Infecciones por Yersinia / Yersinia infections

La Yersinia enterocolitica o la Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pueden tener diferentes formas de presentación entre las que están la enteritis o enterocolitis, la adenitis mesentérica asociada a ileitis distal, la septicemia, infecciones localizadas o manifestaciones extraintestinales. Es responsable de hasta 7 por ciento de los cuadros de gastroenteritis infecciosas y se asocia a una elevada mortalidad post-infección a corto y largo plazo, de 2 a 3 veces mayor. Esta infección bacteriana se adquiere mediante la ingesta oral de productos contaminados y/o inadecuadamente preparados. El aislamiento de Yersinia en las deposiciones es el examen más específico y siempre debe ser solicitado. Debido a su baja sensibilidad los estudios serológicos pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico, y la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (PCR) puede constituirse próximamente en el examen de elección para el diagnóstico de esta infección. Los antibióticos útiles para su tratamiento son los aminoglicósidos, cefalosporinas de tercera generación, cloranfenicol, quinolonas, tetraciclinas y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol.

Yersinia enterocolitica or yersinia pseudotuberculosis may have different presentation forms: among those are enteritis or enterocholitis, mesenteric adenitis associated with distal ileitis, septicemia, localized infections or extra-intestinal manifestations. It is responsible for up to 7 percent of infectious gastroenteritis and is associated with high post-infection mortality in the short and long term, which is 2 to 3 times higher. This bacterial infection is acquired through oral consumption of contaminated and/or inappropriately prepared products. Isolation of Yersinia in stool samples is the more specific exam and it should always be performed. Due to its low sensibility, serological studies may be useful for the diagnosis, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may become the elective exam for the diagnosis of this infection in the future. Antibiotics that are useful for its treatment are aminoglycoside, third-generation cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, and Trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol.

Panoramic view of the occurrence of Yersinia species other than Y. pestis in Brazil

Data on the occurrence of Yersinia species. other than Y. pestis in Brazil are presented. Over the past 40 years, 767 Yersinia strains have been identified and typed by the National Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis, using the classical biochemical tests for species characterization. The strains were further classified into biotypes, serotypes and phagetypes when pertinent. These tests led to the identification of Yersinia cultures belonging to the species Y. enterocolitica, Y.pseudotuberculosis, Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii and Y. kristensenii. Six isolates could not be classified in any of the known Yersinia species and for this reason were defined as Non-typable (NT). The bio-sero-phagetypes of these strains were diverse. The following species of Yersinia were not identified among the Brazilian strains by the classical phenotypic or biochemical tests: Y. aldovae, Y. rhodei, Y. mollaretti, Y. bercovieri and Y.ruckeri. The Yersinia strains were isolated from clinical material taken from sick and/or healthy humans and animals, from various types of food and from the environment, by investigators of various Institutions localized in different cities and regions of Brazil.

Ribotyping and virulence markers of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from animals in Brazil

Ribotyping and virulence markers has been used to investigate 68 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains of serogroups O:1a and O:3. The strains were isolated from clinical material obtained from healthy and sick animals in the Southern region of Brazil. Ribotypes were identified by double digestion of extracted DNA with the restriction endonucleases SmaI and PstI, separation by electrophoresis and hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe. The presence of the chromosomal virulence marker genes inv, irp1, irp2, psn, ybtE, ybtP-ybtQ, and ybtX-ybtS, of the IS100 insertion sequence, and of the plasmid gene lcrF was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The strains were grouped into four distinct ribotypes, all of them comprising several strains. Ribotypes 1 and 4 presented distinct profiles, with 57.3 percent genetic similarity, ribotypes 2 and 3 presented 52.5 percent genetic similarity, and genetic similarity was 45 percent between these two groups (1/4 and 2/3). All strains possessed the inv, irp1, and irp2 genes. Additionally, strains of serogroup O:1a carried psn, ybtE, ybtP-ybtQ, ybtX-ybtS, and IS100. As expected lcrF was only detected in strains harboring the virulence plasmid. These data demonstrate the presence of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains harboring genotypic virulence markers in the livestock from Southern Brazil and that the dissemination of these bacteria may occur between herds.

Invasin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is not a polyclonal activator of mouse B lymphocytes

It is known that the invasin molecule of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis stimulates human peripheral B cells in vitro. In this work we evaluated the in vivo role ofinvasin as polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes in the mouse experimental model, by comparing strains of Y.pseudotuberculosis expressing invasin and isogenic inv mutants. Swiss mice were infected intravenously with two strains expressing invasin (YpIII pIB1 and an isogenic virulence plasmid-cured strain, YpIII) and with two invasin mutant strains (Yp100 pIB1 and Yp100, plasmid-cured). Spleen cells were sampled on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after infection. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting spleen cells were detected by protein A plaque assay and specific antibodies were detected in sera by ELISA. The virulent strain YPIII pIB1 (wild type) did not provoke polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in vivo. In general, fewer Ig-secreting spleen cells of all isotypes were foundin the infected animals than in the control animals. Specific IgG antibodies were detected in the sera of animals infected with all strains. The peak response occurred on the 21st day post-infection, and the Yp100 strain provoked the highest level of these antibodies. We concluded that invasin is not a polyclonal activator of murine B cells.

Experimental kinetics of infection induced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from stock animals

The course of in vivo infection of five isolates of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was followed for three weeks in Swiss mice. The strains were isolated from diarrheic and normal feces and mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy and sick stock animals. Four strains of serogroup O:3 and one of serogroup O:1a, with and without the virulence plasmid, were inoculated intragastrically and intravenously in the mice. Groups of five animals were sacrificed at 6 h and 3, 6, 10, 15, and 21 days after inoculation, and organs and tissues were checked for possible macroscopic alterations. Development of infection was monitored at these times by performing viable bacterial counts in homogenates of selected tissues. The animals were cheked daily for clinical alterations. The results of the study showed that strains with the virulence plasmid infected organs and tissues at various times and at varying intensity by both routes of infection, the strain of type O:1a being the most invasive. Moreover, clinical and pathological alterations occurred only in animals inoculated with bacteria carrying the virulence plasmid, regardless of the route of infection.

Papel das proteínas "Yops" de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis na ativação do linfócitos B / Role of Yops of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in B lymphocyte activation

O plasmídeo de virulência, comum às espécies patogênicas de Yersinia codifica um conjunto de proteínas secretadas denominadas Yops ("Yersinia outer proteins"). As "Yops" efetoras têm sido relacionadas e uma série de propriedades biológicas, incluindo resitência à fagocitose, citotoxicidade e desfosforilação de proteínas do hospedeiro. Porém, a associação das "Yops" de Yersinia com a resposta imune adaptativa do hospedeiro não está bem esclarecida. Yops secretadas por Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 provocam ativação policlonal de linfócitos B, quando inoculadas em camundongos. Neste trabalho, Yops secretadas po Y. pseudotuberculosis foram inoculadas por via intravenosa em camundongos Swiss livres de patógenos específicos (SPF), com objetivo de se verificar o papel in vivo destas proteínas sobre a ativação de linfócitos B esplênicos. Para tanto, foi determinada a cinética de células secretoras de imunoglobulinas inespecíficas e específicas dos diferentes isotipos (IgG, IgM e IgA), pela técnica de ELISPOT e pesquisada a presença de anticorpos específicos anti-Yersinia nos soros dos animais inoculados, através de ELISA. Foi verificado que ocorreu um aumento significativo apenas no número de linfócitos secretores de Igs inespecíficas do isotipo IgG no 21º dia poó-inoculação (aumento de 2,5 vezes em relação aos controles). O número de linfócitos secretores dos outros isotipos foi semelhante aos controles, com exceção de IgA, que sofreu uma diminuição de 3,1 vezes no 7º dia pós-inoculação. Quanto às células secretoras de imunoglobulinas específicas, a resposta dos animais inoculados foi muito individual. Em alguns camundongos inoculados, foram detectadas células secretoras de Igs anti-Yersinia do isotipo IgG, no 7º e 14º dia pós-inoculação e do isotipo IgM, no 7º e 28º dia pós-inoculação. Por outro lado, foram detectados anticorpos séricos anti-Yersinia foram detectados apenas no 7º dia pós-inoculação. Estes resultados demonstram que existe uma diferença na capacidade imunomoduladora das Yops secretadas por Y.pseudotuberculosis e Y.enterocolitica.

Epidemiologia da Yersinia pseudotuberculosis no Brasil / Epidemiology of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Brazil

O Laboratório de Referência em Yersinia no Brasil, responsável pela identificaçäo e biossorofagotipagem de bactérias isoladas no país, caracterizou, durante os anos de 1982 a 1990, 105 cepas de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, isoladas de animais sadios ou doentes, nos Estados do Paraná e do Rio Grande do Sul. Cepas adicionais näo foram recebidas pelo Laboratório após aquele período, bem como näo foram caracterizadas amostras de Y. pseudotuberculosis isoladas do homem. As bactérias foram isoladas de diferentes materiais clínicos de bubalinos, bovinos e de um suíno. Após a biossorotipagem, a grande maioria (97,14 por cento) dos isolados foi classificada no biotipo 2 e sorogrupo O3, ao passo que 2,8 por cento deles no biotipo 1 e sorogrupo 1b.

Isolamento de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis de fezes de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis) / Isolation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) feces

Amostras de matérias fecais de 119 búfalos clinicamente sadios, de 5 propriedades, foram colocadas em enriquecimento a 10 por cento em infusäo de cérebro e coraçäo por 3 semanas e semeadas semanalmente em meio seletivo para Yersinia spp (Yersinis Selective Agar com Yersinia Antimicrobial Supplement) e em agar Mac Conckey. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sorotipo OIII foi isolada somente em amostras de uma propriedade em que estava ocorrendo um surto de yersiniose. A bactéria foi recuperada de 21 amostras de um total de 25 amostras de fêmeas adultas sadias de todas as 9 amostras de bezerros sadios. Y. pseudotuberculosis näo foi isolada das demais propriedades, incluindo 2 naquelas em que haviam sido diagnosticados surtos de yersiniose 1 e 5 anos antes da coleta. Dos 30 isolamentos, 14 (46,7 por cento) foram isolados nos dois meios de cultura, 1 (3,3 por cento) somente em agar Mac Conckey e 15 (50 por cento) somente em meio seletivo, demonstrando a maior eficiência deste meio para a identificaçäo de animais portadores. Dos 15 isolamentos obtidos em Mac Conckey, 12 (80 por cento) foram isolados após 1 semana de crioenriquecimento, 3 (20 por cento) após 2 semanas e nenhum após 3 semanas. Dos 29 isolamentos obtidos em meio seletivo, 22 (75,1 por cento) foram isolados apos 1 semana, 6 (20,7 por cento) após 2 semanas e 1 (3,4 por cento) após 3 semanas

Isolamento de yersinia pseudotuberculosis de bezerros, na regiäo de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil / Isolation of yersinia psudotuberculosis from calves, in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Säo relatados o isolamento, características bioquímicas e sensibilidade a drogas antimicrobianas de 3 cepas de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pertencentes ao grupo O-III. As cepas foram isoladas de bezerros com diarréia, na regiäo de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil