Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

Vegetative propagation of hops (Humulus lupulus L. ): Historical approach and perspectives / Propagação vegetativa do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L. ): Abordagem histórica e perspectivas

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) female inflorescences are important raw materials used to produce beers, cosmetics, and medicines. Vegetative propagation is the preferred way of obtaining seedlings for commercial cultivations as female plants produce more lupulin than male plants, a component of commercial interest. It can be carried out by macropropagation (stem cuttings or rhizomes) or micropropagation. This review aimed to systematize different techniques of hop vegetative propagation, with no time frame, from searches in the main academic research bases: Capes Journal Portal, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Most studies are related to micropropagation, mainly addressing different plant regulators and concentrations, as well as types of explants and culture media, strategies to produce virus-free plants, artificial lighting, and cryopreservation. Experiments with stem cuttings are more common regarding macropropagation, but factors such as size and origin of cuttings, rooting period, and the response of different cultivars need to be better evaluated. Cultivation by cuttings allows the production of clones of female plants and micropropagation the production of virus-free clones in a short time and less physical space. Currently, micropropagation has been widely applied to cryopreservation.(AU)

As inflorescências femininas do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) são matérias-primas importantes utilizadas na produção de cervejas, cosméticos e medicamentos. Como as plantas femininas produzem mais lupulina que as masculinas, componente de interesse comercial, a propagação vegetativa é a forma preferencial de obtenção de mudas para os cultivos comerciais. Esta pode ser realizada por macropropagação (estaquia caulinar ou rizomas) ou micropropagação. O objetivo desta revisão foi sistematizar as diferentes técnicas de propagação vegetativa do lúpulo, sem recorte temporal, a partir de buscas nas principais bases de pesquisa acadêmica: Portal de Periódicos Capes, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Acadêmico e Research Gate. A maioria dos trabalhos são relacionados à micropropagação, abordando principalmente diferentes reguladores vegetais e concentrações, além de tipos de explantes e meios de cultura, estratégias para produzir plantas livres de vírus, iluminação artificial e criopreservação. Quanto à macropropagação, experimentos com estaquia caulinar são mais comuns, porém fatores precisam ser melhor avaliados tais como tamanho e origem das estacas, período de enraizamento e resposta de diferentes cultivares. O cultivo por estacas permite a produção de clones de plantas femininas e a micropropagação a produção de clones isentos de vírus, em pouco tempo e em menor espaço físico. Atualmente, a micropropagação tem sido muito aplicada à criopreservação.(AU)

Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizome / Análise fitoquímica e atividades biológicas do extrato etanólico do rizoma de Curcuma longa

Abstract Curcuma longa is an important dietary plant which possess several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, anticancer and anti clotting etc. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile of Curcuma longa and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. In HPLC chromatogram of Curcuma longa rhizome extract 15 phenolic compounds were identified namely Digalloyl-hexoside, Caffeic acid hexoside, Curdione, Coumaric, Caffeic acid, Sinapic acid, Qurecetin-3-D-galactoside, Casuarinin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Curcuminol, Demethoxycurcumin, and Isorhamnetin, Valoneic acid bilactone, Curcumin, Curcumin-O-glucuronide respectively. The ethanolic extract displayed an IC50 value of 37.1±0.3 µg/ml against alpha glucosidase. The IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 27.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL. It is concluded that ethanolic extract of Curcuma long is rich source of curcumin and contain several important phenolics. The in vitro antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effect of the plant justifies its popular use in traditional medicine.

Resumo A Curcuma longa é uma importante planta presente na dieta da população, pois possui diversas atividades farmacológicas, incluindo antioxidante, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, anticancerígena, anticoagulante etc. O objetivo do presente estudo foi elucidar o perfil fenólico da Curcuma longa e determinar as atividades antioxidante e antidiabética in vitro do extrato. No cromatograma por HPLC do extrato de rizoma de Curcuma longa, foram identificados 15 compostos fenólicos: digaloil-hexosídeo, hexosídeo de ácido cafeico, curdiona, cumárico, ácido cafeico, ácido sinápico, quercetina-3-D-galactosídeo, casuarinina, bisdemetoxicurcumina, curcuminol, demetoxicurcumina, isoramnetina, bilactona de ácido valônico, curcumina e curcumina-O-glicuronídeo. O extrato etanólico apresentou um valor de IC50 de 37,1 ± 0,3 µg / mL em relação à alfa-glucosidase. O valor de IC50 da atividade de eliminação de radicais DPPH foi de 27,2 ± 1,1 μg / mL. Conclui-se que o extrato etanólico de Curcuma longa é uma rica fonte de curcumina e contém várias substâncias fenólicas importantes. O efeito antioxidante in vitro e inibidor da alfa-glucosidase da planta justifica seu uso popular na medicina tradicional.

Efecto citotóxico y genotóxico in vitro del extracto crudo y etanólico del rizoma de Curcuma longa L / In vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of the crude and ethanolic extract from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar el efecto citotóxico y genotóxico in vitro del extracto crudo y etanólico del rizoma de Curcuma longa L. Materiales y métodos: El efecto citotóxico fue evaluado utilizando líneas celulares DU-145, HT-29, 3T3 BALB/c. Se hallaron los porcentajes de crecimiento en 48 horas y se determinó la concentración inhibitoria 50 (CI50). El efecto genotóxico en el ADN genómico humano se determinó mediante el método Tomasevich. Resultados: El extracto crudo produjo una CI50 de 12,98 ± 0,21 μg/mL para la línea celular tumoral HT-29, que es inferior a DU-145 con una CI50 de 36,77 ± 9,12 μg/mL; el extracto etanólico presentó una CI50 de 13,24 ± 0,77 y 20,54 ± 2,58 µg/mL para ambas líneas celulares, respectivamente; el compuesto estándar curcumina presentó una CI50 de 3,96 ± 0,60 y 13,94 ± 2,79 μg/mL, respectivamente. El extracto crudo a concentraciones de 50 y 100 mg/mL fragmentó entre el 40% a 95% de ADN genómico humano; mientras que, a 200 mg/mL, la fragmentación fue mayor al 95%. El extracto etanólico a todas las concentraciones no fragmentó el ADN. La curcumina a 200 mg/mL fragmentó menos del 5% de ADN genómico humano. Conclusiones: Los extractos crudo y etanólico de Curcuma longa L. demuestran efecto citotóxico in vitro diferencial para la línea celular tumoral humana DU-145 y HT29 semejante al compuesto estándar curcumina. El extracto crudo de Curcuma longa L. presenta una potente actividad genotóxica in vitro frente al ADN genómico humano, esta actividad está ausente en el extracto etanólico.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of the crude and ethanolic extract from the Curcuma longa L. rhizome. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using DU-145, HT-29, 3T3 BALB/c cell lines. The growth percentages in 48 hours; and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined. The genotoxic effect on human genomic DNA was determined using the Tomasevich method. Results: Crude extract produced an IC50 of 12.98 ± 0.21 μg/mL for the HT-29 tumor cell line, which is lower than the value obtained for DU-145, with an IC50 of 36.77 ± 9.12 μg/mL. The ethanolic extract presented an IC50 of 13.24 ± 0.77 and 20.54 ± 2.58 μg/mL for both cell lines, respectively; the curcumin standard compound presented an IC50 of 3.96 ± 0.60 and 13.94 ± 2.79 μg/mL, respectively. Crude extract concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL fragmented between 40% to 95% of human genomic DNA; while at 200 mg/mL, fragmentation was greater than 95%. The ethanolic extract at all concentrations did not fragment the DNA. Curcumin at 200 mg/mL fragmented less than 5% of human genomic DNA. Conclusions: The crude and ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa L. demonstrate different in vitro cytotoxic effects for the human tumor cell lines DU-145 and HT-29; similar to the standard curcumin compound. The crude extract of Curcuma longa L. shows a potent genotoxic in vitro activity against human genomic DNA; this type of effect is not produced by the ethanolic extract.

Dynamic changes of the main active constituents in valerian rhizome and root (Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom.) during different harvest periods / Cambios dinámicos de los principales constituyentes activos del rizoma y raíz valeriana (Valeriana amurensis Smir. Ex Kom.) durante diferentes períodos de cosecha

Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. widely distributed in the northeast region of China and some region in Russia and Korea, and its underground parts (roots and rhizomes) being used to cure nervous system diseases such as insomnia. The active components including the essential oil and iridoids of underground parts were investigated in different harvest periods in order to evaluate the quality for the roots and rhizomes of V. amurensis. The content of the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and bornyl acetate in the oil was quantitated by GC-EI. The iridoids, valepotriates were determined by potentiometric titration and the main component, valtrate was quantitated by HPLC-UV. The factors of biomass were considered in the determination of collection period. Statistical analysis of results showed that, the highest content of the essential oil per plant was 22.69 µl in withering period and then 21.58 µl in fruit ripening period, while the highest contents of bornyl acetate, valepotriates and valtrate per plant were 2.82 mg, 31.90 mg and 0.98 mg in fruit ripening period separately. Fruit ripening period was decided as the best harvest period for the content of active constituents and output of drug, and it would provide scientific basis for the artificial cultivation of V. amurensis.

Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. Se distribuye ampliamente en la región noreste de China y en algunas regiones de Rusia y Corea, y sus partes subterráneas (raíces y rizomas) se utilizan para curar enfermedades del sistema nervioso como el insomnio. Se investigaron los componentes activos, incluidos el aceite esencial y los iridoides de las partes subterráneas de V. amurensis en diferentes períodos de cosecha para evaluar la calidad de las raíces y rizomas. El contenido del aceite esencial se obtuvo mediante hidrodestilación y el acetato de bornilo en el aceite se cuantificó por GC-EI. Los iridoides, valepotriatos se determinaron mediante valoración potenciométrica y el componente principal, el valtrato se cuantificó por HPLC-UV. Los factores de biomasa fueron considerados en la determinación del período de recolección. El análisis estadístico de los resultados mostró que el mayor contenido de aceite esencial por planta fue de 22,69 µl en el período de marchitación y luego de 21,58 µl en el período de maduración de la fruta, mientras que el mayor contenido de acetato de bornilo, valepotriatos y valtrato por planta fue de 2.82 mg, 31.90 mg y 0,98 mg, respectivamente, en el período de maduración de la fruta por separado. Se definió el período de maduración de la fruta como el mejor período de cosecha para el contenido de constituyentes activos y la producción de droga, lo cual proporcionaría una base científica para el cultivo artificial de V. amurensis.

Transcriptional profiling of uterine leiomyoma rats treated by a traditional herb pair, Curcumae rhizoma and Sparganii rhizoma

The aim of this study was to elucidate the concise effects of a traditional herb pair, Curcumae rhizoma-Sparganii rhizoma (CRSR), on uterine leiomyoma (UL) by analyzing transcriptional profiling. The UL rat model was made by intramuscular injection of progesterone and gavage administration of diethylstilbestrol. From 11 weeks of the establishment of the model, rats of the UL+CRSR group were gavaged daily with CRSR (6.67 g/kg). The serum concentrations of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay, the uterine index was measured by caliper measurement, and the pathological status was observed by hematoxylin and eosin stain. Gene expression profiling was checked by NimbleGen Rat Gene Expression Microarrays. The results indicated that the uterine mass of UL+CRSR rats was significantly shrunk and serum P and E2 levels significantly reduced compared to UL animals and nearly to the level of normal rats. Results of microarrays displayed the extensive inhibition of CRSR upon the expression of proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, and significantly regulated a wide range of metabolism disorders. Furthermore, CRSR extensively regulated key pathways of the UL process, such as MAPK, PPAR, Notch, and TGF-β/Smad. Regulation of the crucial pathways for the UL process and ECM metabolism may be the underlying mechanisms of CRSR treatment. Further studies will provide clear clues for effectively treating UL with CRSR.

Cryopreservation of banana's cv Grand Naine in vitro rhizomes

ABSTRACT The preservation of banana genetic material is usually performed through seedlings. However, most banana cultivars do not produce seed and are propagated vegetatively. Therefore, cryopreservation is a feasible technique that allows the preservation of banana genotypes indefinitely. For the success of cryopreservation protocols, the selection of cryoprotectants and pre-freezing techniques are important factor. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of different cryoprotectants with and without 1% phloroglucinol and pre-cooling periods on the development of a protocol for cryopreservation of in vitro rhizomes ofMusa accuminata(AAA) cv Grand Naine banana. The addition of 1% phloroglucinol to the cryoprotective solutions, such as PVS2 enhanced recovery of cryopreserved banana rhizomes. In addition, pre-cooling of explants in ice for 3 hours in PVS2 + 1% of phloroglucinol allowed efficient cryopreservation of banana rhizomes, followed by successful recovery and regeneration of in vitro shoots of banana cv Grand Naine.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from the rhizomes of cyperus papyrus L. grown in South Africa / Composición química y actividad antibacterial de los aceites esenciales de los rizomas de cyperus papurus L., crecidos en Sudafrica

Essential oils hydrodistilled from the rhizomes of Cyperus papyrus L. growing wild in two localities (KwaDlangezwa and Richard’s Bay) of uMhlathuze City, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa has been studied. The major components of KwaDlangezwa oil were caryophyllene oxide (12.7 percent), cyperene (10.2 percent) and 1,8-cineole (8.4 percent). The oil of Richard’s Bay comprised mainly of caryophyllene oxide (24.4 percent), humulene epoxide II (13.2 percent), aristolene (9.1 percent) and aromadendrene epoxide II (7.3 percent). The antibacterial activity of the oils was assayed using agar-disc diffusion and broth-microdilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that the oil samples inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 3983 and ATCC 6538), with MIC of 1.25 and 0.31 mg/mL for each oil. Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212; MIC of 1.25 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 4983; MIC of 1.25 mg/mL for both oils). Only the Richard Bay oil showed activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus with MIC of 1.25mg/mL, respectively.

Los aceites esenciales hidrodestilados de los rizomas de Cyperus papyrus L., que crecen en dos localidades (KwaDlangezwa y Bahía Richard) de la ciudad de uMhlathuze, la provincia KwaZulu-Natal, de Sudafrica han sido estudiados. Los mayores componentes del aceite de KwaDlangezwa fueron óxido de cariofileno (12,7 por ciento), cipereno (10,2 por ciento) y 1,8-cineol (8,4 por ciento). El aceite de la bahía de Richard consistió principalmente cariofileno (24,4 por ciento), epóxido II de humuleno (13,2 por ciento), aristoleno (9,1 por ciento) y epóxido II de aromandreno (7,3 por ciento). La actividad antibacterial de los aceites fueron ensayados utilizando la difusión en discos de agar y el método de microdilución en caldo. La concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) reveló que las muestras inhibieron el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 3983 y ATCC 6538), con una MIC de 1,25 y 0,31 mg/ml de cada aceite. Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212; CMI de 1,25 y 0.6 mg/mL, respectivamente) y Escherichia coli (ATCC 4983; CMI de 1,25 mg/mL para ambos aceites). Solo el aceite de la bahía Richard mostró actividad contra Bacillus cereus y Bacillus pumilis con CMI de 1,25 mg/mL, respectivamente.

Evaluation of phenolic profile, antioxidant and anticancer potential of two main representants of Zingiberaceae family against B164A5 murine melanoma cells

BACKGROUND: Curcuma longa Linnaeus and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are two main representatives ofZingiberaceae family studied for a wide range of therapeutic properties, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antibacterial, analgesic, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus properties and anticancer effects. This study was aimed to analyse the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma rhizome (Curcuma longa Linnaeus) and Zingiber rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in terms of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-melanoma potential employing the B164A5 murine melanoma cell line. RESULTS: In order to evaluate the total content of polyphenols we used Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The antioxidant activity of the two ethanolic extracts was determined by DPPH assay, and for the control of antiproliferative effect it was used MTT proliferation assay, DAPI staining and Annexin-FITC-7AAD double staining test. Results showed increased polyphenols amount and antioxidant activity forCurcuma rhizome ethanolic extract. Moreover, 100 μg/ml of ethanolic plant extract from both vegetal products presented in a different manner an antiproliferative, respectively a proapoptotic effect on the selected cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that Curcuma rhizome may be a promising natural source for active compounds against malignant melanoma.

Antioxidant activity of bioactive extracts obtained from rhizomes of Cyperus digitatus Roxb / Actividad antioxidante de extractos obtenidos a partir de rizomas de Cyperus digitatus Roxb

Members of the family Cyperaceae such as Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus scariosus and Cyperus rotundus possess significant amount of studies about their antioxidant activities and other properties. Nevertheless, the plant Cyperus digitatus belonging to the genus Cyperus lacks of studied about any kind of intrinsic activity. Different extracts and fractions were obtained from the rhizomes of Cyperus digitatus, and a Phytochemical screening and the content of phenols and flavonoids and the antioxidant properties (FRAP, DPPH and beta-Carotene bleaching) were quantified in each of theextracts and fractions. Of all the extracts obtained, the BE and AqE extracts showed the best antioxidant potential, meanwhile, none of the fractions obtained from the EAE extract show a relevant activity.

Los miembros de la familia Cyperaceae, tales como Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus scariosus y Cyperus rotundus poseen una cantidad significativa de estudios sobre sus actividades antioxidantes y otras propiedades. Sin embargo, la planta Cyperus digitatus perteneciente al género Cyperus carece de estudio de cualquier tipo de actividad intrínseca. Razón por la cual se estudió sus propiedades antioxidantes (FRAP, DPPH y blanqueamiento del beta-caroteno), cuantificación de contenido fenolico y flavonoides totales en extractos y fracciones obtenidos de los rizomas de Cyperus digitatus, y un perfil fitoquímico. De todos los extractos obtenidos, BE y AqE mostraron el mejor potencial antioxidante, por otra parte ninguna de las fracciones obtenidas a partir del extracto EAE mostro una actividad relevante.

Produção de açafrão em função de acessos e do peso de rizomas-semente / Influence of the weight of seed-rhizomes in the production of turmeric

O açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) é originário do sudeste asiático e subcontinente indiano. É uma herbácea de caule subterrâneo, alaranjado, com vários rizomas secundários aproveitados na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica devido às características de cor, sabor, odor, produção de óleos essenciais, e corantes. Na escolha do melhor material propagativo deve-se levar em consideração o material genético, o peso, tamanho, idade, capacidade de reserva acumulada, sanidade, dentre outros fatores. O objetivo neste experimento foi avaliar a influencia de diferentes acessos e pesos de rizomas-sementes na produção de açafrão. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, tendo como tratamento principal os acessos (C-06, C-36 e C-38) e como tratamento secundário as classes de rizomas-sementes (peso): pequeno, médio e grande, ±5, ±10 e ±15 g/rizoma, respectivamente. Após a colheita, os rizomas foram distribuídos sobre tela suspensa para secagem à sombra com ventilação natural, por 20 dias. Posteriormente, para avaliar a produção, os rizomas foram classificados em 4 classes: A (> 15g ), B (±10 g), C (±5 g) e D(<5g). A interação entre os acessos e o tamanho do rizoma-semente foi significativa para todas as variáveis, com exceção da Classe D. Com o uso de rizoma-semente grande os acessos C-38 e o C-06 apresentaram maior produtividade total, 0,834 e 0,812kg/planta, respectivamente. O descarte gerado foi menor no acesso C-38 do que no C-06, representando 7,8 e 12,8% da produção total, respectivamente. O uso de rizomas-semente maiores aumentou significativamente a produção total. No acesso C-06 a produção passou de 0,481 para 0,812 kg/planta, ou seja, um aumento de 70%. O ganho relativo na produção de rizoma (kg/planta) no acesso C-06 para o plantio de rizomas com ±15 g, foi de 28%.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) originated in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is an herbaceous plant with underground, orange stem with several secondary rhizomes used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, because of its characteristics of color, taste, smell, production of essential oils and dyes. In cultivation, the best choice of propagation material must take account the genetic material, weight, age, accumulated reserve capacity, sanity, among other factors. In this study, seed-rhizomes of three weight categories - small, medium and large -, ± 05, ± 10 and ± 15 g / rhizome, respectively, of three genetic materials - C-06, C-36 and C-38 - from the Germplasm Bank of the ESALQ / USP were cultured from December 2009 to August 2010, at a spacing of 0.5 mx 0.2 m. After harvest, they were distributed on canvas suspended for drying in the shade and natural ventilation for 20 days. Later, to evaluate the production, they were classified into four categories: A (> 15g), B (± 10 g), C (± 5 g) and D (<5g) .The interaction between accessions and size of seed-rhizomes was significant for all variables, except for category D. With the use of large seed-rhizomes, C-38 and C-06 had a higher total yield, with 0.834 and 0.812 kg/plant, respectively. The use of large seed-rhizomes increased significantly the total production. In C-06, the production increased from 0.481 to 0.812 kg/plant, i.e. an increase of 70%. Also in C-06, the relative gain in the production of rhizome (kg / plant) for the planting of seed-rhizomes with ± 15 g was 28%.

Pesticidal and pest repellency activities of rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia (J. Smith) against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

BACKGROUND: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a harmful pest of stored grain and flour-based products in tropical and subtropical region. In the present study, rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia (J. Smith) was evaluated for pesticidal and pest repellency activities against T. castaneum, using surface film method and filter paper disc method, respectively. In addition, activity of the isolated compound 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was evaluated against the pest. RESULTS: Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanol extract of rhizome of D. quercifolia showed significant pesticidal activity at doses 0.88 to 1.77 mg/cm² and significant pest repellency activity at doses 0.94 to 0.23 mg/cm². No pesticidal and pest repellency activity was found for petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble fractions of ethanol extract as well as for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. CONCLUSION: Considering our findings it can be concluded that chloroform soluble fraction of rhizome of D. quercifoliais useful in controlling T. castaneum of stored grain and flour-based products.

Evaluation of larvicidal activity and brine shrimp toxicity of rhizome extracts of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith

Introduction In this study, we used dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the Zingiber zerumbet rhizome to evaluate brine shrimp lethality and larvicidal activity on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles nuneztovari mosquitoes. Methods Bioassays were performed by exposing third-instar larvae of each mosquito species to the DCM or MeOH extracts. Results Probit analysis with DCM and MeOH extracts demonstrated efficient larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and A. nuneztovari larvae. Conclusions The DCM and MeOH extracts showed higher activity against A. nuneztovari larvae than against A. aegypti larvae, suggesting that the extracts have species-specific activity. .

Evaluación de plantas de Curcuma longa L. obtenidas por cultivo de tejidos en condiciones de organopónico / Evaluation of Curcuma longa L. plants obtained by tissue culture in organoponic conditions

La cúrcuma es una planta utilizada como condimento y colorante que posee múltiples propiedades medicinales. La evaluación de la estabilidad genética y la respuesta en condiciones de producción constituye una etapa muy importante en los sistemas de propagación de plantas por cultivo de tejidos. En este trabajo se evaluó la respuesta morfoagronómica de plantas de cúrcuma obtenidas por cultivo de tejido y por rizomas en condiciones de organopónico. Los resultados muestran una alta supervivencia (100%), para las plantas provenientes del cultivo in vitro, así como para las obtenidas a partir de los rizomas. Se logró un mayor crecimiento de las plantas propagadas por el cultivo de tejidos durante todo el ciclo de cultivo, sin cambios en las características morfológicas evaluadas. Los rendimientos en las plantas provenientes del cultivo de tejidos fueron superiores en comparación con las plantas propagadas por el método tradicional.

Turmeric is a plant uses like condiment and coloring. It has multiples medicinal properties. The genetic stability and response in production conditions is an important stage in plant propagation system by tissue culture. In this paper was evaluated the morphoagronomic response of turmeric plants obtained by tissue culture in organoponic conditions. Results show a high survival (100%) for a plant from in vitro culture as well as for the plant obtained by rizomes . A bigger growth of the plants obtained by tissue culture was observed during the whole cultured cycle without changes in the morphologycal characteristic evaluated. The yields of the plants obtained by tissue culture were higher that the plants planted by the traditional method.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A, a chalcone isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) (fingerroot)

The current in vitro study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone derivative of known structure isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and normal hepatic cells (WRL-68) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BA using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of BA was assessed by the ORAC assay and compared to quercetin as a standard reference antioxidant. ORAC results are reported as the equivalent concentration of Trolox that produces the same level of antioxidant activity as the sample tested at 20 µg/mL. The toxic effect of BA on different cell types, reported as IC50, yielded 20.22 ± 3.15, 10.69 ± 2.64, 20.31 ± 1.34, 94.10 ± 1.19, and 9.324 ± 0.24 µg/mL for A549, PC3, HepG2, HT-29, and WRL-68, respectively. BA displayed considerable antioxidant activity, when the results of ORAC assay were reported as Trolox equivalents. BA (20 µg/mL) and quercetin (5 µg/mL) were equivalent to a Trolox concentration of 11.91 ± 0.23 and 160.32 ± 2.75 µM, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of BA was significant at 12.5 to 50 µM and without any significant cytotoxicity for the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 at 50 µM. The significant biological activities observed in this study indicated that BA may be one of the agents responsible for the reported biological activities of B. rotunda crude extract.

Caracterização dos rizomas filhos e da fécula do mangarito (xanthosoma mafaffa schott) e elaboração de filmes biodegradáveis / CHaracterization of the comels and starch from mangarito (xanthosoma mafaffa schott) and development of biodegradable films

No presente trabalho foram determinadas as propriedades físicase químicas do rizoma fi lho e da fécula do mangarito e algumas propriedades dos fi lmes biodegradáveis da fécula e glicerol. Dos rizomas fi lho foram determinados a massa, os diâmetros maior emenor e a composição química. Determinou-se a composição química e o valor calórico da fécula extraída, suas propriedades térmicas e de pasta. De seus grânulos se analisaram a morfologia e o tamanho. Os fi lmes foram elaborados pela técnica casting, variando se a quantidade do glicerol e a massa de solução fi lmogênica de acordo com delineamento fatorial central composto. Dos fi lmes obtidos foram estudadas a aparência, a espessura, a solubilidadee a permeabilidade. Aplicou-se análise de variância para modelo polinomial de segundo grau e a função desejabilidade para a sua otimização. Obteve-se a massa média dos rizomas fi lho de 3,5 g e diâmetros maior e menor de 23 e 15 mm, respectivamente, sendo constituídos principalmente de fécula com grânulos arredondados de 12,5 μm de diâmetro. A pasta da fécula apresentou boaestabilidade frente ao calor sob agitação mecânica e grande tendência à retrogradação. Considerando os fatores desejáveis de alta solubilidade e de baixas permeabilidade e espessura, os fi lmes produzidos com 10% de glicerol e 24,73 g de solução fi lmogênicaatenderiam melhor essas características.

Produção do mangarito em função do tamanho do rizoma-semente / Tannia yield in function of size seed-rhizomes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta produtiva do mangarito em função de diferentes tamanhos de rizomas-semente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três tipos de rizomas-semente (rizoma mãe, rizoma filho 1 e rizoma filho 2) e sete repetições. A parcela experimental foi composta por 16 plantas, sendo avaliadas as oito plantas centrais. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: massa fresca total, produção líquida e produção comercial. Verificou-se que a produção total, líquida e de rizoma-mãe e filho foi maior ao usar como semente o rizoma-mãe; no entanto, a produção comercial do rizoma-mãe foi estatisticamente igual à do rizoma filho 1. Recomenda-se o cultivo de Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott usando como semente propágulos de rizoma-mãe por apresentar uma maior produção e por não ser comercializável.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the productive response of the tannia in function of different sizes of seed-rhizomes. The experimental design was randomized block with three types of seed-rhizomes (cormel, cormel 1 and cormel 2) and seven replicates. The experimental plot consisted of 16 plants, whereas evaluated the eight central plants. It was evaluated the following characteristics: total fresh weight, net production and commercial production. It was verified that the total, net, cormel and of the cormel 1 production was greater when using the cormel rhizome as seed. However, the commercial production of the cormel was equal to the cormel 1. We recommend growing Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott using as seed cormel propagules by a larger production and for not being marketable.

Safety profile of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe, used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka / Perfil de seguridad de Alpinia calcarata Roscoe usada en medicina tradicional en Sri Lanka

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae) rhizomes have any toxic effects in rats. Wistar rats were used as the experimental model and orally administered hot water extract (HWE) and hot ethanolic extract (HEE) of A. calcarata rhizomes at a dose of 1500 mg/kg respectively for 42 consecutive days. Administration of the HWE or HEE to rats did not result in any chronic toxic effects as evident from their effects on (a) liver function (b) kidney function, (c) hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (d) external morphology and wet weights of selected organs. Further, the HWE and the HEE did not appear to mediate any unacceptable effects on food and water intake, percent weight gain, consistency of faeces and color of urine. In conclusion, the results of this study have revealed that the HWE and the HEE of A. calcarata at the doses tested do not produce any serious toxic side effects in rats.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar si los rizomas de Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Familia: Zingiberaceae) tienen algún efecto tóxico en las ratas. Se utilizaron ratas Wistar como modelo experimental y administrado por vía oral de extracto de agua caliente (EAC) y el extracto de etanol caliente (EEC) de A. rizomas calcarata a una dosis de 1500 mg / kg, respectivamente, durante 42 días consecutivos. La administración de la EAC o EEC a las ratas no produjo ningún efecto crónico tóxico como se desprende de sus efectos sobre la (a) función hepática (b) la función renal, (c) los parámetros hematológicos, como conteo de los glóbulos rojos (GR), conteo de glóbulos blancos celular (GB) y hemoglobina (Hb), (d) morfología externa y el peso húmedo de los órganos seleccionados. Además, el EAC y el EEC no parecen mediar efectos inaceptables en la ingesta de alimentos y agua, porcentaje de aumento de peso, la consistencia de las heces y el color de la orina. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio han revelado que los extractos EAC y la EEC de A. calcarata en las dosis utilizadas no producen graves efectos secundarios tóxicos en ratas.

Teor e composição de óleo essencial de rizomas de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) após diferentes períodos de secagem / Essential oil yield and composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes after different drying periods

A produção de gengibre no Paraná concentra-se no município de Morretes, ocupando uma área de plantio de aproximadamente 300 ha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o teor e a composição do óleo essencial de rizomas de gengibre produzidos em Morretes e submetidos a diferentes períodos de secagem em temperatura ambiente. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com quatro repetições (quatro plantas por repetição), avaliando cinco procedências e cinco períodos de secagem a temperatura ambiente (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias). As extrações de óleo essencial foram realizadas por hidrodestilação em aparelho graduado Clevenger durante três horas e a análise dos constituintes foi realizada por meio de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. A secagem de rizomas de gengibre em temperatura ambiente por até 60 dias resultou na diminuição de teores de óleo essencial na maioria das procedências. Os constituintes geranial e o neral apresentaram maior concentração em todas as procedências e tiveram teores superiores com o aumento nos períodos de secagem. Os teores de geraniol e acetato de geranila foram inferiores após a secagem em todas as procedências, assim como eucaliptol, canfeno, zingibereno e β-bisaboleno na maioria das procedências.

Ginger production in Paraná State, Brazil, has predominated in Morretes Municipality, with around 300 ha cultivated area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the essential oil yield and composition of ginger rhizomes produced in Morretes and subjected to different drying periods at room temperature. Experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5x5 factorial arrangement, with four replicates (four plants each), five origins and five drying periods at room temperature (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type device for 3h and the constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The drying of ginger rhizomes at room temperature for up to 60 days decreased the essential oil yield in most origins. Geranial and neral levels were higher in all origins and as drying periods were longer. Geraniol and geranyl acetate levels decreased after drying in all origins, as well as eucalyptol, camphene, zingiberene and β-bisabolene in most origins.

Avaliação da eficácia de taboa (Typha domingensis Pers.) e batata-de-purga [Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples] in natura sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos, naturalmente infectados, em clima semi-árido / Evaluation of the effectiveness of "taboa" (Typha domingensis Pers.) and "batata-de-purga" [Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples] in natura on gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, naturally infected, in the semi-arid region

Avaliou-se a eficácia da Typha domingensis (taboa) e da Operculina hamiltonii (batata-de-purga) in natura sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos, naturalmente infectados, em clima semi-árido. Foram utilizados 30 caprinos da raça Moxotó, e o rizoma da taboa e a raiz da batata-de-purga, avaliados através da fitoquímica. As fezes foram coletadas nos dias zero, sete e 25, após, o tratamento da contagem de OPG. Os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Grupo I tratado com Moxidectina 0,2 por cento em dose única de 0,5 mg Kg-1; o Grupo II tratado com Taboa na dose (10 g 20 Kg-1 peso vivo); Grupo III com batata-de-purga na dose de 9 g 20 Kg-1 p.v.; Grupo IV tratado com taboa 10 g 20 Kg-1 p.v. associada a batata 9 g 20 Kg-1 p.v. durante três dias consecutivos, todos administrados oralmente e o Grupo V como grupo controle. Os grupos tratados apresentaram redução no número médio de OPG aos 7 e 25 dias pós-tratamento, quando comparado com o grupo controle no respectivo período, sendo a batata-de-purga com maior redução aos 7 e a taboa aos 25 dias. A maior eficácia foi da batata-de-purga de 84 por cento e 70 por cento, nos dias 7 e 25 pós-tratamento. Verificou-se que a batata-de-purga foi eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos no clima semi-árido e que a taboa associada com a batata tem potencial para serem utilizadas em programas alternativos de controle parasitário.

The effectiveness of Typha domingensis ("taboa") and Operculina hamiltonii ("batata-de-purga") in natura was evaluated on gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, naturally infected, in the semi-arid region. Thirty Moxotó goats were used, and the rhizome of "taboa" and the root of "batata-de-purga" were analyzed through phytochemistry. Feces were collected on days zero, seven and 25 after the treatment for FECs. The distribution of animals was completely at random, with five treatments and six replicates. Group I was treated with Moxidectin 0.2 percent in a single dose of 0.5 mg kg-1; Group II was treated with "taboa" at the dose of 10 g 20 Kg-1 body weight; Group III was treated with "batata-de-purga" at the dose of 9 g 20 Kg-1 b.w.; Group IV was treated with "taboa" at 10 g 20 Kg-1 b.w. associated with "batata-de-purga" at 9 g 20 Kg-1 b.w. during three consecutive days. All treatments were orally administered and Group V was used as control. Treated groups showed a reduction in the average number of FECs at seven and 25 days post-treatment when compared to the control group in the respective period; "batata de purga" had a greater reduction at seven days, while "taboa" showed a more pronounced reduction at 25 days. The highest effectiveness was observed for "batata de purga": 84 percent and 70 percent at seven and 25 days post treatment. "Batata-de-purga" was effective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in the semi-arid climate and "taboa" associated with "batata de purga" have the potential to be used in alternative programs for parasite control.