Manejo de la vía aérea ante un caso de paro respiratorio en un escenario clínico simulado. Experiencia en una residencia de pediatría / Airway management during a respiratory arrest in a clinical simulation scenario. Experience at a pediatric residency program

Introducción. La insuficiencia respiratoria es la causa más común de paro cardíaco en pediatría; su reconocimiento y el manejo adecuado son cruciales. La simulación se utiliza para mejorar las habilidades médicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la proporción de residentes de pediatría que reconocieron un paro respiratorio (PR) pediátrico en un centro de simulación. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional con 77 médicos residentes. Se utilizó un caso simulado de un paciente con dificultad respiratoria que progresa a PR. Resultados. De los 77 participantes, 48 reconocieron el paro respiratorio (62,3 %). El tiempo medio para reconocer el PR fue de 34,43 segundos. Conclusión. El 62,3 % de los participantes logró reconocer el paro respiratorio. Entre aquellos que lo identificaron, el tiempo promedio fue de 34,43 segundos. Se observaron graves deficiencias en algunas de las intervenciones esperadas.

Introduction. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pediatrics. Recognizing and managing it adequately is critical. Simulation is used to improve medical skills. The objective of this study was to establish the proportion of pediatric residents who recognized a respiratory arrest in a child at a simulation center. Methods. This was an observational study in 77 residents. A simulation of a patient with respiratory distress that progressed to respiratory arrest was used. Results. Among the 77 participants, 48 recognized respiratory arrest (62.3%). The mean time to recognize respiratory arrest was 34.43 seconds. Conclusion. Respiratory arrest was recognized by 62.3% of participants. Among those who did so, the average time was 34.43 seconds. Severe failures were noted in some of the expected interventions.

Cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes críticos: una revisión narrativa / High Flow Nasal Cannula in Critically Ill Patients: a Narrative Review

La cánula nasal de alto flujo se ha convertido en una de las principales estrategias de soporte ventilatorio no invasivo en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipoxémica, principalmente después de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, su uso se extiende más allá de este escenario y abarca diferentes condiciones clínicas como el período postextubación, período postquirúrgico, insuficiencia respiratoria hipercápnica y soporte vital en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, trasplantados u oncológicos. Los manuscritos que avalan su aplicación han sido ampliamente difundidos y el grado de evidencia es lo suficientemente alto como para recomendar su uso. Por tanto, es necesario destacar sus efectos fisiológicos como el confort, una fracción inspirada de oxígeno precisa, el lavado de CO2 o la optimización del volumen pulmonar de fin de espiración para comprender su mecanismo de acción y mejorar los resultados de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es ofrecer un resumen breve y conciso de los efectos y beneficios de aplicar esta terapia en diferentes escenarios clínicos sin la estructura rígida de una revisión sistemática. Con base en estas líneas, el lector curioso puede ampliar la evidencia científica que avala el empleo de la cánula nasal de alto flujo en cada escenario particular. (AU);

High-flow nasal cannula has become one of the main strategies for non-invasive ventilatory support in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, mainly after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, its use extends beyond this scenario and covers different clinical conditions such as the post-extubation period, post-surgical period, hypercapnic respiratory failure and life support in immunosuppressed, trasplant or cancer patients. Manuscripts that support its application have been widely disseminated and the degree of evidence is high enough to recommend its use. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight its physiological effects such as comfort, precise fraction of inspiratory oxygen, CO2 lavage or optimize end-expiratory lung volume to understand its mechanism of action and improve patients' outcomes. The objective of this narrative review is to offer a brief and concise summary of the benefits of applying this therapy in different clinical scenarios without the rigid structure of a systematic review. Based on these lines, the curious reader can expand the scientific evidence that supports the use of the high-flow nasal cannula in each particular scenario. (AU);

Conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem da unidade de transplante no reconhecimento da insuficiência respiratória / Knowledge of the transplant unit nursing team at the recognition of respiratory insufficiency / Conocimiento del equipo de enfermería de la unidad de trasplante en el reconocimiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria

O estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem do transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas acerca do manejo à Insuficiência Respiratória (IRpA), bem como realizar uma capacitação para tal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, de caráter descritivo-exploratória, quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de julho e agosto de 2021 e contou com a participação de 20 colaboradores. Foram empregadas duas avaliações teóricas (início e fim) e uma simulação in loco. Os resultados demonstram que os profissionais de enfermagem do setor de transplante de células tronco-hematopoiéticas melhoraram a performance geral nas respostas às questões de urgência e emergência e também no conhecimento específico dos principais sinais e sintomas da IRpA e intervenções na ventilação após o treinamento. O estudo contribuiu para reforçar a necessidade da prática de enfermagem baseada em evidências científicas e a necessidade de educação permanente da equipe para a melhoria das práticas assistenciais.

The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of the hematopoietic stem cell transplant nursing team about the management of Respiratory Failure , as well as to carry out training for this purpose. This is a field research of descriptive-exploratory, quantitative nature. Data collection was carried out between July and August 2021 and had the participation of 20 employees. Two theoretical evaluations (beginning and end) and an in loco simulation were used. The results show that after being trained nurses in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation sector, improved their general performance when responding to urgent and emergency questions and in their specific knowledge of the main signs and symptoms of respiratory failure and ventilation interventions. The study contributed to reinforce the need for evidence-based nursing practice and the need for permanent education of the team to improve care practices.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento del equipo de enfermería de trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos sobre el manejo de la Insuficiencia Respiratoria (RIpA), así como realizar capacitaciones para tal fin. Es una investigación de campo, descriptiva-exploratoria, cuantitativa. La recolección de datos se realizó entre julio y agosto de 2021 y tuvo la participación de 20 colaboradores. Se utilizaron dos evaluaciones teóricas (inicio y final) y una simulación in loco. Los resultados muestran que las enfermeras del sector del trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas, tras la formación, mejoraron su desempeño general en la respuesta a las consultas urgentes y de emergencia, así como su conocimiento específico de los principales signos y síntomas de la IRA y de las intervenciones en ventilación. El estudio contribuyó a reforzar la necesidad de una práctica de enfermería basada en evidencias científicas y la necesidad de educación permanente del equipo para mejorar las prácticas de cuidado.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en ingresados en un centro provisional para pacientes con CO VID-19 moderada / Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to a provisional center for moderate COVID-19 patients

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva es una alternativa ventilatoria para los casos con COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir las características y la evolución de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva en los pacientes egresados en el Centro Provisional para pacientes moderados con COVID-19 en Figali, Panamá. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal. Incluyó a todos los pacientes adultos egresados entre junio y julio del 2021 que recibieron ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Se utilizó un cuestionario cuya fuente primaria fue la historia clínica individual digital. Se emplearon técnicas de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 217 ingresados con COVID-19 moderado, 78 (35,9 por ciento) necesitaron ventilación mecánica no invasiva, iniciada con media al noveno día de síntomas y segundo después del ingreso. De estos, el 62,8 por ciento eran obesos y el 29,5 por ciento hipertensos. En el 56,4 por ciento, la frecuencia respiratoria ≥30 y la disminución de la razón PaO2/FiO2 fueron los indicadores principales que decidieron el inicio de la VMNI. Del total de ventilados, el 62,8 por ciento tuvo un síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo moderado-grave y esto se relacionó con el fracaso de la ventilación. La ventilación fue exitosa en el 65,4 por ciento. La razón PaO2/FiO2 <150 (62,9 por ciento), la frecuencia respiratoria ≥30 (55,6 por cientpo y el agotamiento físico (51,85 por ciento), indicaron la falla de la ventilación. Conclusiones: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva es un proceder efectivo en pacientes con COVID-19 y distrés respiratorio moderado o severo; aunque su éxito se relaciona con las formas menos graves. La PaO2/FiO2 baja junto a la clínica, fueron indicadores clave para evaluar inicio, éxito o fracaso de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva; no así los valores de PaO2, PaCO2 y SpO2(AU)

Introduction: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation is a ventilatory alternative for COVID-19 cases. Objective: To describe the characteristics and evolution of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in patients discharged from Provisional Center for moderate COVID-19 patients in Figali, Panama. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal stu was carried out in all adult patients discharged from June to July 2021 and who received non-invasive mechanical ventilation. A questionnaire was used using the digital individual medical record as primary source. Descriptive statistics techniques were used. Results: 35.9percent of the patients (78/217) who were admitted required non-invasive mechanical ventilation on the ninth day of symptoms and the second day after admission. 62.8percent (49/78) were obese and 29.5percent (23/78) hypertensive. The respiratory rate ≥30 and the decrease in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio decided the begining of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in 56.4percent (78/217) of those admitted. 62.8percent (49/78) had moderate-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the severity was related to ventilation failure out of the total number of ventilated patients. Ventilation was successful in 65.4percent (51/78). PaO2/FiO2 <150 (62.9percent), respiratory rate ≥30 (55.6percent) and physical exhaustion (51.85percent) decided ventilation failure. Conclusions: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation is an effective procedure in COVID-19 patients and moderate or severe respiratory distress; although its success is related to the less severe forms. Low PaO2/FiO2, together with symptoms, were key indicators to assess the begining, success or failure of NIMV; not so the values of PaO2, PaCO2 and SpO2(AU)

Ventilación no invasiva en sala de hospitalización general / Non-Invasive Ventilation in a Regular Hospital Ward

Introducción: La experiencia clínica ha permitido la ventilación no invasiva fuera de unidades críticas. Describimos el perfil clínico y evolución de pacientes que recibieron ventilación no invasiva en sala general. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes con soporte ventilatorio du rante un año en un hospital general. Resultados: Se utilizó ventilación no invasiva en 43 pacientes, 67,4% con hipercap nia. La relación hombre/mujer fue 1:1. La edad y el IMC fueron 68,3 ± 12,4 años y 30,1 ± 12,3 kg/m2 y los diagnósticos principales, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, enfermedad neuromuscular y obesidad-hipoventilación. Un tercio inició la ventilación no invasiva en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, y dos tercios usaban ventilación no invasiva en domicilio antes del ingreso por exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (39,5%) o progresión de la enfermedad (14%). La estancia hospi talaria fue 12,1 ± 7 d (14 ± 9 en supervivientes y 5,7 ± 3 en pacientes fallecidos). La gasometría arterial al ingreso reveló PaCO2: 52,7 ± 13,7 mmHg; PaO2: 72,2 ± 16,2 mmHg y pH de 7,36 ± 0,08. Se halló pH < 7,35 en el 18,6% y PaCO2 > 45 en el 57,4%. La PaCO2 al alta fue menor (46,1 ± 4,6; p > 0,05). El modo ST se utilizó en 34 (79%) pacientes. El período de ventilación fue 12,7 ± 10,2 días con uso de 6,9 ± 3,1 h/d. Un tercio recibió cuidados paliativos (13,9% de mortalidad). Tres pacientes (7%) fueron transferidos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos por deterioro clínico y treinta y cinco egresaron con ventilación crónica (94,6%). Conclusiones: Hubo escasas transferencias a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue baja y los que fallecieron tenían instrucciones anticipadas.

Introduction: Clinical experience has allowed the use of non-invasive ventilation out side the acute-care setting. We describe the clinical profile and evolution of patients who received non-invasive ventilation in a regular ward. Materials and methods: Retrospective study in patients with ventilatory support for one year in a general hospital. Results: Non-invasive ventilation was delivered to 43 patients, 67.4% of which had hy percapnia. The male/female ratio was 1:1. Age and BMI (Body Mass Index) were 68.3 ± 12.4 years and 30.1 ± 12.3 kg/m2, and the main diagnoses were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease and obesity-hypoventilation. One third of patients began non-invasive ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit, and two thirds had been using non-invasive ventilation at their homes before being admitted with exacerba tion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (39.5%) or disease progression (14%). Hospital length of stay was 12.1 ± 7 d (14 ± 9 in survivors and 5.7 ± 3 in deceased patients). Arterial blood gas analysis on admission showed: PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide), 52.7 ± 13.7 mmHg; PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen), 72.2 ± 16.2 mmHg, and pH, 7.36 ± 0.08. A pH level < 7.35 was found in 18.6%, and PaCO2 > 45 in 57.4%. PaCO2 values upon discharge were lower (46.1 ± 4.6; p > 0.05). The ST (spontaneous-timed) mode was used in 34 patients (79%). The ventilation period was 12.7 ± 10.2 days, using 6.9 ± 3.1 h/d. One third of patients received palliative care (13.9% of mortality). Three patients (7%) were transferred to the Intensive Care Unit due to clinical decline, and thirty-five were discharged with chronic ventilation (94.6%). Conclusions: there were few referrals to the Intensive Care Unit. Hospital mortality was low, and patients who died had advance directives.

A importância do conhecimento técnico e científico do enfermeiro no procedimento de intubação traqueal / La importancia del conocimiento técnico y científico de la enfermera en el procedimiento de intubación traqueal / The importance of the technical and scientific knowledge of the nurse in the tracheal intubation procedure

Objetivo: identificar o grau do conhecimento técnico e científico dos enfermeiros no procedimento intubação traqueal. Método: pesquisa de campo com caráter descritivo-exploratória e quantitativa tendo identificado, através do resultado de um questionário aplicado a 23 profissionais enfermeiros, em um Hospital Geral do Vale do Paraíba, o grau de conhecimento técnico e científico sobre o procedimento de intubação traqueal. A coleta dos dados foi realizada nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2021. Resultados: a enfermagem participa e desempenha papel importante no procedimento de intubação, desde os diagnósticos até a avaliação contínua dos principais sinais e sintomas, estabelecendo um plano de cuidados, intervenções e atividades que permitirão fornecer o melhor atendimento ao paciente. Conclusão: O conhecimento do enfermeiro durante o procedimento de intubação traquel é de extrema importância, visando a qualidade da assistência, e a segurança do paciente.(AU)

Objective: To identify the degree of technical and scientific knowledge of nurses in the tracheal intubation procedure. Method: descriptive-exploratory and quantitative field research, having identified, through the result of a questionnaire applied to 23 nursing professionals, in a General Hospital of the Paraíba Valley, the degree of technical and scientific knowledge about the tracheal intubation procedure. Data were collected in September and October 2021. Results: nursing participates and plays an important role in the intubation procedure, from diagnoses to continuous evaluation of the main signs and symptoms, establishing a care plan, interventions and activities that will allow providing the best patient care. Conclusion: The knowledge of nurses during the traquel intubation procedure is extremely important, aiming at the quality of care, and patient safety.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar el grado de conocimiento técnico y científico de las enfermeras en el procedimiento de intubación traqueal. Método: investigación de campo descriptiva-exploratoria y cuantitativa, habiendo identificado, a través del resultado de un cuestionario aplicado a 23 profesionales de enfermería, en un Hospital General del Valle de Paraíba, el grado de conocimiento técnico y científico sobre el procedimiento de intubación traqueal. Los datos fueron recolectados en septiembre y octubre de 2021. Resultados: La enfermería participa y juega un papel importante en el procedimiento de intubación, desde el diagnóstico hasta la evaluación continua de los principales signos y síntomas, estableciendo un plan de cuidados, intervenciones y actividades que permitan brindar la mejor atención al paciente. Conclusión: El conocimiento de las enfermeras durante el procedimiento deintubación de traquel es extremadamente importante, apuntando a la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente.(AU)

Oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos com ou sem hipercapnia: revisão sistemática / Oxygenotherapy in patients with disability of the respiratory system by chronic obstruction to air flows with or without hypercapnia: systematic review

Introdução: a deficiência no sistema por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos é uma doença caracterizada por inflamação, associada a alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas, podendo ocasionar exacerbações respiratórias. A oxigenoterapia tem sido uma alternativa usada em pacientes que possuem insuficiência respiratória decorrente da obstrução crônica, como tentativa de diminuir os sintomas e as complicações geradas. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica, com e sem hipercapnia, quanto aos desfechos pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória, tempo de internamento e qualidade de vida.Metodologia: revisão de ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECR) nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e PEDro. Incluídos estudos originais que utilizaram a oxigenoterapia como intervenção em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos ou que outras síndromes. Resultados: na busca realizada nas bases de dados foram identificados um total de 387 estudos, reduzindo para 87 quando aplicado o descritor "ensaio clínico" e 7 estudos foram incluídos publicados entre os anos de 2004 e 2019. Conclusão: A oxigenoterapia mostrou-se incremento da pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória e redução do tempo de internamento com impactos na melhora da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: system deficiency due to chronic airflow obstruction is a disease characterized by inflammation, associated with anatomical and physiological changes, which can cause respiratory exacerbations. Oxygen therapy has been an alternative used in patients who have respiratory failure due to obstruction of the obstruction as an attempt to reduce symptoms and as complications generated. Objective: to evaluate the effects of oxygen therapy in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to chronic obstruction, with and without hypercapnia, in terms of partial oxygen pressure, respiratory rate, length of stay and quality of life. Methodology: review of controlled clinical trials and (RCT) in the PubMed, Cochrane and PEDro databases. Included original studies that used oxygen therapy as an intervention in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to obstruction to flow flows or other syndromes. Results: in the search carried out in the databases, a total of 387 studies were identified, for 87 when the descriptor "clinical trial" was projected and 7 studies were included between the years 2004 and 2019. Conclusion: oxygen therapy showed an increase in pressure partial oxygen, respiratory rate and reduction in hospital stay with impacts on improving the quality due.

Desenlace fatal en embarazadas contagiadas con la COVID-19 / Fatal outcome wiht pregnant and COVID-19

Introducción: Múltiples han sido las muertes y contagios por el nuevo coronavirus. En medio de este contexto el contagio de la enfermedad en pacientes embarazadas ha sido bien documentado. Objetivo: Presentar los eventos ocurridos en embarazadas para transmitir la experiencia a quienes tratan estas pacientes. Presentación del caso: Se expone el caso de una gestante de 24 años, obesa, con embarazo de 25 semanas. Fue ingresada con neumonía por COVID-19 y evolución hacia la insuficiencia respiratoria grave que fallece durante la cesárea. Se recibió en el quirófano con hipoxemia e hipercapnia, taquicardia, cianosis, oliguria y ventilada a presión positiva con oxígeno al 100 %. Se conduce con ketamina, fentanilo y rocuronio. A los 35 min, y posterior a la histerotomía, presentó bradicardia progresiva, por lo que se inicia compresiones torácicas externas y tratamiento farmacológico. Se recuperó el ritmo sinusal a los 12 min, pero recidiva la parada en asistolia a los 20 min, con cianosis en esclavina. Se implementó compresiones y administración de epinefrina hasta fallecer 30 min después por no recuperación de ritmo y signos ciertos de la muerte. Conclusiones: La atención multidisciplinaria mejora las condiciones de tratamiento en todas las etapas. El manejo anestésico individualizado ofrece una estrategia invaluable en casos como estos, independientemente del resultado. El tromboembolismo pulmonar en la gestante es un riesgo latente y asociado a la COVID-19, incrementa, exponencialmente, su letalidad.

Introduction: Multiple deaths and infections due to the new coronavirus have occurred. In the midst of this context, the spread of the disease in pregnant patients has been well documented. Objective: Present the events that occurred in pregnant women, in order to share the experience with those who treat these patients. Presentation of the case: The case of a 24-year-old pregnant woman, obese, with a pregnancy of 25 weeks is presented. She was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia and evolution towards severe respiratory failure led to her death during cesarean section. She was received in the operating room with hypoxemia and hypercapnia, tachycardia, cyanosis, oliguria and ventilated at positive pressure with 100% oxygen. She was treated with ketamine, fentanyl and rocuronium. At 35 min, and after hysterotomy, she presented progressive bradycardia, so external chest compressions and pharmacological treatment were initiated. The sinus rhythm was recovered at 12 min, but the asystole stop relapsed at 20 min, with cyanosis. Compressions and administration of epinephrine were implemented until death 30 minutes later due to non-recovery of rhythm and certain signs of death. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary care improves treatment conditions at all stages. Individualized anesthetic management offers an invaluable strategy in cases like these, regardless of the outcome. Pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnant women is a latent risk associated with COVID-19, exponentially increasing its lethality.

Posición prono en embarazada con neumonía grave por COVID-19 / Prone position in pregnant woman with severe COVID-19 pneumonia

Resumen Se han comunicado buenos resultados clínicos al poner en posición prono a pacientes con Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo por COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir la maniobra prono, sus resultados clínicos y cuidados asociados, en una mujer de 34 años de edad con 26 semanas de embarazo, que estaba en ventilación mecánica, por un cuadro clínico de neumonía multifocal por COVID-19. Se realizó maniobra prono lateralizada hacia izquierda, en tres etapas, preparación, ejecución y evaluación. Luego de 62 h de prono, se observó una recuperación favorable de la gestante: la relación PaO2/FiO2 aumentó de 151 a 368 mmHg, y disminuyó el compromiso radiológico pulmonar, sin que se detectaran complicaciones fetales. Conclusiones: Esta maniobra que puede beneficiar a pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria grave, en embarazadas debe ser una técnica protocolizada, con equipos de trabajo experimentados e implementación adecuada.

Good clinical results have been reported when placing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in a prone position. Objective: To describe the prone maneuver, its clinical results and associated care in a 34-year-old woman with 26 weeks of pregnancy, who was on mechanical ventilation, due to a clinical picture of COVID-19 multifocal pneumonia. Lateralized prone maneuver was carried out to the left, in three stages, preparation, execution and evaluation. After 62 hours of prone, a favorable recovery of the pregnant woman was observed: PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased from 151 to 368 mmHg, and the pulmonary radiological compromise decreased, without fetal complications being detected. Conclusions: This maneuver that might benefit patients with severe respiratory failure, in pregnant women should be a protocolized technique, with experienced work teams and adequate implementation.

Caracterización clínica de los pacientes con COVID-19 moderado / Clinical characterization of patients with moderate COVID-19

Introducción: En Panamá, para asumir la masiva demanda de casos con COVID-19, fueron creados centros temporales para atención médica en algunos establecimientos públicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínicamente a pacientes ingresados con COVID-19 moderado. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo, de serie de casos, realizado entre febrero y abril del 2021. Incluyó todos los ingresos en los 5 primeros meses del Centro de Atención Integral para Casos Moderados por COVID-19 en Figali. Se diseñó un cuestionario para cada paciente con datos recogidos de las historias clínicas individuales electrónicas. Resultados: De 628 pacientes ingresados, el 58,1 por ciento eran hombres y 41,6 por ciento del grupo etario de ≥ 60 años. El 54,94 por ciento ingresó luego de 7 días de síntomas, procedentes principalmente de hoteles de aislamiento (39,65 por ciento) y hospitales (26,43 por ciento). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la tos, disnea, fiebre y debilidad. El 84,39 por ciento fueron clasificados como COVID-19 moderados. El 51,75 por ciento requirió del ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Respiratorios Especiales y de estos el 3,82 por ciento necesitó ventilación mecánica invasiva. El 67,70 por ciento fue dado de alta al hogar y 14,59 por ciento fue transferido a hospitales de tercer nivel luego de la intubación orotraqueal. Conclusiones: El Centro-Figali brindó atención médica a pacientes con COVID-19 moderados, severos y críticos. Prevalecieron los síntomas generales y respiratorios altos, que se intensificaron en la fase pulmonar de la enfermedad y motivaron el ingreso. Entre los hombres, adultos mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles estuvieron la mayoría de los ingresados y fallecidos(AU)

Introduction: In Panama, temporary centers for medical care were created in some public establishments to meet the massive demand for cases with COVID-19. Objective: To clinically describe hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective, case series study was conducted from February to April 2021. It included all admissions in the first 5 months of the Comprehensive Care Center for Moderate Cases due to COVID-19 in Figali. A questionnaire was designed for each patient with data collected from individual electronic medical records. Results: Out of 628 admitted patients, 58.1 percent were men and 41.6 percent were in the age group ≥60 years. 54.94 percent were admitted after 7 days of symptoms, mainly from isolation hotels (39.65 percent) and hospitals (26.43 percent). The most frequent symptoms were cough, dyspnea, fever and weakness. 84.39 percent were classified as moderate COVID-19. 51.75 percent required admission to the Special Respiratory Care Unit, and out of these 3.82 percent required invasive mechanical ventilation. 67.70 percent were discharged and 14.59 percent were transferred to third level hospitals after orotracheal intubation. Conclusions: Centro Figali provided medical care to patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19. General and upper respiratory symptoms prevailed, which intensified in the pulmonary phase of the disease and led to admission. Among men, older adults and patients with chronic non-communicable diseases were the majority of those admitted and deceased(AU)

Caracterización de la apnea del sueño en pacientes cardiópatas e internación por enfermedad grave por COVID-19 / Characterization of sleep apnea and hospitalization for severe illness due to COVID-19

La COVID-19 ha generado mundialmente una morbi-mortalidad considerable, particularmente entre aquellos con comorbilidades crónicas: hipertensión, diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular. Investigaciones han demostrado que la apnea del sueño puede agravar el pronóstico vital, al causar o agudizar la disfunción endotelial, inflamación, estrés oxidativo, microaspiración y lesiones pulmonares, lo que amplifica el riesgo de hospitalización e incluso de sufrir de insuficiencia respiratoria. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y transversal, se evaluaron 187 pacientes cardiópatas con clínica sugestiva a apnea obstructiva del sueño con resultaron positivo para SARS-CoV-2, entre 2020-2021.Se aplicaron la metodología de Castro et al., 2021 y cuestionario de STOP-BANG para valorar la disnea y caracterizar la AOS respectivamente. Se corroboró la fuerte asociación entre la enfermedad cardíaca y la presencia de AOS; más de la mitad de los pacientes estudiados presentaron, enfermedad grave por COVID-19, con disnea moderada-grave, que amerito hospitalización con cuidados intensivos, observándose mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino, con más de 50 años y con IMC >30. Sin embargo, las féminas presentaron valores significativos de STOP-BANG, lo que sugiere a la HTA y obesidad como factores de riesgo para AOS, independiente al sexo. Se recomienda realizar el descarte de AOS como rutina médica, que permita establecer la epidemiología y estrategias para abordaje adecuado de estos pacientes(AU)

COVID-19 has generated considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among those with chronic comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Research has shown that sleep apnea can worsen the vital prognosis, by causing or exacerbating endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, microaspiration and lung damage, which amplifies the risk of hospitalization and even respiratory failure. A retrospective and cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, 187 heart patients with clinical signs suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated and were positive for SARS-CoV-2, between 2020-2021. The methodology of Castro et al., 2021 and questionnaire were applied. STOP-BANG to assess dyspnea and characterize OSA, respectively. The strong association between heart disease and the presence of OSA was confirmed; More than half of the patients studied presented severe disease due to COVID-19, with moderate-severe dyspnea, which required hospitalization with intensive care, with a higher frequency observed in males, over 50 years of age and with BMI >30. However, females presented significant STOP-BANG values, which suggests hypertension and obesity as risk factors for OSA, regardless of gender. It is recommended to rule out OSA as a medical routine, which allows establishing the epidemiology and strategies for an adequate approach to these patients(AU)

Oxigenoterapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo: experiencia en un servicio de urgencias de la ciudad de Bogotá / Oxygen therapy with a high-flow nasal cannula: experience in emergency service in the city of Bogotá

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar desenlaces clínicos de oxigenoterapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en niños con dificultad respiratoria aguda en un servicio de urgencias. Estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo de datos panel en niños con diagnóstico de dificultad respiratoria moderada- severa. El resultado primario de interés fue ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) o requerir intubación 24 horas posteriores al inicio de la terapia. Se calcularon medidas de frecuencia y tendencia central. Los grupos se compararon con las pruebas Chi2, Fisher, Wilcoxon y Kruskal-Wallis. El análisis de datos panel balanceados identificó puntos de inflexión en las curvas de normalización de respuesta respiratoria. Un total de 339 niños de 0 a 16 años cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Mayoría hombres (62,24%), mediana de edad 2 años (RIQ= 0,75-3) y neumonía como principal causa de dificultad respiratoria (33,92%). El ingreso a UCIP (14,5%) y la intubación (0,9%) fue baja en la cohorte. En las primeras tres horas con CNAF se evidenció mejoría en los parámetros respiratorios, sin diferencias significativas entre pacientes con y sin respuesta clínica (frecuencia cardiaca p=0,317; frecuencia respiratoria p=0,423; SatO2 p=0,297; FiO2 p=0,116). No se presentaron eventos adversos ni casos de mortalidad. Los resultados sugieren que la oxigenoterapia con CNAF puede ser una alternativa de soporte respiratorio inicial en niños ≤16 años con dificultad respiratoria moderada a severa. La incidencia de intubación e ingreso a UCIP fue baja. La CNAF fue bien tolerada en los diferentes grupos de edad.

Objective: To analyze clinical outcomes of oxygen therapy with a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in children with acute respiratory distress in an emergency department. We design a longitudinal retrospective study of panel data in children with a diagnosis of moderate-severe respiratory distress. The primary outcome of interest was admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or requiring intubation 24 hours after initiation of therapy.We calculated the statistics of frequency and central tendency. Finally, the Chi2, Fisher, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare groups. Balanced panel data analysis identified inflexion points in the respiratory response normalization curves. Children (n = 339) from zero to 16 years old met the inclusion criteria. Most men (62.24%), median age= 2 years (IQR = 0.75-3) and pneumonia as the main cause of respiratory distress (33.92%). Admission to the PICU (14.5%) and intubation (0.9%) was low in the cohort. In the first three hours with HFNC, improvement in respiratory parameters was evidenced, with no significant differences between patients with and without clinical response (heart rate p = 0.317; respiratory rate p = 0.423; SatO2 p = 0.297; FiO2 p = 0.116). There were no adverse events or mortality cases. The results suggest that oxygen therapy with HFNC can be an alternative for initial respiratory support in children ≤16 years of age with moderate to severe respiratory distress. The incidence of intubation and admission to the PICU was low. The HFNC was well tolerated in the different age groups.

Linfoma cardíaco primário: o papel da multimodalidade de imagem na abordagem diagnóstica / Primary cardiac lymphoma: role of imaging multimodality in diagnosis

Massas intracardíacas constituem um desafio diagnóstico, já que os sintomas são comuns a patologias cardiovasculares ou não. Métodos ­ invasivos ou não ­ possibilitam o diagnóstico diferencial e a confirmação histológica, propiciando tratamento adequado. Para melhor compreender a importância da multimodalidade em imagem e a abordagem nos tumores cardíacos , relatamos o caso de um lifoma cardíaco primário, em que a abordagem multidisciplinar permitiu o rápido diagnóstico e seu tratamento, inclusive das intercorrências, com resposta inicial promissora, a despeito da evolução fatal durante a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.(AU)

Intracardiac masses are a diagnostic challenge since their symptoms can be common to cardiovascular pathologies. Some methods, whether invasive or not, enable differential diagnosis, histological confirmation, and adequate treatment. To better understand the importance of imaging multimodality and the approach to managing cardiac tumors, we investigated a case of a primary cardiac lymphoma in which the multidisciplinary approach allowed rapid diagnosis and treatment, including of intercurrences, with a promising initial response despite fatal progression due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. (AU)

Incidência e fatores de risco associados à falha na ventilação não invasiva em pacientes pediátricos / Incidence and risk factors associated with noninvasive ventilation failure in pediatric patients

Introdução: O suporte ventilatório é usado para o tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) ou crônica agudizada. A ventilação não-invasiva (VNI) na IRpA pediátrica é amplamente usada em bebês prematuros e crianças, porém até a data atual os estudos têm sido escassos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os fatores de risco associados à falha na VNI em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica.Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva a partir de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) Pediátrica de um Hospital de Caxias do Sul, entre maio de 2017 e outubro de 2019, que utilizaram VNI.Resultados: A incidência de falha na VNI foi de 33%. Asma (RR = 1,36; IC95% = 1,08-1,72), uso de VNI em pacientes pós-extubação (RR = 1,97; IC95% = 1,17-3,29), uso contínuo da VNI (RR = 2,44; IC95% = 1,18-5,05), encerramento à noite (RR = 2,52; IC95% = 1,53-4,14), modalidade final ventilação mandatória intermitente sincronizada (SIMV) (RR = 4,20; IC95% = 2,20-7,90), pressão expiratória positiva final (PEEP) no início da ventilação (6,8 ± 1,1; p < 0,01) e fração inspiratória de O2 (FIO2) final (53,10 ± 18,50; p < 0,01) foram associados à falha. Adicionalmente, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) inicial (118,68 ± 18,68 mmHg; p = 0,02), a frequência respiratória inicial (FR) (47,69 ± 14,76; p = 0,28) e final (47,54 ± 14,76; p < 0,01) foram associados a falha.Conclusão: A modalidade ventilatória final SIMV, demostra ser o melhor preditor de risco de falha, seguido do turno em que a VNI é finalizada, onde à noite existe maior risco de falha. Além disso, foram preditores de falha, porém com menor robustez, a pressão positiva inspiratória (PIP) final e a FR final.

Introduction: Ventilatory support is used for the treatment of patients with acutely chronic or acute respiratory failure (ARF). Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in pediatric ARF is widely used in preterm infants and children, but studies to date have been limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors associated with NIV failure in a pediatric intensive care unit.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on medical records of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a hospital in Caxias do Sul, southern Brazil, between May 2017 and October 2019, who used NIV.Results: The incidence of NIV failure was 33%. Asthma (relative risk [RR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-1.72), post-extubation use of NIV (RR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.17-3.29), continuous use of NIV (RR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.18-5.05), completion at night (RR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.53-4.14), final mode synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) (RR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.20-7.90), positive end-expiratory pressure at the beginning of ventilation (6.8 ± 1.1; p < 0.01), and final fraction of inspired oxygen (53.10 ± 18.50; p < 0.01) were associated with failure. Additionally, initial systolic blood pressure (118.68 ± 18.68 mmHg; p = 0.02), initial respiratory rate (IRR) (47.69 ± 14.76; p = 0.28), and final respiratory rate (47.54 ± 14.76; p < 0.01) were associated with failure.Conclusion: The final ventilatory mode SIMV proves to be the best failure risk predictor, followed by the shift in which NIV is completed, as there is a greater risk of failure at night. In addition, final positive inspiratory pressure and final respiratory rate were less robust predictors of failure.

ELMO, a new helmet interface for CPAP to treat COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure outside the ICU: a feasibility study / ELMO, uma nova interface do tipo capacete para CPAP no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI: estudo de viabilidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the feasibility of using a new helmet interface for CPAP, designated ELMO, to treat COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) outside the ICU. Methods: This was a proof-of-concept study involving patients with moderate to severe AHRF secondary to COVID-19 admitted to the general ward of a public hospital. The intervention consisted of applying CPAP via the ELMO interface integrated with oxygen and compressed air flow meters (30 L/min each) and a PEEP valve (CPAP levels = 8-10 cmH2O), forming the ELMOcpap system. The patients were monitored for cardiorespiratory parameters, adverse events, and comfort. Results: Ten patients completed the study protocol. The ELMOcpap system was well tolerated, with no relevant adverse effects. Its use was feasible outside the ICU for a prolonged amount of time and was shown to be successful in 60% of the patients. A CPAP of 10 cmH2O with a total gas flow of 56-60 L/min improved oxygenation after 30-to 60-min ELMOcpap sessions, allowing a significant decrease in estimated FIO2 (p = 0.014) and an increase in estimated PaO2/FIO2 ratio (p = 0.008) within the first hour without CO2 rebreathing. Conclusions: The use of ELMOcpap has proven to be feasible and effective in delivering high-flow CPAP to patients with COVID-19-related AHRF outside the ICU. There were no major adverse effects, and ELMO was considered comfortable. ELMOcpap sessions significantly improved oxygenation, reducing FIO2 without CO2 rebreathing. The overall success rate was 60% in this pilot study, and further clinical trials should be carried out in the future. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade do uso de uma nova interface do tipo capacete para CPAP, denominada ELMO, para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI. Métodos: Estudo de prova de conceito envolvendo pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica moderada a grave secundária à COVID-19, internados na enfermaria geral de um hospital público. A intervenção consistiu na aplicação de CPAP por meio da interface ELMO integrada a fluxômetros de oxigênio e ar comprimido (30 L/min cada) e a uma válvula de PEEP (níveis de CPAP = 8-10 cmH2O), formando o sistema ELMOcpap. Os pacientes foram monitorados quanto a parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, eventos adversos e conforto. Resultados: Dez pacientes completaram o protocolo do estudo. O sistema ELMOcpap foi bem tolerado, sem efeitos adversos relevantes. Seu uso foi viável fora da UTI por tempo prolongado e mostrou-se bem-sucedido em 60% dos pacientes. Uma CPAP de 10 cmH2O com fluxo total de gás de 56-60 L/min melhorou a oxigenação após sessões de ELMOcpap de 30-60 min, permitindo redução significativa da FIO2 estimada (p = 0,014) e aumento da PaO2/FIO2 estimada (p = 0,008) na primeira hora, sem reinalação de CO2. Conclusões: O uso do ELMOcpap mostrou-se viável e eficaz no fornecimento de CPAP de alto fluxo a pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI. Não houve nenhum efeito adverso importante, e o ELMO foi considerado confortável. As sessões de ELMOcpap melhoraram significativamente a oxigenação, reduzindo a FIO2 sem reinalação de CO2. A taxa global de sucesso foi de 60% neste estudo piloto, e novos ensaios clínicos devem ser realizados. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])