduos H. pylori positivo (média de idade 40,5 e 69,2% mulheres) e 24 H. pylori negativos (média de idade 37,3 e 75% mulheres) foram incluídos. A influência da infecção por H. pylori foi observada na contagem de eosinófilos, que foi maior nos positivos: mediana 13,2 vs 8,1 (P=0,005). Quando analisados pacientes de acordo com sintomas, os casos (média de idade 39,6 e 71,4% mulheres) e controles (média de idade 38,7 e 71,4% mulheres), apresentaram semelhante contagem de eosinófilos duodenais: mediana 11,9 e 12,6, respectivamente (P=0,19). CONCLUSÃO: Não demonstramos associação da contagem de eosinófilos duodenais com dispepsia duodenal, mas encontramos associação com infecção por H. pylori.

Duodenal-jejunal bypass reduces lipid accumulation in the brown adipose tissue of hypothalamic obese rats / Derivação duodeno-jejunal reduz o acúmulo de lipídios no tecido adiposo marrom de ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica

ABSTRACT Background: Thermogenic activity in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of obese individuals is reduced, and this condition may be modified by bariatric surgery (BS). Aim: To characterize fat deposition in BAT from hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats submitted to duodenal-jejunal-bypass (DJB) surgery. Methods: For induction of hypothalamic obesity, newborn male Wistar rats were treated with subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The control (CTL) group received saline solution. At 90 days, the HyO rats were submitted to DJB or sham operation, generating the HyO-DJB and HyO-SHAM groups. At 270 days, the rats were euthanized, and the BAT was weighed and submitted to histological analysis. Results: Compared to BAT from CTL animals, the BAT from HyO-SHAM rats displayed increased weight, hypertrophy with greater lipid accumulation and a reduction in nucleus number. DJB effectively increased nucleus number and normalized lipid deposition in the BAT of HyO-SHAM rats, similar to that observed in CTL animals. Conclusion: DJB surgery avoided excessive lipid deposition in the BAT of hypothalamic obese rats, suggesting that this procedure could reactivate thermogenesis in BAT, and contribute to increase energy expenditure.

RESUMO Racional: A atividade termogênica no tecido adiposo marrom (TAM) de indivíduos obesos encontra-se reduzida, condição que pode ser modificada pela cirurgia bariátrica(CB). Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da derivação duodeno-jejunal (DDJ) sobre a morfologia do TAM de ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica. Métodos: Para indução da obesidade hipotalâmica (OHi), ratos Wistar neonatos receberam injeções subcutâneas de glutamato monossódico (MSG). O grupo controle (CTL) recebeu solução salina. Aos 90 dias, os ratos OHi foram submetidos à DDJ (grupo OHi-DDJ) ou a falsa operação (grupo OHi-FO). Aos 270 dias, eles foram eutanasiados e o TAM foi pesado e submetido à análise histológica. Resultados: Em comparação com os animais CTL, o TAM dos ratos OHi-FO apresentou aumento do peso, hipertrofia dos adipócitos com acúmulo de lipídios e redução do número de núcleos. A DDJ reduziu a deposição de gordura e o número de núcleos no TAM de ratos OHi-DDJ em comparação com os OHi-FO, com valores similares aqueles dos animais CTL. Conclusões: A DDJ foi capaz de evitar a deposição excessiva de lipídios no TAM de ratos com obesidade hipotalâmica, sugerindo que a cirurgia bariátrica poderia reativar a termogênese neste tecido adiposo, contribuindo para aumentar o gasto energético.

Vomiting in newborns as a result of a duodenal membrane: two case reports / Episódios de vômitos em recém-nascidos como consequência de membrana duodenal: relatos de dois casos

ABSTRACT Vomiting episodes in newborns are extremely common and often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux. The symptoms of vomiting, however, may be caused by other complications. In this report, we present two cases of a 1-month-old male and a 2-month-old female, both presenting vomiting episodes that led to malnutrition. Some pediatricians often attribute the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux to newborns that are vomiting; however, there is a portion of the population that has other causes that lead to similar symptoms. The pediatrician should be alert to the clinical signs of weight loss, dehydration and malnutrition to investigate other causes of vomiting.

RESUMO Episódios de vômito em recém-nascidos são extremamente comuns e frequentemente atribuídos a refluxo gastresofágico. Os sintomas de vômito, no entanto, podem ser causados por outras complicações. Neste relato, apresentamos dois casos: um lactente masculino, com 1 mês de idade, e um feminino, com 2 meses, ambos apresentando episódios de vômitos que levaram à desnutrição. Alguns pediatras costumam atribuir o diagnóstico de refluxo gastresofágico a recém-nascidos que estão vomitando; mas parcela da população tem outras causas que levam a sintomas semelhantes. O pediatra deve estar atento aos sinais clínicos de perda de peso, desidratação e desnutrição, para investigar outras causas de vômitos.

Prevalencia, características endoscópicas y manejo de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal superior / Prevalence, endoscopic characteristics and management of subepitelial lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract / Prevalência, características endoscópicas e manejo das lesões subepiteliais do trato gastrointestinal superior

Introducción: Las lesiones subepiteliales (LSE) son hallazgos incidentales en las endoscopias. Algunas tienen potencial maligno. Objetivos: Valorar la prevalencia, características endoscópicas y manejo diagnóstico/terapéutico de LSE en video-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron todas las VGC del periodo enero 2011-junio 2018. Los casos con datos faltantes fueron excluidos. Donde se identificó una LSE se consignó: indicación, edad, sexo, tamaño, ubicación e histología, hallazgos de la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE), punción-aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y resección quirúrgica. Resultados: Se evidenciaron 54 LSE en 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eran mujeres y la indicación más común fue dispepsia (26 %). La localización más frecuente fue en el estómago (74 %). El tamaño medio fue de 16 mm (5-50 mm) y la mitad fueron menores a 10 mm. Siete presentaban mucosa ulcerada, 4 se ubicaban en el cuerpo gástrico y 86 % eran referidos por hemorragia digestiva/anemia. En 26 casos de 54 (48 %) se realizaron biopsias estándar y en 6 de los 54 (11 %) biopsias sobre biopsias, con rendimiento diagnóstico nulo. En un 11 % de ellos se realizó USE, todas mayores de 10 mm: 2 páncreas ectópicos, una lesión compatible con leiomioma, 2 lesiones de la muscular propia (leiomioma/GIST) y 1 compresión extrínseca. No se realizó ninguna PAAF. Todas las LSE fueron manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio nacional sobre prevalencia de LSE del tracto gastrointestinal superior y resultó comparable al de otras series. El rendimiento diagnóstico de la biopsia fue nulo. En la mayoría de los casos las lesiones se manejaron según las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales.

Introduction: Subepithelial lesions (SELs) are incidental findings in endoscopy procedures. Most are benign, but some have malignant potential. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence, endoscopic characteristics and diagnostic / therapeutic management of SELs in upper GI endoscopy. Materials and methods: All upper GI endoscopy from January 2011 to June 2018 were included. Cases with missing data were excluded. Indication, age, sex, size, location and histology, findings of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), fine needle aspiration (FNA) and surgical resection were recorded in patients with SELs. Results: There were 54 SELs in 7983 patients (0.7 %). 72 % were women, and the most frequent indication was dyspepsia (26 %). The most frequent location was stomach (74 %). The average size was 16 mm (5-50 mm), half were less than 10 mm. Seven had ulcerated mucosa, 4 were located in the gastric body and 86 % were referred for digestive hemorrhage/anemia. In 26 of 54 (48 %) standard biopsies and in 6 of 54 (11 %) bite-on-bite biopsy were performed, with no diagnostic yield. In 11 % of the cases EUS was performed, all of them larger than 10 mm: 2 ectopic pancreas, one lesion compatible with leiomyoma, 2 lesions of the muscularis propria (leiomyoma/GIST) and 1 extrinsic compression. No FNA was performed. All SELs were managed conservatively. Conclusions: This is the first national study of the prevalence of SELs in the upper gastrointestinal tract and was comparable to that of other series. Biopsy diagnostic yield was zero. In most cases, lesions were managed according to international guidelines.

Introdução: lesões subepiteliais (LSE) são achadas incidentais em endoscopias. A maioria são benignas, mas algumas têm potencial maligno. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência, características endoscópicas e manejo diagnóstico/terapêutico das LSE em vídeo-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiais e métodos: Foram incluídos todas VGC do período de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2018. Foram excluídos os casos com dados ausentes. Quando uma LSE foi identificada, foram indagados: indicação, idade, sexo, tamanho, localização e histologia, achados da ultrassonografia endoscópica (USE), aspiração por agulha fina (PAAF) e ressecção cirúrgica. Resultados: 54 LSE foram evidenciadas em 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eram mulheres e a indicação mais freqüente foi dispepsia (26 %). A localização mais freqüente foi estômago (74 %). O tamanho médio era de 16 mm (5-50 mm), a metade era menor que 10 mm. Sete tinham mucosa ulcerada, quatro estavam localizadas no corpo gástrico e 86% foram referidos por sangramento/anemia gastrointestinal. Em 26 de 54 (48 %) foram realizadas biópsias padrão e em 6 de 54 (11 %) biópsias sobre biópsias, com um desempenho diagnóstico nulo. Em 11 %, foi realizado uma USE, todas maiores que 10 mm: 2 pâncreas ectópico , uma lesão compatível com leiomioma, 2 lesões musculares (leiomioma/GIST) e 1 compressão extrínseca. Não foi realizada nenhuma PAAF. Todas as LSE foram manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo nacional de prevalência de LSE no trato gastrointestinal superior e foi comparável ao de outras séries. O rendimento diagnóstico da biópsia foi nulo. Na maioria dos casos, as lesões foram tratadas de acordo com as recomendações das diretrizes internacionais.

Modificaciones anatómicas de la derivación biliopancreática con cruce duodenal: ¿tienen algún rol futuro en la cirugía bariátrica y metabólica? / Anatomical modifications of the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: do they have a future role in bariatric and metabolic surgery?

La derivación biliopancreática con cruce duodenal (BPD-DS) es el procedimiento bariátrico que ha mostrado los mejores resultados en cuanto a pérdida de peso y resolución de comorbilidades. Sin embargo, su adopción ha sido lenta, principalmente debido a sus complicaciones nutricionales y dificultad técnica. Dado esto, algunos autores han propuesto variaciones de este procedimiento. Estas están basadas en disminuir las anastomosis a solo una, y realizarla con un asa tipo loop (sin derivación biliopancreática). Estos cambios podrían reproducir las ventajas del BPD-DS, y eliminar algunas de sus desventajas. En este artículo, mostramos los resultados de estas variaciones comparadas con el BPD-DS, y cómo sus resultados prometedores pueden tener como consecuencia una nueva aproximación a la población que sufre de obesidad y sus comorbilidades

Biliopancreatic Diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) is the bariatric surgery that has shown the better results regarding long-term weight loss and comorbidities resolution. Nevertheless, BPD-DS' adoption has been slow, mainly due to its nutritional complications, and technical complexity. Given this, some authors have proposed surgical variations of this effective procedure. These new procedures are based on reducing the anastomosis to only one, and doing it just a loop anastomosis (no biliopacreatic diversion). These changes might bring to us the advantages of BPD-DS, and eliminate some of its disadvantages. In this article, we show the results of these variations compared with BPD-DS, and how their promising results could be a new approach for obese population and bariatric surgery.