An intricate case of sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B with a review of literature

SUMMARY Pseudohypoparathyroidism comprehends an assorted group of genetically rare disorders that share end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone. Genetic and epigenetic modifications on guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-stimulating gene locus are the most common underlying mechanisms associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Biochemical and molecular analysis stratify pseudohypoparathyroidism into types 1A, 1B, 1C, and 2. We describe an unusual case of sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B. A 34-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to the emergency department, with persistent asthenia, limb paresthesias, and tactile hyposensitivity. Her physical examination, previous personal and family histories were unsuspicious, except for mild, intermittent and self-limited complaints of paresthesia during her two pregnancies, but no detailed workup was done. No typical features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy were observed. The initial laboratory investigation showed elevated parathyroid hormone level (311.2 pg/mL), hypocalcemia (albumin-corrected serum calcium 4.3 mg/dL), hypocalciuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, and vitamin D deficiency. Combined calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium supplementation was commenced, with symptomatic and analytical improvement. Albeit resolution of vitamin D deficiency, the patient relapsed with mild and intermittent lower limb paresthesias. Pseudohypoparathyroidism was confirmed by molecular identification of the 3-kb STX16 deletion. The treatment was readjusted, and one year later, symptomatic remission was attained. Clinical and biochemical features, and their respective course, along with lack of distinctive features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy pointed to pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B. A careful follow-up is needed to avoid complications and recurrence. Once correction of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia is achieved, with no reported complications and recurrence, a good prognosis is anticipated, comparable to the general population.

Seudohipoparatiroidismo 1b / Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b

RESUMEN El seudohipoparatiroidismo 1b se caracteriza por resistencia aislada a la parathormona, en ausencia de las manifestaciones típicas de la osteodisfrofia hereditaria de Albright; debido a alteraciones epigenéticas del locus GNAS. Puede presentarse de forma esporádica, o heredado de manera autosómico dominante por vía materna. Se presenta paciente masculino de 31 años, con antecedentes de tumores óseos y calcificaciones cerebrales diagnosticados a los 14 años; que se consulta por presentar mareo intenso, rigidez del cuello y la boca, dificultad para hablar y tragar, desorientación y trastornos de percepción; con fenotipo y somatometría normales, y signos de tetania latente (Chvostek y Trouseau positivos). Los estudios realizados mostraron: hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, aumento de niveles de parathormona y múltiples calcificaciones en cerebro y cerebelo. Con tales hallazgos se emite el diagnóstico de seudohipoparatiroidismo 1b, el cual se confirma mediante pruebas moleculares con alteración en el patrón de metilación en el locus GNAS. No presentó alteraciones en el estudio de secuenciación de los 13 exones codificantes del GNAS. Se concluyó como un caso esporádico ante la ausencia de historia familiar de hipocalcemia, combinado con amplia pérdida de metilación del gen GNAS y la no evidencia de deleciones. Se presenta el primer reporte de esta enfermedad en Cuba con estudio molecular(AU)

ABSTRACT Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b is characterized by isolated resistance to parathormone, in the absence of the typical manifestations of hereditary Albright osteodysphrophy; due to epigenetic alterations of the GNAS locus. It can occur sporadically, or inherited in an autosomal dominant way through the mother. We report the case of a 31-year-old male patient, with history of bone tumors and cerebral calcifications diagnosed at age 14. She came to consultation due to severe dizziness, stiff neck and mouth, difficulty speaking and swallowing, disorientation and perception disorders; he showed normal phenotype and somatometry, and signs of latent tetany (positive Chvostek and Trouseau). Studies have shown hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased levels of parathormone and multiple calcifications in the brain and cerebellum. These findings, pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b is diagnosed confirmed by molecular tests showing alteration in the methylation pattern in the GNAS locus. There were no alterations in the sequencing study of the 13 exons coding for GNAS. It was concluded as a sporadic case in the absence of a family history of hypocalcemia, combined with extensive loss of GNAS gene methylation and no evidence of deletions. This is the first report this disease with molecular study in Cuba(AU)

Pseudohipoparatiroidismo de presentación tardía: reporte de dos casos / Pseudohypoparathyroidism: report of two cases of late presentation

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a group of rare genetic disorders that share organ targeted resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a common feature. Biochemically, they may present with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated PTH. Some forms present with a specific phenotype: short stature, round facies, short neck, obesity, brachydactyly and subcutaneous calcifications, called Albrigth's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO). This spectrum of disorders are caused by several alterations in the gene coding for the alpha subunit of the G protein (GNAS): an ubiquitous signaling protein that mediates the action of numerous hormones such as PTH, TSH, gonadotropins, and ACTH, among others. According to their inheritance with maternal or paternal imprinting, they may manifest in a diversity of clinical forms. Although most commonly diagnosed during childhood, PHP may manifest clinically during adolescence or early adulthood. We report two late presenting cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism. A 21-year-old female with biochemical abnormalities characteristic of pseudohypoparathyroidism who was misdiagnosed as epilepsy and a 13-year-old boy with the classic AHO phenotype but without alterations in phospho-calcium metabolism, compatible with pseudopseudohypoparathyrodism.

Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism: etiology, laboratory features and complications

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify a clinical profile and laboratory findings of a cohort of hypoparathyroidism patients and determine the prevalence and predictors for renal abnormalities. Materials and methods Data from medical records of five different visits were obtained, focusing on therapeutic doses of calcium and vitamin D, on laboratory tests and renal ultrasonography (USG). Results Fifty-five patients were identified, 42 females and 13 males; mean age of 44.5 and average time of the disease of 11.2 years. The most frequent etiology was post-surgical. Levels of serum calcium and creatinine increased between the first and last visits (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively); and serum levels of phosphate decreased during the same period (p < 0.001). Out of the 55 patients, 40 had USG, and 10 (25%) presented with kidney calcifications. There was no significant difference in the amount of calcium and vitamin D doses among patients with kidney calcifications and others. No correlation between serum and urinary levels of calcium and the presence of calcification was found. Urinary calcium excretion in 24h was significantly higher in patients with kidney calcification (3.3 mg/kg/d) than in those without calcification (1.8 mg/kg/d) (p < 0.05). Conclusions The reduction of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia suggest an effectiveness of the treatment, and the increase in serum creatinine demonstrates an impairment of renal function during follow-up. Kidney calcifications were prevalent in this cohort, and higher urinary calcium excretion, even if still within the normal range, was associated with development of calcification. These findings suggest that lower rates of urinary calcium excretion should be aimed for in the management of hypoparathyroidism.

Avaliação fenotípica e de defeitos moleculares no GNAS em pacientes com pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo (PHP) e pseudopseudo-hipoparatireoidismo (PPHP) / Evaluation of the phenotype and molecular defect in GNAS in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

INTRODUÇÃO: A primeira doença humana atribuída à resistência hormonal foi o pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo (PHP), uma doença rara caracterizada por hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia e níveis elevados de hormônio paratireoidiano (PTH) na presença de função renal normal, quadro condizente com resistência ao PTH. A classificação original do PHP leva em consideração a osteodistrofia hereditária de Albright (AHO): presente no PHP1a e ausente no PHP1b. Na medida em que as bases moleculares do PHP têm sido compreendidas, uma classificação baseada no genótipo tem surgido. Segundo ela, pacientes com PHP1a apresentam mutações na região codificadora da Gsalfa do GNAS e o padrão de herança é autossômico dominante relacionado à transmissão materna. Por outro lado, o PHP1b é caracterizado por alterações nas regiões diferencialmente metiladas (DMRs) do GNAS por mecanismos não completamente esclarecidos, limitando a previsão do seu padrão de herança. Pacientes que apresentam a AHO na ausência de resistência hormonal têm o diagnóstico de pseudopseudo-hipoparatireoidismo (PPHP) e seu padrão de herança é autossômico dominante relacionado à transmissão paterna de mutações na região codificadora da Gsalfa do GNAS. OBJETIVOS: Classificar 25 pacientes com PHP com base em defeitos no GNAS e caracterizar seu fenótipo. Pesquisar mutações no GNAS nos quatro pacientes com PPHP e também caracterizar seu fenótipo. MÉTODOS: A avaliação fenotípica incluiu análise das resistências hormonais, pesquisa de repercussões crônicas da hipocalcemia/hiperfosfatemia (calcificações em sistema nervoso central: SNC e catarata) e identificação da AHO. A análise do GNAS foi feita por sequenciamento automático e MLPA (região codificadora da Gsalfa) e por MS-MLPA (região regulatória: DMRs). RESULTADOS: Resistência ao PTH foi identificada nos 25 pacientes com PHP e resistência ao TSH em 17/25. Calcificações em SNC e catarata estiveram presentes em 18 e 10 pacientes com PHP, respectivamente. A...

BACKGROUND: The first human disease attributed to hormone resistance was pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), a rare disease characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the presence of normal renal function, consistent picture of PTH resistance. The original classification of PHP takes into account the Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO): present in PHP1a and absent in PHP1b. As the molecular bases of PHP have been understood, a classification based on genotype has emerged. According to it, PHP1a patients present mutations in the Gsalpha coding region of the GNAS and the pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant related to maternal transmission. On the other hand, PHP1b is characterized by alterations in differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the GNAS by mechanisms not completely clear, limiting the prediction of the pattern of inheritance. Patients who present AHO in the absence of hormone resistance have the diagnosis of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) and their pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant related to paternal transmission of mutations in the Gsalfa coding region of the GNAS. OBJECTIVE: To classify 25 patients with PHP based on GNAS molecular defects and to characterize their phenotype. To search for GNAS mutations in four patients with PPHP and also to characterize their phenotype. METHODS: The phenotypic evaluation included analysis of hormone resistances, research of chronic repercussions of hypocalcemia/hyperphosphatemia (calcifications in central nervous system: CNS and cataract) and identification of AHO. The analysis of the GNAS was done by automated sequencing and MLPA (Gsalphaa coding region) and by MS-MLPA (regulatory region: DMRs). RESULTS: PTH resistance was identified in 25 patients with PHP and TSH resistance in 17/25. Calcifications in CNS and cataract were present in 18 and 10 patients with PHP, respectively. AHO was characterized by: rounded face (n=18),...

Coexistence of glucocorticoid resistance and pseudohypoparathyroidism / Coexistencia de la resistencia a glucocorticoides y el pseudohipoparatiroidismo

We report for the first time the case of a young man who developed both glucocorticoid resistance and resistance to parathyroid hormone. Treatment with high doses of dexamethasone together with administration of calcium and calcitriol resulted in a significant improvement in the patient's condition. In this paper, we discuss in detail diagnostic and treatment strategies used on the patient and the impact on the course and outcome of both disorders. We associate the development of both these disorders with a possible inherited defect in the signal pathways common to glucocorticoid and parathyroid hormone receptors.

Por primera vez se reporta el caso de un joven que desarrolló resistencia a glucocorticoides y resistencia a la hormona paratiroidea. El tratamiento con altas dosis de dexametasona, junto con la administración de calcio y calcitriol, trajo como resultado una mejoría significativa de la condición del paciente. En este papel, se analiza en detalle el diagnóstico así como las estrategias de tratamiento del paciente, y su impacto en el curso y resultado de ambos trastornos. Se concluye que el desarrollo de ambos trastornos se halla asociado a un posible defecto hereditario en las vías de transducción de señales comunes a los receptores de las hormonas glucocorticoides y las hormonas paratiroideas.

Hipocalcemia asociada a hiperfosfemia y PTH elevada: caso clínico / Hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency and elevated PTH levels in a patient with celiac disease: report of one case

We report a 56 years old woman that presented a severe hypocalcemia, with a serum calcium of 4.7 mg/dl, after the intake of bisphosphonates. Laboratory examination showed elevated PTH levels (167 pg/ml), hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia and normal phosphate tubular reabsorption. Therefore, the diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism was considered (PHP). However, further studies showed low levels of 25 OH Vitamin D (13.6 ng /ml), osteoporosis, positive anti endomysium antibodies and an endoscopic biopsy, that confirmed the presence of a celiac disease.

A novel GNAS mutation in an infant boy with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and normal serum calcium and phosphate levels / Mutação nova no GNAS em um menino com pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo tipo Ia e dosagens séricas normais de cálcio e fósforo

The objective of this study was to describe a new mutation in GNAS in a family with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (PHP Ia), a rare osteometabolic disease. An 8-month-old boy was seen by an Endocrinologist due to obesity and low growth velocity. Noteworthy, his mother exhibited typical Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) phenotype. The clinical diagnosis of PHP Ia was suspected. The GNAS coding region from mother and son was amplified and directly sequenced. A novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.673T>C) was identified in exon 5 in both patients. In this family, the mother's clinical picture was the clue for the son's diagnosis. Molecular analysis of GNAS confirmed the diagnosis of PHP Ia in both patients and the child's early diagnosis was possible. Moreover, this novel missense substitution expands the spectrum of GNAS mutations associated with this disorder and allows for genetic counseling of this family.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever uma nova mutação no GNAS em uma família com pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo tipo Ia (PHP Ia), doença osteometabólica rara. Um garoto de oito meses foi visto por um endocrinologista por obesidade e baixa velocidade de crescimento. Chamava a atenção o fato de sua mãe apresentar fenótipo típico da osteodistrofia hereditária de Albright (OHA). O diagnóstico clínico de PHP Ia foi suspeitado. A região codificadora do GNAS da mãe e do filho foi amplificada e submetida ao sequenciamento direto. Uma nova mutação missense em heterozigose (c.673T>C) foi identificada no éxon 5 em ambos. O quadro clínico materno foi a pista para o diagnóstico do filho. A análise molecular do GNAS confirmou o diagnóstico de PHP Ia nos dois pacientes possibilitando o diagnóstico precoce da criança. Além disso, essa nova substituição missense expande o espectro de mutações no GNAS associadas a essa doen­ça e permite o aconselhamento genético nesta família.

Pseudohipoparatiroidismo en niños, Manifestaciones clínicas e implicancias del tratamiento / Pseudohypoparathyroidism in childhood. Clinical manifestations and implications of treatment

El pseudohipoparatiroidismo es una enfermedad hereditaria caracterizada por presentar resistencia a la hormona paratiroidea que se manifiesta por hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia y niveles elevados de PTH. Los pacientes pueden presentar características fenotípicas de osteodistrofia hereditaria de Albright y tener asociadas otras resistencias hormonales. En este trabajo se analizan las características clínicas y bioquímicas de 13 niños afectados de la enfermedad, como así también la implicancia del tratamiento. El diagnóstico temprano, la detección oportuna de resistencias hormonales asociadas y el control periódico de los pacientes, son de relevancia para promover el crecimiento y disminuir las secuelas de la hipocalcemia (AU)

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is an hereditary disease characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia due to parathyroid hormone resistance. Patients may have the association of other endocrine resistances and physical characteristics termed Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. We present here 13 patients with PHP, their clinic and biological signs, and the implication of the treatment. Early diagnosis, the study of other hormone resistances, and periodic control of the patients, are mandatory to promote a correct growth and decrease the consequences of hypocalcemia in these patients (AU)

Osteodistrofia hereditaria de Albright: presentación de tres casos clínicos / Albright´s hereditary osteodystrophy: report of three cases

La osteodistrofia hereditaria de Albright incluye un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades genéticas entre las cuales se encuentran el eudohipoparatiroidismo de tipo Ia y el seudoseudohipoparatiroidismo.Las características de este síndrome son facies redonda, sobrepeso,calcificaciones subcutáneas y braquidactilia. En el seudohipoparatiroidismode tipo Ia existen alteraciones de laboratorio, como hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemia por resistencia periférica a la parathormona. Es posible hallar también resistencia periféricaa otras hormonas, como las gonadotrofinas y las tiroideas. Elseudo-seudohipoparatiroidismo no presenta resistencia periféricaa dichas hormonas. Presentamos tres pacientes evaluados ennuestro hospital con manifestaciones del síndrome de Albright.

Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism / Hipoparatiroidismo e pseudohipoparatiroidismo

The principal function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is maintenance of calcium plasmatic levels, withdrawing the calcium from bone tissue, reabsorbing it from the glomerular filtrate, and indirectly increasing its intestinal absorption by stimulating active vitamin D (calcitriol) production. Additionally, the PTH prompts an increase in urinary excretion of phosphorus and bicarbonate, seeking a larger quantity of free calcium available in circulation. Two mechanisms may alter its function, limiting its control on calcium: insufficient PTH production by the parathyroids (hypoparathyroidism), or a resistance against its action in target tissues (pseudohypoparathyroidism). In both cases, there are significantly reduced levels of plasmatic calcium associated with hyperphosphatemia. Clinical cases are characterized by nervous hyperexcitability, with paresthesia, cramps, tetany, hyperreflexia, convulsions, and tetanic crisis. Abnormalities such as cataracts and basal ganglia calcification are also typical of these diseases. Treatment consists of oral calcium supplementation associated with increased doses of vitamin D derivatives.

A principal função do paratormônio (PTH) é a manutenção dos níveis plasmáticos de cálcio, retirando-o do tecido ósseo, reabsorvendo-o do filtrado glomerular e, indiretamente, aumentando sua absorção intestinal através do estímulo para a produção de vitamina D ativa (calcitriol). Além disso, o PTH promove um aumento na excreção urinária de fósforo e bicarbonato, objetivando uma maior quantidade de cálcio livre disponível na circulação. Dois mecanismos podem alterar sua função, limitando seu controle sobre o cálcio: produção insuficiente de PTH pelas paratiróides (hipoparatiroidismo), ou uma resistência à sua ação nos órgãos-alvo (pseudohipoparatiroidismo). Em ambos os casos, ocorre uma redução significativa dos níveis plasmáticos de cálcio em associação com hiperfosfatemia. Manifestações clínicas características são: hiperexcitabilidade nervosa, com parestesia, cãimbras, tetania, hiperreflexia, convulsões e crise tetânica. Catarata e calcificação dos gânglios basais são anormalidades típicas dessas doenças. O tratamento consiste da suplementação oral de cálcio, associada com doses elevadas de derivados da vitamina D.

¿Pseudohipoparatiroidismo o déficit de vitamina D? / Pseudohypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency? Report of one case

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by a resistance to parathormone, with variable phenotypical and biochemical manifestations. Its diagnosis is difficult. We report a 28 years old male presenting with a hypokalemic periodic paralysis. His serum PTH was elevated to 1,343 and 1,101 pg/ml with concomitant hypocalcemia of 7.9 and 6.7 mg/dl. Twenty four hour urinary calcium and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D were normal. Bone mineral density was normal. The patient was managed with calcitriol in doses of 1 to 2 µg/d, associated to calcium 2 g/day. Serum calcium levels and PTH normalized after two months and six months of treatment respectively.

Osteodistrofia de Albright / Albright Osteodystrophy

Paciente feminina de 9 anos de idade, de origem asiática, consulta por parestesias em mãos e pés. Tem história de hipotireoidismo desde o primeiro ano de vida, em tratamento com levotiroxina 50 mg/dia. O exame físico revelou 4º e 5º metacarpianos e metatarsianos curtos, estatura entre o percentil 25-50, calcificações subcutâneas e nódulo localizado em tendão de Aquiles. Os exames laboratoriais demonstraram padrão compatível com pseudohipoparatireoidismo

Oral manifestations of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a case report

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is a hereditary metabolic disorder of dominant autosomal etiology that is commonly characterized by short stature, round face, small metacarpus and metatarsus, mental retardation, osteoporosis, subcutaneous calcification, variable hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. In this study, we report a clinical case of a 17-year-old woman with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, and we discuss her clinical, radiographic, and laboratory test characteristics together with the oral manifestations, and we correlate them with the characteristics found in the literature. We also discuss the odontological management of treatment of related periodontal disease and planning for corrections of related malocclusions

Homeostasis del calcio: rol de la parathormona y el péptido relacionado a la parathormona. Aplicaciones clínicas y ensayos específicos / Calcium homeostasis: parathormone and parathormone related protein clinical usefulness and specific assays

Para comprender los desórdenes del metabolismo óseo y mineral es necesario tener un conocimiento integrado del sistema hormeostático del calcio y la regulación que sobre él ejercen las hormonas calciotrópicas. Esta revisión presenta un informe actualizado sobre el complejo sistema homeostático que regula y mantiene constante las concentraciones intra y extracelulares de calcio. Hace mención al sensor de calcio que a su vez regula la síntesis y liberación de la parathormona (PTH), principal hormona calciotrópica. También se analizan los mecanismos celulares involucrados en la síntesis, secreción y metabolismo de la PTH, así como sus mecanismos celulares y moleculares que dan lugar a la acción a nivel de los órganos efectores. Se presenta el rol del péptido relacionado a la PTH (PTHrp) sobre el metabolismo óseo y mineral. Dicho péptido es el responsable, en condiciones patológicas, de la hipercalcemia tumoral, pero, además, presenta una acción en condiciones fisiológicas normales tal como ocurre durante el embarazo y la lactancia. Ambas hormonas utilizan el mismo receptor y desencadenan respuestas similares sobre la homeostasis del calcio. Se analizan las dificultades para la determinación bioquímica de la PTH y PTHrp así como los inmunoensayos actualmente disponibles. Finalmente se hace mención a la aplicación clínica de los ensayos de PTH y PTHrp

Psoríase e pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo / Psoriasis and pseudohypoparathyroidism

Relato de caso clínico de paciente do sexo masculino, de 24 anos de idade, com psoríase pustulosa havia dois meses. Apresentava antecedentes de crises convulsivas e retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Ao exame físico o sinal de Trousseau foi positivo, e a dosagem de cálcio no soro estava acentuadamente diminuída. O diagnóstico foi de psoríase pustulosa generalisada associada a pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo. Inicialmente o paciente foi tratado com etretinato, sem controle do quadro; porém, com detecçäo da hipocalcemia e a reposiçäo do cálcio, houve melhora acentuada das lesöes cutâneas. A remissäo completa foi obtida com a correçäo da hipocalcemia. Esses resultados indicam que a hipocalcemia estava diretamente relacionada com a manutençäo das lesöes de psoríase pustulosa generalizada e pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo

Aspectos clínicos e neurorradiológicos do pseudo-hipoparatireoidismo: relato de caso / Clinical and neuroradiologic aspects of pseudohypoparathyreoidism: case report

Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 18 anos, com baixa estatura, epilepsia e deficiencia mental, alem de calcificacoes dos glanglios da base. Os achados clinicos e laboratorias sugeriram psdeudo-hipoparatireoidismo. Trata-se de patologia rara, de base genetica, secundaria a resistencia periferica ao hormonio da paratireoide e que evolui com excitabilidade neuromuscular, baixa estatura e calcificacoes dos glanglios da base, entre outros achados. Sao discutidas as formas de diagnosticas e a terapeutica empregada, seguidas de preve revisao da literatura sobre calcificacao dos glanglios da base.

Pseudohipoparatiroidismo / Pseudohypoparathyroidism

A 5 year old boy with normal phenotype and normal renal function presented tetany. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, with increased serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were detected in serial measurements. Pseudohypoparathyroidism was diagnosed. This disease presents the biochemical abnormalities of hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia) with peripheral resistance to PTH activity. The patient was treated effectively with calcium and vitamin D supplements. The causes of hypocalcemia related to parathyroid gland activity are reviewed and the physiopathology of pseudohypoparathyroidism is described.