Cardioneuroablación como tratamiento del síncope reflejo: reporte de un caso

Resumen: El síncope mediado neuralmente es un trastorno causado por un reflejo autónomo anormalmente amplificado que involucra componentes tanto simpáticos como parasimpáticos. Es la causa más frecuente de síncope en personas jóvenes y su tratamiento sigue siendo un desafío, ya que no se ha demostrado que alguna terapia farmacológica prevenga por completo su recurrencia. En los últimos años ha surgido una técnica denominada cardioneuroablación, que consiste en la ablación por radiofrecuencia de los plexos ganglionares (PG) parasimpáticos, con buenos resultados a corto y largo plazo en la prevención de síncope recurrente, según los diferentes grupos de investigación. Presentamos el primer caso en Chile de un hombre joven con síncopes mediados neuralmente recurrentes que fue tratado con esta técnica en el Hospital Regional de Concepción.

Abstract: Cardioneuroablation is a novel method that can be used to treat reflex syncope. Although the experience with this technique is relatively limited it provides a more physiological way to treat this condition. The first case in Chile is herein reported along with a discussion of the subject.

Evaluación de la frecuencia cardiaca durante la bipedestación activa inicial en pacientes que padecen síncope vasovagal / Evaluation of the heart rate during initial active standing in patients with vasovagal syncope

Introducción: El síncope vasovagal es la causa más frecuente de pérdida breve de la conciencia, en su etiopatogenia se reporta una disfunción autonómica que puede ponerse de manifiesto en la bipedestación activa inmediata. Objetivo: Comparar la dinámica de los cambios de la frecuencia cardíaca durante la bipedestación activa inmediata, de pacientes que padecen síncope vasovagal y sujetos controles. Métodos: Se evaluaron 132 sujetos supuestamente sanos (grupo A) entre 18 y 25 años y 156 pacientes con síncopes vasovagales; fueron divididos por su respuesta ante la bipedestación prolongada, negativa 111 (grupo B) y positiva 45 (grupo C). Se registró la actividad electrocardiográfica en decúbito supino y al inicio de la bipedestación activa, se obtuvo las secuencias de intervalos RR. Se comparó la frecuencia cardíaca en los 3 grupos, con 22 indicadores (posicionales, temporales, ordinales y relacionales, promedio y de la velocidad de los cambios). Resultados: No hubo diferencias en los indicadores promedio, sin embargo, algunos que evalúan la velocidad del cambio inicial, fueron significativamente menores en el grupo A comparado con B y C (p < 0,05), mientras que los que evalúan la velocidad de recuperación, fueron significativamente menores en el grupo C comparado con A y B. Conclusión: La dinámica de los cambios de frecuencia, permitió encontrar indicadores que pueden considerarse posibles predictores de una respuesta cardiovascular inadecuada en pacientes con síncope vasovagal(AU)

Introduction: Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of brief loss of consciousness, in its etiopathogenesis an autonomic dysfunction is reported that can be manifested in immediate active standing. Objective: To compare the dynamics of heart rate changes during immediate active standing of patients suffering from vasovagal syncope with control subjects. Methods: 132 supposedly healthy subjects (group A) between 18 and 25 years old and 156 patients with vasovagal syncope were evaluated, which were divided by their response to prolonged standing, negative 111 (group B) and positive 45 (group C). Electrocardiographic activity was recorded in the supine position and at the beginning of active standing, the sequences of RR intervals were obtained. The heart rate was compared in the 3 groups, using 22 indicators (positional, temporal, ordinal and relational, average and of the speed of changes). Results: Differences were not found in the average indicators in the analyzed period, however, some that evaluate the speed of the initial change were significantly lower in group A compared to B and C (p < 0.05), while others that evaluate the speed recovery rates were significantly lower in group C compared to A and B. This allows to characterize, compare and differentiate the groups studied during the complex and rapid interactions that occur in the change of position. Conclusion: The dynamic of frequency changes, allowed to find indicators, which can be considered as possible predictors of an inadequate cardiovascular response in patients with vasovagal syncope(AU)

Urgencias médicas durante la experiencia profesional de estomatólogos en La Habana / Medical emergencies in the professional practice of Havana dentists

Introducción: Las urgencias médicas durante la atención estomatológica son eventos que pueden poner en peligro la salud de los pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar las urgencias médicas que se les han presentado a los estomatólogos durante su práctica profesional. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, de enero a marzo de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por los estomatólogos de 12 de las 20 clínicas estomatológicas de subordinación docente a la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana "Raúl González Sánchez". Variables utilizadas fueron: presencia de urgencias, tipo de especialidades, frecuencia de las urgencias médicas, tipo de urgencia médica, procederes estomatológicos y cantidad de urgencias. Resultados: El 61,2 por ciento de los encuestados refirió que eran eventos poco frecuentes, el 50,8 por ciento presentó dos urgencias médicas. Las urgencias más frecuentes fueron las lipotimias (29,9 por ciento) y los síncopes vaso vágales (25,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las urgencias médicas son eventos que pueden producirse durante la atención estomatológica. El presente estudio aborda un área del conocimiento poco estudiada en Estomatología en Cuba. Los profesionales, durante los procederes estomatológicos, juegan un papel protagónico en la prevención de las urgencias médicas y en su tratamiento inicial. Los datos epidemiológicos y clínicos de estos eventos, aportados por esta investigación, pueden servir de referencia a otros estudios(AU)

Introduction: Medical emergencies occurring during dental care may pose a risk to the health of patients. Objective: Characterize medical emergencies experienced by dentists in their professional practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2019. The study universe was the dentists of 12 of the 20 university dental clinics attached to the Dental School of Havana. The variables analyzed were occurrence of emergencies, specialty, frequency of medical emergencies, type of medical emergency, dental procedures and number of emergencies. Results: 61.2 percent of the respondents stated that medical emergencies were not frequent, and 50.8 percent reported two medical emergencies. The most common emergencies were loss of consciousness (29.9 percent) and vasovagal syncope (25.2 percent). Conclusions: Medical emergencies may occur during dental care. The study addresses an area of dental practice not much dealt with in Cuba. During the performance of dental procedures, professionals play a leading role in the prevention of medical emergencies and their initial treatment. The epidemiological and clinical data about these events contributed by this research may serve as reference for other studies(AU)

Detección de síncope vasovagal con adaptación de la Escala de Calgary en estudiantes universitarios colombianos / Using a Calgary Scale adaptation to detect vasovagal syncope in Colombian university students

Resumen Introducción: El síncope vasovagal tiene una incidencia entre 10% y 19% en la población general, el primer episodio suele aparecer en la juventud. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de síncope vasovagal en una población universitaria del sur de Colombia, utilizando una adaptación de la Escala de Calgary como cuestionario diagnóstico. Materiales y métodos: Después de la firma voluntaria del consentimiento informado, los estudiantes fueron entrevistados y se les aplicó la Escala de Calgary. Posteriormente, se realizó un cuestionario de seguimiento a los participantes positivos. Resultados: Participaron 280 estudiantes, el 17% obtuvo un puntaje positivo para síncope vasovagal. La edad media fue 21,45±5,18; con mayor positividad para el género femenino. En el seguimiento, el 10% de los positivos, consultó a urgencias por pérdida de conciencia, 4% fue ingresado a hospitalización y 10% presentó lesiones secundarias. Conclusiones: Un número representativo de participantes fue positivo en la Escala de Calgary, ninguno de ellos había recibido diagnóstico de síncope neuralmente mediado, pese a haber consultado a urgencias y/o presentar lesiones secundarias por pérdida de conciencia. Incluir la Escala de Calgary en la evaluación inicial del paciente consultante por pérdida de conciencia, podría ayudar al diagnóstico temprano de síncope vasovagal.

Abstract Introduction: Vasovagal syncope has an incidence between 10% and 19% in the general population, whose first episodes appear in youth. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vasovagal syncope in a university student population from the southern Colombia, using a diagnostic questionnaire adapted from the Calgary Scale. Materials and methods: After voluntary signing of the informed consent form, students were surveyed through the Calgary Scale, and a subsequent follow-up questionnaire was conducted on positive participants. Results: 280 students participated in the study and 17% of them obtained a positive score for vasovagal syncope, being positive female participants the largest group. The mean age of participants was 21.45±5.18 years. At the follow-up, 10% of the positive cases had sought out treatment in emergency rooms because of consciousness loss, 4% were hospitalized, and 10% had secondary injuries. Conclusions: Even though an important number of patients was positive on the Calgary Scale, none of them had been diagnosed with neutrally mediated syncope, despite being treated in emergency rooms and/or presenting secondary lesions due to consciousness loss. The use of the Calgary Scale during the assessment of patients being treated for consciousness loss could help to early diagnose vasovagal syncope.

Syncope in patients with cardiac pacemakers

Abstract Introduction: It is challenging to diagnose syncope in patients with pacemakers. Because these patients have increased morbidity and mortality risks, they require immediate attention to determine the causes in order to provide appropriate treatment. This study aimed to investigate the causes and predictive factors of syncope as well as the methods used to diagnose syncope in cardiac pacemaker patients. Methods: Patients with pacemakers implanted owing to sinus node disease or atrioventricular block were evaluated with standardized questionnaires, endocavitary electrograms, and other tests based on the suspected causes of syncope. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze continuous variables and Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. Statistical significance was P<0.05. Results: The study included 95 patients with pacemakers: 47 experienced syncope in the last 12 months and 48 did not. Of the 100 documented episodes of syncope, 48.9% were vasovagal syncopes, 17% had cardiac-related causes, 10.6% had unknown causes, and 8.5% had pacemaker failure. The multivariate analysis showed that a New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II was a significant factor for developing syncope (P<0.01). Conclusion: While the most common type of syncope in pacemaker patients was neurally mediated, it is important to perform detailed evaluations in this population as the causes of syncope can be life-threatening. The best diagnostic methods were stored electrogram analysis and the tilt table test. NYHA Functional Class II patients were found to have a higher risk for syncope.

La Donación de Sangre / Blood donation

La donación de sangre es un procedimiento muy común en medicina, por eso tiene relevancia el estudio de las complicaciones frecuentes en los donantes y en especial las asociadas con la ferropenia. El procedimiento reporta beneficios tanto por la utilidad futura del producto como por los efectos favorables para la salud del donante; sin embargo, se han descrito complicaciones recurrentes derivadas tanto de la extracción de sangre total como de sus componentes por separado. En este artículo de revisión se encuentra la información relacionada con los factores de riesgo asociados con esta práctica y las principales complicaciones que pueden aparecer como es la depleción de hierro, con el fin de ilustrar al lector sobre los factores predisponentes en donantes iniciales y habituales. Se concluye que las reacciones más frecuentes son las vasovagales y algunas otras que pueden conllevar a síntomas indeseados, pero es la disminución de los niveles de hierro una de las complicaciones más alarmantes. Hay evidencia de factores como sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico, dieta y tipo de sangre que favorecen la probabilidad de desarrollar complicaciones por deficiencia de hierro en los donantes.

Blood donation is a very common medical procedure, thus, it is important to review the most frequent complications indonors, especially blood-donation-induced iron deficiency. The procedure is beneficial both for the future usefulness of blood and blood products as well as the favorable health effects for the donors; however, recurrent complications derived from the collection of whole blood and blood components separately, have been described. This review article contains information related to the risk factors associated with this practice and the main complications that may appear, such as iron depletion, in order to enlighten the reader on the predisposing factors among first-time and repeat donors. It was concluded that vasovagal reactions are the most frequent reactions as well as other reactions that can lead to unwanted symptoms, but the decrease in iron levels is one of the most alarming complications. Sex, age, socioeconomic level, diet and blood type have been evidenced as factors that favor the probability of developing complications due to iron deficiency in donors.

Pediatric patients head-up-tilt-test with pharmacological challenge, it is safe? / Mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos con reto farmacológico, ¿es seguro?

Abstract Syncope in pediatrics represents an important cause of visits to the emergency units. For this reason, excluding a cardiac or malignant origin is essential at the time of the initial approach to determine what is the next step in management, or if they need to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or electrophysiologist. Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in pediatrics, in which a detailed clinical history is enough to make the diagnosis. If no diagnosis is concluded by the history, or if it is necessary to define the hemodynamic response of the patients, the head-up-tilt-test is indicated; this will trigger syncope due to an orthostatic stress caused by the angulated table (passive phase). If a negative response remains, it can be followed by a pharmacologic challenge to trigger the hemodynamic response, which is still controversial in pediatrics. The pharmacologic challenge increases the sensitivity with a slight reduction in test specificity. Although there is not a specific drug for the challenge in pediatric patients yet, the most commonly drugs used are nitrates and isoproterenol, the latter related to a great number of adverse effects. Sublingual administration of nitrates in the challenge has been proven to be ideal, effective, and safe in this specific age group. The aim of this article is to make a literature search to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the pharmacologic challenge during the head-up-tilt-test in pediatrics, emphasizing a study conducted at the National Institute of Cardiology with isosorbide dinitrate.

Resumen El síncope en edades pediátricas representa una causa importante en las visitas a unidades de urgencias, por lo que excluir un origen cardíaco o maligno es fundamental al momento del abordaje inicial para determinar la conducta a seguir o la necesidad de derivar al cardiólogo pediatra o electrofisiólogo. El síncope vasovagal (SVV) es la causa más frecuente de síncope en pediatría, para cuyo diagnóstico basta una historia clínica detallada. Cuando ésta no es suficiente para determinar el diagnóstico de síncope reflejo o es necesario definir el tipo de respuesta que lo origina, está indicada una prueba de mesa inclinada que produce un estrés ortostático por la angulación y ello desencadena un síncope (fase pasiva). En pruebas no concluyentes está indicado un reto farmacológico para precipitar la respuesta hemodinámica, pero aún es un tema de controversia en edades pediátricas. El reto farmacológico incrementa la sensibilidad de la prueba, con una ligera reducción de la especificidad. Si bien no existe todavía un medicamento específico para la población pediátrica, los más empleados son los nitratos y el isoproterenol, este último relacionado con un mayor número de efectos adversos. La administración sublingual de los nitratos utilizados ha demostrado ser ideal, efectiva y segura en los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión de las publicaciones médicas que demuestran la efectividad y seguridad del reto farmacológico durante la prueba de mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos, con énfasis en un estudio conducido en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología con dinitrato de isosorbida (DNIS).

Síncope / Syncope

El síncope es una pérdida transitoria de conciencia y tono postural debido a hipoflujo sanguíneo cerebral que se recupera espontáneamente sin maniobras de RCP. En esta actualización se plantea el síncope vasovagal con sus diagnósticos diferenciales y posibles etiologías, fisiopatología y métodos de estudios. También se presenta la experiencia sobre este tema en nuestro hospital su estudio, tratamiento y diagnostico (tilt test) (AU)

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone due to cerebral blood hypoflow that recovers spontaneously without CPR maneuvers. This update discusses vasovagal syncope with its differential diagnoses and possible etiologies, pathophysiology, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, the experience on this topic of our hospital regarding investigations, treatment, and diagnosis is presented. (AU)

Polymorphisms in ß-adrenergic receptors are associated with increased risk to have a positive head-up tilt table test in patients with vasovagal syncope

Abstract Background Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is a frequent clinical condition in which a genetic background seems to be implicated. Considering that the adrenergic receptors (ARs) may play a role in VVS, the present study has as principal aim to determine if the α- and β-AR (ADRA and ADRB) gene polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk to have a positive head-up tilt table (HUTT) test in patients with VVS. Methods: Nine polymorphisms in the ADRA1A (rs1048101, rs1383914, rs574584, and rs573542), ADRB1 (rs1801252 and rs1801253), ADRB2 (rs1042713 and rs1042714), and ADRB3 (rs4994) genes were analyzed using the 5’ exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assay in a group of 134 patients with VVS. Results Under different models, the rs1801252 (OR = 8.63, 95% CI: 0.95-78.72, Precessive = 0.02), rs1042713 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.02-3.66, Padditive = 0.04), and rs4994 (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.01-6.01, Pdominant = 0.042 and OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.04-6.63, Pover-dominant = 0.03) polymorphisms were associated with increased risk for a positive HUTT. All models were adjusted for statistically significant covariates. Conclusion These results suggest that some polymorphisms of the β-AR genes could contribute to a positive tilt test in patients with VVS.

La prueba de inclinación (Tilt Test). 20 años de experiencia en el diagnóstico del Síncope neurocardiogénico Tilt Test: 20 years of experience in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope / Tilt Test: 20 years of experience in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope

Objetivo: Valorar los resultados de las pruebas de inclinación realizadas en un lapso de 2 décadas. Métodos: Este es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se analizaron los resultados de las Pruebas de Inclinación (PI) realizadas entre 1997 y 2018 en forma consecutiva por una sola persona, inicialmente en el Hospital Clínica Bíblica, posteriormente en el Instituto del Corazón y finalmente en los últimos 17 años en el Centro Cardiológico Integral. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 2705 pruebas entre los años de 1997 y el 2018. El 60% fue del sexo femenino. Se hicieron 245 pruebas a menores de 20 años (17.3%), 996 pruebas a personas entre 20 y 40 años (36.8%), 969 pruebas a pa cientes entre los 40 y 60 años (35.8%) y a 271 pacientes mayores de 60 años (10%). Del total de la muestra evaluada, 2316 pacientes presentaron un resultado positivo para alguna de los diferentes tipos de respuesta en la prueba de inclinación, equivalente al 85.6%, mientras que 389 pacientes obtuvieron un resultado negativo (respuesta normal), equivalente al 14.4%. En la mayor cantidad de pacientes la positividad de la prueba se presentó en la fase II, 72.7% (1683 pacientes), el 27.3% (633 pacientes) la manifestaron en la fase I. Se presentó una respuesta vasodepresora en 1120 pacientes (48.2%), respuesta mixta en 727 pacientes (31.3%), respuesta cardioinhibidora en 304 casos (13.1%). Además, 69 pacientes pre sentaron una respuesta sugestiva (2.9%) y 104 pacientes tuvieron otros tipos de respuestas (4.5%). De estos últimos, 48% correspondió al síndrome de taquicardia postural ortostática (POTS), 17% a incompetencia cronotrópica, 19% a hipoten sión ortostática y 16% a disautonomía. Un total de 43 pacientes (1,6%) presentaron hipersensibilidad del seno carotídeo. Conclusiones: La PI en nuestro medio tiene una adecuada sensibilidad en el diagnóstico del Síncope Neurocardiológico (SNCG) en los diferentes grupos de edad, es un método seguro, fácil de realizar y accesible a la mayoría de las personas que la requieran

Tilt Test: 20 years of experience in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope Objective: To evaluate the results of the tilt tests carried out during 2 decades. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study. We analyzed the results of the tilt tests conducted between 1997 and 2018 consecutively by a single person, initially at the "Hospital Clínica Bíblica", later at the "Instituto del Corazón" and finally in the last 17 years at the "Centro Cardiológico Integral". Results: A total of 2705 tests were carried out between 1997 and 2018. Sixty percent were female. There were 245 tests for people under 20 years (17.3%), 996 tests for people between 20 and 40 years (36.8%), 969 tests for patients between 40 and 60 years (35.8%) and 271 patients older than 60 years (10%). Of the total sample evaluated, 2316 patients presented a positive result for some of the different types of response in the tilt test, equivalent to 85.6%, while 389 patients obtained a negative result (normal response), equivalent to 14.4%. In the largest number of patients, the positivity of the test was presented in phase II, 72.7% (1683 patients), and 27.3% (633 patients) manifested it in phase I. A vasodepressant response was presented in 1120 patients (48.2%), mixed response in 727 patients (31.3%), cardioinhibitory response in 304 cases(13.1%). In addition, 69 patients presented a suggestive response (2.9%) and 104 patients had other types of responses (4.5%). Of the latter, 48% corresponded to orthostatic postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), 17% to chronotropic incompetence, 19% to orthostatic hypotension and 16% to dysautonomia. A total of 43 patients (1.6%) presented hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus. Conclusions: Tilt test in our environment has an adequate sensitivity in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope in different age groups, it is a safe method, easy to perform and accessible to most people who require it.

Arritmias cardíacas na sala de emergência e UTI. Bradicardias: como identificar e tratar o paciente com baixa perfusão / Cardiac arrhythmias in the emergency room and ICU. Bradyarrhythmias: how to identify and treat the patient with low perfusion

O sistema cardiovascular é responsável pelo fluxo circulatório adequado, o qual depende do volume sistólico e frequência cardíaca (FC). Quando insuficientes, causa hipofluxo cerebral e incapacidade de realizar atividades. A bradicardia é causada por: a) disfunção sinusal, manifestada por FC inapropriadas, pausas ou síndrome de taqui-bradicardia, síncopes, tonturas e intolerância aos esforços, sem risco à vida; b) distúrbio da condução atrioventricular (bloqueios atrioventriculares - BAV): de primeiro, segundo (Mobitz I, Mobitz II e avançado) e terceiro grau (Total) . O BAV de primeiro grau e do tipo Mobitz I tem bom prognóstico. O BAV Mobitz II, avançado e total, mesmo oligossintomático ou transitório, sem causas removíveis, tem maior morbimortalidade; c) distúrbios neuromediados e a síncope reflexa são desencadeados por posição ortostática ou exposição à estresse emocional e a síndrome do seio carotídeo associada à estimulação da carótida. A FC baixa pode estar associada a um maior risco, sendo que os sinais e sintomas indicam gravidade. Na urgência, deve-se tratar as causas subjacentes assegurar o bom funcionamento das vias aéreas administrar O2 monitorar ritmo, FC, pressão arterial, e, também, o acesso venoso. É importante analisar o ritmo, exame físico e histórico, além de pesquisar e tratar os fatores contribuintes. Caso haja sinais de baixa perfusão, deve-se administrar atropina. A estimulação por marcapasso transcutâneo é indicada, caso a atropina seja ineficaz. Além disso, deve-se considerar a adrenalina ou dopamina e estimulação transvenosa

The cardiovascular system is responsible for adequate circulatory flow, which depends on systolic volume and heart rate (HR). When insufficient, it causes cerebral hypoflow and inability to perform activities. Bradycardia is caused by: a) sinus dysfunction, manifested by inappropriate HR, pauses or tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, syncope, dizziness and intolerance to exertion, without risk to life; b) atrioventricular conduction disorder (atrioventricular (AV) blocks): first, second (Mobitz type I, Mobitz type II and advanced) and third degree (complete). First-degree and Mobitz type I AV block both have good prognosis. Mobitz type II, advanced and complete AV block, even oligosymptomatic or transient, without removable causes, have higher morbidity and mortality; c) neuromediated disorders and reflex syncope are triggered by orthostatic position or exposure to emotional stress and carotid sinus syndrome, associated with carotid stimulation. Low HR may be associated with increased risk, and signs and symptoms indicate severity. In emergency conditions the underlying causes should be treated to ensure good functioning of the airways; administer O2; monitor cardiac rhythm, HR, blood pressure, and venous access. It is important to analyze rhythm, and conduct a physical examination and clinical history, and to check for and treat contributing factors. If there are signs of low perfusion, atropine should be administered. Simulation by transcutaneous pacemaker is indicated if atropine is ineffective. Epinephrine or dopamine and transvenous stimulation should also be considered

Series de Pediatría Garrahan. El niño con problemas neurológicos / Garrahan Pediatrics Series. The child with neurological problems

Las afecciones neurológicas son uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en la práctica pediátrica ambulatoria y ocupan un alto índice de las camas en la internación. El papel del pediatra en este contexto es muy complejo, ya que es quien recibe a un paciente en la emergencia o en el consultorio y debe estar atento a si un determinado síntoma o signo neurológico puede ser transitorio o el indicio de una enfermedad grave. Así, son fundamentales tanto el conocimiento de las distintas entidades neurológicas y de sus aspectos epidemiológicos y patogénicos como también el examen semiológico y los primeros estudios por realizar para la orientación diagnóstica, el tratamiento inicial, las indicaciones de derivación, la prevención de riesgos y el asesoramiento a los padres. Este nuevo volumen aborda esta temática especial con énfasis en el trabajo interdisciplinario y entre sus características se destacan: El estudio de importantes temas clínicos, como las convulsiones febriles, que se presentan en el 2% al 5% de los niños; la epilepsia infantil, con una prevalencia del 1%; la cefalea, cuya incidencia ha aumentado en los últimos veinte años y es hoy el motivo de consulta más frecuente en los servicios de neurología; las crisis paroxísticas no epilépticas, que aparecen entre el 5% y el 20% de la población infantil; el desafío diagnóstico del lactante hipotónico; las encefalopatías agudas, y los trastornos de la marcha y del movimiento. La inclusión, en todos los capítulos, de casos clínicos con su evolución y desenlace, textos destacados con los principales conceptos, puntos claves para recordar, además de material complementario, como bibliografía adicional, videos y enlaces a sitios web de interés. Una obra sólida y práctica, que transmite las experiencias de los profesionales de una institución del prestigio internacional del Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan ­a treinta años de su creación- dedicada a todos los pediatras, donde quiera que trabajen al servicio de la salud de los niños.

Vascular complications in patients who underwent endovascular cardiac procedures: multicenter cohort study / Complicações vasculares em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos endovasculares: coorte multicêntrica / Complicaciones vasculares en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardiológicos endovasculares: cohorte multicéntrica

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze vascular complications among patients who underwent endovascular cardiac procedures in the hemodynamic laboratories of three referral centers. Method: a multicenter cohort study was conducted in three referral facilities. The sample was composed of 2,696 adult patients who had undergone elective or urgent percutaneous cardiac procedures. The outcomes were vascular complications, such as: hematoma at the site of the arterial puncture; major or minor bleeding; surgical correction for retroperitoneal hemorrhage; pseudoaneurysm; and arteriovenous fistula. Results: 237 (8.8%) of the 2,696 patients presented a vascular complication at the site of the arterial puncture. The total number of vascular complications was 264: minor hematoma<10cm (n=135); stable bleeding (n=86); major hematoma ≥10cm (n=32); and unstable bleeding (n=11). There were no retroperitoneal hematoma events, pseudoaneurysm or arterial venous fistula. Most of the major and minor complications occurred in the first six hours after the procedure. Conclusion: the results concerning the current context of interventional cardiology indicate that the complications predominantly occur in the first six hours after the procedure, considering a 48-hour follow-up. The staff should plan and implement preventive measures immediately after the procedures.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as complicações vasculares de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos endovasculares em laboratório de hemodinâmica de três centros de referência. Método: estudo de coorte multicêntrico, em três instituições de referência, sendo a amostra constituída de 2.696 pacientes, incluindo pacientes adultos que realizaram procedimento percutâneo cardiológico em caráter eletivo ou urgente. Foram considerados como desfechos a presença de complicações vasculares, como hematoma no local da punção arterial, sangramento maior e menor e correção cirúrgica para hemorragia retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma ou formação de fístula arteriovenosa. Resultados: dos 2.696 pacientes, 237 (8,8%) apresentaram algum tipo de complicação vascular no sítio de punção arterial. O número total de complicações vasculares foi 264: hematoma menor <10 cm (n=135), sangramento estável (n=86), hematoma maior ≥10 cm (n=32) e sangramento instável (n=11). Não ocorreu evento de hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma ou fístula arteriovenosa. Majoritariamente, tanto as complicações maiores como as menores ocorreram nas primeiras seis horas após o procedimento. Conclusão: os resultados das complicações no cenário atual da cardiologia intervencionista indicam que a incidência dessas ocorre predominantemente nas primeiras seis horas após os procedimentos, considerando a avaliação até 48 horas. Medidas preventivas imediatas aos procedimentos devem ser planejadas e implementadas pela equipe.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las complicaciones vasculares de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardiológicos endovasculares en laboratorio de hemodinámica, en tres centros de referencia. Método: fue diseñado un estudio de cohorte multicéntrica en tres instituciones de referencia. La muestra estuvo constituida por 2.696 pacientes; fueron incluidos pacientes adultos que realizaron procedimiento percutáneo cardiológico en carácter electivo o urgente; los que fueron considerados como resultado de la presencia de complicaciones vasculares, como: hematoma en el local de la punción arterial; hemorragia mayor y menor y corrección quirúrgica para hemorragia retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma o formación de fístula arterial venosa. Resultados: de los 2.696 pacientes, 237(8,8%) presentaron algún tipo de complicación vascular en el sitio de la punción arterial. El número total de complicaciones vasculares fue 264: hematoma menor <10cm (n=135), hemorragia estable (n=86), hematoma mayor ≥10cm (n=32) y hemorragia inestable (n=11). No ocurrió evento de hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma o fístula arterial venosa. En su mayoría, tanto las complicaciones mayores como las menores ocurrieron en las primeras seis horas después del procedimiento. Conclusión: los resultados de las complicaciones, en el escenario actual de la cardiología intervencionista, indican que la incidencia de ellas ocurre predominantemente en las primeras seis horas después de los procedimientos, considerando la evaluación hasta 48h. Medidas preventivas inmediatas a los procedimientos deben ser planificadas e implementadas por el equipo.

The relationship between preoperative anxiety levels and vasovagal incidents during the administration of spinal anesthesia / A relação entre os níveis de ansiedade no período pré-operatório e os incidentes vasovagais durante a administração de raquianestesia

Abstract Background: It was aimed to investigate the relationship between preoperative anxiety and vasovagal symptoms observed during the administration of spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery in the perianal and inguinal regions. Methods: The study included patients with planned surgery for inguinal hernia repair, anal fissure, hemorrhoid and pilonidal sinus excision. The study included a total of 210 patients of ASA I-II, aged 18-65 years. Patients were evaluated in respect of demographic characteristics, smoking and alcohol consumption, ASA grade and educational level. Correlations were evaluated between the number of attempts at spinal anesthesia and anesthesia history with vasovagal symptoms and educational level, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption and anesthesia history with anxiety scores. The instant (transient) state anxiety inventory part of the Transient State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (State Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI) was used to determine the anxiety levels of the participants. Clinical findings of peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia and asystole observed during the administration of spinal anesthesia were recorded. Results: Vasovagal incidences during the administration of spinal anesthesia were seen to increase in cases of high anxiety score, male gender, and an absence of anesthesia history. Educational level and the number of spinal needle punctures were not found to have any effect on vasovagal incidents. Conclusion: The determination of causes triggering vasovagal incidents seen during the application of spinal anesthesia, better patient information of regional anesthesia implementations and anxiety relief with preoperative anxiolytic treatment will help to eliminate potential vasovagal incidents.

Resumo Justificativa: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre a ansiedade no período pré-operatório e os sintomas vasovagais observados durante a administração de raquianestesia a pacientes submetidos à cirurgia nas regiões perianal e inguinal. Métodos: O estudo incluiu pacientes com cirurgias agendadas para correção de hérnia inguinal, fissura anal, hemorroidas e excisão de fístula pilonidal. Foram incluídos 210 pacientes entre 18-65 anos e estado físico ASA I-II. A avaliação dos pacientes compreendeu história de tabagismo e consumo de álcool, classificação ASA e nível de escolaridade. As correlações foram avaliadas entre o número de tentativas de aplicação da raquianestesia e história de anestesia com sintoma vasovagal, nível de escolaridade, sexo, tabagismo e consumo de álcool, história anestésica e escores de ansiedade. O inventário do estado (transitório) de ansiedade, parte do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (State Trait Anxiety Inventory - IDATE), foi usado para determinar os níveis de ansiedade dos participantes. Achados clínicos de vasodilatação periférica, hipotensão, bradicardia e assistolia observados durante a administração da raquianestesia foram registrados. Resultados: Observamos aumento dos incidentes vasovagais durante a administração da raquianestesia em casos com escores elevados de ansiedade, pacientes do sexo masculino e pacientes sem história anestésica. O nível de escolaridade e o número de punções com agulha espinhal não mostraram ter qualquer efeito sobre os incidentes vasovagais. Conclusão: Determinar as causas que desencadearam os incidentes vasovagais observados durante a aplicação da raquianestesia, fornecer boa informação ao paciente sobre a anestesia regional e promover alívio da ansiedade com tratamento ansiolítico no pré-operatório contribuirão para eliminar possíveis incidentes vasovagais.

Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Before and During Tilt Test in Patients with Cardioinhibitory Vasovagal Syncope / Análise da Variabilidade de Frequência Cardíaca antes e durante o Teste de Inclinação em Pacientes com Síncope Vasovagal Tipo Cardioinibitória

Abstract Background: Cardioinhibitory vasovagal response is uncommon during the tilt test (TT). Heart rate variability (HRV) by use of spectral analysis can distinguish patients with that response. Objective: To compare the HRV in patients with cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope (case group - G1) with that in patients without syncope and with negative response to TT (control group - G2). Methods: 64 patients were evaluated (mean age, 36.2 years; 35 men) and submitted to TT at 70 degrees, under digital Holter monitoring. The groups were paired for age and sex (G1, 40 patients; G2, 24). Results: In G1, 21 patients had a type 2A response and 19 had type 2B, with mean TT duration of 20.4 minutes. There was a greater low frequency (LF) component (11,6 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.001) and a lower low/high frequency ratio in the supine position (3,9 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.008) in G1, with no difference during TT between the groups. Applying the receiver operating characteristic curve for cardioinhibitory response, the area under the curve was 0.74 for the LF component in the supine position (p = 0.001). The following were observed for the cutoff point of 0.35 ms(2) for the LF component: sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 83.3%; positive predictive value, 85.3%; negative predictive value, 96.9%; and positive likelihood ratio, 5.8. Conclusion: HRV in the supine position allowed identifying patients with syncope and cardioinhibitory response with a high negative predictive value and likelihood ratio of 5.8.

Resumo Fundamento: A resposta cardioinibitória vasovagal ao teste de inclinação (TI) é pouco frequente. A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) por meio da análise espectral pode discernir os pacientes (pts) com aquela resposta. Objetivo: Avaliar a VFC em pts com síncope vasovagal cardioinibitória (grupo caso - G1), comparando-a com a VFC de pts sem síncope e com resposta negativa ao TI (grupo controle - G2). Métodos: foram avaliados 64 pts, média de idade 36,2 anos, 35 homens, submetidos ao TI a 70º, sob monitoramento pelo Holter digital. Os grupos foram pareados por idade e sexo, sendo 40 pts do G1 e 24 do G2. Resultados: No G1, 21 pts apresentaram resposta tipo 2A e 19, tipo 2B, com média do TI de 20,4 min. Houve maior valor do componente de baixa frequência (BF) (11,6 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0,001) e menor relação baixa/alta frequência na posição supina (3,9 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0,008) no G1, sem diferença durante o TI. Aplicando-se a curva de operação característica para resposta cardioinibitória, foi obtida a área abaixo da curva de 0,74 para o componente BF na posição supina (p=0,001). Para o ponto de corte de 0,35 ms2 para BF observaram-se: sensibilidade, 97,4%; especificidade, 83,3%; valor preditivo positivo, 85,3%; valor preditivo negativo, 96,9%; e razão de probabilidade positiva, 5,8. Conclusão: A VFC na posição supina permitiu identificar os pts com síncope e com resposta cardioinibitória, com um alto valor preditivo negativo e uma razão de probabilidade de 5,8.

Lifetime Prevalence of Transient Loss of Consciousness in an Urban Russian Population / Prevalência de Perda de Consciência Temporária em População Russa Urbana

Abstract Background: Most international studies on epidemiology of transient loss of consciousness (TLC) were performed many years ago. There are no data about the lifetime prevalence of TLC in Russia. Objective: To identify the lifetime prevalence and presumed mechanisms of TLC in an urban Russian population. Methods: 1796 individuals (540 males [30.1%] and 1256 females [69.9%]) aged 20 to 69 years (mean age 45.8 ± 11.9 years) were randomly selected and interviewed within the framework of multicentre randomised observational trial. Results: The overall prevalence of TLC in the studied population was 23.3% (418/1796), with the highest proportion (28%) seen in 40-49 year age group. TLC was significantly more common in women than in men (27.5% vs 13.5%). The mean age of patients at the time of the first event was 16 (11; 23) years, with 333 (85%) individuals experiencing the first episode of TLC under 30 years. The average time after the first episode of TLC was 27 (12; 47) years. The following mechanisms of TLC were determined using the questionnaire: neurally-mediated syncope (56.5%), arrhythmogenic onset of syncope (6.0%), nonsyncopal origin of TLC (1.4%), single episode during lifetime (2.1%). Reasons for TLC remained unidentified in 34% cases. 27 persons (6.5%) reported a family history of sudden death, mainly patients with presumably arrhythmogenic origin (24%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the overall prevalence of TLC in individuals aged 20-69 years is high. The most common cause of TLC is neurally-mediated syncope. These data about the epidemiology can help to develop cost-effective management approaches to TLC.

Resumo Fundamento: A maioria dos estudos internacionais sobre epidemiologia da perda de consciência temporária (PCT) foi realizada há muitos anos. Não há dados sobre sua prevalência ao longo da vida na Rússia. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência ao longo da vida e os supostos mecanismos da PCT em uma população russa urbana. Métodos: 1.796 indivíduos (540 homens 30,1% e 1.256 mulheres 69,9%) com idade entre 20 e 69 anos (idade média, 45,8 ± 11,9 anos) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e entrevistados no contexto de um estudo multicêntrico randomizado observacional. Resultados: A prevalência global de PCT na população estudada foi 23,3% (418/1.796), sendo a mais alta proporção (28%) observada na faixa etária de 40-49 anos. PCT foi significativamente mais comum nas mulheres (27,5% vs 13,5%). A idade média dos pacientes por ocasião do primeiro evento foi 16 (11; 23) anos, com 333 (85%) indivíduos experienciando o primeiro episódio de PCT antes dos 30 anos. O tempo médio após o primeiro episódio de PCT foi 27 (12; 47) anos. Os seguintes mecanismos de PCT foram determinados usando-se um questionário: síncope neuromediada (56,5%), síncope de origem arritmogênica (6,0%), PCT de origem não sincopal (1,4%), episódio único durante a vida (2,1%). A causa de PCT não foi identificada em 34% dos casos, sendo que 27 pacientes (6,5%) relataram história familiar de morte súbita, principalmente aqueles com PCT de suposta origem arritmogênica (24%). Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem uma alta prevalência global de PCT em indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 69 anos. A causa mais comum de PCT é a síncope neuromediada. Esse dado sobre a epidemiologia pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de abordagem custo-efetiva para PCT.