Non-coding RNAs and chromatin: key epigenetic factors from spermatogenesis to transgenerational inheritance

Cellular fate and gene expression patterns are modulated by different epigenetic factors including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and chromatin organization. Both factors are dynamic throughout male germ cell differentiation on the seminiferous tubule, despite the transcriptional inactivation in the last stages of spermatogenesis. Sperm maturation during the caput-to-cauda transit on the epididymis involves changes in chromatin organization and the soma-to-germ line transference of ncRNAs that are essential to obtain a functional sperm for fertilization and embryo development. Here, the male environment (diseases, drugs, mental stress) is crucial to modulate these epigenetic factors throughout sperm maturation, affecting the corresponding offspring. Paternal transgenerational inheritance has been directly related to sperm epigenetic changes, most of them associated with variations in the ncRNA content and chromatin marks. Our aim is to give an overview about how epigenetics, focused on ncRNAs and chromatin, is pivotal to understand spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, and how the male environment impacts the sperm epigenome modulating the offspring gene expression pattern.

Follicular Lesions with Papillary Nuclear Characteristics: Differences in Chromatin Detected by Computerized Image Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: Follicular lesions of the thyroid with papillary carcinoma nuclear characteristics are classified as infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma-FVPTC (IFVPTC), encapsulated/well demarcated FVPTC with tumour capsular invasion (IEFVPTC), and the newly described category "non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP) formerly known as non-invasive encapsulated FVPTC. This study evaluated whether computerized image analysis can detect nuclear differences between these three tumour subtypes. Materials and methods: Slides with histological material from 15 cases of NIFTP and 33 cases of FVPTC subtypes (22 IEFVPTC, and 11 IFVPTC) were analyzed using the Image J image processing program. Tumour cells were compared for both nuclear morphometry and chromatin textural characteristics. Results: Nuclei from NIFTP and IFVPTC tumours differed in terms of chromatin textural features (grey intensity): mean (92.37 ± 21.01 vs 72.99 ± 14.73, p = 0.02), median (84.93 ± 21.17 vs 65.18 ± 17.08, p = 0.02), standard deviation (47.77 ± 9.55 vs 39.39 ± 7.18; p = 0.02), and coefficient of variation of standard deviation (19.96 ± 4.01 vs 24.75 ± 3.31; p = 0.003). No differences were found in relation to IEFVPTC. Conclusion: Computerized image analysis revealed differences in nuclear texture between NIFTP and IFVPTC, but not for IEFVPTC.

Antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extracts from chromatin modulated fungi

ABSTRACT Major health challenges as the increasing number of cases of infections by antibiotic multiresistant microorganisms and cases of Alzheimer's disease have led to searching new control drugs. The present study aims to verify a new way of obtaining bioactive extracts from filamentous fungi with potential antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, using epigenetic modulation to promote the expression of genes commonly silenced. For such finality, five filamentous fungal species (Talaromyces funiculosus, Talaromyces islandicus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Talaromyces pinophilus, Penicillium janthinellum) were grown or not with DNA methyltransferases inhibitors (procainamide or hydralazine) and/or a histone deacetylase inhibitor (suberohydroxamic acid). Extracts from T. islandicus cultured or not with hydralazine inhibited Listeria monocytogenes growth in 57.66 ± 5.98% and 15.38 ± 1.99%, respectively. Increment in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed for the extract from P. janthinellum grown with procainamide (100%), when compared to the control extract (39.62 ± 3.76%). Similarly, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity increased from 20.91 ± 3.90% (control) to 92.20 ± 3.72% when the tested extract was obtained from T. pinophilus under a combination of suberohydroxamic acid and procainamide. Concluding, increases in antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were observed when fungal extracts in the presence of DNA methyltransferases and/or histone deacetylase modulators were tested.

Nuclear morphometry and chromatin textural characteristics of basal cell carcinoma

Abstract: Histological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma have biological, evolutionary and distinct prognostic behavior. The analysis of characteristics of the nucleus can provide data on their cellular physiology and behavior. The authors of this study evaluated nuclear morphological parameters and textural patterns of chromatin from different subtypes of basal cell carcinoma: nodular (n=37), superficial (n=28) and sclerodermiform (n=28). The parameters were compared between neoplasms' subtypes and with unaffected adjacent basal epithelium. Nuclear area and diameter of sclerodermiform neoplasms were superior to the other subtypes. Chromatin's color intensity and fractal dimension were less intense in superficial subtypes. Nuclear roundness and chromatin's entropy presented lower values in tumors than in normal epithelium. There was significant correlation between morphological and textural variables of normal skin and tumors. Morphometric elements and textural chromatin's homogeneity of basal cell carcinomas may be related to evolutionary, biological and behavior particularities related to each histotype.

Simultaneous Administration of Dexamethasone and Vitamin E Reversed Experimental Varicocele-induced Impact in testicular tissue in Rats; Correlation with Hsp70-2 Chaperone Expression

ABSTRACTPurpose:This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of isolated and co-administration of vitamin E (VitE) and dexamethasone (DEX) on varicocele (VCL)-induced damages in testicular tissue.Materials and Methods:Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6), including; control-sham, non-treated VCL-induced, VitE-treated VCL-induced (VitE, 150 mg/kg, orally), DEX-administrated VCL-induced (DEX, 0.125 mg/kg, i.p.), VitE+DEX-received VCL-induced animals. The antioxidant status analyses, histopathological examinations, hormonal assay and tissue levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed. The germinal epithelium RNA damage and Leydig cells steroidogenesis were analyzed. Moreover, the Hsp70-2 protein expression was examined based on immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. The sperm parameters, DNA integrity and chromatin condensation were investigated.Results:VitE and DEX in simultaneous form of administration significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated the tissue ALP level and attenuated the VCL-decreased GSH-px, SOD and TAC levels and remarkably (P<0.05) down-regulated the testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents. The VCL-induced histopathological alterations significantly (P<0.05) improved in VitE and DEX-administrated animals. The VitE and DEX co-administration reduced the VCL-increased RNA damage and elevated the Leydig cells steroidogenic activity. The Hsp70-2 protein level completely (P<0.05) increased in VitE and DEX alone–and-simultaneous-administrated animals. Finally, the VitE and DEX could significantly (P<0.05) improve the VCL-decreased semen quality and improved the sperm DNA integrity and chromatin condensation.Conclusion:Our data suggest that Vit E by up-regulating the antioxidant status and DEX by reducing inflammation-dependent oxidative and nitrosative stresses could improve the VCL-reduced Hsp70-2 chaperone expression and ultimately protected the testicular endocrine activities and promoted the spermatogenesis process.

Impaired protamination and sperm DNA damage in a Nellore bull with high percentages of morphological sperm defects in comparison to normospermic bulls / Deficiências de protaminação e danos de DNA no sêmen de um touro Nelore com elevada porcentagem de patologias espermáticas em comparação a touros normospérmicos

The routine semen evaluation assessing sperm concentration, motility and morphology, does not identify subtle defects in sperm chromatin architecture. Bulls appear to have stable chromatin, with low levels of DNA fragmentation. However, the nature of fragmentation and its impact on fertility remain unclear and there are no detailed reports characterizing the DNA organization and damage in this species. The intensive genetic selection, the use of artificial insemination and in vitro embryo production associated to the cryopreservation process can contribute to the chromatin damage and highlights the importance of sperm DNA integrity for the success of these technologies. Frozen-thawed semen samples from three ejaculates from a Nellore bull showed high levels of morphological sperm abnormalities (55.8±5.1%), and were selected for complementary tests. Damage of acrosomal (76.9±8.9%) and plasma membranes (75.7±9.3%) as well as sperm DNA strand breaks (13.8±9.5%) and protamination deficiency (3.7±0.6%) were significantly higher compared to the values measured in the semen of five Nellore bulls with normospermia (24.3±3.3%; 24.5±6.1%; 0.6±0.5%; 0.4±0.6% for acrosome, plasma membrane, DNA breaks and protamine deficiency, respectively) (P<0.05). Motility and percentage of spermatozoa with low mitochondrial potential showed no differences between groups. This study shows how routine semen analyses (in this case morphology) may point to the length and complexity of sperm cell damage emphasizing the importance of sperm function testing.(AU)

O exame de rotina de sêmen, o qual avalia a concentração de espermatozoides, a motilidade e a morfologia, pode não identificar defeitos sutis na arquitetura da cromatina de espermatozoides. Os touros parecem ter cromatina estável com baixos níveis de fragmentação do DNA. No entanto, a natureza da fragmentação e o seu impacto sobre a fertilidade ainda não estão claros e não há relatos que caracterizam a organização do DNA e os danos nessa espécie com mais detalhes. A seleção genética intensiva e o uso da inseminação artificial e da produção in vitro de embriões, além do processo de criopreservação, podem contribuir para o dano da cromatina, e sabe-se a importância da integridade do DNA espermático para o sucesso dessas tecnologias. Amostras de sêmen de três ejaculados de um touro Nelore com altos níveis de alterações morfológicas (55,8±5,1%) foram selecionadas para realização de exames complementares. Os danos de acrossoma (76,9±8,9%) e das membranas plasmáticas (75,7±9,3%), bem como quebras de fita de DNA de espermatozoides (13,8±9,5) e deficiência de protamina (3,7±0,6) foram significativamente maiores em comparação aos valores avaliados no sêmen de cinco touros Nelore com normospermia (24,3±3,3%; 24,5±6,1%; 0,6±0,5%; 0,4±0,6% para acrossoma, membrana plasmática, quebras de DNA e deficiência de protamina, respectivamente) (p<0,05). Motilidade e porcentagem de espermatozoides com baixo potencial mitocondrial não diferiram estatisticamente. Essas avaliações mostram que análises de sêmen de rotina (neste caso, morfologia) podem apontar para a extensão e a complexidade dos danos na célula espermática, o que indica que a deficiência de protamina e os danos no DNA podem ocorrer simultaneamente a defeitos morfológicos. Tal ocorrência enfatiza a importância das análises de sêmen clássicas e dos testes complementares.(AU)

Alternativas al modelo de investigación y desarrollo de medicamentos / Alternatives to the drug research and development model

Un tercio de la población mundial carece de acceso a los medicamentos y la situación es peor en los países pobres, en los que hasta un 50% de la población carece de acceso. El fracaso de los sistemas actuales de incentivos, basados en la propiedad intelectual, para ofrecer los productos farmacéuticos necesarios, especialmente en los países del sur, llama a la acción. Los problemas relacionados con el acceso a medicamentos no pueden ser resueltos tan solo a través de mejoras o adaptaciones de los modelos de incentivos existentes. El modelo del sistema de propiedad intelectual no ofrece la innovación necesaria para los países en desarrollo, se necesitan nuevos mecanismos que de forma simultánea y eficaz promuevan la innovación y el acceso a los medicamentos. Un tratado internacional vinculante sobre investigación y desarrollo, que se negocie bajo los auspicios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, puede proporcionar el marco adecuado para garantizar el establecimiento de prioridades, la coordinación y la financiación sostenible de los medicamentos a precios asequibles para los países en desarrollo.

One-third of the global population lacks access to medications; the situation is worse in poor countries, where up to 50% of the population lacks access. The failure of current incentive systems based in intellectual property to offer the necessary pharmaceutical products, especially in the global south, is a call to action. Problems related to drug access cannot be solved solely through improvements or modifications in the existing incentive models. The intellectual property system model does not offer sufficient innovation for developing countries; new mechanisms that effectively promote innovation and drug access simultaneously are needed. A binding international agreement on research and development, negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization, could provide an adequate framework for guaranteeing priority-setting, coordination, and sustainable financing of drugs at reasonable prices for developing countries.

A possible role of Drosophila CTCF in mitotic bookmarking and maintaining chromatin domains during the cell cycle

BACKGROUND: The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a highly conserved insulator protein that plays various roles in many cellular processes. CTCF is one of the main architecture proteins in higher eukaryotes, and in combination with other architecture proteins and regulators, also shapes the three-dimensional organization of a genome. Experiments show CTCF partially remains associated with chromatin during mitosis. However, the role of CTCF in the maintenance and propagation of genome architectures throughout the cell cycle remains elusive. RESULTS: We performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on public datasets of Drosophila CTCF (dCTCF). We characterized dCTCF-binding sites according to their occupancy status during the cell cycle, and identified three classes: interphase-mitosis-common (IM), interphase-only (IO) and mitosis-only (MO) sites. Integrated function analysis showed dCTCF-binding sites of different classes might be involved in different biological processes, and IM sites were more conserved and more intensely bound. dCTCF-binding sites of the same class preferentially localized closer to each other, and were highly enriched at chromatin syntenic and topologically associating domains boundaries. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed different functions of dCTCF during the cell cycle and suggested that dCTCF might contribute to the establishment of the three-dimensional architecture of the Drosophila genome by maintaining local chromatin compartments throughout the whole cell cycle.

Caracterização da proteína quinase C Beta I nuclear em células tronco embrionárias / Characterization of protein kinase C beta I in embryonic stem cell nucleus

As proteína quinases C (PKC) pertencem à família das serina/treonina quinases, que vem sendo apontadas como importantes enzimas para os processos de proliferação e diferenciação das células tronco embrionárias (CTE), todavia, a função exata de cada isoforma dessa família ainda não está clara. Dados anteriores do nosso laboratório indicam que dentre as PKCs expressas em CTE, formas cataliticamente ativas da PKCßI são altamente expressas no núcleo das CTE murinas. Estas ao se diferenciarem expressam essa quinase no seu citoplasma ou deixam de expressar a mesma, e que a maioria dos alvos da PKCßI em CTE indiferenciada estão envolvidos em processos de regulação da transcrição de proteínas envolvidas em processos de proliferação/ diferenciação. Dando continuidade aos resultados anteriores do laboratório, no presente trabalho, com técnicas de proteômica e fosfoproteômica identificamos outros alvos nucleares da PKCßI em CTE indiferenciadas. Vimos que de fato inibindo-se a PKCßI diminuiu-se a fostorilação de fatores envolvidos com a indiferenciação das CTE. Dentre os alvos da PKCßI encontramos a proteína adaptadora, TIF1 que recruta proteínas remodeladoras de cromatina. Essa proteína é essencial para a manutenção do estado indiferenciado das CTE. In vitro a PKCßI foi capaz de fosforilar a TIF1ß e inibindo-se a PKCßI por RNAi vimos uma diminuição na expressão da TIF1ß e no fator de indiferenciação Nanog cuja expressão já foi demonstrada ser regulada pela TIF1ß. Além disso vimos que inibindo-se a PKCßI com o peptídeo inibidor da PKCßI aumentou a expressão de proteínas reguladas pelo c-Myc. E que o RNAi para a PKCßI aumentou a expressão de proteínas que regulam a expressão do c-Myc. Não vimos nenhum efeito na fosforilação ou expressão do c-Myc após a inibição da PKCßI o que sugere que a PKCßI ative proteínas repressoras do c-Myc. Nossos estudos sugerem que a PKCßI regula a manutenção do estado indiferenciado das CTE regulando a expressão e atividade da Tif1ß um possível alvo direto da PKCßI. Levando a modificações da cromatina e regulação da expressão de genes que mantém as CTE indiferenciadas. Outro ponto de regulação da PKCßI parece ser a nibição da atividade de c-Myc o que seria importante para a manutenção do estado indiferenciado visto que o c-Myc é um amplificador das vias de sinalização que mantém as células proliferando. Desta forma a PKCßI parece ter um papel central na regulação da expressão gênica de CTE à nível de modificações epigenéticas e a nível transcricional mantendo as CTE indiferenciadas

The Protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/treonine kinases, are being described as important enzymes for proliferation and diferentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC), however, the exact function of the different isoenzymes of this family still is unclear. Previous data from our laboratory indicates that amongst the PKCs expressed in ESC, catalytically active forms of PKCßI are highly expressed in nucleus of murine ESC. When these cells differentiate this kinase can be found in the cytoplasm or not expressed at all, and that the majority of PKCßI targets in undifferentiated ESC are involved in the regulation of proteins involved in transcription of proteins involved in proliferation/ diferentiation. Continuing our previous work herewith using proteomics and phosphoproteomics techniques we identified other nuclear PKCßI targets in undifferentiated ESC. We indeed saw that inhibiting PKCßI decreased the phosphorylation of factors involved with maintainance of the undifferentiated state of ESC. Amongst the targets of PKCßI we found the adaptor protein, TIF1ßI, that recruits cromatin remodeling proteins. This protein is essential for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of ESC. In vitro PKCßI phosphorylated TIF1ß and inhibiting PKCßI with RNAi decreased the expression of TIF1ß and of the undifferentiation factor Nanog whose expression has been shown to be regulated by TIF1ß. We also saw that inhibiting PKCßI with a peptide inhibitor increased the expression of proteins regulated by c-Myc, and that RNAi for PKCßI increased the expression of proteins that regulate the expression of c-Myc. We did not see any effect on the phosphorylation or expression of c-Myc after inhibition of PKCßI suggesting that PKCßI activates c-Myc repressor proteins. Our studies sugest that PKCßI regulates the maintenance of the undiferentiated state of ESC regulating the expression and activity of Tif1ß a possibly a direct target of PKCßI, leading to chromatin modifications and regulation of genes that maintain ESC undiferentiated. Another form of regulation of PKCßI seems to be by inhibiting the activity of c-Myc which is importante to maintain ESC undifferentiated since c-Myc is na an amplifyer of signaling patheways that maintain ESC proliferating. Together PKCßI has a central role in the regulation of the gene expression of ESC at the level of epigenetic modifications and transcriptional regulation

Estudo da cromatina nos sítios de fixação à matriz nuclear no domínio do gene TP53 e das modificações epigenéticas e no modelo de progressão tumoral mamária 21T / MARs chromatin study on TP53 gene domain and epigenetic modifications in a breast cancer progression model

Dentre os diversos tipos de câncer agressivos, o câncer de mama é o mais comum em mulheres. Mutações hereditárias e adquiridas, assim como alterações epigenéticas atuam em sinergia na carcinogênese mamária e na progressão tumoral. A proteína P53 é uma supressora de tumor e possui uma atuação fundamental na integridade genômica. Apesar do vasto conhecimento sobre o controle da P53 a nível de proteína, ainda pouco se sabe sobre o controle transcricional do gene TP53. A série 21T, uma série de 4 linhagens celulares originadas da mama da mesma paciente, representando diferentes estágios de progressão tumoral mamária, é um eficiente modelo para investigação das alterações epigenéticas e suas influências na expressão gênica ao longo da progressão do câncer de mama. Nós analisamos a organização do domínio do gene TP53 através da técnica de arranjo de DNA, em diversas linhagens celulares de câncer de mama e linhagens controle, e realizamos uma tentativa de caracterizar estes elementos de DNA nas linhagens controle não-tumorais HB2 e MCF10A e nas tumorais MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D, através dos marcadores epigenéticos de eucromatina, H4Ac, e heterocromatina, H3K9me3. Ainda analisamos a ligação de proteínas à região associada à matriz nuclear (MAR), denominada MAR 2, e a possível ligação da proteína ligante à matriz nuclear (MARBP), PARP-1, através de ensaios de gel shift (EMSA). Detectamos que na linhagem controle epitelial mamária, HB2, o gene TP53 está posicionado num domínio de DNA relativamente pequeno, aproximadamente 50 kb, delimitado por dois sítios de fixação à matriz nuclear. Interessantemente, esta estrutura de domínio se apresentou radicalmente diferente nas linhagens de câncer de mama estudadas, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 e BT474, nos quais o tamanho do domínio estudado estava aumentado e a transcrição do TP53 diminuída...

Breast cancer is the most common aggressive cancer type in women. Inherited and acquired mutations as well as epigenetic alterations act together in breast carcinogenesis and tumor progression. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein critical for genome integrity. Although its control at the protein level is well known, the transcriptional regulation of the TP53 gene is still unclear. The 21T series, a series of 4 breast cell lines originating from the same patient and representative of the breast tumor progression stages, is a suitable model to investigate epigenetic alterations and their influences upon gene expression during breast tumor progression. We have analyzed the organization of the TP53 gene domain using DNA arrays in several breast cancer and control cell lines and we made an attempt to characterize these DNA elements in breast non-cancerous cell lines HB2 and MCF-10, and cancerous MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and T47D, through the determination of epigenetic markers of euchromatin, H4Ac, and heterochromatin, H3K9me3. We further analyzed the matrix attachment region (MAR), named MAR 2, protein binding, and possible MAR 2 binding of the important MAR binding protein (MARBP), PARP-1, by Electrophoretic mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). We have found that in the control breast epithelial cell line, HB2, the TP53 gene is positioned within a relatively small DNA domain, encompassing 50 kb, delimited by two nuclear matrix attachment sites. Interestingly, this domain structure was found to be radically different in the studied breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 and BT474, in which the domain size was increased and TP53 transcription was decreased...

Influence of stages anestrous and diestrus in chromatin configuration in germinal vesicle of canine oocytes / Influência das fases de anestro e diestro sobre a configuração da cromatina em vesícula germinativa de oócitos caninos

In canine specie, oocyte maturation rates are low and the percentage of oocytes that remain in the stage of germinal vesicle (GV) regardless of culture conditions is high. During maturation oocyte undergoes modification and the GV chromatin remodeling manifested by changes in the configuration and positioning. The objective of this work is to evaluate the configuration and positioning of chromatin of oocytes in GV stage during anestrus and diestrus bitches. The ovaries of 33 females (20 bitches in anestrous and 13 in diestrus) were isolated, sliced and only cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) grade 1 were subjected to solution of 0.2% hyaluronidase for release in cumulus cells. After this process, the selected oocytes were stained and evaluated. From a total of 920 oocytes, 566 were classified as grade 1 and the stages of chromatin configuration identified as GV-1, GV-2, GV-3 and GV-4. The observed changes in chromatin configuration been characterized as a transition dispersed chromatin (GV-1, GV-2) for partially condensed (GV-3) until it reaches a fully condensed stage (GV-4). The data analyzed from the chromatin configuration showed a significant difference between the stages with a higher proportion of GV-1 and GV-2 for the anoestrus and GV-3 and GV-4 during diestrus. There is need for further studies to be able to have a proper understanding of the influence of chromatin configuration of oocytes in GV stage in resumption of meiosis and consequently in oocyte meiotic competence...

Na espécie canina as taxas de maturação oocitária são baixas e a porcentagem de oócitos que permanecem em estagio de vesícula germinativa (VG), independente das condições de cultivo, e alta. Durante a maturação oocitária, a VG sofre modificação e remodelamento da cromatina, que se manifesta por alterações na sua configuração e posicionamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho e avaliar a configuração e o posicionamento da cromatina de oócitos em estagio de VG durante o anestro e diestro de cadelas. Os ovários de 33 fêmeas (20 cadelas em anestro e 13 em diestro) foram isolados, fatiados e os complexos cumulus-oócitos (COCs) foram submetidos à solução de hialuronidase 0,2% para a liberação das células do cumulus. Apos esse processo, os oócitos selecionados foram corados, avaliados e apenas COCs grau 1 foram utilizados. De um total de 920 oócitos, 566 foram classificados como grau 1 e os estágios de configuração da cromatina identificados como VG-1, VG-2, VG-3 e VG-4. As alterações observadas na configuração da cromatina foram caracterizadas como transição de uma cromatina dispersa (VG-1, VG-2) para parcialmente condensada (VG-3) ate atingir um estagio totalmente condensado (VG-4). Os dados analisados da configuração da cromatina mostraram uma diferença significativa entre as fases de anestro e diestro, com maior proporção de VG-1 e VG-2 durante o anestro e de VG-3 e VG-4 durante o diestro. Ha necessidade de novos estudos para uma compreensão adequada da influencia da configuração da cromatina de oócitos no estagio de VG na retomada da meiose e na competência meiótica do oócito...

Quantitative analysis of nucleolar chromatin distribution in the complex convoluted nucleoli of Didinium nasutum (Ciliophora)

We have earlier shown that the typical Didinium nasutum nucleolus is a complex convoluted branched domain, comprising a dense fibrillar component located at the periphery of the nucleolus and a granular component located in the central part. Here our main interest was to study quantitatively the spatial distribution of nucleolar chromatin structures in these convoluted nucleoli. There are no "classical" fibrillar centers in D.nasutum nucleoli. The spatial distribution of nucleolar chromatin bodies, which play the role of nucleolar organizers in the macronucleus of D.nasutum, was studied using 3D reconstructions based on serial ultrathin sections. The relative number of nucleolar chromatin bodies was determined in macronuclei of recently fed, starved D.nasutum cells and in resting cysts. This parameter is shown to correlate with the activity of the nucleolus. However, the relative number of nucleolar chromatin bodies in different regions of the same convoluted nucleolus is approximately the same. This finding suggests equal activity in different parts of the nucleolar domain and indicates the existence of some molecular mechanism enabling it to synchronize this activity in D. nasutum nucleoli. Our data show that D. nasutum nucleoli display bipartite structure. All nucleolar chromatin bodies are shown to be located outside of nucleoli, at the periphery of the fibrillar component.

Novel insights into the genetic and epigenetic paternal contribution to the human embryo

The integrity of the sperm genome and epigenome are critical for normal embryonic development. The advent of assisted reproductive technology has led to an increased understanding of the role of sperm in fertilization and embryogenesis. During fertilization, the sperm transmits not only nuclear DNA to the oocyte but also activation factor, centrosomes, and a host of messenger RNA and microRNAs. This complex complement of microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs is believed to modify important post-fertilization events. Thus, the health of the sperm genome and epigenome is critical for improving assisted conception rates and the birth of healthy offspring.

Desempenho diagnóstico e associações clínicas dos anticorpos contra componentes da cromatina no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil / Diagnostic performance and clinical associations of antibodies to the chromatin antigenic system in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência de anticorpos contra componentes da cromatina no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) e correlacionar a presença desses autoanticorpos com manifestações clínicas e atividade da doença. MÉTODOS: Os anticorpos anticromatina (anti-CHR), antinucleossomo (anti-NCS) e anti-dsDNA foram medidos em 175 indivíduos, incluindo 37 pacientes com LESJ ativo e 41 com doença inativa, 47 com doenças autoimunes não lúpicas, e 50 crianças saudáveis. Um teste ELISA in house foi desenvolvido com nucleossomos purificados a partir de timo de bezerro para determinar os anticorpos IgG e IgG3 anti-NCS. Anti-CHR e anti-dsDNA foram detectados por kits comerciais de ELISA (INOVA). RESULTADOS: Anticorpos anti-NCS e anti-CHR exibiram não só uma alta especificidade para LESJ, mas também uma frequência semelhante em LESJ ativo e inativo. Os níveis séricos de anti-CHR e IgG/IgG3 anti-NCS não diferiram entre LESJ ativo e inativo. Houve correlação entre o SLEDAI e os anticorpos anti-dsDNA, mas não com os anticorpos contra outros componentes da cromatina. Houve associação de anticorpos anti-dsDNA, anti-CHR e IgG/IgG3 anti-NCS com proteinúria e baixos níveis séricos de C4. Foram observados anticorpos anti-NCS em 14% dos pacientes com LESJ na ausência de anticorpos anti-dsDNA. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados indicam que os anticorpos anti-NCS e anti-CHR são marcadores diagnósticos relevantes para LESJ e parecem estar correlacionados com a atividade da nefrite lúpica no LESJ. O anticorpo IgG3 anti-NCS não parece ser mais relevante como marcador de atividade da doença ou nefrite ativa no LESJ em comparação ao anticorpo IgG anti-NCS.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of antibodies to chromatin components in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), and to correlate the presence of these autoantibodies with clinical manifestations and disease activity. METHODS: Anti-chromatin (anti-CHR), anti-nucleosome core particle (anti-NCS) and anti-dsDNA antibodies were measured in 175 individuals, including 37 patients with active JSLE and 41 with inactive disease, 47 non-lupus autoimmune disease patients (non-lupus AD), and 50 healthy children. An in-house ELISA was developed with purified nucleosome core particles from calf thymus to determine IgG and IgG3 anti-NCS antibodies. Anti-CHR and anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected by commercial ELISA kits (INOVA). RESULTS: Anti-NCS and anti-CHR antibodies exhibited high specificity for JSLE and similar frequency in active and inactive JSLE. Anti-CHR and IgG/IgG3 anti-NCS serum levels did not differ between active and inactive JSLE. SLEDAI correlated with anti-dsDNA antibodies but not with antibodies to other chromatin components. There was association of anti-dsDNA, anti-CHR and IgG/IgG3 anti-NCS antibodies with proteinuria and low C4 serum levels. Anti-NCS antibodies in the absence of anti-dsDNA were observed in 14% of the JSLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that anti-NCS and anti-CHR antibodies are relevant diagnostic markers for JSLE and appear to be correlated with JSLE lupus nephritis activity. IgG3 isotype anti-NCS antibodies do not seem to be more relevant than IgG anti-NCS antibodies as markers of disease activity or active nephritis in JSLE.

O envolvimento da remodelação da cromatina no controle do comportamento agressivo dos carcinomas epidermoides de cabeça e pescoço / The involvement of chromatin remodeling in the control of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma behavior

Modificações nas histonas são conhecidas por regular a estrutura conformacional da cromatina e a expressão gênica em células adultas e células-tronco pluripotentes. Tem sido postulado que a acetilação e deacetilação das histonas podem influenciar a expressão de genes envolvidos na iniciação, progressão e metástase tumoral, além de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de resistência à quimioterapia. Assim, buscou-se avaliar a influência das modificações nas histonas sobre a biologia do carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço (CECP) e sua respectiva subpopulação de células semelhantes às células-tronco (CSC). Inicialmente, foi checado os níveis de acetilação da histona H3 (membro das histonas nucleares associado à compactação da cromatina) em um painel representativo de linhagens celulares de CECP. Posteriormente, para estudar a influência do estroma tumoral no padrão de acetilação da histona H3, o microambiente do tumor foi mimetizado através da utilização de meio condicionado derivado do cultivo de fibroblastos e cultura primária de células endoteliais humanas. Além disso, validamos esses resultados in vitro por meio de amostras humanas de CECP. Finalmente, a acetilação e deacetilação da cromatina foi induzida, respectivamente, pela administração dos inibidores das enzimas histona deacetilase tricostatina A (TSA) e histona acetiltransferase curcumina, em linhagens celulares de CECP. Foi feita a análise da formação de esferas (ensaio funcional de células-tronco), juntamente com a verificação dos níveis de ALDH, marcador de células-tronco (citometria de fluxo - FACS), além da determinação do índice de proliferação tumoral (Ki-67) e realização dos ensaios de invasão e migração celular. Linhagens celulares de CECP apresentaram níveis baixos de acetilação da histona H3 e demonstraram capacidade de retenção de uma subpopulação de CSC. Apenas o meio condicionado de células endoteliais humanas foi capaz de alterar a conformação da cromatina, uma vez que induziu o aumento da acetilação da histona H3. Interessantemente, foi também notado um concomitante aumento da agressividade de linhagens celulares de CECP (aumento dos níveis de BMI-1 e vimentina). Esses resultados foram confirmados em amostras humanas de CECP que mostraram, apenas no fronte de invasão, células com cromatina acetilada. Curiosamente, essas mesmas células também expressaram vimentina. Os tratamentos com TSA e curcumina resultaram na diminuição significativa da subpopulação de CSC, interrompendo a formação de esferas e reduzindo os níveis de ALDH. Além disso, o tratamento com curcumina mostrou resultados muito interessantes, uma vez que gerou uma redução evidente da invasão celular e impactou por completo o potencial de migração tumoral, sendo nesse sentido mais eficiente que a cisplatina, droga antineoplásica bem estabelecida. Por outro lado, o tratamento com TSA induziu a transição epitélio-mesenquimal nas linhagens celulares de CECP, detectada pelo aumento da expressão de vimentina e indução de um fenótipo fusiforme, juntamente com o aumento da invasão tumoral e os níveis de BMI-1.

Histone modifications are known to regulate chromatin conformation structure and gene expression in adult cells and pluripotent stem cells. It has been postulated that histone acetylation and deacetylation could influence the expression of genes involved in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and development of resistance to chemotherapies. Here, we sought to evaluate the influence of histone modifications over the biology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its stem cell-like subpopulation (CSC). Initially, we checked the status of histone H3 acetylation (a member of the core histones associated to chromatin compaction) in a representative set of HNSCC cell lines. Subsequently, to analyze the influence of tumor stroma over the histone H3 acetylation, we mimicked the tumor microenvironment by using conditioned medium from fibroblasts and primary human endothelial cells. Further we validated these in vitro findings through human samples of HNSCC. Finally, we induced chromatin acetylation and deacetylation by the administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) and histone acetyltransferase inhibitor curcumin, respectively, in HNSCC cell lines. The analysis of spheres formation (stem cell functional assay), along with the levels of stem cells marker ALDH (showed by flow cytometry - FACS), tumor proliferation index (Ki-67), invasion and migration cellular potencial were verified. HNSCC cell lines showed lower levels of histone H3 acetylation and ability to retain a subpopulation of CSC.

Age-related changes in quality and fertility of porcine semen

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of boar age on quality traits and fertility of liquid-stored semen. Boars were allocated into 3 age groups: 7-10 months (young), 18-33 months (mature), 51-61 months (old). Ejaculates of > 200x10(6) sperm/ml and 85% total motile sperm were extended to 30x10(6) sperm/ml, stored at 17-18 °C and used within 12-24 h for artificial insemination (AI) of 2062 multiparous sows. After 24 h of storage, aliquots of diluted semen were assessed for sperm progressive motility (SPM), incidence of sperm chromatin instability (SCI), proportion of live morphologically normal sperm (LMNS) and head morphometry of LMNS. The results showed that young boars had higher percentages of SCI and lower proportions of LMNS than those of the mature (p < 0.05) and old (p < 0.001) boars, respectively. Sperm head dimensions of young and old boars were greater (p < 0.03-0.001) than those of mature boars. The farrowing rate of young boars (65%) was significantly lower (p < 0.001; χ2= 30-61) than those of the mature (87.2%) and old (84.7%) boars. The relationship between sperm head dimensions and boar fertility was non-significant. In conclusion, boar age is an important physiological factor contributing to the success of swine AI.

Análise de modificações epigenéticas em regiões regulatórias do gene Ifng em linfócitos T / [Analysis of epigenetic changes in regulatory regions of the gene Ifng in T lymphocytes]

O interferon (IFN)-γ é a principal citocina envolvida na resposta imune antitumoral, além de ser essencial para a imunidade contra patógenos intracelulares. Enquanto células T CD8 produzem IFN-γ rapidamente após ativação, células T CD4 só produzem esta citocina após diferenciação no fenótipo Th1. Esta produção diferencial é refletida ao nível transcricional: após ativação células CD8 e Th1 apresentam uma indução rápida e crescente do mRNA de Ifng, enquanto células CD4 produzem baixos níveis do transcrito horas após ativação. Durante a diferenciação Th1, modificações epigenéticas no locus Ifng são necessárias para a expressão desta citocina. Para avaliarmos se a expressão diferencial de IFN-γ em células CD4 e CD8 também é dependente de modificações de cromatina, verificamos através de ensaios de hipersensibilidade a DNase I, a presença de regiões com diferente acesso à cromatina no locus Ifng em células CD4 e CD8 naive e Th1 e Th2. Muitas regiões analisadas apresentaram um padrão de hipersensibilidade a DNaseI independente da produção de IFN-γ, entretanto uma região localizada no promotor proximal de Ifng (HSI-4) é mais sensível a DNaseI em células CD8 e células Th1, o que correlaciona o acesso à cromatina à transcrição de Ifng nestas células. Desta forma esta região destacou-se como uma interessante região para analisarmos possíveis modificações epigenéticas diferenciais. Comparamos o padrão de metilação do promotor de Ifng, que inclui a região HSI-4, em células CD4 e CD8 estimuladas ou não por 3 e 72 horas. Observamos que o promotor está semelhantemente hipometilado em células CD4 e CD8 naive. Após a ativação estas células apresentam uma redução na metilação, da mesma forma que o obsevado em células Th1 reestimuladas. Encontramos algumas diferenças pontuais, como os sítios +12 e +114 que estão menos metilados em células CD8 do que em células CD4. O CpG -58, um importante sítio para ligação do fator transcricional ATF2/C-jun, torna-se metilado durante a diferenciação no fenótipo T helper. Porém, 72 horas após estímulo, este sítio não está mais metilado em células Th1, como observado em toda cinética de células CD4 e CD8. Este sítio localiza-se na região HSI-4, sugerindo que somente em células CD8 e Th1 encontra-se em uma região cuja cromatina está acessível. A análise do padrão de metilação de um enhancer de Ifng (CNS1) mostrou que nesta região os sítios CpG estão consistentemente metilados em todos os tipos celulares. Por fim, mostramos que uma sequência contida na região HSI-4 regula positivamente o gene Ifng e uma análise in silico revelou que diversos fatores transcricionais importantes para regulação da expressão de Ifng possuem sítios de ligação nessa região. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que a expressão diferencial de IFN-γ por células CD4 e CD8 pode envolver a acessibilidade à região HSI-4, que regula positivamente o gene Ifng. Apesar do real papel biológico de alguns sítios CpG dever ser melhor investigado, especialmente os sítios -58; +12 e +114, a expressão diferencial de IFN-γ por linfócitos T não parece estar relacionada à metilação diferencial de dinucleotídeos CpG no promotor do gene Ifng, que inclui esta região HSI-4, nem na região CNS1.

Chromatin regulation in schistosomes and histone modifying enzymes as drug targets

Only one drug is currently available for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis and the increasing risk of selecting strains of schistosome that are resistant to praziquantel means that the development of new drugs is urgent. With this objective we have chosen to target the enzymes modifying histones and in particular the histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDAC). Inhibitors of HDACs (HDACi) are under intense study as potential anti-cancer drugs and act via the induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Schistosomes like other parasites can be considered as similar to tumours in that they maintain an intense metabolic activity and rate of cell division that is outside the control of the host. We have shown that HDACi can induce apoptosis and death of schistosomes maintained in culture and have set up a consortium (Schistosome Epigenetics: Targets, Regulation, New Drugs) funded by the European Commission with the aim of developing inhibitors specific for schistosome histone modifying enzymes as novel lead compounds for drug development.

Expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in gingival tissues, GCF and PICF of periodontitis patients and peri-implantitis

High mobility group chromosomal protein B1 (HMGB1) and N2 (HMGN2), two members of High mobility group (HMG) family, play important role in inflammation. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in periodontistis. The expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 mRNA in gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in chronic periodontitis (CP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP) patients and healthy subjects was detected by real-time PCR. The protein level of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), peri-implant crevicular fluid of peri-implantitis (PI-PICF) and normal patients was determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, IL-1â, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-á and HMGB1 levels in GCF, PI-PICF and healthy-PICF samples from different groups were determined by ELISA. HMGN2 expression was increased in inflamed gingival tissues and GCF from CP and G-ApG groups compared to control group. HMGB1 expression was the highest in the gingival tissues and GCF from CP patients and was accompanied by increased concentrations of IL-1â, IL-6, IL-8 proinflammaory cytokines. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that the expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 was increased in the gingival tissues and GCF in CP and G-AgP and the PICF in PICF. Our data suggest that HMGB1 may be a potential target for the therapy of periodontitis and PI.