Characterization of the species of genus Physa on the basis of typological species concept from Central Punjab / Caracterização das espécies do gênero Physa com base no conceito tipológico de espécie do Punjab Central

Physids belong to Class Gastropoda; Phylum Mollusca have important position in food web and act as bio indicators, pests and intermediate host. Being resistant these are called cockroaches of malacology. Physid snails were collected from different water bodies of Faisalabad (Punjab) and were identified up to species using morphological markers. The morphometry of the specimens was carried out with the help of a digital Vernier caliper in millimeters (mm) using linear measurement of shell characters. Linear regression analysis of the AL/SW ratio vs AL and SL/SW ratiovs AL indicated that allometric growth exists only in Physa acuta when compared with P.gyrina and P. fontinalis. This study will lead to assess the status of the Physid species in Central Punjab. The Principal component analysis shows that the Component 1 (Shell Length) and component 2 (Shell Width) are the most prolific components and nearly 80 percent of the identification. The distance between P. acuta and P. fontinalis is 5.4699, P. acuta and P. gyrina is 7.6411, P. fontinalis and P. gyrina is 16.6080 showing that P. acuta resembles with P. fontinalis, and both these specimens donot resemble with P. gyrina. P.acuta is an invasive species and shows bioactivity making it a potent candidate for bioactive substances.

Os físidos pertencem à classe Gastropoda; o filo Mollusca possui importante posição na teia alimentar e atua como bioindicador, praga e hospedeiro intermediário. Por serem resistentes, são chamadas baratas de malacologia. Os caramujos físidos foram coletados em diferentes corpos d’água de Faisalabad (Punjab) e identificados até as espécies por meio de marcadores morfológicos. A morfometria dos corpos de prova foi realizada com auxílio de paquímetro digital Vernier em milímetros (mm) por meio de medida linear dos caracteres da casca. A análise de regressão linear da razão AL / SW vs. AL e razão SL / SW vs. AL indicou que o crescimento alométrico existe apenas em Physa acuta quando comparado com P. gyrina e P. fontinalis. Este estudo levará a avaliar a situação das espécies de físido no Punjab Central. A análise do componente principal mostra que o componente 1 (comprimento da casca) e o componente 2 (largura da casca) são os componentes mais prolíficos e quase 80% da identificação. A distância entre P. acuta e P. fontinalis é 5,4699, P. acuta e P. gyrina é 7,6411, P. fontinalis e P. gyrina é 16,6080, mostrando que P. acuta se assemelha a P. fontinalis, e ambos os espécimes não se parecem com P. gyrina. P. acuta é uma espécie invasora e apresenta bioatividade, tornando-se uma candidata potente para substâncias bioativas.

Molecular Phylogenetics of Physa acuta (Pulmonata: Basommatophora): an invasive species in Central Punjab Pakistan / Molecular Phylogenetics of Physa acuta (Pulmonata: Basommatophora): uma espécie invasora no centro de Punjab, Paquistão

Physids belong to Class Gastropoda; belong to Phylum Mollusca and being bioindicators, intermediate hosts of parasites and pests hold a key position in the ecosystem. There are three species of Genus Physa i.e. P. fontinalis, Physa acuta and P. gyrina water bodies of Central Punjab and were characterized on the basis of molecular markers High level of genetic diversity was revealed by polymorphic RAPD, however SSR markers were not amplified. The multivariate analysis revealed polymorphism ranging from 9.09 percent to 50 percent among the three Physid species. Total number of 79 loci were observed for the three species under study and 24 loci were observed to be polymorphic. These RAPD fragment(s) can be developed into co dominant markers (SCAR) by cloning and can be further sequenced for the development of the Physa species specific markers to identify the introduced and native species in Pakistan.

Os físidos pertencem à classe Gastropoda; pertencem ao filo Mollusca e, sendo bioindicadores, hospedeiros intermediários de parasitas e pragas, ocupam uma posição-chave no ecossistema. Existem três espécies do gênero Physa, ou seja, P. fontinalis, Physa acuta e P. gyrina em corpos d’água do Punjab Central e foram caracterizadas com base em marcadores moleculares. Alto nível de diversidade genética foi revelado por RAPD polimórfico, no entanto os marcadores SSR não foram amplificados. A análise multivariada revelou polimorfismo variando de 9,09% a 50% entre as três espécies de Physid. Um número total de 79 loci foi observado para as três espécies em estudo e 24 loci foram observados como polimórficos. Esses fragmentos RAPD podem ser desenvolvidos em marcadores codominantes (SCAR) por clonagem e podem ser posteriormente sequenciados para o desenvolvimento de marcadores específicos da espécie Physa para identificar as espécies introduzidas e nativas no Paquistão.

Prevalencia de Fasciola hepatica y Paramphistomidae en bovinos de doble propósito en una hacienda del trópico bajo andino colombiano / Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomidae in dual purpose cattle in a farm in the Colombian low Andean tropic

RESUMEN En muchos países la fasciolosis y la paramfistomosis representan un grave problema para la salud del sector pecuario. En Colombia hay registros de ambas distomatosis en bovinos, la mayoría en el trópico alto andino, las cuales generan pérdidas econômicas anuales cercanas a 40 000 000 000 COP. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de fasciolosis y paramfistomosis en vacunos de la hacienda La Candelaria, Caucasia (Colombia), y la presencia de caracoles hospederos intermediarios. Para cumplirlo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se recolectaron heces de los animales y se hizo el diagnóstico mediante la técnica modificada de Dennis. Se establecieron las prevalencias de los digeneos de acuerdo con el sexo, peso, edad y raza. Se recolectaron caracoles dulciacuícolas en la zona estudiada y se identificaron por morfologia. Se analizaron 466 muestras fecales de 178 bovinos, de las razas Cebú (Bos indicus), BON (blanco orejinegro) y del cruce entre ellas. Se diagnosticaron F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae con prevalencias del 2,2% y 30,9%, respectivamente. En el 1,1% de los vacunos se diagnosticó coinfección. Ambas trematodosis prevalecieron en las hembras (p = 0,03). Se identificaron moluscos dulciacuícolas Ampullariidae, Physidae y Planorbidae sin estadios larvarios de digeneos. Se concluyó que los bovinos de doble propósito de la hacienda La Candelaria están expuestos a F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae, y, probablemente, se infectan en los predios de la hacienda. Paramphistomidae es más prevalente que F. hepatica, lo cual concuerda con lo descrito en algunos estudios realizados en hatos del trópico alto andino colombiano. Paramphistomidae se encontró en todos los grupos etarios.

ABSTRACT Fasciolosis and paramphistomosis are a major health problem for the livestock economy worldwide. In Colombia, both distomatosis are reported in cattle, particularly in high Andean tropics, with annual economic losses close to COP 40 billion. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle from La Candelaria farm, Caucasia (Colombia), and the presence of intermediate host snails. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with non-probability convenience sampling. Stool samples were collected from the animals and the diagnosis was made using the modified Dennis technique. Digenea prevalence were determined according to sex, weight, age, and race. Freshwater snails were collected in the studied area and were identified by morphology. 400 and 66 fecal samples from 178 bovines of the Zebu (Bos indicus), BON (white-eared white) breeds and the cross between them were analyzed. Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomidae were diagnosed with a prevalence of 2,2% and 30,9%, respectively. Coinfection was diagnosed in 1,1% of the cattle. Both trematodosis were most frequent in females (p = 0,03). Freshwater molluscs Ampullariidae, Physidae and Planorbidae without digenea larval stages were identified. It was concluded that dual-purpose cattle from La Candelaria farm are exposed to F. hepatica and Paramphistomidae and are probably infected on the farm grounds. Paramphistomidae was more prevalent than F. hepatica, which agrees with other studies in herds from the Colombian high Andean tropics. Paramphistomidae was found in all age groups.

Malacofauna bentônica do Lago Igapó, Londrina (Paraná, Brasil), com ênfase na espécie invasora mexilhão-dourado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) / Benthic malacofauna from the Igapó Lake, Londrina (Paraná, Brazil), with emphasis on the invasive species Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857)

Objetivo: quantificar a abundância e a biomassa de moluscos bentônicos no Lago Igapó I, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Material e Métodos: foram realizadas duas coletas no Lago Igapó I, a primeira em junho de 2015 e a segunda em fevereiro de 2016. O substrato (incluindo os moluscos incrustados) foi amostrado utilizando um quadrante com área de 1 m2, onde 10 amostragens foram realizadas entre três pontos distintos do lago. Os moluscos capturados foram anestesiados e eutanasiados por superexposição ao gelo. Posteriormente, o material foi quantificado em abundância (n) e biomassa total (kg), e armazenado em tambores contendo formol 4% tamponado com carbonato de cálcio. Resultados: foram identificadas cinco espécies de moluscos, sendo três não nativas (Limnoperna fortunei, Corbicula fluminea e Melanoides tuberculata), uma nativa (Aylacostoma cf. tenuilabris) e um indivíduo do gênero Pomacea. Em ambas as coletas, L. fortunei compreendeu aproximadamente 90% da abundância e biomassa total. A partir da densidade média de L. fortunei e a área total do Lago Igapó I, estimou-se que a população total de mexilhões-dourados pode chegar a 633 milhões de indivíduos, correspondendo a 638 toneladas de biomassa. Conclusão: é evidente a dominância da espécie invasora L. fortunei no Lago Igapó I, onde esta pode causar diversos efeitos negativos, como alterações no ciclo de nutrientes, redução de espécies nativas, introdução de parasitos, bioacumulação de metais pesados na cadeia trófica, diminuição da qualidade da água para uso humano e obstrução de encanamentos com risco de alagamentos. Desta forma, recomenda-se uma imediata ação de manejo neste ambiente para retirada de indivíduos da espécie, com consequente redução de sua abundância.(AU)

Objective: quantify the abundance and biomass of benthic molluscs in Igapó Lake I, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Material and Methods: two samplings was made at Igapó Lake I, first in June 2015 and then in February 2016. The substrate (including all embedded molluscs) was sampled using a 1 m2 quadrant, where 10 samples were taken between three distinct points from the lake. All molluscs captured were anesthetized and euthanized by overexposure to ice. Subsequently, the material was quantified in quantity (n) and total biomass (kg), and stored in barrels containing 4% formaldehyde buffered with calcium carbonate. Results: five species of molluscs were identified, three non native species (Limnoperna fortunei, Corbicula fluminea and Melanoides tuberculata), one native (Aylacostoma cf. tenuilabris) and one Pomacea sp. In both sampling, L. fortunei comprised approximately 90% of the abundance and total biomass. From the average density of L. fortunei and the total area of the Igapó Lake I, it was estimated that the total population of golden mussels can reach 633 million individuals, corresponding to 638 tons of biomass. Conclusion: the dominance of the invasive species L. fortunei in Igapó Lake I is evident, where it can cause several negative effects, such as alterations in the nutrient cycle, reduction of native species, introduction of parasites, bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the food chain, decreased quality of water for human use and obstruction of pipes obstruction with risk of overflow. Therefore, we recommend an immediate management action in this environment in order to remove individuals of this species and, consequently, to reduce its abundance. (AU)

Aspectos morfológicos e histológicos do complexo peniano e vagina de biomphalaria tenagophila tenagophila (Mollusca: planorbidae) / Morphological and histological aspects of the penile and vagina complex of biomphalaria tenagophila tenagophila (Mollusca: planorbidae)

O gênero Biomphalaria (Preston, 1910), da família Planorbidae, tem importância médica no Brasil, pois inclui três espécies suscetíveis ao trematódeo Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907: Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), Biomphalaria tenagophila tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1935) e Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848). A correta determinação destas espécies depende da observação de caracteres taxonômicos confiáveis. Entretanto, as semelhanças existentes entre determinados táxons levaram alguns especialistas a formarem complexos de espécies. No Brasil, existem dois complexos de espécies no gênero Biomphalaria; o complexo Biomphalaria tenagophila proposto por Spatz e colaboradores (1999) e o complexo Biomphalaria straminea proposto por Paraense (1988), cujos táxons, pertencentes a cada um deles, foram assim agrupados devido às semelhanças morfológicas e genéticas. Dos três táxons que integram o complexo Biomphalaria tenagophila, B. t. tenagophila é a única espécie suscetível ao S. mansoni, tendo grande importância epidemiológica nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil (MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE, 2014). As semelhanças morfológicas entre os três táxons do complexo Biomphalaria tenagophila podem levar a erros de identificação específica, dificultando o reconhecimento de áreas vulneráveis para transmissão da esquistossomose nas regiões sul e sudeste do país. As estruturas morfológicas de maior valor taxonômico em Biomphalaria estão relacionadas ao sistema reprodutor. No presente estudo, propomos estudar os aspectos morfológicos e histológicos do complexo peniano e região da vagina de B. t. tenagophila para fornecer novos subsídios que auxiliem na sistemática de Planorbidae. Foram coletados moluscos B(AU)

Actuotaphonomic model of the mollusk fauna of Laguna de Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico / Modelo actuotafonómico de la fauna de moluscos de Laguna de Mandinga, Veracruz, México

Introduction: The taphonomic attributes of a faunal assemblage provide information about which agents affect the distribution and preservation of ancient or newly formed biogenic materials during depositional and post-depositional processes. Actuotaphonomy thus is a valuable tool for reconstructing fossil communities because it establishes analogies between observable processes in the present and those that happened in the past. Objective: The taphonomic attributes of a marginal marine environment were analyzed to assess the origin of fragmentation, bioerosion, and encrustation processes and the role of these characteristics in the deterioration of current sediment accumulations of mollusks (gastropods and bivalves). Methods: The material studied was collected from a shell-remain accumulation called "El Conchal" in the Laguna de Mandinga, Veracruz, a lagoonal complex located in the Gulf of México. Taphonomic analysis included fragmentation, bioerosion, and encrustation features on recent gastropods and bivalve's shells. The categories of each attribute were classified in three degrees: poor, regular and good. The analysis was performed only in complete shells. Results: A bulk sample of 1 697.9 g was processed, recovering 1 165 complete specimens, of which 5 genera of bivalves and 4 genera of gastropods were identified. The fragmentation and bioerosion were classified as regular (grade 1), this may be the results of the water energy in the environment, that permits a constant rework, and exhumation of the remains at the lagoon's water-sediment interface; meanwhile, three eroders were identified to ichnogenus level: Entobia, Oichnus, and Caulostrepsis, being Caulostrepsis the least abundant. The encrustation was classified as poor (grade 2); the result can be interpreted based on the ecosystem intrinsic conditions that do not allow many encrusting organisms to develop properly. The encrusters are represented by calcareous organisms including bryozoans, serpulids tubes, and barnacles. The results yielded an actuotaphonomic model that could be applicable to analogous ecosystems in Laguna de Mandinga (Mandinga Lagoon), in Veracruz, Mexico. Conclusions: In marine marginal environments as in lagoon areas the encrustation does not have an important role in the preservation or destruction of shelly assemblages, being taphonomically more important than fragmentation and bioerosion as potentially destructive agents that can be a source of loss of fidelity in the fossil record.

Introducción: Los atributos tafonómicos de los conchales proveen información acerca de cuáles agentes afectan la distribución y preservación de la acumulación de materiales biogénicos recientes o fósiles, especialmente durante las etapas deposiconales y postdeposicionales. La actuotafonomía es una herramienta valiosa para la reconstrucción de las comunidades fósiles, para establecer analogías entre los procesos observables en el presente con los que ocurrieron en el pasado. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto de los rasgos tafonómicos y su papel en la formación de los conchales en ambientes de lagunas costeras. Métodos: El material estudiado fue recolectado en una acumulación de restos de conchas llamado "El Conchal" en la Laguna de Mandinga, Veracruz, un complejo lagunar ubicado en el Golfo de México. El análisis tafonómico incluye las características tafonómicas de fragmentación, bioerosión e incrustación en conchas de gasterópodos y bivalvos recientes. Las categorías de cada atributo se clasificaron en tres grados: pobre, medio y alto. El análisis fue realizado solo en conchas completas. Resultados: Se procesaron 1 697.9 g de sedimentos, recuperando 1 165 ejemplares completos, de los cuales se identificaron 5 géneros de bivalvos y 4 géneros de gasterópodos. La fragmentación y bioerosión se clasificaron como un "grado regular", esto puede ser el resultado de la energía del agua en el ambiente, que permite el constante retrabajo y la exhumación de los restos en la interfase agua-sedimento en la laguna; en tanto que, se identificaron tres erosionadores a nivel de género, estos corresponden a los icnogéneros: Entobia, Oichnus y Caulostrepsis, siendo Caulostrepsis el menos abundante. La incrustación mostró un "grado pobre"; el resultado puede interpretarse basado en las condiciones intrínsecas del ecosistema que no permiten que muchos incrustantes se desarrollen de la manera adecuada. Los incrustantes están representados por organismos calcáreos incluyendo briozoarios, tubos de serpúlidos y balanos. Se analizaron los atributos tafonómicos para generar un modelo actuotafonómico que pueda ser aplicable a ecosistemas análogos en el registro fósil. Conclusiones: En ambientes marino marginales como son las áreas lagunares la incrustación no tiene un papel importante en la preservación o destrucción de los conchales, siendo tafonómicamente más importante la fragmentación y bioerosión como agentes potencialmente destructivos que pueden ser un recurso de pérdida de la fidelidad en el registro fósil.

Toxinas Algales en el Mar Argentino: nuevos hallazgos, nuevos desafíos / Algal Toxins in the Argentine Sea: new findings, new challenges

Resumen Las floraciones de algas nocivas son un problema cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial que ocasiona severos daños sobre la salud pública, pérdidas económicas en acuicultura, perjuicios al turismo y episodios de mortalidad de poblaciones naturales de peces, aves y mamíferos marinos. Las toxinas son producidas por el fitoplancton y se acumulan en moluscos bivalvos que se alimentan por filtración del agua siendo estos los principales vectores de intoxicación humana. En el Mar Argentino, se han reportado toxinas marinas de origen microalgal asociadas con cuatro síndromes de intoxicación por moluscos. Los síndromes más graves por su extensión, frecuencia, toxicidad y organismos afectados, son los originados por el dinoflagelado Alexandrium cate-nella responsable de la Intoxicación Paralizante por Moluscos la cual ha ocasionado numerosas muertes humanas. Seguidamente, la más leve, en cuanto a gravedad y frecuencia, ha sido la Intoxicación Diarreica por Moluscos. En contraste, el ácido domoico, conocido como toxina amnésica de moluscos, no ha producido hasta ahora intoxicaciones humanas. Recientemente, se amplió el rango de toxinas para la región al registrarse las toxinas y los dinoflagelados productores de la Intoxicación Azaspirácidos por Moluscos. Además, se han detectado las potencialmente tóxicas Yessotoxinas y Espirolidos, cuyos mecanismos de acción y toxicidad están siendo aún evaluados a nivel mundial. Estas toxinas emergentes para la región, representan un riesgo potencial para la salud e inconvenientes socioeconómicos por el cierre de los sitios de explotación de moluscos. Ciertamente presentan un nuevo desafío, pues la detección y cuantificación sólo puede realizarse por medio de métodos basados en HPLC - espectrometría de masas, lo cual dificulta el monitoreo en laboratorios regionales en el país. La herramienta clave de manejo es la prevención, a través de políticas, regulaciones y sistemas de monitoreo y control de cada grupo de toxinas. A través de estas mejoras, se anticipa que no sólo disminuirá el número de afectados por estas intoxicaciones, si no que se podrán realizar vedas más eficientes, asegurando un equilibrio que proteja tanto la salud pública como el desarrollo de la industria pesquera.

Abstract Harmful algal blooms are an increasingly common problem worldwide, causing severe damage to public health, economic losses in aquaculture, damage to tourism and mortality events of natural populations of fish, birds and marine mammals. The toxins are produced by phytoplankton and accumulated in bivalve molluscs that feed on water filtration, being these main vectors of human intoxication. In the Argentine Sea marine toxins of microalgal origin have been reported associated with four shellfish poisoning syn-dromes. The most serious due to their extension, frequency, toxicity and affected organisms are those caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella responsible for the Paralytic shellfish poisoning that has caused numerous human deaths. Then, the mildest, in severity and frequency, is the Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In contrast, domoic acid, known as Amnesic shellfish toxin, has not produced human intoxications yet. Recently, toxins and dinoflagellate species causing Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning have been re-corded, expanding the range of toxins for the region. In addition, the potentially toxic Yessotoxins and Spirolides have been detected, whose mechanism of action and toxicity is still being evaluated worldwide. These emerging toxins represent a potential risk to public health and socioeconomic activities due to the eventual closure of mollusc exploitation sites. They certainly present a new challenge, since detection and quantification can only be carried out using methods based on HPLC - mass spectrometry, which makes monitor-ing in regional laboratories difficult. Prevention through policies, regulations, and monitoring and control systems of each toxin group is the key management tool. These preventive measures are expected to contribute to reducing the number of poisonings and to ap-plying more efficient fisheries closures, ensuring a balance that protects both public health and the development of the fishing industry.

Estado actual de Melongena melongena (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano / Current status of Melongena melongena(Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Cispatá Bay, Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el estado actual de Melongena melongena en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano a través de los aspectos poblacionales de la especie. Materiales y métodos. Se establecieron tres sectores de muestreo, conforme con la zonificación de los manglares en la bahía. Para la recolección del material biológico se ubicó un transecto lineal de 4 x 20 m perpendicular al área del manglar con dos replicas a una distancia de 50 m. Para la determinación del sexo, se tomó una submuestra de 10 individuos con tallas superiores a la estimada para la madurez sexual de la especie. A las conchas se les midió la longitud total, con el fin de diferenciar las tallas de hembras y machos. En cada sector, la temperatura del agua y salinidad fueron registradas in situ, empleando un medidor multiparámetro Extech EC170, mientras la trasparencia del agua se calculó mediante el disco Secchi. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 1.149 individuos de M. melongena, obteniendo la mayor abundancia el sector Caño Salado (522), seguido de Las Cagás (458) y finalmente Amaya (169). El 63% de los individuos se encontraron en un intervalo de talla entre 41-61 mm. La proporción sexual fue 1:1.2 (H:M). Las tallas registradas en hembras fueron de 55 a 92 mm y en machos de 54 a 77 mm. Conclusiones. M. melongena en la bahía de Cispatá está presentando signos evidentes de recuperación en la última década, debido a que la mayoría de los individuos registrados han alcanzado la talla media de madurez sexual.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate the current status of Melongena melongena in Cispata Bay, Colombian Caribbean through the population aspects of the species. Materials and methods. Three sampling sectors were established, according to the zoning of the mangrove in the bay. For the collection of the biological material a linear transect of 4 x 20 m was located perpendicular to the area of the mangrove with two replicas at a distance of 50 m. For the determination of sex, a subsample of 10 individuals with sizes greater than that estimated for the sexual maturity of the species was taken. The shells were measured in total length, in order to differentiate the sizes of females and males. In each sector, the water temperature and salinity were measured in situ using an Extech EC170 multiparameter while water transparency is calculated using the Secchi disk. Results. A total of 1,149 individuals of M. melongena were recorded, obtaining the highest abundance in the Caño Salado sector (522), followed by Las Cagás (458) and finally Amaya (169). 63% of the individuals were in a size range between 41-61 mm. The sex ratio was 1:1.2 (H:M). The sizes recorded in females were from 55 to 92 mm and in males from 54 to 77 mm. Conclusions. M. melongena in Cispatá Bay is showing evident signs of recovery in the last decade, because most of the registered individuals have reached the average size of sexual maturity.

Risk factors and prevalence of enteroparasitic diseases in shellfish pickers from a lake area in the Northeast of Brazil / Fatores de risco e prevalência de enteroparasitoses em marisqueiras de uma região lagunar no Nordeste do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal parasitosis are a public health problem worldwide. There are several risk factors and a high association with some specific labor activities. OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the risk factors and prevalence of enteroparasitic diseases in shellfish pickers from one district of Maceió, Alagoas state, Brazil. METHODS: Crosssectional study of 41 female shellfish pickers including parasitological tests in fecal samples and a questionnaire with objective and subjective questions. Sand samples from their working environment were also analyzed. RESULTS: At least one species of parasite was found in 19.51% of the fecal samples. Pathogenic species of Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, from the Ancylostomatidae family, and non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba coli were found. Polyparasitism was diagnosed in 37.5% of the positive samples. A total of 57.14% of sand samples contained hookworm larvae. Regarding the risk factor, low educational level was statistically associated to the presence of parasites (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Greater investment in basic education is needed to increase the knowledge about preventive measures against parasitic diseases and the promotion food-handling courses in order to change existing inadequate habits in the community. Basic sanitation is also essential in preventing environmental contamination.

INTRODUÇÃO: As parasitoses intestinais representam um problema de saúde pública mundial. Estão associados inúmeros fatores de risco, bem como atividades laborais específicas. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou os fatores de risco e a prevalência de enteroparasitoses em marisqueiras de um bairro da cidade de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Procedeu-se um estudo de corte transversal, sendo 41 marisqueiras avaliadas mediante exame parasitológico de fezes e questionário contendo questões discursivas e de múltipla escolha. Foram analisadas também amostras de areia do ambiente de trabalho das mesmas. RESULTADOS: A positividade para pelo menos uma espécie de parasito nas fezes foi de 19,51%. Foram encontradas as espécies patogênicas Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis e da família Ancylostomatidae, e a espécie não patogênica, Entamoeba coli. Poliparasitismo foi diagnosticado em 37,5% dos exames positivos. Um total de 57,14% das amostras de areia continha larvas de ancilostomatídeos. Em relação aos fatores de risco, a baixa escolaridade foi estatisticamente associada à presença de parasitas (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: É necessário maior investimento na educação básica para aprimorar o conhecimento das formas de prevenção das parasitoses e a promoção de cursos de boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos, a fim de modificar hábitos errôneos já incorporados na comunidade. O saneamento básico também é fundamental para evitar contaminação ambiental.

Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Occurrence, environmental aspects and presence of nematodes in Sergipe, Brazil / Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): ocorrencia, aspectos ambientais e presença de nematódeos em Sergipe, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of Achatina fulica in the Great Aracaju-SE Territory. This research was developed during the months of June 2016 to May 2017. The plots methodology was used for the monthly collections, following the collection time of 20 minutes per area. The mollusks were measured and soon afterwards the parasitological analysis of the mucus and faeces was performed. Molecular identification was performed to evaluate the possible presence of Angiostrongylus sp. We observed that the occurrence of A. fulica was more representative in urban areas, especially in vacant lots with the presence of litter and decomposing materials. In the specimens of A. fulica examined were male and female nematodes of the genus Rhabditis, in the research municipalities, except in Barra dos Coqueiros. No parasites of the genus Angiostrongylus were found in the mollusks examined. The influence of the presence of litter on the plots associated with the frequency of A. fulica was statistically significant. There was a correlation between the influence of rainfall and the frequency of A. fulica. A significant relationship between moisture and frequency and nematode positivity was identified. It was also observed that the larger the mollusk, the greater the chances of being infected by nematodes. Scientific knowledge about the biology of the A. fulica species associated with human intervention such as the maintenance of land and adequate sanitary measures may be important factors for a better control of this invasive mollusk.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de A. fulica no território da Grande Aracaju, Sergipe, avaliando a infecção destes moluscos por nematódeos, a influência das condições climáticas e das características do ambiente. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante os meses de junho de 2016 a maio de 2017. Foi utilizada a metodologia de parcelas para as coletas mensais de 20 min por área, um total de 15 parcelas distribuídas em 5 municípios. Os moluscos foram mensurados e logo em seguida realizada a análise parasitológica do muco e fezes. Foi realizada a identificação molecular para avaliar a possível presença de Angiostrongylus sp. Observamos que a ocorrência de A. fulica foi mais representativa em áreas urbanas, sobretudo em terrenos baldios com a presença de lixo e materiais em decomposição. Nos exemplares de A. fulica examinados foram encontrados nematódeos do gênero Rhabditis, nos municípios da pesquisa, exceto em Barra dos Coqueiros. Não foram encontrados parasitos do gênero Angiostrongylus nos moluscos examinados. A influência da presença de lixo nas parcelas associado à frequência da A. fulica mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa. Houve correlação entre a influência da chuva e a frequência de A. fulica. Foi identificada uma relação significativa entre a umidade e a frequência e a positividade para nematódeos. Foi também observado que quanto maior o molusco, maiores são as chances deste apresentar nematódeos. O conhecimento científico a respeito da biologia da espécie A. fulica associado à intervenção humana como, a manutenção de terrenos e medidas sanitárias adequadas podem ser fatores importantes para um controle malacológico mais adequado para esta espécie invasora.

Ocotea pulchellaas an alternative against schistosomiasis: chemical analysis, development of nanoemulsion and biological control activity / Ocotea pulchellacomo una alternativa ante esquistosomiasis: análisis químico, desarrollo de una nanoemulsión y actividad en control biológico

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of the essential oil (EO) from Ocotea pulchella leaves as an alternative in the control of schistosomiasis. It was tested O. pulchella EO nanoformulation to assess its activity against adult Biomphalaria glabrata, their spawning and Schistossoma mansoni cercariae. Additionally, the EO chemical composition was investigated by gas-chromatography. Nanoemulsion were elaborated by the low energy method. The adult mollusks, their spawning and cercariae were placed in contact with nanoemulsion to calculate lethal concentrations. Myristicin, bicyclogermacrene and α-Pinene were the main substances in the EO. Nanoemulsion caused mortality of adult B. glabrata, its egg embryos and S. mansoni. These results suggest the use of this nanoemulsion as an alternative in the control of the schistosomiasis cycle.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial de los aceites esenciales (AE) de las hojas de Ocotea pulchellacomo una alternativa en el control de esquistosomiasis. Se probó una nanoformulación de AE de O. pulchellapara evaluar su actividad ante adultos de Biomphalaria glabrata, sus huevos y cercarías de Schistossoma mansoni. La nanoemulsión fue elaborada por el método de baja energía. Los moluscos adultos, sus huevos y cercarías se colocaron en contacto con la nanoemulsión para calcular concentraciones letales. Los compuestos mayoritarios en el AE fueron miristicina, biciclogermacreno y α-pineno. La nanoemulsión causó mortalidad en adultos de B. glabrata, sus huevos y a S. mansoni. Los resultados sugieren el uso de esta nanoemulsión como una alternativa en el control del ciclo de esquistosomiasis.

PI3K/Akt Signaling Involved with Osteoinductive Effects of Achatina fulica Mucus

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts play important roles in bone formation. Achatina fulica mucus presented the property of osteoinduction. This study aimed to examine the effects of A. fulica mucus on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) and human fetal osteoblastic cell line (HFOB) differentiation. The integrated effects of A. fulica mucus and polycaprolactone (PCL) on the differentiation of hMSCs were tested. The cell viability of hMSCs treated with A. fulica mucus was investigated by the MTT assay. The cell mineralization was observed by Alizarin Red S staining, the gene expression was investigated using RT-PCR, and the PI3K activation was studied using flow cytometry. The results indicated that A. fulica mucus induced osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs and HFOBs by upregulation of the osteogenic markers; osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN). The results of the Alizarin Red S staining indicated that A. fulica mucus supported mineralization in both hMSCs and HFOBs. The hMSCs cultured on PCL supplemented with A. fulica mucus showed significantly increased RUNX2 and OPN expressions. A. fulica mucus was observed to increase PI3K activation in hMSCs. The findings of this study suggested that A. fulica mucus and biomaterials could be applied together for use in bone regeneration in the future.

Perkinsus sp. infecting three important mollusks from Jaguaribe River estuary, Ceará, Brazil / Perkinsus sp. infectando três importantes moluscos do estuário do Rio Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil

This work investigated the occurrence of Perkinsus sp. in clam Anomalocardia brasiliana, oyster Crassostrea sp. and mussel Mytella falcata from the Jaguaribe River estuary, northeastern Brazil. The collection of clam (N = 300), oysters (N = 300) and mussels (N = 300) were carried out in the estuary of the Jaguaribe River, Ceará, in March and April (rainy season) and October (dry season) in 2017. The mollusks were measured in their major axis, open, and had their tissues submitted to tissue incubation techniques in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM), histology, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), PCR and sequencing. The RFTM assays showed Perkinsus sp. infecting the three mollusks investigated. The prevalence of infected clams was 1.33% in both sampling periods, oysters ranged from 2.66 (rainy season) to 8% (dry period), and mussels from 0% (dry period) to 51.33% (rainy season). The intensity of infection was very light to light in clams, very soft to severe in oysters and very soft to moderate in mussels. Histological analyses showed cells of Perkinsus sp. infecting the gills and connective tissue around the digestive gland of some individuals. The qPCR generated amplicons in all positive samples in RFTM, confirming the presence of Perkinsus sp., while the sequencing evidenced high similarity (99%) with the species P. beihaiensis. In conclusion, the results obtained contribute to increasing knowledge about the occurrence of Perkinsus sp. in bivalve mollusks from northeastern Brazil.(AU)

Foi investigada a ocorrência da infecção pelo protozoário Perkinsus sp. em berbigões Anomalocardia brasiliana, ostras Crassostrea sp. e mexilhões Mytella falcata do estuário do Rio Jaguaribe, Nordeste do Brasil. As colheitas dos berbigões (N = 300), ostras (N = 300) e mexilhões (N = 300) foram realizadas no estuário do Rio Jaguaribe, Ceará, nos meses de março e abril (período chuvoso) e outubro (período seco) de 2017. Os moluscos foram medidos em seu maior eixo, abertos e os seus tecidos foram submetidos às técnicas de incubação de tecidos em meio fluido de tioglicolato de Ray (RFTM), histologia, reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR), PCR e sequenciamento. Os ensaios de RFTM evidenciaram Perkinsus sp. infectando os três moluscos investigados. A prevalência de berbigões infectados foi de 1,33% em ambos os períodos de amostragem, a de ostras variou de 2,66 (período chuvoso) a 8% (período seco) e a de mexilhões de 0% (período seco) a 51,33% (período chuvoso). A intensidade de infecção apresentou-se muito leve a leve em berbigões, muito leve à severa nas ostras e muito leve à moderada nos mexilhões. As análises histológicas mostraram células de Perkinsus sp. infectando as brânquias e tecido conjuntivo em torno da glândula digestiva de alguns indivíduos. A qPCR gerou amplicons em todas as amostras positivas em RFTM, confirmando a presença de Perkinsus sp., enquanto o sequenciamento mostrou alta similaridade (99%) com a espécie P. beihaiensis. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente estudo contribuem para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de Perkinsus sp. em moluscos bivalves do Nordeste do Brasil.(AU)

Diversidad malacológica del humedal marino-costero Las Lisas-La Barrona en el Pacífico de Guatemala / Malacological diversity of the Las Lisas-La Barrona marine coastal wetland in the Pacific of Guatemala

Los moluscos son uno de los grupos faunísticos dominantes en ambientes estuarinos con bosque de manglar como el humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona. Forman parte de la transferencia de energía a través de las redes tróficas y contribuyen a la estructuración de los hábitats bénticos. El humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona se ubica en el litoral Pacífico de Guatemala. Se determinó la diversidad de la comunidad de moluscos, así como su relación con los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua. Se realizaron ocho muestreos (enero a agosto) en 2017, utilizando parcelas con un área de 16 m2 en seis sitios de bosque de manglar y cuatro sitios en el canal estuarino, distribuidos en el humedal. La riqueza de moluscos del humedal está comprendida por 26 especies correspondientes a 18 familias y 22 géneros. Las especies más abundantes de gasterópodos fueron Cerithideopsis californica (Adams, 1852) y Littoraria fasciata (Gray, 1839) y de bivalvos Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) y Larkinia grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Los sitios correspondientes a bosque de manglar presentaron una mayor cantidad de moluscos, principalmente gasterópodos. La distribución de las especies dominantes, no está dada por los factores fisicoquímicos del agua, pudiendo ser otros factores como la disponibilidad de hábitat y alimento los que rijan su distribución dentro del humedal. Algunos factores como la influencia de agua marina dentro del humedal, las altas concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto y pH ligeramente básicos, así como la calidad del agua en general, hacen del humedal Las Lisas-La Barrona un área muy diversa en cuanto a especies de moluscos.

Molluscs are one of the dominant faunistic groups in estuarine environments with mangrove forests such as the Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland. They are part of the transfer of energy through trophic networks and contribute to the structuring of the benthic habitats. The Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland is located on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. The diversity of the mollusk community, as well as its relationship with the physicochemical parameters of the water was determined. Eight samplings were carried out (January to August) in 2017, using parcels with an area of 16 m2 in six mangrove forest sites and four sites in the estuarine channel, distributed along the wetland. The mollusk richness of the wetland is comprised of 26 species corresponding to 18 families and 22 genera. The most abundant species of gastropods were Cerithideopsis californica (Adams, 1852) and Littoraria fasciata (Gray, 1839) and bivalves Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) and Larkinia grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). The sites corresponding to mangrove forest, presented a greater amount of mollusks, mainly gastropods. The distribution of dominant species is not given by the physicochemical factors of the water, being able to be other factors such as the availability of habitat and food that govern their distribution within the wetland. Some factors such as the influence of seawater in the wetland, the high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and the slightly basic levels of pH, as well as water quality in general, make the Las Lisas-La Barrona wetland a very diverse area in terms of mollusk species

Strongylides in Achatina(Lissachatina)fulica (Mollusca, Achatinidae) in Havana, Cuba / Strongylides in Achatina(Lissachatina)fulica (Mollusca, Achatinidae) in Havana, Cuba

ABSTRACT Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica was introduced in Cuba in 2014 for african religious purposes and nowadays, mainly by human activity, it is widespread all over the country and, where besides a general nuisance for people it is a pest and also a public health concern, since it is one of the natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, ethiological agent of the meningoencephalitis. As in Havana is experiencing the explosive phase of the invasion, LABCEL has been receiving samples of these molluscs for identification and search for Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae. While examining samples of A. fulica different larvae were obtained, as strongylides found in the interior of the pallial cavity of A. fulica.This is the first report in San Miguel del Padron and Regla municipalities of the development of larvae in A. Fulica evidencing the health importance of this mollusc in the potential transmission of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Since the spread of A. fulica is pointed out in the literature as one of the main causative spread of the meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis the authors emphasize the need of sanitary vigilance of snails and rats from vulnerable areas for A. cantonensis introduction as the port side areas like these municipalities.

RESUMEN Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica se introdujo en Cuba en 2014 con fines religiosos africanos y hoy en día, principalmente por actividad humana, está muy extendida en todo el país y, además de una molestia general para las personas, es una plaga y también un problema de salud pública, ya que es uno de los huéspedes intermedios naturales de Angiostrongylus cantonensis, agente etiológico de la meningoencefalitis. Como en La Habana está experimentando la fase explosiva de la invasión, LABCEL ha estado recibiendo muestras de estos moluscos para su identificación y búsqueda de larvas de Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Mientras se examinaban muestras de A. fulica, se obtuvieron diferentes larvas, como strongylides encontrados en el interior de la cavidad paliar de A. fulica. Este es el primer informe en los municipios de San Miguel del Padrón y Regla sobre el desarrollo de larvas en A. Fulica evidenciando La importancia para la salud de este molusco en la transmisión potencial de la meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. Dado que la propagación de A. fulica se señala en la literatura como una de las principales causas de la meningoencefalitis causada por A. cantonensis, los autores enfatizan la necesidad de vigilancia sanitaria de caracoles y ratas de áreas vulnerables para la introducción de A. cantonensis como zonas de babor como estos municipios.

Confirmation of the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in lung tissue of the African giant snail (Lissachatina fulica) in Colombia / Confirmación de la presencia de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en tejido pulmonar de caracol gigante Africano (Lissachatina fulica) en Colombia

Objetive: To confirm the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Lissachatina fulica individuals in Colombia. Methods: 19 individuals of L. fulica were collected in the city of Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Lung tissue was extracted and two analysis methods were used: visual identification by histological observation, and identification through conventional and real-time PCR. The A. cantonensis detection rate was established taking into account each of the analysis techniques used. Results: Presence of A. cantonensis was confirmed in the lung tissue of L. fulica specimens collected in the city of Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The detection rate based on visual identification through histological analysis was 89%, whereas it was 95% using conventional PCR, and 100% using real-time PCR. Conclusion: This study confirmed for the first time the presence of A. cantonensis associated with L. fulica specimens in Colombia. Therefore, eosinophilic meningitis could be considered an emerging disease in Colombia.

Objetivo: confirmar la presencia de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en individuos de Lissachatina fulica en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron 19 individuos de L. fulica en la ciudad de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se extrajo el tejido pumonar y se utilizaron dos métodos de análisis: identificación visual por observación histológica e identificación a través de PCR convencional y en tiempo real. La tasa de detección de A. cantonensis fue establecida para cada una de las técnicas de análisis utilizadas. Resultados: se confirmó la presencia de A. cantonensis en el tejido pulmonar de los especímenes de L. fulica recolectados en la ciudad de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. La tasa de detección alcanzanda a través de la técnica de identificación visual mediante análisis histológico fue del 89%, mientras que usando la técnica de PCR convencional fue del 95% y de PCR en tiempo real fue del 100%. Conclusión: este estudio confirma por primera vez la presencia de A. cantonensis asociado a especímenes de L. fulica en Colombia. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la meningitis eosinofílica sea propuesta como una enfermedad emergente en Colombia.

A new heparan sulfate from the mollusk Nodipecten nodosus inhibits merozoite invasion and disrupts rosetting and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum

BACKGROUND Despite treatment with effective antimalarial drugs, the mortality rate is still high in severe cases of the disease, highlighting the need to find adjunct therapies that can inhibit the adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Pf-iEs). OBJECTIVES In this context, we evaluated a new heparan sulfate (HS) from Nodipecten nodosus for antimalarial activity and inhibition of P. falciparum cytoadhesion and rosetting. METHODS Parasite inhibition was measured by SYBR green using a cytometer. HS was assessed in rosetting and cytoadhesion assays under static and flow conditions using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human lymphatic endothelial cell (HLEC) cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), respectively. FINDINGS This HS inhibited merozoite invasion similar to heparin. Moreover, mollusk HS decreased cytoadherence of P. falciparum to CSA and ICAM-1 on the surface of endothelial cells under static and flow conditions. In addition, this glycan efficiently disrupted rosettes. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a potential use for mollusk HS as adjunct therapy for severe malaria.

Qualidade microbiológica do sururu (Mytella charruana) comercializado por catadoras da Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Microbiological quality of sururu (Mytella charruana) marketed by scavengers of the Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A preocupação com a qualidade do pescado é de grande importância para todos, pois é um alimento de alto valor nutritivo, mas tem grande susceptibilidade à deterioração e formação de substâncias prejudiciais à saúde, quando as condições de conservação e manipulação não são mantidas. O cultivo de moluscos bivalves além de ser uma fonte alternativa de alimentos, é uma opção para a subsistência das populações ribeirinhas de todo o litoral, à medida que a matriz alimentícia ganha espaço no mercado, principalmente nas regiões nordeste, sul e sudeste. Os sururus são organismos filtradores, capazes de absorver micropartículas em suspensão, as quais podem carrear elevadas concentrações de microrganismos patogênicos, outro fator importante relacionado a este molusco é a má condição de manipulação no beneficiamento, que pode provocar toxinfecções alimentares, ambos provocando danos à saúde. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas em sururu in natura e após cozimento. Nas amostras analisadas houve ausência de Salmonella spp., com redução na contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva e de Coliformes Termotolerantes a 45ºC nos produtos cozidos. Os resultados são indicativos de que mesmo havendo redução de contaminação bacteriana, a manipulação das catadoras, após cozimento, é inadequada e que medidas corretivas devem ser adotadas para se obter o produto adequado bacteriologicamente ao consumo.

Fish quality has a great importance concerning to its high nutritional value, due to its great susceptibility to deterioration and occurrence of harmful substances to human health when the storage and handling conditions are not kept properly. The bivalves farming is an alternative source of food and also a source of livelihood for riverside communities, as the product is accepted in the market, mainly in the Northeast, South and Southeast regions. As filter feeders organisms, “sururu” mussels can absorb microparticles which can carry high level of pathogenic micro-organisms. Another important factor is the bad handling conditions both can lead to foodstuff infections. Microbiological analyzes were performed in raw “sururu” mussel and after cooking. The samples analyzed there was no Salmonella sp., a reduction in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus count and thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C in baked products. Results of the analyzes showed that even with the contamination reduction, the handling of the women staff after cooking is inadequate and corrective measures should be taken to obtain a safe product for the final consumer.