Renal tuberculosis in an imatinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia / Tuberculose renal em paciente com leucemia mieloide crônica tratado com imatinibe

ABSTRACT Imatinib, which inhibits tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl protein, is a standard form of treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Through its immunomodulatory effect it affects T cell function in a number of ways. It inhibits antigen-induced T cell activation and proliferation. Antigen-specific T-cells and macrophages are vital for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we present a case of renal tuberculosis associated with imatinib therapy in the maintenance phase of CML. With granulomatous interstitial nephritis and positive tubercular DNA on renal biopsy, the condition was successfully treated with anti-tubercular therapy. This case provides support to the hypothesis that imatinib therapy in CML increases the susceptibility to tuberculosis and strict vigilance is required to enable its early detection and treatment.

RESUMO O imatinibe, um inibidor da atividade da tirosina-quinase da proteína BCR-ABL, faz parte do padrão de tratamento para leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC). Por conta de seu efeito imunomodulador, o imatinibe afeta a função dos linfócitos T de várias maneiras ao inibir a sua ativação e proliferação induzidas por antígenos. Linfócitos T e macrófagos antígeno-específicos são vitais para a proteção contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O presente artigo relata um caso de tuberculose renal associada a terapia com imatinibe na fase de manutenção da LMC. Com nefrite intersticial granulomatosa e positividade para DNA de M. tuberculosis na biópsia renal, o paciente foi tratado com sucesso com terapia antituberculínica. O presente caso corrobora a hipótese de que a terapia com imatinibe na LMC aumenta a suscetibilidade à tuberculose, exigindo vigilância rigorosa para permitir sua detecção e tratamento precoces.

Hidrocele como manifestación inicial de tuberculosis genitourinaria y miliar / Hydrocele as initial manifestation of genitourinary and miliary tuberculosis / Hidrocele como manifestação inicial da tuberculose geniturinária e miliar

Introducción. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que puede afectar cualquier órgano del cuerpo, incluyendo el sistema genitourinario, representando el 33.7-45.5 % de las tuberculosis extrapulmonares. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el caso de un paciente con hidrocele como manifestación inicial de tuberculosis genitourinaria y miliar, enfermedad que no se sospechaba. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino previamente sano, que consulta a urgencias por orquialgia e hidrocele bilateral, con secreción purulenta por escroto, requiriendo manejo antibiótico intravenoso e hidrocelectomía derecha, con hallazgos intraoperatorios de engrosamiento del epidídimo derecho, y drenaje de material caseoso y purulento. Se realizó epididimectomía ipsilateral, se solicitaron pruebas de detección de bacilos tuberculosos en espécimen y derivado proteico purificado, que fueron positivas. En el postoperatorio presentó sintomatología respiratoria; paraclínicos evidenciaron compromiso pulmonar, pleural y de la vía urinaria por bacilos tuberculosos. Se inicia manejo antituberculoso con evolución satisfactoria. Discusión. El genitourinario es considerado el segundo sistema con mayor afectación de tuberculosis extrapulmonar. El órgano más afectado es el riñón (en un 80 % con respecto a los demás) y el órgano genital es el epidídimo (22 - 55 %). Debe sospecharse en pacientes con síntomas urinarios crónicos sin causa aparente. Se asocia a una alta tasa de morbimortalidad por infertilidad y falla renal. Conclusiones. A pesar de su sintomatología inespecífica y de tratarse de una entidad poco sospechada, la tuberculosis genitourinaria debe descartarse al existir tuberculosis pulmonar. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno serán de gran importancia para evitar complicaciones secundarias. Cómo citar: Álvarez-Jaramillo J, Ortiz-Zableh AM, Tarazona-Jiménez P, Ortiz-Azuero A. Hidrocele como manifestación inicial de tuberculosis genitourinaria y miliar. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):71-78. doi:10.29375/01237047.3534

Introduction. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can affect any organ in the body, including the genitourinary system, which accounts for 33.7 - 45.5 % of non-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of hydrocele as initial manifestation of genitourinary and miliary tuberculosis, which was an unsuspected disease. Case Presentation. Previously healthy male patient is admitted to emergencies due to orchialgia and bilateral hydrocele, with purulent secretion from the scrotum. Was managed with intravenous antibiotic and right hydrocelectomy. Intraoperative findings of thickening of right epididymis and drainage of caseous and purulent material. Ipsilateral epididymectomy was performed; testing for detection of tubercle bacillus in specimen and purified protein derivative was requested, and was found positive. In the postoperative period, respiratory symptoms arose; paraclinical tests found compromised lungs, pleura and urinary tract by tubercle bacillus. Antituberculous treatment was initiated with satisfactory evolution. Discussion. The genitourinary system is the second-most affected system by nonpulmonary tuberculosis. The most affected organ is the kidney (by 80 % compared to the others) and the most affected genital organ is the epididymis (22 - 55 %). It should be suspected in patients with chronic urinary symptoms with no apparent cause. It is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality due to infertility and kidney failure. Conclusions. Despite the non-specific symptoms and because it is not normally a suspected entity, genitourinary tuberculosis should be ruled out when pulmonary tuberculosis exists. Timely diagnosis and treatment are very important in order to prevent secondary complications. Cómo citar: Álvarez-Jaramillo J, Ortiz-Zableh AM, Tarazona-Jiménez P, Ortiz-Azuero A. Hidrocele como manifestación inicial de tuberculosis genitourinaria y miliar. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):71-78. doi:10.29375/01237047.3534

Introdução. A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa que pode afetar qualquer órgão do corpo, incluindo o sistema geniturinário, representando 33.7 a 45.5 % da tuberculose extrapulmonar. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um paciente com hidrocele como uma manifestação inicial de tuberculose geniturinária e miliar, uma doença que não se suspeitava. Apresentação do caso. Paciente do sexo masculino previamente saudável, que consultou a emergência para orquialgia e hidrocele bilateral, com secreção purulenta do escroto, necessitando de tratamento antibiótico endovenoso e hidrocelectomia direita, com achados intraoperatórios de espessamento do epidídimo direito e drenagem de material purulento e caseoso. Foi realizada uma epididimectomia ipsilateral e foram solicitados exames de bacilos tuberculosos em espécime e derivado proteico purificado, que foram positivos. No pós-operatório, apresentou sintomas respiratórios; testes para-clínicos mostraram comprometimento pulmonar, pleural e do trato urinário devido a bacilos da tuberculose. Começa-se o tratamento antituberculose com evolução satisfatória. Discussão. O sistema geniturinário é considerado o segundo com maior comprometimento da tuberculose extrapulmonar. O órgão mais afetado é o rim (80 % em relação aos demais) e o órgão genital é o epidídimo (22 a 55 %). Deve-se suspeitar em pacientes com sintomas urinários crônicos sem causa aparente. Está associada a uma alta taxa de morbimortalidade devido à infertilidade e insuficiência renal. Conclusões. Apesar de sua sintomatologia inespecífica e de ser uma entidade pouco suspeitada, a tuberculose geniturinária deve ser descartada quando existir tuberculose pulmonar. Seu diagnóstico e tratamento oportuno serão de grande importância para evitar complicações secundárias. Cómo citar: Álvarez-Jaramillo J, Ortiz-Zableh AM, Tarazona-Jiménez P, Ortiz-Azuero A. Hidrocele como manifestación inicial de tuberculosis genitourinaria y miliar. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):71-78. doi:10.29375/01237047.3534

Tuberculosis miliar con diseminación renal y genitourinaria, Hospital Escuela Universitario, Honduras, 2017 / Tuberculosis Miliar with Renal and Genitourinary Dissemination, University School Hospital. Honduras, 2017

La tuberculosis continúa siendo un reto diagnóstico al presentarse con características clínicas poco usuales. Objetivo: exponer las características clínicas en un caso inusual de tuberculosis miliar, con diseminación genitourinaria. Presentación del caso clínico: p aciente masculino de 48 años, agricultor, de escasos recursos económicos, sin comorbilidades previas; presentó sintomatología constitucional, pérdida de peso, fiebre y dolor lumbar irradiado a ambos flancos de la región abdominal, de características específicas, de un mes de evolución, acompañado de disuria y oliguria, negó síntomas respiratorios. Al examen físico, luce crónicamente enfermo, en mal estado nutricional, sin deterioro de la conciencia, no evidenció adenopatías cervicales ni inguinales, sin presencia de signos pulmonares y con leve dolor renal bilateral a la puño percusión;en área genital se identifica una masa de borde regular, móvil, sobre el polo superior del testículo derecho. Examen hematológico, presencia de Bicitopenia (anemia microcitica hipocromica y trombocitopenia leve). Además con hiperazoemia e hiperkalemia en la bioquímica sanguínea refractaria al tratamiento; en gases arteriales acidosis metabólica con anión gap elevado, por lo que fue sometido a hemodiálisis aguda. A través de los estudios imagenológicos, por medio de la bacteria alcohol acido resistente de sedimento urinario seriado y la tinción Ziehl Neelsen en orina, se determinó el diagnóstico yse inició terapia antifimica. Conclusión: Es necesario considerar a la tuberculosis como diagnóstico diferencial, especialmente en presentaciones poco usuales, dado que es endémica en Honduras...(AU)

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with distal and intramural ureter resection for a tuberculous non - functional kidney

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of total retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with urinary-bladder junction resection for a tuberculous nonfunctional kidney. Materials and Methods: A total of 27 individuals diagnosed with unilateral nonfunctional kidney secondary to tuberculosis were treated between June 2011 and June 2015. All patients had normal renal function on the contralateral side and underwent the standard four-drug anti-tuberculosis treatment for at least four weeks before surgery. Total retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed in all patients, and the urinary-bladder junction of distal ureter was managed using different auto-suture techniques. Results: Nineteen male and 8 female patients with an average age of 47.3 years (range, 36-64 years) underwent surgery. All the operations were successfully performed without conversion. The median operative time was 109.3 min (range, 75-138 min), the median blood loss was 157.5 mL (range, 70-250 mL), and the median hospitalization time was 3.7 days (range, 3-6 days). No serious perioperative complications occurred. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was prescribed to all patients, with the entire course of treatment lasting six months. No recurrence of tuberculosis of the bladder or the contralateral kidney was observed during the median follow-up period of 26.7 months (range, 6-54 months). Conclusion: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with urinary-bladder junction resection is a safe and feasible approach for the treatment of tuberculous non-functional kidneys.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia and en bloc ligation of the renal hilum for management of inflammatory renal diseases

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aims to improve laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques for inflammatory renal diseases (IRD) and to reduce complications. Materials and Methods Thirty-three patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD, with a method of outside Gerota fascia dissection and en-bloc ligation and division of the renal pedicle. Operative time, blood loss, complications, analgesia requirement, post-operative recovery of intestinal function and hospital stay were recorded. The degrees of perinephric adhesion were classified based on the observation during operation and post-operative dissection of the specimen, and the association of different types of adhesion with the difficulty of the procedures was examined. Results Among 33 cases, three were converted to hand-assisted laparoscopy, and one was converted to open surgery. Mean operative time was 99.6±29.2min, and blood loss was 75.2±83.5 mL. Postoperative recovery time of intestinal function was 1.6±0.7 days and average hospital stay was 4.8±1.4 days. By classification and comparison of the perinephric adhesions, whether inflammation extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum was found to be not only an important factor influencing the operative time and blood loss, but also the main reason for conversion to hand-assisted laparoscopy or open surgery. Conclusions In laparoscopic nephrectomy, outside Gerota fascia dissection of the kidney and en-bloc ligation of the renal pedicle using EndoGIA could reduce the difficulty of procedure and operative time, with satisfactory safety and reliability. Inflammation and adhesion extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum is an important predictor of the difficulty related to laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD.

Tuberculosis miliar con diseminación renal y genitourinaria: reporte de un caso / Miliary tuberculosis, with renal and genitourinary disemination; Case Report

Antecedentes: A pesar de los grandes avances en la medicina contemporánea; la Tuberculosis continúa siendo un reto diagnóstico, en especial al presentarse con características clínicas poco usuales. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 48 años, agri-cultor, de escasos recursos económicos, sin comorbilidades previas, el cual presenta sintomatología constitucional, pérdida de peso, iebre y dolor lumbar irradiado a ambos lancos de la región abdominal, de características poco especíicas, de un mes de evolución; acompañado de disuria y oliguria, y niega síntomas respiratorios. Al examen físico luce crónicamente enfermo, en mal estado nutricio-nal, sin deterioro de la conciencia, no se evidencia adenopatías cervicales ni inguinales; sin presencia de signos pulmonares, con leve dolor con la puño percusión renal bilateral, en el área genital, se identiica una masa de borde regular, móvil sobre el polo superior del testículo derecho. En el examen hematológico con presencia de Bicitopenia anemia microcitica hipocromica y trombocitopenia leve, en gases arteriales acidosis metabólica con Anión Gap elevado, además con hiperazoemia e hiperkalemia en la bioquímica sanguínea refractaria al tratamiento, razón por la cual fue sometido a Hemodiálisis aguda. Al evaluar radiografía de tórax se observa patrón micro-nodular difuso, no se realiza baciloscopias por falta de expectoración ni por lavado gástrico, en el ultrasonido renal y de vías urinarias se visualizó nefromegalia y la presencia de masa heterogénea de aspecto granulomatoso en testículo derecho; por lo que se solicitó tomografía toracoabdominal, en donde se observa patrón micronodular múltiple a nivel pulmonar, con afectación renal, ganglionar y testicular, se solicita BAAR de sedimento urinario seriado con resultados positivos, y la tinción Ziehl Neelsen en orina con resultado positivo; con ello se inicia terapia antiimica. Discusión: La Tuberculosis renal no tiene un cuadro clínico clásico; generalmente se presenta con manifestaciones atípicas; como en nuestro caso con sintomatología urinaria, hiperazoemia que culmino en terapia de restitución renal de emergencia, con posterior recuperación de la función renal.

Compulsory notification at skilled nursing facilities / Notificação compulsória em instituição asilar

Summary Introduction: Notifiable diseases (NDs) encompass conditions of high clinical severity and/or contagious. Being closed communities, long-term care facilities (LTCF) are places that deserve attention on their own, but one might be left wondering: what is the reality of NDs at Brazilian LTCFs? Objective: To determine the prevalence and type of NDs at large LTCF. Method: Active search for NDs conducted by the Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) in 459 beds. Due to the low turnover of patients, the monthly list kept by the HICC on NDs was analyzed. Data were grouped into males and females, and into elderly (age ≥ 60 years) and non-elderly (age ≤ 59 years). Results: 31 diseases in 29 patients (6.9% of all inpatients - 19 males and 10 females): 23 cases of hepatitis C, five of hepatitis B, two of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and one case of renal tuberculosis. One patient with hepatitis B and another HIV-positive also had hepatitis C. There was no statistical significance in the comparison of the two groups with the total number of other institutionalized patients - by age and gender - for total number of NDs and cases of hepatitis C (p>0.05). Conclusion: Chronic NDs and those requiring chronic treatment observed in this study suggest that Brazil needs more studies to define the dynamics of these diseases at LTCFs.

Resumo Introdução: Doenças de notificação compulsória (DNC) abrangem quadros de alta gravidade clínica e/ou de contágio. Sendo comunidades fechadas, instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPI) são locais que merecem atenção quanto a elas. Mas qual seria a realidade das DNC em ILPI brasileiras? Objetivo: Determinar prevalência e tipo de DNC em ILPI de grande porte. Método: Busca ativa de DNC pela Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (CCIH) em 459 leitos. Em razão da baixa rotatividade de pacientes, analisou-se lista mensal da CCIH sobre DNC. Dividiram-se os dados entre homens e mulheres e entre idosos (idade ≥ 60 anos) e não idosos (idade ≤ 59 anos). Resultados: 31 doenças em 29 pacientes (6,9% do total de internados - 19 homens e 10 mulheres): 23 casos de hepatite C, cinco de hepatite B, dois de positividade sorológica ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e um caso de tuberculose renal. Um paciente com hepatite B e outro com HIV positivo eram também portadores de hepatite C. Não houve significância estatística quando foram comparados os dois grupos com o total dos outros internados - por idade e gênero - pelo total de DNC e nos casos de hepatite C (p>0,05). Conclusão: Pesquisa em 15/11/2008 no portal http://www.scielo.br/não detectou casuísticas em ILPI, exceto por revisões sobre tuberculose. DNC de caráter e/ou tratamento crônico observadas neste estudo sugerem a necessidade de maior número de publicações para definir a dinâmica dessas doenças em ILPI brasileiras.

Chronic kidney disease related to renal tuberculosis: a case report

Abstract: Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is the third most common form of extrapulmonary TB. A 34-year-old man with severe kidney function loss secondary to renal TB initially presented with urinary symptoms, including dysuria and polacyuria. The diagnosis was based on clinical history and laboratory tests; the urinalysis revealed acid-fast bacilli. The patient's condition stabilized after beginning TB-specific treatment, but the right kidney function loss persisted. Renal TB can lead to irreversible loss of renal function. As such, renal function should be considered in all patients from TB-endemic areas who present with urinary symptoms and whose urine cultures are negative for common pathogens.

Tuberculosis en receptores de trasplante renal: experiencia en una unidad de trasplante renal de Perú / Tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients: experience in a kidney transplant unit in Peru

Introducción: El trasplante de órganos conlleva riesgo de contraer tuberculosis (TB) a resultas de la necesaria inmunosupresión concurrente. La literatura señala una incidencia de 0,35 por ciento a 15 por ciento. En nuestro medio, carecemos de datos al respecto. Objetivos: Explorar la epidemiolog¡a, cuadro clinico y pronóstico de la TB en receptores de trasplante renal en  rea endémica. Igualmente, efectuar el analisis de casos multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Institución: Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Material: Historias clinicas de casos de trasplante renal comprendidos en el periodo 1999-2014. Intervenciones: Se revisó en 619 casos de trasplante renal la instalación de tuberculosis, as¡ como se efectuó el analisis de casos multidrogorresistentes. Principales medidas de resultados: Instalación de tuberculosis y casos multidrogorresistentes. Resultados: La TB se instaló en 22 pacientes (3,5 por ciento), incidencia mayor que la obtenida en la población general del pais (96/100 000/anual). La fiebre (57 por ciento) y la tos crónica (28 por ciento) fueron los sintomas m s comunes. La TB extrapulmonar (50 por ciento) predominó sobre la pulmonar (40 por ciento) y la diseminada (10 por ciento). La ocurrencia de TB fue mayoritariamente después del año (72 por ciento). Siete de los casos (28 por ciento) cursaron con creatinina mayor de 2 mg porcentaje al momento del diagnóstico y tres de ellos retornaron a dialisis. Hubo cuatro casos de TB MDR. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico temprano en base a la sospecha clinica de TB y el tratamiento oportuno mejora el pronóstico en esta población.

Introduction: Organ transplantation carries a risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB) due to the required concurrent immunosuppression. Literature reports an incidence of 0.35 per cent-15 per cent. There is no data on this matter in our region. Objectives: To determine epidemiology, clinical findings and prognosis of TB in renal transplantation recipients in an endemic area. The study also aimed to analyze multidrug-resistant (MDR) cases. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Nephrology, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Material: Clinical charts of renal transplant patients attended during 1999-2014. Interventions: Onset of tuberculosis was determined in 619 cases of renal transplant, as well as analysis of multidrug-resistant cases. Main outcome measures. Installation of tuberculosis and cases of multidrug resistance. Results: TB developed in 22 patients (3.5 per cent), more prevalent that the country general population (96/100 000/year). Fever (57 per cent) and chronic cough (28 per cent) were the most common symptoms. Extrapulmonary TB (50 per cent) predominated over pulmonary (40 per cent) and disseminated TB (10 per cent). TB occurred usually after one year (72 per cent) and on average within the 41st month post transplantation. Seven cases (28 per cent) presented creatinine above 2 mg percentage at diagnosis and three of them returned to dialysis. There were four cases of MDR TB. Conclusions: Early diagnosis based on TB clinical suspicion and timely treatment improves the prognosis in this population of immunosuppressed patients.

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Tuberculous Nonfunctioning Kidneys: a single-center experience

Purpose To present our surgical techniques and experiences of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys. Materials and Methods From March 2005 to March 2013, a total of 51 patients with tuberculous nonfunctioning kidney underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy at our medical center. The techniques included early control of renal vessels and dissection of the diseased kidney along the underlying layer outside the Gerato’s fascia. The distal ureter was dissected through a Gibson incision and the entire specimen was removed en bloc from the incision. Patient demographics, perioperative characteristics and laboratory parameters as well as postoperative outcome were retrospectively reviewed. Results Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was successfully performed in 50 patients, whereas one case required conversion to open surgery due to non-progression of dissection. The mean operating time was 123.0 minutes (107-160 minutes) and the mean estimated blood loss was 134 mL (80-650 mL).The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 days (3-5days) and the mean return to normal activity was 11.6 days (10-14days). Most intra-operative and post-operative complications were minor complications and can be managed conservatively. After 68 months (12-96 months) follow-up, the outcome was satisfactory, and ureteral stump syndrome did not occur. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy as a minimally invasive treatment option is feasible for treatment of tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys. .

Abordagem diagnóstica da tuberculose pleural, ganglionar, renal e de sistema nervoso central / Diagnostic Approach to Tuberculosis in the Pleura, Lymph Nodes, Kidneys, and Central Nervous System

O objetivo do presente artigo foi relatar a abordagem diagnóstica da tuberculose pleural, ganglionar, renal e do sistema nervoso central. A forma mais frequente entre essas formas de tuberculose no Brasil é a tuberculose pleural, cujo diagnóstico na prática clínica baseia-se no exame histopatológico, com uma alternativa relatada nos últimos anos: a dosagem da enzima adenosina desaminase. A maioria dos achados laboratoriais encontrados implica na condição paucibacilar dessas formas extrapulmonares

The objective of this study was to report the diagnostic approach to tuberculosis of the pleura, lymph nodes, kidneys, and central nervous system. In Brazil, the most common extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis is that afecting the pleura. In clinical practice, pleural tuberculosis is typically diagnosed on the basis of the histopathological examination. However, in recent years, the determination of adenosine deaminase levels has been used as an alternative. Most laboratory indings indicate that these extrapulmonary forms are paucibacillary

Diagnóstico bacteriológico de tuberculosis renal: experiencia del Laboratorio Regional de Tuberculosis de la provincia de Córdoba

Dada la considerable incidencia de tuberculosis renal entre enfermos con tuberculosis pulmonar, nos propusimos estudiar la frecuencia de esta asociación en pacientes atendidos en centros de salud públicos y privados de Córdoba a lo largo del período 1997-2009. Se tomó en consideración la incidencia según el sexo y las especies del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis identificadas. El análisis de 948 muestras de orina de 383 pacientes indicó tuberculosis renal en 24 casos (6,3 %), con presencia mayoritaria de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (95,8 %) y presencia de Mycobacterium bovis en 4,2 % de los casos. La asociación tuberculosis renal-tuberculosis pulmonar activa se encontró en 6 casos. En esta investigación quedó demostrada la importancia del cultivo seriado de muestras de orina y la conveniencia de cultivar en medios sólidos y líquidos. Asimismo, el aislamiento de Mycobacterium bovis pone de relieve la importancia de usar el medio Stonebrink junto con el medio de Lowenstein-Jensen. El medio líquido no tuvo un aporte significativo al diagnóstico de tuberculosis renal; sin embargo, el cultivo de muestras seriadas aumentó la sensibilidad de la detección.

Bacteriological diagnosis of renal tuberculosis: an experience at the Regional Tuberculosis Laboratory in Córdoba province, Argentina. Given the incidence of renal tuberculosis in patients suffering of pulmonary tuberculosis, we seek to study both the frequency of this association in diagnosed cases of renal tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species that were identified (period 1997-2009), observing its incidence by sex, demonstrating the importance of serial culture of urine samples and evaluating the convenience of using solid and liquid media. The analysis of urine samples from 383 patients indicated renal tuberculosis in 24 cases; in most cases, (95.8 %) Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species prevailed, whereas the presence of Mycobacterium bovis accounted for 4.2 % of the cases. The association of pulmonary and renal tuberculosis was found in 6 cases. The isolation of Mycobacterium bovis indicates the importance of including Stonebrink medium along with Lowenstein- Jensen medium. The liquid medium made no significant contribution to the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis, but indeed, cultivating serial samples increases sensitivity.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes portadores de tuberculose extrapulmonar atendidos em hospital da rede pública no estado do Maranhão / Epidemiological profile of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a public hospital in state of Maranhão

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Embora conhecida desde a antiguidade, a tuberculose (TB) continua preocupando as autoridades sanitárias até os dias de hoje. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose extrapulmonar (TBEP) atendidos em hospital da rede pública de saúde no estado do Maranhão. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma análise descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram analisados 133 prontuários de pacientes portadores de TBEP que receberam atendimento na unidade hospitalar referida no período de abril de 2007 a abril de 2009. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se predomínio do sexo masculino (61,4%), adultos jovens (51,8%) e com relação aos aspectos clínicos, apenas 14,3% dos pacientes apresentaram TBEP. A baciloscopia foi realizada em 86% dos pacientes; e destes apenas 9% apresentaram resultado positivo. A cultura foi empregada em 8,3%. Quanto à evolução 58,6% obtiveram cura, três foram a óbito (2,2%) e houve apenas três casos de abandono (2,2%) do Programa de Controle de Tuberculose (PCT) do Município. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo possibilitou conhecer características da TBEP na população estudada, além de avaliar, indiretamente,o serviço de saúde dirigido ao controle da doença.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although it is widely known since very ancient times, tuberculosis (TB) continues to preoccupy medical authorities nowadays. This study describes the clinical and epidemiological profile of extrapulmonary tuberculosis(ETB) cases assisted in a TB specialty public hospitallocated in São Luís, MA. METHOD: A descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach was made in order to support this study; 133 medical reports were analyzed and data from individual tuberculosis Investigation files and tuberculosis case registries were compiled, within the time span between April/2007 and April/2009. RESULTS: Disease occurred predominantly in males (61.4%),and in young adults (51.8%). As for the clinical presentation,only 14.3% of the total patients were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Bacilloscopy was performed in 86% of these patients, within which only 9% had a positive result. Culture was performed in only 8.3% of patients. Among the patients treated by the Municipal Tuberculosis Control Program (PCT),58.6% were cured; 2.2% died and 2.2% (3 cases) abandoned treatment. CONCLUSION: This investigation permits an improved understanding of extrapulmonary tuberculosis characteristics in this particular setting and enables an indirect evaluation of the public healthcare system treatment of this disease.

Imágenes en tuberculosis abdominal / Imaging in tuberculosis abdominal

En este artículo se discuten e ilustran las características por imagen de la afectación abdominal por tuberculosis. Se presenta un grupo de pacientes evaluados a través de diferentes modalidades diagnósticas con síntomas abdominales y hallazgos imaginológicos sugestivos de infección granulomatosa. Este diagnóstico fue confirmado posteriormente en la evolución clínica y con estudio histológico. Se incluyen casos de afectación en diferentes órganos abdominales, como sistema linfático, peritoneo, órganos pélvicos, hígado, bazo, riñones y uréteres.

In this article we illustrate and discuss imaging features resulting from Tuberculosis abdominal affectation. We present patients evaluated with several imaging modalities who had abdominal symptoms and findings suggestives of granoulomatous disease. Diagnosiswas confirm including hystopatology and clinica outgoing. Cases involved presented many affected organs such as lymphatic system, peritoneum, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands and pelvic organs.

Necrosis papilar renal: el diagnóstico de un clásico en la era de la tomografía multidetector / Renal papillary necrosis: the diagnosis of a classic in the era of the multislice computed tomography

La necrosis papilar renal es una condición originada por múltiples factores, con consecuencias variadas incluyendo dentro de ellas el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal terminal y eventualmente la muerte. Su presentación en la pielografía de eliminación demuestra múltiples patrones de excavación papilar, que están muy bien descritos en la literatura clásica. Con el advenimiento de la urografía por tomografía computada multicorte, estos hallazgos han sido refinados, agregándose también nuevos signos, que incluyen, entre otros, la detección de cambios medulares precoces que podrían implicar, en un futuro cercano, un significativo cambio en la evolución y pronóstico de estos pacientes. En esta publicación hacemos una revisión y puesta al día de los aspectos imaginológicos de la necrosis papilar renal.

Renal papillary necrosis is a multifactorial entitiy that encompasses a wide range of consecuences, including end-stage renal impairment or even death. Its appearance on intravenous pyelography pictures reveals multiple patterns of papillary excavation, fairly well defined in traditional literature. With the advent of multislice computed tomography urography these findings have been refined and new radiological signs such as detection of early renal medullary changes, among others, have been added. The application of this imaging modality may translate into significant short-term improvements in the evolution and prognosis of these patients. This paper is intended to provide both a reviewing and an updating of renal papillary necrosis imaging issues.

Tuberculosis renal / Genitourinary tuberculosis

Paciente femenina de 62 años que consultó por dolor lumbar crónico y fiebre, en quien se diagnosticaban infecciones urinarias a repetición y cuadros de litiasis renal. Se realizaron baciloscopías en orina observándose bacilos ácido alcohol resistentes. La tuberculosis renal es una patología poco frecuente, representa apenas el 3% de las formas extrapulmonares y el diagnóstico se basa en una alta sospecha clínica.

End-stage renal disease due to delayed diagnosis of renal tuberculosis: a fatal case report

Renal TB is difficult to diagnose, because many patients present themselves with lower urinary symptoms which are typical of bacterial cystitis. We report a case of a young woman with renal TB and ESRD. She was admitted with complaints of adynamia, anorexia, fever, weight loss, dysuria and generalized edema for 10 months. At physical examination she was febrile (39°C), and her abdomen had increased volume and was painful at palpation. Laboratorial tests showed serum urea=220mg/dL, creatinine=6.6mg/dL, hemoglobin=7.9g/dL, hematocrit=24.3 percent, leukocytes=33,600/mm³ and platelets=664,000/mm³. Urinalysis showed an acid urine (pH=5.0), leukocyturia (2+/4+) and mild proteinuria (1+/4+). She was also oliguric (urinary volume <400mL/day). Abdominal echography showed thick and contracted bladder walls and heterogeneous liquid collection in the left pelvic region. Two laparotomies were performed, in which abscess in pelvic region was found. Anti-peritoneal tuberculosis treatment with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide was started. During the follow-up, the urine culture was found to be positive for M. tuberculosis. Six months later the patient had complaints of abdominal pain and dysuria. New laboratorial tests showed serum urea=187mg/dL, creatinine=8.0mg/dL, potassium=6.5mEq/L. Hemodialysis was then started. The CT scan showed signs of chronic nephropathy, dilated calyces and thinning of renal cortex in both kidneys and severe dilation of ureter. The patient developed neurologic symptoms, suggesting tuberculous meningoencephalitis, and died despite of support measures adopted. The patient had ESRD due to secondary uropathy to prolonged tuberculosis of urinary tract that was caused by delayed clinical and laboratorial diagnosis, and probably also due to inadequate antituberculous drugs administration.

Diagnóstico laboratorial das micobactérias isoladas na urina: comparação entre métodos convencionais e a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) / Laboratorial diagnosis of the micobacterias isolated in the urine: comparison between conventional methods and the polimerase chain reaction (PCR)

O aumento da incidência de tuberculose no mundo induziu a utilização da PCR nesse trabalho, para o diagnóstico das micobacterioses nas vias urinarias. Procurando estabelecer um protocolo de PCR e comparar os resultados achados com os métodos convencionais. Após a realização de 886 baciloscopias em urinas de 176 pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose renal, essas urinas descontaminadas foram semeadas em Lowestein-Jensen. Foram também reunidas em 528 "pools" para realizar PCR, com "primers" para Mycobacterium sp. e para o complexo M. tuberculosis.A sensibilidade da PCR, usando a cultura como padrão-ouro, foi 90,9 e a especificidade 87,9

Erythema induratum of Bazin and renal tuberculosis: report of an association

O eritema indurado de Bazin é doença caracterizada por erupções cutâneas que usualmente ocorrem nos membros inferiores de mulheres adolescentes e de meia idade. Relatamos o caso de paciente de 40 anos que apresentava há 5 anos lesões cutâneas em região inferior de ambas as pernas. Tratavam-se de nódulos eritemato-violáceos, dolorosos, alguns dos quais drenavam secreção serossangüínea. O exame histopatológico da biópsia de pele demonstrou infiltrado inflamatório, com predomínio de neutrófilos na derme e hipoderme, vasculite necrosante em arteríolas e fibrose septal. Não foram identificados granulomas. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen não revelou bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes, e a cultura do material biopsiado foi negativa. O PPD foi fortemente reator (17 mm). O raio-X de tórax era normal. Alguns meses depois, a paciente evoluiu com adinamia e sintomas urinários, como polaciúria e disúria. O exame de urina mostrou urina ácida, piúria estéril e hematúria. Foi levantada a hipótese de tuberculose renal. A urinocultura foi positiva para M. tuberculosis em duas amostras de dez solicitadas. O tratamento foi instituído com rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida, com melhora considerável do quadro. Este caso ilustra uma associação clara entre o eritema indurado e a tuberculose renal, demonstrada através da remissão das lesões cutâneas após o tratamento da tuberculose renal.