Cistoadenofibroma de ovario / Ovarian cystadenofibroma

El cistoadenofibroma ovárico es un tumor benigno poco frecuente y se caracteriza por un patrón bifásico compuesto por componentes epiteliales y estromales; actualmente se desconocen los factores de riesgo asociados, aunque las mujeres obesas y las menopáusicas que consumen terapia de reemplazo hormonal tienen un mayor riesgo. Se presentó una adolescente de 17 años de edad, evaluada en consulta externa dos años antes, por un quiste de ovario izquierdo; recibió tratamiento hormonal sin resultados satisfactorios. Se le practicaron exámenes de analítica sanguínea y estudios de imagen. Con la administración de anestesia regional epidural continua se realizó anexectomía izquierda, se confirmó mediante estudio histológico, un cistoadenofibroma seroso de ovario. El objetivo del tratamiento en estas pacientes es la remoción quirúrgica completa de la lesión ante el riesgo de malignización; este tratamiento quirúrgico fue fundamental y la evolución fue favorable, tuvo un periodo de recuperación de corta duración y muy positivo.

Ovarian cystadenofibroma is a rare benign tumour characterized by a biphasic pattern made up of epithelial and stromal components; associated risk factors are currently unknown, although obese and menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy are at increased risk. We present a 17-year-old female adolescent who was evaluated in an outpatient clinic two years earlier due to a left ovarian cyst. She received hormonal treatment without satisfactory results. She underwent blood analysis tests and imaging studies. Left adnexectomy was performed with the administration of continuous epidural regional anesthesia, and a serous ovarian cystadenofibroma was confirmed by histological study. The goal of treatment in these patients is the complete surgical removal of the lesion given the risk of malignancy; this surgical treatment was fundamental and the evolution was favourable. She had a short and very positive recovery period.

Desfechos reprodutivos e de sobrevida em adolescente tratada com cirurgia preservadora de fertilidade por tumor borderline de ovário em estádio avançado: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Reproductive and survival outcomes in an adolescent treated with fertility- sparing surgery for advanced stage borderline ovarian tumor: case report and review of the literature

Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre os resultados obstétricos e oncológicos de adolescentes com tumores borderline de ovário em estádio avançado trata- das com cirurgia preservadora da fertilidade. Uma adolescente de 15 anos com diagnóstico de tumor borderline de ovário estádio IIIc foi inicialmente tratada com tumorectomia ovariana bilateral e quimioterapia adjuvante com esquema de platina/taxano (seis ciclos). Durante o seguimento, foi submetida a outras três tumorectomias devido a tumor borderline de ovário (duas vezes) e cistadenoma ovariano (uma vez). Outra recidiva de tumor borderline de ovário ocorreu seis anos após o diagnóstico inicial, quando ela estava grávida; foi tratada com tumorecto- mia realizada durante a cesariana. Em sua última consulta ambulatorial, a mulher de 27 anos não apresentava evidência da doença e tinha um filho saudável. Mesmo em estádio avançado, a cirurgia de preservação da fertilidade foi segura e factível nessa paciente com tumor borderline de ovário.

There are few data in the literature regarding obstetric and oncological outcomes of adolescents with advanced-stage borderline ovarian tumors treated with fertility spa- ring surgery. A 15 years old adolescent who was diagnosed with a stage IIIc borderline ovarian tumor, was treated with bilateral ovarian tumorectomies and adjuvant chemotherapy with platinum/taxane regimen (six cycles). During follow up she was submitted to other three tumorectomies due to borderline ovarian tumor(twice) and ovarian cysta- denoma (once). Another borderline ovarian tumorrecurren- ce occurred six years after initial diagnosis, when she was pregnant; treated with tumorectomy performed during ce- sarean section. At her last outpatient visit, the 27-year-old woman had no evidence of disease and a had healthy child. Even at an advanced stage, fertility sparing surgery was safe and feasible in this patient with borderline ovarian tumor.

Presentación atípica de teratoma quístico maduro gigante en una paciente adolescente: a propósito de un caso / Atypical presentation of a giant mature cystic teratoma in an adolescent patient: A case report

Introducción: El teratoma quístico maduro es un tipo de tumor derivado de las células germinales que aparece en pacientes en edad fértil. La edad más frecuente de aparición de este tipo de tumores es entre los 20 y40 años.Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente de 18 años con masa abdominal gigante de crecimiento abrupto cuya presentación fue atípica dado el tamaño de esta, el cual se manifestó con dolor abdominal agudo.Tratamiento: Se realiza resección de la masa la cual confirma el diagnóstico histopatológico de teratoma quístico maduro.Conclusión: Este tipo de patologías rara vez se presentan con un crecimiento tan exagerado como el caso de la paciente en mención, y la resolución quirúrgica sigue siendo el gold estándar en cuanto al tratamiento.Palabras clave:DeCS: Teratoma, Células germinativas embrionarias, Adolescente, Neoplasias

Introduction: Mature cystic teratoma is a type of tumor derived from germ cells that appears in patients of childbearing age. The most common age at which this type of tumor appearsis 20 to40.Clinical case: The case of an 18-year-old adolescent patient with a giant abdominal mass of abrupt growth is presented, whose presentation was atypical given its size, which manifested with acute abdominal pain Treatment: Amass resection confirmedthehistopathological diagnosis of mature cystic ter-atoma.Conclusion: This type of pathology rarely presents with growth as exaggerated as in the case of the patient mentioned. Surgicalresolution continues to be the gold standard in terms of treatment

Struma ovarii quístico: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Cystic struma ovarii: case report and literature review

El struma ovarii es un tumor bastante inusual, hallado en el 2,7 % de los teratomas de ovario. Su variedad quística es bastante rara, siendo su diagnóstico diferencial un cistoadenoma de ovario. Se caracteriza por presentar zona sólida con folículos tiroideos con coloide en su interior, y una zona quística tapizada por un epitelio plano a cuboidal, ambos con marcación para TTF1. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente que fue remitida a nuestro hospital por presentar una masa a la palpación vaginal. En imágenes se observa la presencia de una masa anexial derecha quística, por lo cual se le realizó una histerectomía radical con salpingooferectomía bilateral. Luego de estudios de patología y de inmunohistoquímica, se llegó a la conclusión que correspondía a un struma ovarii quístico

Struma ovarii is a rather unusual tumor, found in 2.7% of ovarian teratomas. Its cystic variety is quite rare, with its differential diagnosis being an ovarian cystadenoma. It is characterized by the presence of a solid area with thyroid follicles with colloid inside, and a cystic area lined by a flat to cuboidal epithelium, both with TTF1 marking. We describe the case report of a patient referred to our hospital for presenting a mass on vaginal examination. Imaging studies revealed the presence of a right adnexal cystic mass, for which she underwent a radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. After pathology and immunohistochemistry studies, it was concluded that it corresponded to a cystic struma ovarii

Protective effect of nebivolol on rat ovary exposed to deltamethrin toxicity

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity of nebivolol against possible damage to the ovarian tissue due to the application of deltamethrin as a toxic agent, by evaluating histopathological proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) signal molecules immunohistochemically. Methods: The animals were divided into three groups as control, deltamethrin and deltamethrin + nebivolol groups. Vaginal smears were taken after the animals were mated and detected on the first day of pregnancy. After the sixth day, deltamethrin (0.5 mL of 30 mg/kg BW undiluted ULV), and 2 mL of sterile nebivolol solution were administered intraperitoneally every day for 6-21 periods. After routine histopathological follow-up, the ovarian tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results: Control group showed normal histology of ovarium. In deltamethrin group, hyperplasic cells, degenerative follicles, pyknotic nuclei, inflammation and hemorrhagic areas were observed. Nebivolol treatment restored these pathologies. Deltamethrin treatment increased TNF-α and PCNA reaction. However, nebivolol decreased the expression. Conclusions: It was thought that deltamethrin toxicity adversely affected follicle development by inducing degeneration and apoptotic process in preantral and antra follicle cells, and nebivolol administration might reduce inflammation and slow down the apoptotic signal in the nuclear phase and regulate reorganization.

Effects of daidzein on rat ovary against ischemia-reperfusion

Purpose: Our aim was to investigate protective effects of daidzein treatment on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced ovarian tissue by immunohistochemical techniques. Methods: Thirty Sprague Dawley female rats were categorized into three groups as sham, I/R group, and I/R+daidzein groups. Bloods were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and ovaries were processed for histological tissue protocol. Results: Both MDA and MPO values were increased in I/R group compared to sham and I/R+daidzein groups. GSH content was increased in I/R+daidzein group compared to I/R groups. In I/R group, theca and follicular cells were degenerated with apoptosis and dilatation and congestion, edema. In I/R+daidzein group, daidzein improved pathologies. In the I/R group, Bax expression was positive with follicular cells, granulosa cells and inflammatory cells. In the I/R+daidzein group, positive Bax reaction was observed in the epithelial, antral, and inflammatory cells. In I/R group, Bcl-2 reaction was in germinative epithelial cells, cells of antral follicle. In the I/R+daidzein group, Bcl-2 expression level was reduced after daidzein treatment. Conclusions: After the I/R procedure, ovarian cells and follicles were degenerated with apoptosis and inflammation. After daidzein treatment, Bax and Bcl-2 signal were decreased. It was observed that daidzein stopped the apoptotic process.

Biochemical and immunohistochemical examination of the effects of ephedrine in rat ovary tissue

Purpose: It was aimed to investigate the biochemical and immunohistochemical effects of ephedrine (EPH) in bilateral ovariectomized rats. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into three groups: control group: The abdomen was opened and closed without any treatment; ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group: 2 h of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion were allowed to cause IR injury; IR+EPH group: oral EPH solution (5 mg/kg) was administered for 28 days. Results: Biochemical parameters were statistically significant in group comparisons. Increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, degenerative preantral and antral follicle cells and inflammatory cells around blood vessels were seen in IR group. Negative IL-6 expression was observed in seminal epithelial cells, preantral and antral follicle cells in IR+EPH group. While caspase-3 activity increased in granulosa cells and stromal cells in IR group, caspase-3 expression was negative in preantral and antral follicle cells in the germinal epithelium and cortex in IR+EPH group. Conclusion: The effect of apoptosis, which occurs with the signaling that starts in the cell nucleus, caused the cessation of the stimulating effect at the nuclear level after EPH administration, and a decrease in the antioxidative effect in IR damage and inflammation in the apoptotic process.

Gonadal characterization of the Amazonian fish Serrapinnus kriegi (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) / Caracterização gonadal do peixe Amazônico Serrapinnus kriegi (Characidae: Cheirodontinae)

Abstract The knowledge of the testicular and ovarian morphology of a particular fish species is of paramount importance. Such analyze enables the development of studies and techniques aiming the improvement of their reproduction, management, commercialization and even their conservation. This study performed the ovarian and testicular characterization of the ornamental Amazon fish Serrapinnus kriegi. A total of three males and three females had their gonads analyzed by optical microscopy. Females present ovaries filled with oocytes in asynchronous development, indicating partial spawning in the species. Moreover, the micropyle and micropilar cell formation was observed in primary growing oocytes, representing a precocious oocyte development; and the zona radiata in the final vitellogenic oocytes is thicker than other related species, evidencing the development of a better protection to the embryos in function of the waters' turbulence that characterize it spawning sites in the Amazonian streams. The male specimens' present anastomosed tubular testes with unrestricted spermatogonia spread along the entire seminiferous tubules. The present data elucidate the dynamic of spermatogenesis and oogenesis of an ornamental Amazonian species, through the description of the male and female germ cells development.

Resumo O conhecimento da morfologia testicular e ovariana de uma determinada espécie de peixe é de suma importância, pois através destas análises é possível o desenvolvimento de estudos e técnicas visando o melhoramento de sua reprodução, manejo e comercialização e até mesmo auxiliar em sua conservação. Este estudo realizou a caracterização ovariana e testicular do peixe Amazônico ornamental Serrapinnus kriegi. Um total de três machos e três fêmeas tiveram suas gônadas analisadas através de microscopia óptica. As fêmeas apresentam ovários preenchidos por oócitos em desenvolvimento assincrônico, indicando desova parcelada da espécie. Além disso, observou-se a formação de micrópila e célula micropilar em oócitos em crescimento primário, representando o desenvolvimento precoce do oócito; a zona radiata nos oócitos vitelogênicos finais é mais espessa em comparação a outras espécies relacionadas, evidenciando o desenvolvimento de uma melhor proteção aos embriões, em função das águas turbulentas que caracterizam seu local de desova nos córregos amazônicos. Os machos apresentam testículos do tipo tubular anastomosado com espermatogônias irrestritas, espalhadas por todo o túbulo seminífero. Os dados apresentados elucidam a dinâmica da espermatogênese e oogênese de uma espécie de peixe ornamental amazônica, por meio da descrição das células germinativas masculinas e femininas.

Leiomiosarcoma de ovario: A propósito de un caso / Ovarian leiomyosarcoma: About a case

Introducción: El leiomiosarcoma de ovario, es una neoplasia extremadamente rara, forma parte del subgrupo de tumores de músculo liso que constituye menos del 1% en cuanto a tumores de ovario; dentro del mismo se encuentran clasificados el carcinosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma y leiomiosarcoma, de acuerdo con la literatura revisada se han reportado 63 casos de leiomiosarcoma hasta la actualidad. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 53 años; ingresó al área de emergencia por dolor abdominal de gran intensidad, acompañado de distensión abdominal y ortopnea; a la exploración física se palpó una masa poco móvil. La tomografía evidenció la presencia de una masa abdomino-pélvica que se extendió entre el asa intestinal y la raíz del mesenterio; comprimía vejiga, útero y ovarios. Se le realizó una histerectomía, con salpingo ooforectomía derecha, ooforectomía izquierda por medio de laparotomía exploratoria. Los estudios histopatológicos determinaron el diagnóstico de leiomiosarcoma. Fue tratado con cirugía y quimioterapia adyuvante.

Introduction: Ovarian leiomyosarcomas is an extremely rare neoplasm and are part of the subgroup of smooth muscle tumors that constitutes less than 1% in terms of ovarian tumors; within it are classified: carcinosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma, according to the reviewed literature, 63 cases of leiomyosarcoma have been reported to date. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 53-year-old female patient; she was admitted to the emergency area due to severe abdominal pain, accompanied by abdominal distension and orthopnea; Physical examination revealed a large, slightly mobile mass. The tomography showed the presence of an abdominopelvic mass that extended between the intestinal loop and the root of the mesentery; compressed bladder, uterus, and ovaries. She underwent exeresis hysterectomy with right salpingo-oophorectomy and left oophorectomy through exploratory laparotomy. Histopathological studies yielded results of a malignant neoplasm compatible with leiomyosarcoma. She was treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Practical Prediction Model for Ovarian Insufficiency after Radiation / Modelo prático de predição para insuficiência ovariana após radiação

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to develop a useful mathematical model that predicts the age at which premature ovarian insufficiency might occur after teletherapy radiation. A diagnosis of premature or early menopause has physical and psychological consequences, so women may need support and long-term medical follow-up. Methods To correlate ovarian radiation dose with ovarian function, we used the formula described by Wallace et al.: √g(z) = 10(2-0,15z), where "g(z)" and "z" represent oocyte survival rate and the radiation dose (in Gray), respectively. By simulating different ages and doses, we observed a pattern that could be used to simplify the relationship between radiation dose and remaining time of ovarian function. Results We obtained a linear function between ovarian radiation dose and loss of ovarian function (LOF) that is the percentage of decrease in the time to the ovarian failure compared with the time expected for a woman at the same age without irradiation exposition. For patients <40 years old and with ovarian radiation doses < 5 Gy, the equation LOF = 2.70 + (11.08 × Dose) can be applied to estimate the decrease in time to premature ovarian insufficiency. Conclusion The present study reports a practicable theoretical method to estimate the loss of ovarian function. These findings can potentially improve the management and counseling of young women patients submitted to radiotherapy during their reproductive years.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático útil que prediz a idade na qual a insuficiência ovariana prematura pode ocorrer após a radioterapia externa (teleterapia). O diagnóstico de menopausa prematura ou precoce tem consequências físicas e psicológicas; portanto, as mulheres podem precisar de apoio e acompanhamento médico de longo prazo. Métodos Para correlacionar a dose de radiação ovariana com a função ovariana, foi usada a fórmula descrita por Wallace et al.: √g(z) = 10(2-0,15z), na qual "g(z)" e "z" representam a taxa de sobrevivência do oócito e a dose de radiação (em Gray), respectivamente. Ao simular diferentes idades e doses, observamos um padrão que poderia ser usado para simplificar a relação entre a dose de radiação e o tempo restante da função ovariana. Resultados Obtivemos uma função linear entre a dose de radiação ovariana e a perda da função ovariana (LOF, na sigla em inglês) que é a porcentagem de diminuição no tempo até a falência ovariana em relação ao tempo esperado para uma mulher da mesma idade sem exposição à radiação. Para pacientes<40 anos de idade e com doses de radiação ovariana < 5 Gy, a equação LOF = 2,70 + (11,08 × Dose) pode ser aplicada para estimar a redução no tempo até a insuficiência ovariana. Conclusão O presente estudo relata um método teórico viável para estimar a perda da função ovariana. Estes achados podem melhorar potencialmente o manejo e o aconselhamento de pacientes jovens submetidas à radioterapia durante seus anos reprodutivos.

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Preserve Fertility in Transgender Male Patients after Hormonal Treatment / Cultura de tecido ovariano para preservação da fertilidade em pacientes transexuais masculinos após tratamento hormonal

Abstract Objective To evaluate the reproductive and histological characteristics of fresh cultured ovarian tissue from transgender male patients. Methods An in vitro pilot study in which samples were collected during sex reassignment surgery for transgender male patients. The ovarian cortex was cut into fragments of 2 mm, 3mm, and 4 mm, and placed in a 96-well plate suitable for cultivation at days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, when the histology was analyzed. Results Stromal hyperplasia was observed in all samples, and it was not associated with the obtainment of primordial or primary follicles. Peripheral reduction in cell count was also a recurrent finding. Primordial and primary follicles were identified with a heterogeneous pattern in fragments from the same patient and from different patients, and follicles in more advanced stages of development (secondary and antral) were not found. There was an association between the diameter of the ovarian fragments and the identification of primary follicles (p=0.036). The number of days in culture was associated with histological signs of tissue damaging in the fragments (p=0.002). The total number of follicles identified in the samples with 2mm in diameter was significantly lower than in those that measured 4mm in diameter (p=0.031). Conclusion A diameter of 4mm is suitable for ovarian tissue culture with the benefit of ease of handling. Even after prolonged exposure to testosterone, the ovarian fragments presented primordial and primary follicles, maintaining viability throughout the days they were exposed to the culture. Freezing the ovarian cortex of transgender patients who will undergo surgery for gender reassignment would be an interesting option, in the future, for the preservation of fertility.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as características reprodutivas e histológicas de tecido ovariano cultivado a fresco de pacientes transexuais masculinos. Métodos Estudo experimental in vitro e piloto, no qual amostras foram coletadas durante a cirurgia de redesignação de sexo para pacientes transexuais masculinos. O córtex ovariano foi cortado em fragmentos de 2mm, 3mm, e 4mm, e colocado em placa de 96 poços própria para cultivo nos dias 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8, quando a histologia foi analisada. Resultados Hiperplasia estromal foi observada em todas as amostras, e não esteve associada à obtenção de folículos primordiais ou primários. A redução periférica no número de células também foi um achado recorrente. Folículos primordiais e primários foramidentificados com padrão heterogêneo emfragmentos domesmo paciente e em fragmentos de pacientes diferentes, não sendo encontrados folículos em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento (secundários e antrais). Houve associação entre o diâmetro dos fragmentos ovarianos e a identificação dos folículos primários (p=0,036). O número de dias de cultura esteve associado a sinais histológicos de lesão tecidual nos fragmentos (p=0,002). O número total de folículos identificados nas amostras de 2mm de diâmetro foi significativamente menor do que nas de 4mm de diâmetro (p=0,031). Conclusão O diâmetro de 4mm parece ser mais adequado para a cultura de tecido ovariano com a vantagem de fácil manejo. Mesmo após exposição prolongada à testosterona, os fragmentos ovarianos apresentavam folículos primordiais e primários, e manteve a viabilidade ao longo dos dias de exposição à cultura. No futuro, o congelamento da cortical do ovário de pacientes transgêneros que se submeterão à cirurgia de redesignação sexual poderia ser uma opção interessante para a preservação da fertilidade.

Extirpación laparoscópica de quiste paraovárico gigante en pediatría / Laparoscopic removal of giant paraovarian cyst in pediatrics

El quiste paraovárico se desarrolla en el ligamento ancho, entre la trompa de Falopio y el ovario. Son estructuras redondeadas de pared lisa, llenas de líquido seroso, que se ubican en el mesosálpinx, el ligamento ancho o sobre la propia trompa uterina. Tienen una incidencia aproximada de 1 en 1 500 0002 son frecuentes en la tercera y cuarta década de la vida; raramente se presentan en la edad pediátrica. Generalmente, son benignos y tiene un crecimiento lento y progresivo, suelen ser asintomáticos por lo que el diagnóstico suele ser incidental. En casos de quistes de gran volumen, los síntomas son dolor pélvico o la tumoración ab-dominal. Usualmente son diagnosticados clínicamente y se confirman por imágenes ultrasonográficas. La importancia de este caso es la poca frecuencia de estos tumores en la edad pediátrica y su identificación oportuna por parte de los profesionales de la salud

The paraovarian cyst develops in the broad ligament, between the fallopian tube and the ovary. They are rounded structures with a smooth wall, filled with serous fluid, which are located in the mesosalpinx, the broad ligament or on the uterine tube itself. They have an approximate incidence of 1 in 1,500,0002 and are common in the third and fourth decades of life; they rarely occur in childhood. Generally, they are benign and have a slow and progressive growth, they are usually asymptomatic, so the diagnosis is usually incidental. In cases of large volume cysts, the symptoms are pelvic pain or abdominal mass. They are usually diagnosed clinically and confirmed by ultrasonographic images. The importance of this case is the infrequency of these tumors in the pediatric age and their timely identification by health professionals

Los términos corpus rubrum, corpus luteum y corpus albicans en terminologia anatomica del ovario / The terms rubrum, luteum and albicans in terminologia anatomica of the ovary

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente artículo fue revisar la etimología de los términos Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum y Corpus albicans, identificar si la forma de nombrarlos en las diferentes nóminas y terminologías internacionales están acorde a las sugerencias de la FIPAT y, analizar y reflexionar respecto de la pertinencia de estos términos en la Terminologia Anatomica. Se buscó en primer lugar el significado de las raíces latinas de los términos: Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum y Corpus albicans, en el Diccionario de la Real Academia de la Lengua, última actualización; en el Diccionario Términos Médicos de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina en España y en el Diccionario Vox, Español Latín. Indagamos en la historia para conocer desde cuando se utilizan estos términos, así como la revisión de las diferentes nomenclaturas, nóminas y terminologías anatómicas, histológicas y embriológicas, desde 1955 hasta la fecha. La búsqueda reportó que estos adjetivos latinos deberían traducirse al español de la siguiente manera: rubrum como rojo; luteum como amarillo y albicans como albicante que significa blanquear, por lo que la traducción correcta debiera ser: Cuerpo rojo, Cuerpo amarillo y Cuerpo albicante o blanco del ovario, estructuras transitorias y funcionales. Los términos Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum y Corpus albicans que identifican estructuras del ovario en Terminologia Anatomica y Terminologia Histologica deberían ser revisados, puesto que son estructuras transitorias y su nombre sólo indica el color que adquieren en el momento funcional y es referente a los cambios que presenta la misma estructura.

SUMMARY: The aim of this article was to review the etymology of the terms Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum and Corpus albicans, to identify if the way of naming them in the different lists and international terminologies are in accordance with the FIPAT suggestions and to analyze and reflect on the relevance of these terms in the Terminologia Anatomica. Firstly, the meaning of the Latin roots of the terms: Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum and Corpus albicans were searched in the dictionaries: of the Royal Academy of Language, latest update; of the Medical Terms of the Royal National Academy of Medicine in Spain; in the Vox dictionary, Spanish Latin. Then we investigate the history to know since when these terms are used, as well as the review of the different anatomical, histological and embryological lists and terminologies from 1955 to date. The search reported that these Latin adjectives should be translated as follows: rubrum as red; luteum as yellow and albicans as albicante which means to whiten, therefore, the correct translation should be: Red body, Yellow body and Albicans or white body of the ovary, they are also transitory and functional structures. The terms Corpus rubrum, Corpus luteum and Corpus albicans that identify ovarian structures in the Terminologia Anatomica and Terminologia Histologica should be reviewed since they are transitory structures and their name only indicates the color they acquire at the functional moment and refers to the changes that the same structure presents.

Avaliação da aplicabilidade de polímeros sintéticos na vitrificação de tecido ovariano bovino / Evaluation of the applicability of synthetic polymers in the vitrification of bovine ovarian tissue

A preservação da fertilidade em pacientes com câncer objetiva assegurar a saúde reprodutiva. A criopreservação de tecido ovariano é a única técnica disponível para meninas pré-púberes e para casos em que o tratamento não pode ser adiado. A técnica de vitrificação está associada a uma melhor preservação de fragmentos do córtex ovariano quando comparada ao congelamento lento. Estudos preliminares demonstraram que a combinação de polímeros sintéticos na vitrificação preservou melhor o tecido e os folículos secundários no córtex de ovários de macacos, por serem miméticos às proteínas naturais responsáveis pela proteção conferida a alguns organismos durante o inverno. A técnica de vitrificação associada a polímeros sintéticos é uma alternativa promissora, mas ainda não está disponível um protocolo padrão que demonstre resultados consistentes. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade de polímeros sintéticos na criopreservação por vitrificação de tecido ovariano bovino. Ovários bovinos foram obtidos a partir de animais abatidos para consumo em um abatedouro local. O córtex foi extraído e cortado em fragmentos. Os fragmentos foram divididos em três grupos (controle fresco, vitrificação com (CP) e sem (SP) adição de polímeros sintéticos). Os fragmentos de tecido de todos os grupos antes e após aquecimento foram fixados em paraformaldeído a 4%, corados com hematoxilina e eosina para avaliação de morfologia, contagem e observação do estágio folicular. Parte dos fragmentos tiveram seus folículos secundários isolados mecanicamente e cultivados em matriz de alginato até atingirem o estágio antral. Durante o cultivo, para análise de viabilidade, foram avaliados a sobrevida, crescimento e formação de antro folicular. Para avaliação da funcionalidade folicular, o meio de cultivo foi coletado para posterior dosagem de esteróides ovarianos. Então, os três grupos foram comparados estatisticamente. Os tecidos ovarianos vitrificados apresentaram uma morfologia com sinais de injúria, com espaços vazios e menos densos, além de exibirem uma menor porcentagem de folículos normais quando comparados ao tecido fresco (Fresco x CP p<0,0001; Fresco x SP p=0,0004). Contudo, não foi observada diferença entre os grupos vitrificados com e sem polímeros (CP x SP p = 0,7173). Os folículos que passaram pela vitrificação apresentaram uma sobrevida similar entre si e menor que o controle fresco (χ²(2) = 19,87; p< 0,0001). Todos os grupos avaliados foram semelhantes na taxa de formação de antro (χ²(1) = 0,6569; p< 0,4176). Em todos os grupos houve crescimento folicular durante o cultivo. No entanto, os folículos frescos e com adição de polímeros aumentaram de diâmetro durante todo o cultivo, ao passo que os folículos sem adição de polímeros cresceram apenas na primeira semana. No fim do cultivo, os folículos que passaram pelo processo de vitrificação produzem menos hormônios que os frescos (p < 0,05), mas sem diferença entre SP e CP. A partir desses resultados, é possível concluir que a combinação do uso de polímeros sintéticos na vitrificação de tecido ovariano é uma técnica promissora, que poderá proteger o desenvolvimento folicular, mas são necessários mais estudos que possam aperfeiçoar esse protocolo.

The preservation of fertility in cancer patients aims to ensure reproductive health. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the only technique available for prepubescent girls and for cases where treatment cannot be delayed. The vitrification technique is associated with better preservation of ovarian cortex fragments when compared to slow freezing. Preliminary studies in the cortex of monkeys' ovaries have shown that the combination of synthetic polymers in vitrification is better to preserve the tissue and secondary follicles, as they are mimetic to the natural proteins responsible for the protection during the winter in some organisms. The vitrification technique associated with synthetic polymers is a promising alternative, but a standard protocol that demonstrates consistent results is not yet available. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the applicability of synthetic polymers in cryopreservation by vitrification of bovine ovarian tissue. Bovine ovaries were obtained at a local abattoir. The cortex was extracted and cut into fragments. The fragments were divided into three groups (fresh control, vitrification with (CP) and without (SP) addition of synthetic polymers). Tissue fragments from all groups before and after heating were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphology assessment, counting and observation of the follicular stage. Part of the fragments had their secondary follicles mechanically isolated and cultivated in alginate matrix until they reached the antral stage. During cultivation, for viability analysis, survival, growth and follicular antrum formation were evaluated. To evaluate the follicular functionality, the culture medium was collected for later measurement of ovarian steroids. The vitrified ovarian tissues presented a morphology with signs of injury, with empty and less dense spaces, in addition to showing a lower percentage of normal follicles when compared to fresh tissue (Fresh control x CP p< 0.0001). All groups evaluated were similar in the rate of antrum formation (χ²(1) = 0.6569; p< 0.4176). In all groups there was follicular growth during cultivation. However, fresh and polymer-added follicles increased in diameter throughout the cultivation, whereas follicles without polymer additions grew only in the first week. At the end of cultivation, the follicles that underwent the vitrification process produced less hormones than the fresh ones (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between SP and CP. From these results, it is possible to conclude that the combination of the use of synthetic polymers in the vitrification of ovarian tissue is a promising technique, which may protect follicular development, but further studies are needed to improve this protocol.

Clinical, sonographic and anatomopathological aspects of ovarian teratoma in a heifer / Aspectos clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos do teratoma ovariano em uma novilha

Teratomas rarely occur in domestic species, especially in cattle. These tumors originate in fetal life and are characterized by rapid growth, which justifies their frequent detection in young animals. This study reported a case of ovarian teratoma in a heifer. On physical examination, the main signs identified were apathy, abdominal distention and tension, empty rumen, and mushy diarrhea. During rectal palpation, a mass was identified in the pelvic region, which was suggestive of cysts on ultrasound examination. The animal underwent laparotomy, followed by euthanasia due to a poor prognosis. At necropsy, a 54 x 43 x 52 cm (length x width x thickness) tumor was observed in the right ovary with multiple cystic areas, in addition to masses associated with multiple adhesions of the intestinal loops and peritonitis. On histopathology, muscle, cartilage, bone, nervous and epithelial tissue, glands, hair with follicles, were identified in the affected ovary. There was mixed inflammation and foci of necrosis observed with a complete absence of ovarian architecture in both the ovaries. Infiltrations were identified in the lymph nodes and mesenteric vessels. Glandular ducts were seen from the serosa to the intestinal mucosa. A locally infiltrative and expansile ovarian teratoma was diagnosed accordingly. It is considered that this kind of tumor can induce abdominal distension and absence of estrus in previously healthy, non-pregnant heifers.

Os teratomas são tumores raros nas espécies domésticas, sobretudo em bovinos. Esses tumores são caracterizados por crescimento rápido e origem durante a vida fetal, o que justifica seu diagnóstico frequente em animais jovens. O presente trabalho relata um caso de teratoma ovariano em uma novilha. No exame físico, os principais sinais identificados foram apatia, distensão e tensão abdominal, rúmen vazio e diarreia pastosa. Durante a palpação retal, uma massa foi identificada na região pélvica. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, a massa era sugestiva de cistos. O animal foi submetido a laparotomia, seguido de eutanásia devido ao mau prognóstico. Na necropsia foi observado um tumor de 54 x 43 x 52 cm (comprimento x largura x espessura) no ovário direito com múltiplas áreas císticas, além de massas associadas à múltiplas aderências das alças intestinais e peritonite. Na histopatologia foram identificados no ovário acometido a presença de tecidos muscular, cartilaginoso, ósseo, nervoso e epitelial, com glândulas, pelos e folículos. Havia inflamação mista e focos de necrose com ausência completa de arquitetura ovariana em ambos os ovários. Infiltrações foram identificadas em linfonodos e vasos mesentéricos. Ductos glandulares foram vistos desde a serosa até mucosa intestinal. Diagnosticou-se um teratoma ovariano localmente infiltrativo e expansivo. Considera-se que este tumor pode induzir distensão abdominal e ausência de estro em novilhas previamente sadias e não gestantes.

El consumo semicrónico moderado de alcohol altera la foliculogénesis y la calidad núcleo-citoplasmática oocitaria, en el ratón / Moderate semi-chronic alcohol consumption alters folliculogenesis and oocyte nuclear-cytoplasmic quality in mice

Resumen El consumo crónico de alcohol es un problema de salud mundial que afecta particularmente a la población femenina. Sin embargo, los efectos de la ingesta semicrónica en cantidades moderadas a bajas en el ovario y el oocito son poco conocidos. En un modelo murino, se administró etanol al 10% en agua de bebida (hembras tratadas) o agua (hembras control) por 15 días, y luego de la superovulación o no (ovulación espontánea), se analizó el ciclo estral y la calidad ovárico-gamética. En las hembras tratadas, la frecuencia y duración del diestro aumentó, y las frecuencias de folículos y cuerpos lúteos disminuyeron vs hembras controles, valores que se restauraron luego de la superovulación. Sin embargo, en las hembras tratadas, la tasa de proliferación celular folicular y el desbalance de la expresión ovárica de VEGF (factor de crecimiento endotelial) persistieron luego de la superovulación. El número de ovocitos ovulados con metafase II anormal, fragmentados y activados partenogenéticamente fue mayor en las hembras tratadas respecto las controles. En conclusión, el consumo semicrónico moderado de alcohol produce anestro, ciclo estral irregular, foliculogénesis deficiente y anomalías núcleo-citoplasmáticas en los oocitos ovulados. Estas alteraciones podrían constituirse en un factor etiológico de pérdida gestacional temprana y desarrollo embrionario anormal luego del consumo de alcohol.

Abstract Chronic alcohol consumption is a global health problem that particularly affects the female population. However, the ef-fects of semi-chronic ethanol intake in low-moderate amounts on the ovary and oocyte are poorly understood. In a mouse model, 10% ethanol was administered in drinking water (treated females) or water (control females) for 15 days, and after superovulation or not (spontaneous ovulation), the estrous cycle and ovarian-gametic quality were analyzed. In treated females, the frequency and duration of the diestrus increased, and the frequencies of follicles and corpus luteum decreased vs control females, values that restored after superovulation. However, in treated females, the follicular cell proliferation rate and the imbalance in ovarian expression of VEGF (endothelial growth factor) persisted after superovulation. The number of ovulated oocytes with abnormal metaphase II, fragmented and parthenogenetically activated was higher in treated females than in control ones. In conclusion, moderate semi-chronic alcohol consumption produces anestrum, irregular estrous cycle, poor folliculogenesis, and nuclear-cytoplasmic abnormalities in ovulated oocytes. These alterations could constitute an etiological factor of early gestational loss and abnormal embryonic development after alcohol consumption.

Decreased ovarian reserve and ovarian morphological alterations in female rat offspring exposed to a ketogenic maternal diet

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effects of a ketogenic diet on morphology and follicle reserve. METHOD: Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: standard diet group (n=8) and ketogenic diet group (n=8). Rats were time mated. Dams were permitted to deliver spontaneously. The animals were monitored for the onset of puberty. All the rats were weighed and anesthetized, serum anti-Müllerian hormone level was measured, and the oviducts were removed. The morphological characteristics of follicles were determined and total ovarian volumes were calculated. RESULTS: The mean ovarian volume was statistically significantly lower in the ketogenic diet group compared to the standard diet group (14.41±0.99 mm3 versus 18.89±1.28 mm3) (p=0.000). The mean number of antral follicles was 13.63±1.80 in the standard diet group and 4.462±0.760 in the ketogenic diet group. The mean ovarian weight of the ketogenic diet group was significantly lower than that of the standard diet group (0.42±0.06 g versus 0.815±107 g). The mean anti-Müllerian hormone levels were significantly higher in the standard diet group compared to the ketogenic diet group (1.023±4.75 ng/mL versus 0.69±0.07 ng/mL) (p=0.000). The mean percentage of staining of Ki-67 was 35.28±4.75 in the standard diet group and 16.98±3.33 in the ketogenic diet group (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: Maternal ketogenic diet reduces ovarian follicular reserve in female offspring and has important implications for maintaining reproductive potential at a population level.

Pancreatectomia secundária à aderência após ovário-histerectomia em uma cadela - relato de caso / Pancreatectomy secondary to adherence after ovary-histerectomy in a female dog - a case report / Pancreatectomía secundaria a una adherencia después de ovario histerectomía en una perra ­ relato de caso

O procedimento cirúrgico eletivo realizado com maior frequência na rotina veterinária é a ovário-histerectomia (OVH), com isso há uma alta casuística de complicações pós-operatórias. Entre elas, pode-se citar piometra de coto, ligadura acidental de ureter, síndrome do ovário remanescente, formação de granulomas inflamatórios e aderências a órgãos. Os granulomas de coto ovariano são formados, geralmente por um fio de sutura utilizado inadequadamente, ou a um sítio de infecção. Tais granulomas podem levar à aderências, inclusive a órgãos próximos ao sítio cirúrgico. O presente relato refere-se a uma cadela, que apresentou granulomas ovarianos com aderências no pâncreas e em diversos órgãos após a ovário-histerectomia. Para a solução do caso, foi realizado uma celiotomia exploratória para avaliação da cavidade abdominal, retirada das aderências das estruturas e das formações granulomatosas, sendo necessária a realização de uma pancreatectomia parcial para a retirada completa do granuloma. Após a cirurgia, o paciente desenvolveu quadro de pancreatite, uma complicação muito comum em cirurgias pancreáticas. Ainda assim, o resultado foi considerado satisfatório, pois a pancreatite foi solucionada e os granulomas removidos, e até a última revisão pós-operatória, o paciente encontrava-se bem clinicamente. A OVH é uma das cirurgias mais realizadas na rotina médico veterinária, ainda assim é negligenciada em diversos quesitos. Portanto, há a necessidade dessa técnica cirúrgica e suas possíveis complicações serem realizadas de maneira correta e efetiva.(AU)

The most frequently elective surgical procedure performed in the veterinary routine is the ovary hysterectomy (OVH). As such, there is a high number of post-operative complications, which include stump pyometra, accidental ligation of the ureter, remnant ovary syndrome, formation of inflammatory granulomas, and organ adhesions. Ovarian stump granulomas are usually formed by suture which has been improperly used, or to infection. Such granulomas can lead to adhesions, also affecting organs close to the surgical site. This report refers to a female dog that presented ovarian granulomas with adhesions to the pancreas and to several organs after ovary-hysterectomy. In order to solve the case, an exploratory celiotomy was performed to assess the abdominal cavity, removing the adhesions of the structures and granulomatous formations, which required the performance of a partial pancreatectomy for the thorough removal of the granuloma. After surgery, the patient developed pancreatitis, a very common complication in pancreatic surgery. Even so, the result was considered satisfactory, as the pancreatitis was resolved and the granulomas removed and until the last post-operative review, the patient was clinically well. OVH is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in the veterinary medical routine, yet it is neglected in several aspects. Therefore, there is a need for the surgical technique and its possible complications to be performed correctly and effectively.(AU)

El procedimiento quirúrgico electivo que se realiza con mayor frecuencia en la rutina veterinaria es la ovario-histerectomía (OVH), con que existe un elevado número de complicaciones postoperatorias. Estos incluyen piometra del muñón, ligadura accidental del uréter, síndrome de ovario remanente, formación de granulomas inflamatorios y adherencias a órganos. Los granulomas del muñón ovárico se forman por lo general por una sutura mal utilizada o en un sitio de infección. Dichos granulomas pueden provocar adherencias, incluso a órganos cercanos al sitio quirúrgico. El presente informe se refiere a una perra, quien presentó granulomas ováricos con adherencias en el páncreas y en varios órganos tras ovario histerectomía. Para la solución del caso se realizó una celiotomía exploratoria para acceder la cavidad abdominal, removiendo las adherencias de las estructuras y formaciones granulomatosas, requiriendo la realización de una pancreatectomía parcial para la extirpación completa del granuloma. Después de la cirugía, la paciente desarrolló pancreatitis, una complicación muy común en la cirugía pancreática. Aun así, el resultado se consideró satisfactorio, ya que se resolvió la pancreatitis y se retiraron los granulomas, y hasta la última revisión postoperatoria la paciente se encontraba clínicamente bien. La OVH es una de las cirugías que se realizan con mayor frecuencia en la rutina médica veterinaria, pero se descuida en varios aspectos. Por tanto, existe la necesidad de que esta técnica quirúrgica y sus posibles complicaciones se realicen de forma correcta y eficaz.(AU)

Trato sinusal por reação ao fio de algodão em ovariohisterectomia de cadela / Sinusal tract due to cotton yarn reaction in canine ovariohysterectomy / Tracto sinusal por reacción del hilo de algodón en ovario histerectomía de perra

A castração em fêmeas pode ser feita pela ovariectomia (retirada dos ovários), ou ovariohisterectomia (retirada dos ovários e do útero). Essa última técnica é a mais recomendada em cães e gatos, devido à prevenção de afecções que podem ocorrer posteriormente no útero. Dentre essas complicações pode-se encontrar sangramento por ligadura mal feita em coto, hidroureter, hidronefrose, piometra de coto, formação de tratos sinusais, aderência, obstrução crônica, incontinência urinária, retenção abdominal de compressas cirúrgicas, transcecção de parte do ureter e ovário remanescente. Em cadelas castradas, a causa mais comum da formação de tratos sinusais é a presença de reação tecidual ao redor do fio de sutura. O presente estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso de uma cadela sem raça definida, 8,7 kg, seis anos, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba, MG com queixa principal a presença de ferida no flanco direito sendo tratada há nove meses, porém sem sucesso. Já haviam feito uso de vários antibióticos sistêmicos e antinflamatorios esteroidais e não esteroidais. Diante do caso observado, foram realizados exames laboratoriais e de imagem. Perante o resultado do exame de imagem, a principal suspeita foi a formação de trato sinusal com comunicação com a cavidade abdominal devido a uma reação ao fio de algodão utilizado na ovariohisterectomia.(AU)

Female animals can be castrated by ovariectomy (removal of the ovaries), or ovariohysterectomy (removal of the ovaries and uterus). The latter is the most recommended in dogs and cats due to the prevention of conditions that may subsequently occur in the uterus. Among these complications, one can find bleeding by poor ligation in the stump, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, stump pyometra, formation of sinus tracts, adherence, chronic obstruction, urinary incontinence, abdominal retention of surgical compresses, transection of part of the ureter and remaining ovary. In castrated bitches, the most common cause of the formation of sinus tracts is the presence of tissue reaction around the suture thread. This study aimed at reporting a case of a mixed breed, six-year-old dog, 8.7 kg that was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba with the main complaint of the presence of a wound on the right flank being unsuccessfully treated for nine months. Several systemic antibiotics and steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs had already been used. In view of the observed case, laboratory and imaging exams were performed. In view of the result of the imaging examination, the main suspicion was the formation of a sinus tract with communication to the abdominal cavity due to a reaction to the cotton thread used in the ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

La castración en hembras se puede realizar mediante ovariectomía (extirpación de los ovarios) u ovario histerectomía (extirpación de los ovarios y del útero). Esa última técnica es la más recomendada en perros y gatos, debido a la prevención de afecciones que pueden presentarse posteriormente en el útero. Entre estas complicaciones se puede encontrar hemorragias por ligadura mal realizada en muñón, hidruréter, hidronefrosis, piometra de muñón, formación de tractos sinusales, adherencia, obstrucción crónica, incontinencia urinaria, retención abdominal de compresas quirúrgicas, transección de parte del uréter y ovario remanente. En las perras castradas, la causa más común de formación de trayectos sinusales es la presencia de reacción tisular alrededor del hilo de sutura. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar el caso de una perra sin raza definida, de 8,7 kg, de seis años de edad, que ingresó en el Hospital Veterinario de Uberaba, MG con el principal síntoma de presencia de una herida en el flanco derecho siendo tratada durante nueve meses, pero sin éxito. Ya habían usado varios antibióticos sistémicos y medicamentos antiinflamatorios esteroides y no esteroides. A la vista del caso observado, se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio y de imagen. A la vista del resultado del examen de imagen, la principal sospecha fue la formación de un tracto sinusal con comunicación con la cavidad abdominal debido a una reacción al hilo de algodón utilizado en el ovario histerectomía.(AU)

Comparison of age-related anti Müllerian hormone, inhibin-b levels and follicle reserve in rat ovarium / Comparación de la hormona anti-mülleriana relacionada con la edad, los niveles de inhibina-b y la reserva folicular en el ovario de rata

SUMMARY: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and Inhibin B (INHB) in the glycoprotein structure are members of the transforming growth factor β family and expressed by granulosa cells from puberty. AMH is a factor that increases the life span of small developing follicles. For this reason, it is widely used to determine the ovarian reserve and age. Inhibin-B secreted from granulosa cells plays a role in regulation of the Follicle Stimulating Factor (FSH) and determination of the follicle diameter. There are few studies on the effect of these two age-related hormones on ovarian histology in rats. In this study, AMH and INHB expression in ovarian tissues of female rats of different age groups, their relationship with ovarian structure and folliculogenesis were examined histologically and biochemically. Wistar Albino rats were used in the study and a total of 3 groups were formed. The ovaries of rats in the pre-oestrous period were collected, and follicle count was performed on tissue sections in batches. Expression of AMH in the follicles was identified immunohistochemically. In serum, AMH and INHB levels were assessed by ELISA method and their significance was evaluated statistically. Results from light microscopic examination determined that AMH was expressed from the granulosa cells of developing follicles. INHB expression during the prepubertal period and AMH had a protective effect on the ovarian reserve and the number of developing follicles, respectively.

RESUMEN: La hormona antimülleriana (AMH) y la inhibina B (INHB) en la estructura de la glicoproteína son miembros de la familia del factor de crecimiento transformante β y se expresan en las células de la granulosa desde la pubertad. La AMH es un factor que aumenta la vida útil de los pequeños folículos en desarrollo. Por este motivo, se utiliza frecuentemente para determinar la reserva ovárica y la edad. La inhibina B secretada por las células de la granulosa tiene un rol en la regulación del factor estimulante de (FSH) y en la determinación del diámetro del folículo. Hay pocos estudios sobre el efecto de estas dos hormonas relacionadas con la edad en la histología ovárica en ratas. Se examinaron histológica y bioquímicamente la expresión de AMH e INHB en tejidos ováricos de ratas hembras de diferentes grupos de edad, su relación con la estructura ovárica y la foliculogénesis. Se utilizaron ratas Wistar Albino en el estudio y se formaron 3 grupos. En los ovarios de ratas en el período preestro se realizó el recuento de folículos en secciones de tejido. La expresión de AMH en los folículos se identificó inmunohistoquímicamente. En suero, los niveles de AMH e INHB se evaluaron mediante el método ELISA y su importancia se evaluó estadísticamente. Los resultados del examen con microscopio óptico determinaron que la AMH se expresaba a partir de las células de la granulosa de los folículos en desarrollo. La expresión de INHB durante el período prepuberal y AMH tuvo un efecto protector sobre la reserva ovárica y el número de folículos en desarrollo, respectivamente.