Sensory remapping: a possible therapy option / Remapeamento sensorial: uma possível opção de terapia

The human sensory receptors are morphologically specialized to transduce specific stimuli into the brain. However, when an injury occurs, mainly in the spinal cord, which can be of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, it provokes various degrees of sensory deficits, autonomic, motor and sphincter dysfunction below the level of the injury. Based on this, a new therapeutic modality is being proposed by neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, which is based on the brain-machine interface, that is, using other pathways so that the information can reach the cerebral cortex and thus be consciously processed (AU).

Os receptores sensoriais humanos são morfologicamente especializados para realizar a transdução de estímulos específicos para o encéfalo. Entretanto, quando ocorre uma lesão, principalmente, na medula espinal, que pode ser de origem traumática e não traumática, provocam diversos graus de déficits sensoriais, disfunção autônoma, motora e esfincteriana, abaixo do nível da lesão. Com base nisso, uma nova modalidade terapêutica está sendo proposto pelo neurocientista Miguel Nicolelis, que tem como base a interface cérebro máquina, isto é, utilizar-se de outras vias para que as informações possam chegar no córtex cerebral e assim serem processadas conscientemente.Palavras-chave: Interfaces cérebro-computador, Neurociências, Órgãos dos sentidos (AU).

Characterization of fillets of Amazon and real hybrid sorubins / Caracterización de filetes de sorubinas híbridas amazónica y real

Background: Many fish hybrids (i.e., obtained by crossing two species) are produced rather than pure species because of their better growth rate and/or acceptance of formulated feed. However, few studies evaluate and compare their meats and acceptance, including, e.g., for the Amazon hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) and the real hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objective: Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of fillets from the Amazon and real hybrid sorubins. Method:Proximate composition, instrumental color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force were measured.Microbiological analyses of the fillets were carried out for Salmonellasp. and Staphylococcusaureus to ensure food safety during sensory analysis. Results: Fillets presented excellent quality, classified in category A (lipids below 5% and proteins between 15 and 20%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the evaluated fillets for several parameters: the average water holding capacities were 33.72 and 34.67%, the cooking losses were 14.93 and 13.41%, the shear forces were 2.21 and 1.74 kgf, and the luminosities were 49.61 and 45.04 for the fillets of Amazonian hybrid sorubim and real hybrid sorubim, respectively. Discussion: There was an evident relationship between water-holding capacities and shear forces. Amazonian hybrid sorubim fillets presented lower intensity of red. However, there was no sensory difference between the hybrids, and both had an acceptance rate above 80%. Conclusion: The hybridization does not alter the characteristics of the fish fillets

Antecedentes: Muchos híbridos de peces (i.e., obtenidos al cruzar dos especies) se producen en lugar de especies puras debido a su mejor tasa de crecimiento y/o aceptación de alimentos formulados. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evalúan y comparan sus carnes y aceptación, incluyendo, p. ej., para lo surubí híbrido amazónico (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) y lo surubí híbrido real (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objetivo: Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de filetes sorubines híbridos amazónico y real. Método: Se midió composición proximal, color instrumental, capacidad de retención de agua, pierdas por cocción y fuerza de corte. Se realizaron análisis microbiológicos de los filetes para Salmonella sp. y Staphylococcus aureus para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria durante el análisis sensorial. Resultados: Los filetes presentaron una excelente calidad, siendo clasificados en la categoría A (lípidos por debajo del 5% y proteínas entre 15 y 20%). No hubo diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre los filetes evaluados para varios parámetros: las capacidades de retención de agua fueron 33.72 y 34.67%, las pierdas por cocción fueron 14.93 y 13.41%, las fuerzas de corte fueron 2.21 y 1.74 kgf y las luminosidades fueron 49.61 y 45.04 para los filetes de sorubim híbrido amazónico y sorubim híbrido real, respectivamente. Discusión: Hubo una relación evidente entre las capacidades de retención de agua y las fuerzas de corte. Los filetes de sorubim híbridos amazónicos presentaron menor intensidad de rojo. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia sensorial entre los híbridos, y ambos tuvieron una tasa de aceptación superior al 80%. Conclusión: La hibridación no altera las características de los filetes de pescado

Influência do estímulo visual e posição dos membros superiores no controle postural ortostático de crianças e adolescentes / Influence of visual stimulus and upper limbs' position in the orthostatic postural control of children and adolescents

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência do estímulo visual e posicionamento dos membros superiores no controle postural ortostático e avaliar o efeito do sexo e idade nas respostas posturais de crianças e adolescentes. Estudo transversal, com amostra de 84 participantes com idade entre 11 e 14 anos, ambos os sexos (55 meninas), de escola pública de Goiânia (GO). Além do exame físico, o controle postural foi avaliado na posição ortostática pela baropodometria computadorizada em três condições: olhos abertos, olhos fechados e olhos abertos com ombros a 90° de abdução. A ausência do estímulo visual gerou maior instabilidade postural em comparação à condição de olhos abertos. Em relação as diferenças existentes entre os sexos, foi observado que as meninas tiveram menores valores de deslocamento anteroposterior e área da elipse que os meninos. Comparando-se os olhos abertos e fechados, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores na área da elipse e os meninos nos deslocamentos anteroposterior e látero-lateral. Ao analisar o efeito da idade foi observado que o grupo com 13 e 14 anos apresentou maiores valores em todas as variáveis analisadas. A ausência do estímulo visual aumentou os valores da área da elipse no grupo com 11 e 12 e dos deslocamentos no grupo com 13 e 14 anos. Não foi verificado efeito interativo entre sexo e idade. Na condição de abdução dos membros superiores não houve diferença no controle postural. Conclui-se que a ausência do estímulo visual foi mais impactante na manutenção do controle postural ortostático em crianças e adolescentes em relação as outras condições avaliadas, existindo diferença entre os sexos e a idade, em que os meninos e o grupo com 13 e 14 anos realizaram mais ajustes para manter o controle postural. (AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of visual stimulus and positioning of the upper limbs in the orthostatic postural control, and to assess the effects of gender and age in the postural responses of children and adolescents. This was a transversal study involving 84 participants (of which 55 were girls) from public schools in Goiania (GO - Brazil) with age between 11 and 14 years. Besides physical examination, the participants' postural control was assessed in the orthostatic position by computerized baropodometry in three different conditions: eyes-open, eyes-closed, and eyes-open with shoulders at 90º abduction. The absence of visual stimulus generated more postural instability in relation to the eyes-open condition. Regarding gender differences, the girls had lower anteroposterior and ellipse area displacement than boys. Comparing the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, the girls presented higher values in the ellipse area and the boys presented higher values in the anteroposterior and laterolateral displacements. Analyzing the effect of age, the participants between 13 and 14 years old presented higher values in all variables. The absence of visual stimulus increased the values of the ellipse area in the participants between 11 and 12 years of age and the values of displacements in the participants between 13 and 14 years of age. Interactive effect between genders and age has not been verified. There were no postural control differences in the upper limbs abduction condition. Conclusion: The absence of visual stimulus was more impacting in the support of orthostatic postural control in children and adolescents than the other conditions assessed; the boys and the participants between 13 and 14 years of age made more adjustments in order to maintain postural control. (AU)

Microscopic aspects of electrosensory system on the partially euryhaline lesser guitarfish

ABSTRACT The electrosensory system on elasmobranchs consists of subcutaneous electroreceptor organs known as ampullae of Lorenzini. The present study investigated the ampullae of Lorenzini morphology of the lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pore number found in the ventral skin surface is much higher than that found in the dorsal portion, characteristic of species that inhabit the euphotic zone. Under light microscopy it was possible to observe that the wall canal consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. The canal features distal expansion, where the ampullae are located with up to six alveoli. The sensory epithelium of ampullae is composed by cubic cells, with oval nucleus, restricted to the interior of the alveoli. With analysis the clusters under scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to observe the structure and the random arrangement of individual ampullae, canals and nerves. The distribution of dorsal and ventral pores and ampullae in Z. brevirostris resembled those of the same family. The number of alveoli per ampullae was similar to that found in euryhaline elasmobranchs species, suggesting that the morphological organization in Z. brevirostris is linked to its possible evolutionary transitory position among batoids.

Percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da acessibilidade física e de comunicação de pessoas com deficiência visual / Perception of nursing staff about physical accessibility and communication of people with visual impairment

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujo objetivo foi de compreender a percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da acessibilidade física e de comunicação de pessoas com deficiência visual. Foram realizadas entrevistas gravadas, com dezoito enfermeiros e dezesseis técnicos de Enfermagem de um hospital universitário localizado no município de João Pessoa (PB) em janeiro de 2012. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente, mediante a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que a equipe de enfermagem tem dificuldades para se comunicar com pessoas com deficiência visual. No entanto, identificaram-se algumas estratégias utilizadas para facilitar a comunicação com esses pacientes, como linguagem não verbal, através do tato, e envolvimento do familiar. Esses profissionais também sugerem capacitação e qualificação para lidar com essas pessoas, assim como a implantação da linguagem em braille. Outro ponto relevante foi a falta de acessibilidade física para essa população no ambiente hospitalar. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para que as organizações educacionais incluam conteúdos referentes à assistência de pessoas com deficiência em seus currículos e que os serviços de saúde estimulem seus profissionais a participarem de capacitações e adéquem a estrutura física para que as necessidades dessa clientela sejam atendidas.

This is a descriptive study whose objective was to understand the perception of the nursing team about the physical accessibility and communication of people with visual impairment. Interviews with eighteen nurses and sixteen nursing technicians were recorded at a university hospital located in João Pessoa (PB), in January 2012. The data were analyzed qualitatively by means of content analysis. It was observed that the nursing staff has difficulty in communicating with people with visual impairments. However, some strategies used to facilitate communication with these patients were identified, as non-verbal language, through touch, and involvement of the family. These professionals also suggest training and qualification to deal with these people, as well as the implementation of language in braille. Another important point was the lack of physical accessibility for this population in the hospital. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the educational organizations include content related to assistance for people with disabilities in their curricula and health services encourage its employees to participate in training and the physical structure to be suited so that these clients' needs are met.

Efecto de la aplicación de la estimulación multisensorial auditiva táctil vestibular visual (ATVV) realizada por las madres en el modo adaptativo fisiológico del recién nacido pretérmino / Effect of the application of multisensory auditory tactile vestibular visual stimulation (ATVV) performed by mothers on the physiological adaptive mode of the preterm newborn

Enfermería tiene como eje central el cuidado de la salud de las personas, se preocupa por contribuir en el bienestar y en la satisfacción de las necesidades. La responsabilidad radica en actuar bajo un código de ética con el objeto de brindar una atención con calidad. El cuidado de enfermería basado en el modelo de adaptación de Callista Roy permite ofrecer un cuidado individualizado e integral al vincular a la familia. La inestabilidad hemodinámica del recién nacido pretérmino se debe principalmente a la inmadurez fisiológica. Para favorecer su estabilidad se han implementado intervenciones en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Por lo anterior, a través de la presente investigación se propuso que las madre de los recién nacidos pretérmino realizaran la intervención estimulación multisensorial auditiva, táctil, vestibular y visual (ATVV) para favorecer la estabilidad hemodinámica, evidente a través de los episodios de taquicardia y desaturación, la ganancia de peso y la estancia hospitalaria. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de la aplicación de la estimulación multisensorial ATVV realizada por las madres en el modo adaptativo fisiológico del recién nacido pretérmino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con diseño pre-experimental con un esquema unifactorial, el factor con tres niveles, cero, uno y dos estimulaciones al día con intervención preprueba y posprueba en 36 recién nacidos pretérmino y sus madres entre las 29 y 34 semanas de edad gestacional, hemodinámicamente estables; con mediciones repetitivas para examinar los efectos de la estimulación multisensorial ATVV (causa) dada por las madres en la adaptación en el modo fisiológico (efecto) del recién nacido pretérmino. Resultados: Se encontró un efecto benéfico de las dos intervenciones en relación a la reducción en la ganancia de peso, reducción de los episodios de taquicardia y desaturación antes, durante y después de aplicada la estimulación multisensorial y en reducción del número de días de estancia hospitalaria. No se presentaron eventos adversos durante la investigación, por lo tanto no fue necesario algún tratamiento adicional para ninguno de los prematuros que participaron en el estudio. Conclusión: La aplicación de la estimulación en diferentes dosis ha mostrado un comportamiento seguro en los prematuros. Por lo cual, la estimulación multisensorial ATVV es vista como una gran oportunidad para demostrar la capacidad del recién nacido pretérmino para adaptarse efectivamente.

Nursing has as its centerpiece the health care of people care about contributing to the welfare and satisfaction of needs. The responsibility is to act under a code of ethics in order to provide quality care. Nursing care based on the adaptation model of Roy can offer a personalized and comprehensive linking family care. Hemodynamic instability in the preterm newborn is mainly due to physiological immaturity. To promote stability interventions have been implemented in the neonatal intensive care units. Therefore, through this research suggested that the mother of preterm infants to undertake the intervention auditory multisensory stimulation, tactile, vestibular and visual (ATVV) to promote hemodynamic apparent stability through episodes of tachycardia and desaturation, weight gain, and hospital stay. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the implementation of multisensory stimulation ATVV by mothers in the physiological adaptive mode the preterm newborn. Methods: A pre-experimental design with a univariate framework, the factor with three levels, zero, one and two stimulations up with pretest intervention and posttest in 36 preterm infants and their mothers between 29 and 34 weeks was performed gestational age, hemodynamically stable; repetitive to examine the effects of multisensory stimulation ATVV (cause) given by mothers in the adaptation in the physiological mode (effect) of preterm infants measurements. Results: a beneficial effect of the two interventions in relation to the reduction in weight gain, reduce episodes of tachycardia and desaturation before, was found during and after application of multisensory stimulation and reducing the number of hospital days . No adverse events occurred during the investigation, therefore any additional treatment for premature participating in the study was not necessary. Conclusion: The application of stimulation at different doses has been shown safe behavior in preterm infants. Wherefore ATVV multisensory stimulation is seen as a great opportunity to demonstrate the ability of preterm infants to adapt effectively.

Filosofía del cuerpo de Jean-Luc Nancy y bioética de la trasplantología / Jean-Luc Nancy body philosophy and bioethics of transplantation / Filosofia do corpo de Jean-Luc Nancy e bioética da transplantología

El artículo presenta un análisis ético de la donación y trasplante de órganos a partir de la filosofía del cuerpo de Jean-Luc Nancy comprendida como ontología narrativa, considerando la noción antropológica que subyace en la historia de la trasplantología...

This article presents an ethical analysis of organ donation and transplantation, based on the philosophy of the body, stated by Jean-Luc Nancy, and known as narrative ontology, considering the anthropological notion that underlies the history of transplantology...

O artigo apresenta uma análise ética da doação e transplante de órgãos a partir da filosofia do corpo de Jean-Luc Nancy, compreendida como ontologia narrativa, considerando a noção antropológica que subjaz na história da transplantologia...

Impacto en la salud y el medio ambiente por exposición a plaguicidas e implementación de buenas prácticas agrícolas en el cultivo de tomate, Colombia, 2011 / Impact on health and environment of exposure to pesticides and implementation of best agricultural practices in tomato production, Colombia, 2011

Objetivo: describir los posibles efectos adversos en salud y medio ambiente por el uso de plaguicidas en zonas productoras de Colombia e implementar las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) en el cultivo de tomate. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el municipio de La Merced-Caldas con tres fases: una de diagnóstico, donde se seleccionaron 132 trabajadores del sector agrícola y se recolectaron muestras biológicas y ambientales. Una segunda fase de intervención en la cual se incluyeron 5 parcelas, en estas se implementaron las (BPA) y una fase de evaluación de estas parcelas. Se llevó a cabo análisis simple de las variables y se exploraron posibles asociaciones. Resultados: el tiempo de exposición a plaguicidas en promedio fue de nueve años. Con mayor frecuencia el sistema nervioso central (95,5 por ciento) fue el más afectado; seguido por órganos de los sentidos (46,2 por ciento); sistema digestivo (33,3 por ciento ); piel (21,2 por ciento) y otros (19,7 por ciento). Se encontraron niveles de organoclorados en el 97,0 por ciento (128), inhibición de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa en el 34,1 por ciento (45) de los participantes y ningún nivel del metabolito etilentiourea. En las muestras ambientales se hallaron niveles de organofosforados en tomate y suelo. En el agua y lodo se detectaron niveles de organoclorados. La producción de tomate, mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las parcelas con BPA y las tradicionales (p=0,020). Conclusiones: se evidenciaron los riesgos por uso de plaguicidas y la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia sobre los potenciales efectos para la salud que pueden producir los plaguicidas y mediante el empleo de las BPA.

Objective: Describe the possible adverse effects on population health and environment due to pesticide use in agricultural zones in Colombia, and implement the best agricultural practices (BAP) in tomato production. Materials and methods: A descript intoxicative study was carried out in the municipality of Merced-Caldas, consisting in three phases: a diagnostic phase, in which environmental and biological samples were collected, using a sample of 132 agricultural workers. In a second phase, BAP were implemented, and in the third phase, the results were evaluated. A univariate analysis was completed and posible associations were explored. Results: Average length of exposure to pesticides was 9 years. The central nervous system was the most affected (95.5 percent), followed by sensory organs (46.2 percent ), the digestive system (33.3 percent ), skin (21.2 percent) and others (19.7 percent). Organoclorides were found in 97.0 percent (128), inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was found in 43.1 percent (45); no metabolite ethylenethiourea was found. In the environmental samples, presence of organophosphates was found in tomatoes and soil. In water and mud samples, organochlorides were found. There was a statistically significant difference between BPA farms and traditional farms. (p=0,020). Conclusions: Risks due to pesticide use were demonstrated, and the need to strengthen vigilance on the potential effects of pesticide use.

The morphology of the cibarial armature and sensilla of Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator and Limatus durhamii (Diptera: Culicidae)

A detailed description of the cibarial armature of the Neotropical mosquitoes Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator and Limatus durhamii, is presented. A sample of 15 specimens of each species was taken from the collections of two mosquito ecological projects located at Santa Clara, San Carlos, Alajuela and from La Selva, Sarapiqui, Heredia, Costa Rica. Each specimen, preserved in alcohol, was cleared, put into a mounting medium, head separated from body and eyes pinched to expose the cibarial armature and sense organs; finally a coverslip was added for a permanent slide. The bodies of all the mosquitoes were also mounted onto slides. The descriptions of the cibarial armatures were based on the characteristics of the dome, body, transversal bar, lateral flanges and cibarial teeth. Also the number, distribution and type of the sense organs are given. From the analysis, and comparison with known descriptions of other neotropical species, we conclude that the five species studied show enough characteristics for species recognition purposes.

Se presenta una detallada descripción de la armadura cibarial y órganos sensoriales de hembras de mosquitos de cinco especies neotropicales, Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator y Limatus durhamii. Se tomó una muestra de 15 especimenes de cada especie de las colecciones de mosquitos de dos proyectos ecológicos localizados en Santa Clara, San Carlos, Alajuela y de La Selva, Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica. Los especimenes, preservados en alcohol de 85°, se aclararon en solución de Nesbitt, se disecaron las cabezas y se punzó los ojos compuestos para exponer la armadura cibarial y sus órganos sensoriales. Se utilizó el medio de Hoyer para hacer las preparaciones fijas. Asimismo los cuerpos de los especimenes fueron colocados en el medio de montaje. A todas las preparaciones se les colocó un cubreobjeto. Se utilizó la microscopia de contraste de fases para lograr una mejor apreciación de las estructuras. La descripción de las armaduras cibariales se basó en las características del domo, cuerpo, barra transversal y barras laterales, y dientes cibariales. También se informa el número, distribución y tipo de los órganos sensoriales. Hay diferencias estructurales suficientes para distinguir las cinco especies estudiadas entre sí y de otras especies de la culicidofauna neotropical.

Analysis of antenal sensilla patterns of Rhodnius prolixus from Colombia and Venezuela

Antennal sensilla patterns were used to analyze population variation of domestic Rhodnius prolixus from six departments and states representing three biogeographical regions of Colombia and Venezuela. Discriminant analysis of the patterns of mechanoreceptors and of three types of chemoreceptors on the pedicel and flagellar segments showed clear differentiation between R. prolixus populations east and west of the Andean Cordillera. The distribution of thick and thin-walled trichoids on the second flagellar segment also showed correlation with latitude, but this was not seen in the patterns of other sensilla. The results of the sensilla patterns appear to be reflecting biogeographic features or population isolation rather than characters associated with different habitats and lend support to the idea that domestic R. prolixus originated in the eastern region of the Andes.

Patterns of antenal sensilla of Panstrongylus megistus from three Brazilian states

The objective of the present study was to analyze and describe the phenotype of the antennal sensilla of Panstrongylus megistus, one of the epidemiologically most important species of triatomines in Brazil. Specimens from the Brazilian states of Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) were compared, based on studies of four types of sensilla on three antennal segments: thick-walled trichoid (TK), thin-walled trichoid (TH), bristles (BR), and basiconica (BA). Discriminant analysis allowed the separation of the RS specimens from those of GO and MG. Multivariate discriminant analysis demonstrated that the sensilla of males differed from those of females, the variables with greatest weight being the BA of all three segments and the TK of flagellum 1. The basiconica sensilla were significantly more abundant in females, on all three segments. Antennal sensilla patterns also demonstrated significant differences among P. megistus specimens.

Electroantennography in the study of two stingless bee species (Hymenoptera: meliponini)

Relatam-se aqui os resultados preliminares de estudos eletroantenográficos realizados com duas espécies de Frieseomellita brasileira. Os experimentos com F. silvestrii e F. varia mostraram que as antenas respondem aos extratos obtidos com hexano das cabeças e dos abdômens das duas espécies e da tíbia posterior de F. silvestrii (que transporta resinas coletadas de plantas). Respondem também aos compostos puros, 2-heptanol e 2-nonanol, e aos terpenos, a-cubebeno, humuleno e b-cariofileno, encontrados nas tíbias e no cerume de seus próprios ninhos.

O cuidado de enfermagem através dos sentidos corporais do cliente em diálise peritoneal: uma abordagem sociopética / The nursing care through the corporeal senses of the client under peritoneal dialysis: a sociopoetics approach / El cuidado de enfermería a través de los sentidos corporales del cliente en la diálisis peritoneal: un abordaje sociopoético

Estudo qualitativo, com abordagem sociopoética, sobre a percepção sensorial de clientes em diálise peritoneal desvelada a partir de seu imaginário acerca do cuidado de enfermagem. Objetivos: descrever as percepções sensoriais dos clientes emergentes do cuidado de enfermagem e analisar, segundo seu imaginário, as expressões verbais e não-verbais da enfermeira desencadeadoras de emoções e sentimentos durante o cuidado. Metodologia: aplicação das dinâmicas jogo da sorte e sentidos socio-comunicantes do corpo readaptadas. Depoimentos de sete clientes destacaram temas e subtemas de seus imaginários resultando em três categorias: percepções do cliente em relação ao cuidado, emoções e sentimentos dos clientes e explicações frente às percepções...

Changes associated with laboratory rearing in antennal sensilla patterns of Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius pallescens (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

We examined changes in the array of antennal sensilla of three species of Triatominae (Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, and R. pallescens) following their establishment for different periods in laboratory culture. In each case, the laboratory colonies were compared with conspecific samples taken directly from the field, by quantitative analysis of the sensilla arrays on the three distal segments of the antenna in terms of the densities of three types of chemoreceptors (basiconics and thick and thin walled trichoids) and one type of mechanoreceptor (bristles). Sensilla densities were compared by ANOVA or non-parametric tests, and by multivariate discriminant analysis. Strains of the same species reared in different laboratories showed significant differences in their sensilla arrays, especially when compared to field-collected material from the same geographic origin. A Bolivian strain of T. infestans reared in the laboratory for 15 years and fed at monthly intervals, showed greatest differences from its conspecific wild forms, especially in terms of reductions in the number of chemoreceptors. By contrast, an Argentine strain of T. infestans reared for 25 years in the laboratory and fed weekly, showed a relative increase in the density of mechanoreceptors. A Colombian strain of R. prolixus reared for 20 years and fed weekly or fortnightly, showed only modest differences in the sensilla array when compared to its wild populations from the same area. However, a Colombian strain of R. pallescens reared for 12 years and fed fortnightly, did show highly significant reductions in one form of chemoreceptor compared to its conspecific wild populations. For all populations, multivariate analysis clearly discriminated between laboratory and field collected specimens, suggesting that artificial rearing can lead to modifications in the sensory array. This not only supports the idea of morphological plasticity in these species, but also suggests caution in the use of long-established laboratory material for experimental studies designed to extrapolate the natural behaviour and physiology of these species.

Is the number of antennal plate organs (sensilla placodea) greater in hygienic than in non-hygienic Africanized honey bees?

Hygienic behavior is a desirable trait in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), as hygienic bees quickly remove diseased brood, interrupting the infectious cycle. Hygienic lines of honey bees appear to be more sensitive to the odors of dead and diseased honey bee brood, and Africanized honey bees are generally more hygienic than are European honey bees. We compared the number of sensilla placodea, antennal sensory structures involved in the perception of odor, in 10 bees from each of six hygienic and four non-hygienic colonies of Africanized honey bees. The sensilla placodea of three of the terminal segments (flagellomeres) of the right antenna of each bee were counted with a scanning electron microscope. There were no significant differences in the mean numbers of sensilla placodea between the hygienic and non-hygienic bees, though the variance was higher in the hygienic group. Flagellomere 4 had significantly more sensilla placodea than flagellomeres 6 and 8. However, there was no significant difference between the other two flagellomeres. As hygienic bees are capable of identifying dead, injured, or infested brood inside a capped brood cell, sensilla placodea probably have an important role in enabling worker bees to sense sick brood. However, we did not find greater numbers of this sensory structure in the antennae of hygienic, compared to non-hygienic Africanized honey bees

Relationship between antennal sensilla pattern and habitat in six species of Triatominae

In order to determine if habitat similarity is correlated with a similarity of sensilla pattern, we analyzed six species of Triatominae present in two biogeographic regions of Brazil: the "caatinga" and the "cerrado". In broad terms Triatoma infestans (cerrado) and T. brasiliensis (caatinga) are found in human domiciles, T. sordida (cerrado) and T. pseudomaculata (caatinga) colonize peridomestic habitats, and Rhodnius neglectus (cerrado) and R. nasutus (caatinga) inhabit palm tree crowns. The number and distribution of four sensilla types (bristles, thin and thick walled trichoidea, and basiconica) were compared in these species. Sexual dimorphism of sensilla patterns was noted in T. sordida, T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata. A principal component analysis showed three main groups: (i) species that live in the palms, (ii) domiciliated species and (iii) those living in the peridomestic habitat. T. infestans almost exclusively domestic, was placed at the centre of the canonical map and some individuals of other species overlapped there. These results support the idea that the patterns of antennal sensilla are sensitive indicators of adaptive process in Triatominae. We propose that those species that inhabit less stable habitats possess more types of sensilla on the pedicel, and higher number of antennal sensilla

Os sentidos como funções estruturantes da consciência: uma contribuição da Psicologia Simbólica / The senses as structuring functions of consciousness: a contribution of symbolic psychology

O autor estuda os órgãos dos sentidos como funções estruturantes da consciência individual e coletiva e da sombra individual e coletiva. Considera que as funções fisiológicas percebidas com seus significados simbólicos, formando funções estruturantes da consciência, são um marco importante para ultrapassar a dissociação mente-corpo e conceber a medicina simbólica. Comparando o cérebro a um computador, argumenta que as funções fisiológicas são equivalentes aos hardwares e as funções estruturantes, aos softwares. Pretende com isso chamar a atenção para o extraordinário crescimento da consciência e a formação da sombra pela civilização, fato que tem sido pouco considerado pela psiquiatria moderna, devido ao seu justificável, mas lamentável, fascínio pela neuropsicofarmacologia. A seguir, tece considerações resumidas sobre cada órgão dos sentidos percebidos como funções estruturantes e comenta a expressividade da visão pela pintura, do olfato pelos perfumes, do paladar pelo vinho, da audição pela música e do tato pela cosmetologia. Considera que, enquanto a cultura aumentou o poder da visão e da audição, o mesmo não ocorreu com o olfato, o paladar e o tato. Finalmente, à guisa de ilustrar o papel da cultura na evolução dos órgãos dos sentidos como funções estruturantes da consciência individual e coletiva, o autor aplica sua teoria arquetípica da história ao desenvolvimento da arte moderna.