Carcinoma del conducto salival: estudio clínico/patológico e inmunohistoquímico de 5 casos / Salivary duct carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and inmunohistochemical study of 5 cases

El carcinoma del conducto salival es un tumor epitelial maligno agresivo, que involucra principalmente a la glándula parótida, con características histológicas semejantes al carcinoma ductal de glándula mamaria. El propósito de este trabajo fue presentar los resultados clínico-patológicos de cinco casos de carcinoma del conducto salival primario de glándula parótida y evaluar la expresión de Ki67. Histológicamente, el carcinoma del conducto salival presentó nidos epiteliales con patrones papilar, sólido y cribiforme, comedonecrosis tanto en la lesión primaria como en los nodos linfoides metastásicos y, además, invasión perineural. Se demostró con Ki 67 una alta proliferación celular en cuatro (80 %) de los cinco casos estudiados. Se concluyó que: el carcinoma del conducto salival es una lesión maligna de mal pronóstico, raramente informado en la literatura odontológica, con características histológicas semejantes a las del carcinoma ductal de alto grado de la mama; la comedonecrosis es un signo específico de esta enfermedad; puede desarrollarse "de novo" o en un adenoma pleomórfico preexistente; su diagnóstico diferencial histopatológico es fundamental para planificar su tratamiento y determinar su pronóstico, a pesar de su tratamiento quirúrgico y radioterapia postoperatoria es un tumor agresivo con alta proliferación celular, infiltración perineural, recurrencias y metástasis.

Salivary duct carcinoma is an aggressive malignant epithelial tumor, primarily involving the parotid gland, with histologic features similar to ductal carcinoma of the breast. The purpose of this work was to report the clinicopathological results of five cases of primary salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland and evaluate the expression of Ki67. Histologically, salivary duct carcinoma presented epithelial nests with papillary, solid, and cribriform patterns, with comedonecrosis in both the primary lesion and the metastatic limph nodes, and perineural invasion. A high cell proliferation was demonstrated with Ki67 in four (80 %) of the five cases studied. We concluded that: salivary duct carcinoma is a malignant lesion with a poor prognosis, rarely reported in the dental literature, with histological characteristics similar to those of high-grade ductal carcinoma of the breast; comedonecrosis is a specific sign of this disease; may develop "de novo" or in a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma; its differential histopathological diagnosis is essential to plan its treatment and determine its prognosis; despite its surgical treatment and postoperative radiotherapy, it is an aggressive tumor with high cell proliferation, perineural infiltration, recurrences and metastasis.

Análisis comparativo del Carcinoma Lobulillar Invasor versus Carcinoma Ductal Invasor: ¿entidades clínica o biológicamente diferentes? / Comparative analysis of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma versus Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: clinically or biologically different entities?

Introducción El Carcinoma Lobulillar Invasor (cli) es el tipo histológico especial más común del cáncer de mama. Presenta características histopatológicas asociadas a buen pronóstico, pero algunos estudios sugieren que los resultados a largo plazo pueden ser peores que los del Carcinoma Ductal Invasor (cdi). Objetivo Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron evaluar las características clínico-patológicas del cli y establecer el valor pronóstico. Material y método Se seleccionaron 244 pacientes con cli y se utilizó como grupo control a 524 pacientes con cdi, comparándolas con relación 2 a 1. Resultados No se observaron diferencias en edad, estado menopáusico, motivo de consulta e invasión linfovascular. Fueron más frecuentemente multifocales, multicéntricos, de mayor tamaño, bajo grado histológico y her2 negativo. La cirugía conservadora se realizó con menos frecuencia. No hubo diferencias significativas en recaída a distancia, cáncer de mama contralateral, sobrevida libre de enfermedad y global. Conclusiones Las pacientes con cli no tuvieron mejores resultados a pesar de un fenotipo biológico más favorable. La histología ductal o lobulillar no debería ser un factor en el manejo de la patología, y no debería considerarse un factor pronóstico o predictivo determinante al momento del diagnóstico

Introduction Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ilc) is the second most common histologic type of breast cancer. Typically, displays features associated with a good prognosis, but some studies suggest that outcomes of ilc may be worse than for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (idc). Objective The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical-pathological characteristics of Lobular Breast Carcinoma and establish his prognostic value. Materials and method We selected a group of 244 patients with ilc and compared with 524 patients whit idc in relation 2:1. Results There were no differences in age, menopausal status, symptoms at time of diagnosis, and lymph vascular invasion. ilc were larger, low histological grade and her2 negative, more often mulfifocal and multicentric. Breast-preservation therapy was less frequent for Invasive Lobular Carcinoma. Distant relapse, contralateral cancer, overall survival, disease-free survival, did not differ between idc and ilc. Conclusions Women with ilc do not have better clinical outcomes than patients with idc, despite the fact that the biologic phenotype of ilc is quite favorable. The ductal or lobular histology should not be a factor in the therapeutic decision-making process, and should not be considered an important prognostic or predictive factor at diagnosis

Caracterización histopatológica del cáncer de mama infiltrante HER2 positivo en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras / Histopathological description of HER2 Positive Infiltrating Breast Cancer at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: La sobreexpresión del HER2 en el carcinoma de mama está asociada a un curso clínico adverso y menor sobrevida por lo que resulta necesario determinar las características histopatológicas presentes en el carcinoma de mama infiltrante en las pacientes que lo padecen, con el fin de establecer una terapéutica correcta e individualizada. Objetivos: Determinar las características histopatológicas más frecuentes presentes en el carcinoma de mama con sobreexpresión del gen HER2. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal en el período de enero 2010 a diciembre 2012. Se incluyeron 93 pacientes. Se exploraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas e hstopatológicas. En el análisis estadístico se utlizaron frecuenicas absolutas y relativas. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 55,1 años y el 68,8 por ciento era de piel blanca. La mama más afectada fue la derecha con el 45,2 por ciento y la localización más frecuente el cuadrante supero-externo con el 26,9 por ciento. El carcinoma ductal invasivo representó el 71 por ciento del total. El grado nuclear 3 se encontró en 81,7 por ciento casos y la necrosis tumoral 88,2 por ciento. Los receptores estrogénicos fueron positivos en 50,5 por ciento y los receptores de progesterona fueron negativos en 59,1 por ciento. El análisis histológico del cáncer de mama será de utilidad para individualizar la terapia de cada una de las pacientes. Conclusiones: Es importante continuar la investigación con la incorporación de otras variables de interés, tales como, respuesta al tratamiento y supervivencia, además de la prueba de hibridización in situ detectada por fluorescencia en las pacientes del universo en las que se constató HER2 2+ para definir su estatus y orientar mejor su tratamiento(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: HER2 overexpression in breast carcinoma is associated with the adverse clinical course and shorter survival, so it is necessary to determine the histopathological characteristics present in infiltrating breast carcinoma in patients with it, in order to establish correct and individualized therapy. Objectives: To determine the histopathological characteristics that are most frequently present in breast carcinoma with overexpression of HER2 gene in the studied patients. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study from January 2010 to December 2012. Nine three patients were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, and pathological variables were explored. Absolute and relative frequencies were used in the statistical analysis. Results: The mean age was 55.1 years; 68.8 percent were white skinned. The most affected breast was the right one in 45.2 percent and the most frequent location was the upper-external quadrant in 26.9 percent. Invasive ductal carcinoma represented 71 percent of the total. Nuclear grade 3 was found in 81.7 percent cases and tumor necrosis 88.2 percent. Estrogen receptors were positive in 50.5 percent and progesterone receptors were negative in 59.1 percent. Histological analysis of breast cancer will be useful to individualize the therapy of each patient. Conclusions: It is important to continue the investigation with the incorporation of other variables of interest, such as response to treatment and survival, in addition to the in situ hybridization test detected by fluorescence in the patients of the universe in which HER2 2+ was found to define the status and better guide the treatment(AU)

Adenopatía axilar metastásica a causa de cáncer primario oculto de mama / Axillary metastatic adenopathy due to hidden breast primary cancer

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 56 años que acudió a la consulta de Oncología del Hospital Gubernamental de Mbabane, en Swazilandia, por padecer una adenopatía en la axila izquierda de varios meses de evolución, confirmada por ecografía. Se realizó una biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina, cuyo resultado reveló la metástasis de un carcinoma ductal. Se completaron los estudios preoperatorios, se determinó el estadio de la entidad clínica (IIA) y se remitió a la paciente a la consulta de Cirugía para realizar una disección axilar y luego aplicar radioterapia en la axila y la mama

The clinical report of a 56 year-old patient who went to the Oncology Service of the Government Hospital from Mbabane, in Swaziland, for suffering an adenopathy in the left armpit with a clinical course of several months, confirmed by echography is described. An aspiration biopsy with fine needle was carried out whose result revealed the metastasis of a ductal carcinoma. The preoperative studies were completed, the stage of the clinical entity was determined (IIA) and the patient was referred to the Surgery service to carry out an axillary dissection and then to apply radiotherapy in the armpit and breast

Invasive ductal carcinoma: relationship between pathological characteristics and the presence of axillary metastasis in 220 cases / Carcinoma ductal invasor: relação de características anatomopatológicas com a presença de metástases axilares em 220 casos

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the relation of anatomopathological features and axillary involvement in cases of invasive ductal carcinoma. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of 220 breast cancer patients submitted to radical mastectomy or quadrantectomy with axilar emptying, from the Mastology Service of the Assis Chateaubriand Maternity School, Ceará, Brazil. We submitted the tumors to histological processing and determined the histological (HG), tubular (TG) and nuclear (NG) grades, and the mitotic index (MI) by the classification of Scarff-Bloom-Richadson, verified the presence of angiolymphatic invasion (AI) and measured the largest tumor diameter (TD). We then correlated these variables with the presence of axillary metastases. Results: the mean patients'age was 56.81 years ± 13.28. Tumor size ranged from 0.13 to 22 cm, with an average of 2.23cm ± 2.79. HG3, TG3 and NG3 prevailed, respectively 107 (48.6%), 160 (72.7%) and 107 (48.6%). Mitotic indexes 1, 2 and 3 presented a homogeneous distribution, respectively 82 (37.2%), 68 (31%) and 70 (31.8%). We observed no relation between the HG, TG and NG with the occurrence of axillary metastases (p=0.07, p=0.22 and p=0.21, respectively). Mitotic indices 2 and 3 were related with the occurrence of axillary metastases (p=0.03). Tumors larger than 2cm and cases that presented angiolymphatic invasion had a higher index of axillary metastases (p=0.0003 and p<0.0001). Conclusion: elevated mitotic indexes, tumors with a diameter greater than 2cm and the presence of angiolymphatic invasion were individuallyassociatedwith the occurrence of axillary metastases.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação das características anatomopatológicas com o comprometimento axilar em casos de carcinoma ductal invasor. Métodos: estudo transversal de 220 pacientes com câncer de mama, submetidas à mastectomia radical ou quadrantectomia com esvaziamento axilar, oriundos do Serviço de Mastologia da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand, Ceará, Brasil. Os tumores foram submetidos a processamento histológico e, em seguida, foram determinados os graus histológico (GH), tubular (GT), nuclear (GN), índice mitótico (IM) pela classificação de Scarff-Bloom-Richadson, verificada a presença de invasão angiolinfática (IA) e mensurado o maior diâmetro do tumor (DT). Tais variáveis foram correlacionadas com a presença de metástases axilares. Resultados: a média de idade das pacientes foi 56,81 anos ± 13,28. O tamanho do tumor variou de 0,13 a 22 cm, com média de 2,23cm ± 2,79. Os GH3, GT3 e GN3 prevaleceram: n=107 (48,6%), n=160 (72,7%) e n=107 (48,6%), respectivamente. Os índices mitóticos 1, 2 e 3 apresentaram distribuição homogênea: n=82 (37,2%), n=68 (31%) e n=70 (31,8%), respectivamente. Não foi evidenciada relação do GH, GT e GN com a ocorrência de metástases axilares (p=0,07; p=0,22 e p=0,21). Índices mitóticos 2 e 3 apresentaram relação com a o ocorrência de metástases axilares (p=0,03). Tumores maiores do que 2cm e casos com invasão angiolinfática apresentaram maior índice de metástases axilares (p=0,0003 e p<0,0001). Conclusão: índices mitóticos elevados, tumores com diâmetro maior do que 2cm e presença de invasão angiolinfática apresentaram isoladamente relação com a ocorrência de metástases axilares.

Myiasis associated with an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast: case study

ABSTRACT Most breast cancers originate in the ductal epithelium and are referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma. In this study we report on the clinical procedures adopted to diagnose myiasis in association with infiltrating metastatic breast carcinoma in a female patient. A 41 years old woman came to the Federal Hospital of Andaraí complaining of intense itching, warmth, redness and hardening of the breast, which had acquired the aspect of an orange peel. A lesion in the left breast was cavitated, dimpled, had fetid odor, and had fibrotic and infected air nodules filled with exudate and Dipteran larvae. The tissue was cleaned and 33 larvae were extracted. The patient was hospitalized and received Ivermectin. Eighteen of the larvae extracted from the patient were placed in 70% alcohol, and twelve were placed in a container with sterile wood shavings under controlled conditions until they metamorphosed into adults. The taxonomic identification of the flies revealed that the culprit was Cochliomyia hominivorax. A histopathological exam conducted three months earlier had revealed infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Two months after the myiasis treatment, the breast tissue had healed. The patient had waited ten days from the onset of the myiasis to seek treatment, and that delay interfered negatively in the prognosis of both the neoplasm and the myiasis. This study is relevant to public health in view of the strong social impact of myiasis.

Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma

Abstract Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma is an eccrine carcinoma subtype, and only twelve cases have been reported until now. It is a rare tumor and its histopathological diagnosis is difficult. Almost half of patients are misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by the incisional biopsy. We report the thirteenth case of squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma. Female patient, 72 years old, in the last 6 months presenting erythematous, keratotic and ulcerated papules on the nose. The incisional biopsy diagnosed squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma. After excision, histopathology revealed positive margins. A wideningmargins surgery and grafting were performed, which again resulted in positive margins. The patient was then referred for radiotherapy. After 25 sessions, the injury reappeared. After another surgery, although the intraoperative biopsy showed free surgical margins, the product of resection revealed persistent lesion. Distinction between squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma is important because of the more aggressive nature of the first, which requires wider margins surgery to avoid recurrence.

Abdominoplastia reversa tensionada para reconstrução de defeito estendido após mastectomia / Tensioned reverse abdominoplasty for reconstruction of large post-mastectomy defects

As opções reconstrutivas para defeitos da parede anterior do tórax podem ser desafiadoras especialmente quando o defeito é extenso e sujeito a radioterapia pré-operatória. Apresenta-se caso de paciente com carcinoma ductal invasivo de mama não tratado que realizou radioterapia e quimioterapia incompleta no pré-operatória. O exame patológico revelou carcinoma ductal invasivo de 11,5 cm, grau III, com invasão linfovascular e linfonodos axilares positivos (20/20). Após a mastectomia, defeitos estendidos seguido de longa excisão de pele mediram 25 x 20 cm, sendo esses cobertos imediatamente com retalhos em abdominoplastia reversa tensionada. Trata-se do primeiro caso relatado de excisão larga de mastectomia reconstruída exclusivamente com retalhos avançados em abdominoplastia reversa e alta tensão progressiva de pontos de adesão demostrando que nos pacientes selecionados, a pele abdominal pode ser avançada superiormente com segurança e facilidade para atingir a área superior do tórax e cobrir a área com defeito significante.

Reconstructive options for anterior chest wall defects can be challenging especially when the defect is large and has been subject for preoperative radiotherapy. We report a case of a patient with a neglected large invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast who had received incomplete preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The pathology examination revealed an 11.5 cm invasive ductal carcinoma, grade III, with lymphovascular invasion and positive axillary lymph nodes (20/20). The post mastectomy large defect following wide skin excision measured 25 x 20 cm and it was immediately covered with a tensioned reverse abdominoplasty flap. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a wide skin excision mastectomy reconstructed solely with a reverse abdominoplasty advancement flap and progressive high-tension with quilting sutures demonstrating that, in the selected patients, abdominal skin can be safely and easily advanced superiorly to reach the upper chest area and cover an area of significant defect.

Carcinoma papilar intraquístico asociado a adenocarcinoma ductal infiltrante en un hombre: reporte de un caso / Papillary intra cystic carcinoma associated to ductal infiltrant adenocarcinoma in male: a case report

El carcinoma papilar intraquístico es un subtipo de carcinoma ductal no invasivo, puede estar asociado o no a carcinoma in situ y a carcinoma infiltrante, es unapatología poco frecuente por tanto su aparición en hombres es extremadamente rara. El tratamiento en estos casos es equivalente al carcinoma de mama en mujeres, debatiéndose entre mastectomía simple o mastectomía parcial más radioterapia. Presentamos el caso de un hombre a quien se diagnostica preoperatoriamente con un carcinoma papilar y se realiza mastectomía simple más ganglio centinela

The papillary intra cyst carcinoma is a sub type of ductal no invasive carcinoma, it can be associated or no to carcinoma in situ and infiltrate carcinoma, is less frequent, for this reason his apparition in male is rare. The treatment in is equivalent to breast carcinoma in women, with two modalities of treatment: simple mastectomy or simple mastectomy with radiation therapy. We present clinical case of male whom is diagnostic pre surgery with a papillary carcinoma and realized simple mastectomy with sentinel node

Primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland: case report / Adenocarcinoma ductal primário da glândula lacrimal: relato de caso

A 78-year-old male patient presented with double vision, painless palpable mass under the right superolateral orbital rim, downward displacement and restricted adduction of the right eye. His visual acuity was 20/50 OD and 20/20 OS. Hertel exophthalmometry was 21 mm OD and 17 mm OS. Computed tomographic scans showed an infiltrative orbital mass with ill-defined, irregular margins, involving the lacrimal gland and the lateral rectus muscle. The patient underwent an anterior transcutaneous transseptal orbitotomy with incisional biopsy and surgical debulking. Histopathologic evaluation revealed primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Following the metastatic work up, he underwent an eyelid-sparing orbital exenteration. Microscopically, the tumor elements were characterized by large polygonal cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and amphophilic cytoplasm. The tumor components comprised duct-type structures with papillary and cribriform patterns, surrounded by prominent basement membrane. The tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin-7, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, MMP-13 and proto-oncogene Her-2/neu, but negative for cytokeratin-5, cytokeratin-20, p63, prostate-specific antigen, S-100 protein and thyroid transcription factor. These histopathologic findings were compatible with poorly differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland, T3N0M0. Twenty-four months after orbital exenteration, the patient was diagnosed with ipsilateral parotid gland and cervical lymph node metastases and died of disease.

Paciente do sexo masculino e com 78 anos de idade apresentou diplopia, massa palpável abaixo da margem orbitária direita, deslocamento inferior do bulbo ocular direito e limitação da adução do olho direito. A acuidade visual foi 20/50 OD e 20/20 OE. A exoftalmometria de Hertel foi 21 mm OD e 17 mm OE. Tomografia computadorizada mostrou uma massa orbitária, infiltrativa e com margens irregulares, envolvendo a glândula lacrimal e o músculo reto lateral. O paciente foi submetido a uma orbitotomia anterior com biópsia incisional. O exame histopatológico revelou adenocarcinoma ductal primário da glândula lacrimal. Em seguida, o paciente foi submetido a uma exenteração orbitária com preservação das pálpebras. Microscopicamente, os elementos tumorais foram caracterizados por células poligonais grandes com citoplasma anfofílico, núcleo vesicular e nucléolo proeminente. Os componentes tumorais incluíram estruturas ductais com padrões cribriforme e papilífero e cercadas por membrana basal proeminente. As células tumorais foram positivas para citoqueratina 7, metaloproteinase 2 da matriz, metaloproteinase 9 da matriz, metaloproteinase 13 da matriz e Her-2/neu, mas negativas para citoqueratina 5, citoqueratina 20, p63, antígeno prostático específico, proteína S-100 e fator de transcrição da tiroide. Estes achados histopatológicos foram compatíveis com o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma ductal pouco diferenciado da glândula lacrimal, T3N0M0. Vinte e quatro meses após a exenteração orbitária, o paciente foi diagnosticado com metástases nos linfonodos cervicais ipsilaterais e na glândula parótida ipsilateral e faleceu.

Avaliação de fatores prognósticos em tumores de mama nos estádios IIA e IIIB e sua correlação com sobrevida / Prognostic evaluation of clinical stage IIA and IIIB breast cancers and the relationship with survive

Introdução: Os tumores de mama apresentam uma grande heterogeneidade molecular e clínica. Uma das classificações mais utilizadas no carcinoma de mama, baseia-se em seus aspectos moleculares e subdivide o câncer de mama em cinco grandes grupos baseados na expressão de alguns genes: luminais (A e B), super-expressor de HER-2, tipo basal e aqueles semelhantes à mama normal. Para melhor definirmos estes subgrupos de carcinomas mamários, analisamos diferentes marcadores imunoistoquímicos em dois estádios de pacientes: IIA e IIIB. Objetivo: O objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar quais fatores seriam importantes na determinação do prognóstico, tanto nas pacientes estadiadas como IIA quanto nas IIIB, com um período de seguimento de 120 meses, levando em conta dados clínicos e demográficos, características tumorais, tipos de tratamento, diferentes marcadores moleculares da transição epitélio-mesênquima (e-caderina, pcaderina, n-caderina, vimentina, twist, snai l, slug), o EGFR, a NOS-2 e os diferentes fenótipos (Luminal A, Luminal B, super-expressor de HER-2, basal e triplo-negativo) em câncer de mama. Pacientes e Métodos: A casuística deste estudo é constituída por 268 pacientes portadoras de tumor de mama operadas no Hospital A C Camargo, no período de 1980 a 1999. Foi realizado estudo imunoistoquímico para análise de nove marcadores moleculares e cada tumor foi classificado de acordo com a expressão do receptor de estrogênio, progesterona e expressão do HER-2 em uma das categorias luminais, basal, triplo-negativo e super-expressor de HER-2. Resultados: Observamos que a maioria dos tumores media de 2,1 a 5,0 cm (57,8%), pertenciam ao grau histológico 2 (57,1%), eram grau nuclear 3 (61,6%), possuíam de 0 a 9 mitoses por campo de grande aumento (CGA) e 59% apresentavam metástase linfonodal. As pacientes analisadas pertenciam a dois subgrupos de estadiamento, sendo que 86 casos pertenciam ao EC IIA (32,1%) e 182 ao EC IIIB (67,9%). Na análise multivariada,...

Introduction: The breast cancer is a great molecular and clinical heterogeneous disease. One of the most used breast cancer classification involves molecular events and classify breast cancer into distinct groups based on gene expression patterns: luminal (A and B), overexpression of HER-2, basal and and normal breast like. Once the breast subgroups have been identified, we used a large panel of different tumour markers, to differenciated to groups of patients: IIA and IIIB. Objectives: The aim of our study was to identify which factors could be necessary to determine the prognosis, in both patients group (IIA and IIIB), until 10 years of follow-up, when we consider clinical and demographics aspects, histopathologic characteristics of the tumour, treatment, molecular markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (e-cadherin, p-cadherin, n-cadherin, vimentin, twist, snai l, slug), EGFR and NOS 2 and molecular subgroups (luminal A, luminal B, basal, triplenegative and overexpressor of HER-2), in breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Cases for this study were selected from Hospital A C Camargo, and included 268 patients with diagnosis of breast cancer submitted to surgery between 1980 and 1999. We applied immunohistochemical to analyse nine different molecular markers and each tumour was classified according to estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER-2 expression in one of the molecular cathegories. Results: We observed that the size of most tumours varied 2.1 to 5.0 cm (57.8%), that they had histologic grade 2 (57.1%), nuclear grade 3 (61.6%), they showed 0 to 9 m mitoses and 59% had dissemination to lymph nodes. Eighty six patients were staged as IIA (32.1%) and 182 were staged as IIIB (67.9%). The multivarieted analysis showed that different clinical and demographics factors, histopathologic characteristics of the tumour, different treatment and some molecular markers didnt confer a worse prognostic to patients staged as IIA. The factors that...

Prevalence of c-myc expression in breast lesions associated with microcalcifications detected by routine mammography / Expressão de c-myc em lesões mamárias associadas a microcalcificações detectadas por mamografia de rotina

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Genetic abnormalities in cell proliferation-regulating genes have been described in premalignant lesions. The aims here were to evaluate c-myc protein expression in non-palpable breast lesions associated with microcalcifications, detected by screening mammography, and to compare these results with histopathological, clinical and epidemiological variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection, in a university hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: Seventy-nine female patients who underwent routine mammography between 1998 and 2004 were studied. Lesions classified by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) as 4 or 5 underwent percutaneous biopsy using a large-core needle. Ninety-eight lesions were studied anatomopathologically. Paraffin blocks properly representing the lesions were selected for immunohistochemical analyses using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique with monoclonal mouse c-myc antibodies. RESULTS: Among the 98 lesions, 29 (29.6 percent) contained malignant neoplasia; 40 (40.8 percent) had a positive immunohistochemical reaction for c-myc. When the groups were divided between lesions without atypias versus atypical lesions plus malignant lesions, 31.03 percent of the 58 lesions without atypias were positive for c-myc and 55 percent of the 40 malignant and atypical lesions (P = 0.018). Comparing the atypical lesions with ductal carcinoma in situ versus the benign lesions without atypias, c-myc was present in 51.61 percent of the 31 atypical lesions and 31.03 percent of the benign lesions without atypias (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: C-myc protein was more frequently expressed in atypical and malignant lesions than in benign lesions without atypias. C-myc expression correlated with the presence of atypias (P = 0.018).

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Alterações nos genes reguladores da proliferação celular foram descritas em lesões pré-malignas. Os objetivos foram avaliar a expressão da proteína c-myc em biópsias de lesões mamárias não-palpáveis associadas a microcalcificações detectadas em mamografias de rastreamento e comparar estes resultados com as variáveis histopatológicas, clínicas e epidemiológicas. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo, em um hospital universitário em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Setenta e nove pacientes do sexo feminino submetidas a mamografia de rotina de 1998 a 2004 foram estudadas. As lesões classificadas pelo sistema BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data) como 4 e 5 sofreram biópsias percutâneas com agulha grossa. Do ponto de vista anatomopatológico, foram estudadas 98 lesões. Os blocos com representação adequada para estudo imunoistoquímico com a técnica da estreptoavidina-biotina-peroxidase com o anticorpo monoclonal de camundongo c-myc foram incluídos. RESULTADOS: Das 98 lesões, 29 (29,6 por cento), continham neoplasia maligna; 40 (40,8 por cento) tiveram reação de imunoistoquímica positiva para o c-myc. Quando divididos os grupos em lesões sem atipia versus lesões atípicas mais lesões malignas, encontramos o c-myc positivo em 31,03 por cento das 58 lesões sem atipias e 55 por cento das 40 lesões atípicas e malignas (P = 0,018). Quando agrupamos as lesões atípicas com o carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) versus as lesões benignas sem atipias, observamos a presença do c-myc em 51,61 por cento das 31 lesões atípicas e 31,03 por cento das lesões benignas sem atipias (P = 0,057). CONCLUSÃO: A proteína c-myc está mais frequentemente expressa em lesões atípicas e malignas do que em lesões benignas sem atipia. A expressão do c-myc está correlacionada com a presença de atipia (P = 0,018).

Carcinoma de glândula apócrina em coxa direita / Apocrine gland carcinoma on the right thigh

Os autores relatam um caso de carcinoma ductal apócrino cutâneo decoxa direita em uma paciente do sexo feminino de 78 anos de idade.O exame histológico revelou um tumor glandular, ductal e sólido, comintensa reação desmoplástica. As células tumorais apresentavam altograu de atipia associado a escasso infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral. Noentanto, não apresentava indícios de Doença de Paget extramamária napele adjacente. A neoplasia em questão apresentava imunoistoquímicapositiva para proteína S-100, lisozima e alfaquimiotripsina, porémnegativa para CEA, EMA e HMB-45. Desta forma, foi confirmado odiagnóstico de carcinoma ductal apócrino. A paciente foi submetidaà ressecção ampla do tumor, associada à linfadenectomia inguinalradical em monobloco. Para reconstrução, utilizou-se um retalho dotensor da fáscia lata. Ao exame histológico, observam-se margenslivres e ausência de linfonodo comprometido (dez dissecados). Não foirealizado tratamento adjuvante. Atualmente, um ano após tratamentocirúrgico, a paciente se encontra bem e sem sinal de recidiva.

Análisis de los factores inmunohistopatológicos (receptores hormonales, estrógenos, progesterona y ERB-2) asociados al pronóstico del cáncer de mama en la población de Barranquilla (2004- 2005) / Analysis of the immunohistopathological factors (hormonal receptors, estrogen, progesterone and ERB-2) associated to the prognosis of breast cancer in the population from Barranquilla (2004- 2005)

Objectives: To study the patterns of expression of the estrogen, progestagens and erb-2 receptors in 85 patients attended in two pathology laboratories from Barranquilla, from July 2004 to December 2005. Material and methods: This is a descriptive study of cohort. 104 cases were reviewed and 18 were excluded by lack of data. Inmunohistochemistry studies with techniques ofperoxidase - antiperoxidase were made, for which Dako monoclonals antibodies against estrogens, progestagens and ebr-2 were used. Results: Four neoplasias were classified as carcinoma in situ, one mesenquimal cancer, one lobulillar carcinoma and the others were infiltrating ductal carcinomas grade I, II and III.The immunohistochemistry studies showed positivity for estrogens and progestagen at the intracellular level in 73 cases and negativity to erb-2, 11 were negative for both estrogen and progestagen and one was positive to ebr-2. Conclusions: 1.The infiltrating ductal carcinoma grades II and III were the histological presentation that appears most frequently (80) cases. 2. 88.03 percent of the cases were positive for estrogens and progestagens. 3. The relation between the histological component and the hormonal receptors positivity, suggests a good prognosis.

Galactografía: procedimiento diagnóstico para el radiólogo de hoy / Galactography: diagnostic procedure for today’s radiologist

La galactografía de seno es un procedimiento subutilizado en la actualidad, que usualmente ayuda a definir la causa de secreción unilateral y espontánea a través del pezón. La ductografía permite el diagnóstico de condiciones patológicas que pueden pasar desapercibidas en otros métodos imaginológicos; delimita la extensión de la enfermedad, identifica lesiones centrales y periféricas y sirve como guía para planeación quirúrgica. Algunos radiólogos argumentan que la galactografía es un procedimiento técnicamente complicado que amerita demasiado tiempo para su realización. Sin embargo, el aprendizaje de una técnica adecuada y su consideración como método diagnóstico para el estudio de galactorrea, va a permitir a quienes la realicen una mejor aproximación interdisciplinaria para la evaluación de este importante signo de cáncer de seno. A continuación se describe la técnica de la galactografía, proporcionando los elementos cognoscitivos necesarios para la realización del procedimiento, e ilustramos algunos casos de ductografía centrados en la anatomía normal, inconvenientes técnicos y condiciones anómalas.

Lesiones mucocele-like de la mama: experiencia local y revisión de la literatura / Mucocele-like lesions of the breast: local experience and review of the literature

Mucocele-like lesions of the breast are uncommon. They where first described by Rosen in 1986. Pathologically, they are defined as mucin filled cysts and extravasated mucin in the adjacent stroma, without inflammatory reaction. We present eight cases of mucocele-like lesions in six patients, emphasizing the clinical and radiological findings and features of the respective percutaneous and excisional biopsies. Considering their frequent association with high risk type lesions (4/8 = 50%) and also with ductal carcinomas in situ or mucinous carcinomas (1/7 = 14%), surgical excision is recommended to exclude malignancy.

La lesión mucocele-like (LML) es infrecuente, fue descrita por primera vez por Rosen en 1986; se define anatomopatológicamente como área de quistes conteniendo mucina, con presencia de mucina extravasada en el estroma adyacente debido a la rotura de quistes, sin reacción inflamatoria asociada. Se presentan ocho casos de LML diagnosticados en seis pacientes, haciendo énfasis en las características clínicas, imaginológicas y hallazgos de las respectivas biopsias percutáneas y excisionales. Considerando su frecuente asociación con lesiones de alto riesgo, (4/8=50%) y también con cáncer in situ o cáncer infiltrante mucinoso (1/7=14%), la recomendación actual es la biopsia quirúrgica para excluir malignidad.

Cáncer de mama masculino: un diagnóstico a considerar / Masculine bancer of breast: a diagnosis to consider

Introducción: El CMM constituye sólo el 1% de todas las neoplasias malignas mamarias. Su incidencia ha aumentado en un 0.86 a 1.86 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes en los últimos 20 años. Comparado con el cáncer mamario en la mujer, el CMM ha evolucionado con un incremento del 26%. En los estadios más precoces, la supervivencia es superior al 50%, reduciéndose al 10% cuando se diagnostica en estadio metastásico. Globalmente, más del 65% de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados en los estadios 3 y 4 de la enfermedad. La incidencia acumulada es mayor que la del carcinoma peneano, el seminoma y otras patologías que podrían pensarse como propias del varón. Materiales y métodos: Durante el período 2004/2005, fueron evaluados en dos centros de diagnóstico de la ciudad de Buenos Aires 41 pacientes de sexo masculino por patologías mamarias de diversas etiologías, hallándose 4 casos de cáncer mamario masculino (CMM). Como métodos diagnósticos se utilizaron la ecografía mamaria y la mamografía bilateral con proyección axilar, empleándose tomografía computada y centellografía ósea para la evaluación de metástasis a distancia. Resultados: En los 4 casos de CMM, los hallazgos histológicos correspondieron a carcinoma intraductal invasivo. Conclusión: Esta revisión intenta resumir la evidencia actual sobre factores genéticos y epidemiológicos de riesgo, examina el estado del arte sobre la biología del tumor, las variables que predicen su comportamiento y analiza los resultados obtenidos con los métodos de diagnóstico disponibles y su correlación histopatológica.