Tyrosinemia type iii: a case report of siblings and literature review / Tirosinemia tipo iii: descrição de caso clínico em irmãos e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: Tyrosinemia type III (HT III) is the rarest form of tyrosinemia, and the full clinical spectrum of this disorder is still unknown. The neurological involvement varies, including intellectual impairment and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD). We report the case of two siblings diagnosed with HT III at different ages. Case description: The index case was diagnosed by newborn screening for endocrine and metabolic disorders, starting a low-protein diet immediately, with a consistent decrease in tyrosine levels. By the age of three, the child displayed a hyperactive behavior, starting treatment for ADHD two years later. At seven years of age, he shows a slight improvement in terms of behavior and attention span and has a cognitive performance slightly lower than his peers, despite maintaining acceptable tyrosine levels. His sister, who had a history of ADHD since age five, was diagnosed with HT III after family screening at the age of eight. Despite initiating a dietetic treatment, her behavior did not improve, and she has a mild intellectual impairment. Comments: This is the first case report describing siblings with HT III who underwent nutritional treatment with a low-protein diet in different phases of life, with a better neurological and behavioral evaluation in the patient who started treatment earlier.

RESUMO Objetivo: A tirosinemia tipo III (TT III) é a forma mais rara das tirosinemias e o espectro clínico desta entidade não está totalmente esclarecido. O envolvimento neurológico é variável, incluindo o atraso cognitivo ou transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH). Descrevemos o caso de dois irmãos que foram diagnosticados com TT III em idades diferentes. Descrição dos casos: O caso índice foi diagnosticado no contexto do rastreio endócrino-metabólico neonatal, tendo iniciado imediatamente dieta hipoproteica, com redução consistente dos níveis de tirosina. Por volta dos três anos, foi detectado um comportamento hiperativo, tendo iniciado dois anos depois tratamento para o TDAH. Aos sete anos, apresenta leve melhora de comportamento e da atenção e avaliação cognitiva levemente inferior ou pouco abaixo quando comparado a crianças da mesma faixa etária, apesar de manter níveis aceitáveis de tirosina. A sua irmã, com história de TDAH desde os cinco anos, foi diagnosticada de TT III aos oito anos no contexto do rastreio de familiares. Apesar de iniciar tratamento dietético, nenhum efeito foi notado em termos de comportamento e a doente apresenta leve atraso cognitivo. Comentários: Este é o primeiro caso clínico descrito de irmãos com TT III que iniciaram terapêutica dietética com dieta hipoproteica em diferentes fases da vida, com melhor avaliação em termos neurológicos e comportamentais no doente que iniciou tratamento mais precocemente.

Tirosinemia de tipo 1 en un lactante / Type 1 Tyrosinemia in an infant

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 2 meses de edad, quien nació a término y normopeso; se alimentaba con lactancia materna exclusiva y tuvo antecedente de 2 ingresos previos (anemia severa y catarro común). Fue hospitalizada en el Servicio de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Infantil Sur Dr Antonio María Béguez César por presentar edemas generalizados y ascitis, con evolución rápida hacia un cuadro de insuficiencia hepática aguda. Las pruebas metabólicas de orina y sangre permitieron confirmar el diagnóstico de tirosinemia de tipo 1. A pesar de brindarle la atención requerida, la paciente evolucionó desfavorablemente.

The case report of a 2 months of age patient is described who was born at term and normal in weight; she fed with exclusive breast feeding and she had a history of 2 previous admissions (severe anemia and common cold). She was hospitalized in the Intensive Therapy Service of Dr Antonio María Béguez Caesar Southern Pediatric Hospital due to widespread edemas and ascites, with a fast clinical course to an acute liver failure. The metabolic tests of urine and blood allowed to confirm the diagnosis of type 1 tyrosinemia. In spite of offering her the required care, the patient had an unfavourable clinical course.

Evolución clínica de pacientes chilenos con tirosinemia tipo I tratados con 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluorometilbenzoil)-1,3-ciclohexanediona (NTBC) / Clinical follow up of Chilean patients with tyrosinemia type 1 treated with 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-ciclohexanedione (NTBC)

Background: Tyrosinemia type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to deficiency of fumarilacetoacetase. Acute presentation is with liver failure, hypophosphatemic rickets and peripheral neuropathy. Chronic presentation is with visceromegaly and subclinical rickets. The most severe complications are hepatic cancer and acute neurological crises. Without treatment, tyrosinemia type 1 is fatal. In 1992 treatment for tyrosinemia type 1 with 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethybenzoyl)-1,3-ciclohexanedione (NTBC) was proposed. A clinical response was reported in 90% of patients. In cases that did not respond, a successful liver transplantation was performed, reducing mortality to 5%. Aim: To report the follow up of 12 patients treated with NTBC. Patients and Methods: Review of clinical records of 12 Chilean cases treated with NTBC at the Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) from January 2004 until June 2010. Results: In all patients, a rapid metabolic control was achieved. Two patients developed hepatocarcinoma. One of these patients died and one was successfully treated with liver transplantation. One patient died after receiving a liver transplantation. Nine patients have at present good liver function, but 2 had peripheral neuropathy due to late diagnosis and discontinuing NTBC treatment. Conclusions: Treatment with NTBC allows metabolic normalization in tyrosinemia type 1, prevents liver cirrhosis and hepatic cancer, improving survival rates and quality of life in the patients. Neonatal screening is essential for the early diagnosis of this treatable disease, that otherwise may be lethal.

Estresse oxidativo em porfiria hepâtica experimental disparadapor succinilacetona - urn inibidor da âcido 5-aminolevulinico desidratase / Oxidative stress in experimental hepatic porphyria triggered bysuccinylacetone — an inhibitor of 5-aminoluvulinic acid dehydratase

Para otimizar urn modelo experimental para o estudo do desbalanço redox em porfirias relacionadas ao acúmulo de ácido 5-aminolevulinico-(ALA), via inibição da ALA desidratase-(ALA-D), ratos foram tratados com o éster metílico de succinilacetona-(SAME), um catabólito da tirosina que inibe fortemente a ALA-D, mimetizando o estado metabólico observado nos portadores de porfirias e tirosinemias. Estabeleceram-se modelos de tratamento agudo por 36 e 18 h. No primeiro, os animais receberam 3 injeções de SAME (10, 40 ou 80 mg/kg, grupos All-IV). No segundo, os animais receberam 3 injeções de 40 mg/kg de SAME, ALA ou éster metílico de ALA (grupos BII-IV), ALA:SAME (30:10 mg/kg, grupo BV), ou 10 mg/kg SAME (grupo BVI). Paralelamente, avaliou-se se os sintomas neurológicos característicos das porfirias decorriam de danos oxidativos mitocondriais. Para isso, aplicou-se uma tecnologia óptica para medidas da difusão da depressão cortical que determinou a oxigenação e o estado redox do cit c em mitocôndrias do córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos ao tratamento crônico com ALA (40 mg/kg), SAME (10 e 40 mg/kg) e ALA:SAME (30:10 mg/kg), a cada 48 h, durante 30 dias. Tratamento agudo/36 h: Os níveis de ALA no plasma, fígado, cérebro e urina e o clearance renal do ALA aumentaram nos grupos tratados. A atividade de ALA-D e a coproporfirina urinaria reduziram. A marcação para proteínas carboniladas, ferro e ferritina aumentou no fígado e cérebro dos grupos tratados, especialmente no All. Os níveis de malondialdeído hepática aumentaram no grupo AIV. A razão GSH/GSH+GSSG e a atividade de GPx cerebrais aumentaram nos grupos AIV e AIII, respectivamente. Consistentemente com estes dados indicando um desbalanço oxidativo induzido pelo SAME, alterações mitocondriais e citosólicas ultraestruturais foram reveladas, especialmente no fígado./Tratamento agudo/18 h: Os níveis de ALA plasmáticos aumentaram nos grupos tratados, exceto em BIV. 0 grupo Bll mostrou aumento dos níveis hepáticos...

To optimize an experimental model for studying redox imbalance in porphyrias related to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulation through the inhibition of ALA dehydratase (ALA-D), rats were treated with methyl ester of succinylacetone (SAME), a tyrosine catabolite that strongly inhibits ALA-D, what mimics the metabolic state observed in patients suffering from porphyrias and tyrosinemias. Models of acute treatment were established during 36 and 18 h. In the first model, animals received 3 injections of SAME (10, 40 or 80 mg/kg, groups All-IV). In the second model, animals received 3 injections of 40 mg/kg SAME, ALA or methyl ester of ALA (groups BII-IV), ALA:SAME (30:10 mg/kg, group BV), or 10 mg/kg SAME (group BVI). Concomitantly, we evaluated if the neurologic symptoms characteristics of porphyrias were a consequence of the oxidative mitochondria! impairment. For this, an optical technology for the measurement of cortical spreading depression was applied. This techonology determined the cerebral oxygenation and the redox state of cit c in mitochondria of the cerebral cortex of rats submitted to a chronic treatment with ALA (40 mg/kg), SAME (10 and 40 mg/kg) and ALA:SAME (30:10 mg/kg), alternate days, during 30 days. Acute treatment/36 h: ALA levels in plasma, liver and urine and clearance of renal ALA increased in treated groups. ALA-D activities and urinary coproporphyrin were found to be decreased. Liver and brain proteins carbonyl, iron and ferritin were higher in the liver of treated groups, especially in All. Liver j malondialdehyde levels were higher in group AIV. Cerebral GSH/GSH+GSSG ratio and GPx activities increased in groups AIV and AIII, respectively. Consistently with these data indicating SAME-induced oxidative imbalance, mitochondrial and cytosolic ultrastructural changes were revealed, especially in the liver. Acute treatment/18 h: Plasma ALA levels increased in all treated groups but BIV. Group BII showed increased hepatic ALA levels…

Preparation and scalin up of a low phenylalanine enzymatic hydrolysate of bovine whey proteins

We describe the preparation of pancreatic enzymes hydrolysate of milk whey proteins containing low levels of aromatic amino acids. Pancreatin and trypsin/chymotrypsin (6.3 percent w/w protein) when used to hydrolyze whey proteins for 27 h at 37±2 °C, released 74 percent of the Phe, 100 percent of the Tyr and 100 percent of the Trp as free amino acids. Most of the free aromatic amino acids present in 2 kg hydrolysate were separated from the remaining peptides and other amino acids by gel filtration on a 15 liter Sephadex G-25 column eluted with 5 percent acetic acid at 60 liters 'h POT. -1' 25°C. The product, recovered in 37 percent yield, contained 0.70 mmol Phe, 0.41 mmol Tyr, and <0.01mmol Trp/100mmol recovered amino acids. The hydrolysate had a general amino acid composition similar to the whey proteins from which it was prepared and could be use as a nitrogen source for patients with phenylketonuria or tyrosinemia after the addition of appropriate aromatic amino acids...

Crisis neurológica en Tirosinemia hereditaria / Neurological crisis in hereditary Tyrosinaemia

La Tirosinemia tipo I es el resultado de un error innato en la etapa final del metabolismo de la Tirosina. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son variables, las cuales pueden verse agravadas con la aparición de crisis neurológica. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reportar el caso de una preescolar portadora de la enfermedad, que desarrolló parálisis fláccida asociada a insuficiencia respiratoria y que requirió conexión a ventilación mecánica.

Tirosinemia tipo I: reporte de un caso / Tyrosinaemia type 1: a clinical case report

La tirosinemia I es una enfermedad metaból ica de herencia recesiva, causada por la diferencia de la enzima terminal de la vía de degradación de la tirosina,llamada fumarilacetoacetato hidrolasa. Compromete principalmente el hígado, sistema nervioso central y riñones. Objetivo: Dada la baja frecuencia de tirosinemia tipo I en nuestro medio, consideramos importante su revisióna raíz de un caso clínico, para optimizar la sospecha diagnóstica frente a la presentaciónclínica y de laboratorio, e iniciar así su tratamiento en forma precoz, mejorando el pronóstico. Caso clínico: reportamos un lactante de 1 mes 11 días, que ingresó al Hospital Padre Hurtado, con el diagnóstico de síndrome febril sin foco, acompañado de vómitos y distensión abdominal. Al ingreso destacó hematuria macroscópica y masa palpable en fosa renal izquierda. Se realizó ecografía abdominal destacando nefrocalcinosis y nefromegalia bilateral y exámenes de laboratorio que muestran hipercalciuria, hipercalcemia, hipofosfemia, hipoalbuminemia, trnasaminasas, LDH y fosfatasas alcalinas elevadas, bilirrubian con leve aumento de predominio directo, reabsorcióntubular de fosfato disminuida, PTH normal, radiografías con signos de raquitismo, cultivos negativos. El paciente evolucionó con distensión abdominal, evidenciandose ascitis moderada en una nueva ecografía abdominal. En el perfil hepático completo destacó protombina 10 por ciento, TTPK de 112 segundos. Ante la fuerte sospecha de Tirosinemia se solicitan alfa feto proteínas que muestran valor muy elevado y aminoacidemia anormal compatible con el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La revisión de la literatura en relación a esta patología plantea su amplia gama de presentación clínica y las nuevas opciones de tratamiento que han mejorado el pronóstico de estos pacientes, cuales disponemos en nuestro país y fueron aplicadas en este paciente

Cirrosis hepatiaa en lactante: una forma de presentacion de la tiroinnemia / Hepatic circosis in infant: a form of presentation of thyrosynemia

We present two documented cases of patients with Tyrosinemia type I (Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia) in infants. The most constant imaging findings in target organs: Liver (Hepatic Cirrhosis), Kidneys (Nefromegaly) are described and compared with pathological findings in one case. In the presence of confusing clinical manifestations, radiological findings of hepatic cirrhosis in infants associated with renal involvement are almost diagnostic of this entity.

Se presentan 2 casos documentados de lactantes portadores de Tirosinemia tipo I (Hepatorenal). Se describen los hallazgos imagenológicos principales de ella en los órganos blanco: Hígado (Cirrosis Hepática) y riñones (Nefromegalia) y se confrontan con los de la anatomía patológica en un caso. En un lactante, con un cuadro clínico poco claro, el hallazgo imagenológico de cirrosis hepática sumado a un compromiso renal, deben hacer plantear el diagnóstico de tirosinemia.

Tirosinemia transitoria / Tyrosinemias transient

La tirosnemia es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva que presenta tres tipos: tipo I, II y III, con características clínicas diferentes. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con antecedentes de prematurez, enfermedad de membrana hialina, sepsis neonatal tardía, a quienes se les practicó tamizaje metabólico donde se detectó tirosinuria por cromatografía y se confirmó el diagnóstico de tirosinemia neonatal transitoria, que respondieron al tratamiento con vitamina C

Tirosinemia neonatal / Neonatal tyrosinemia

Mediante la técnica de Udenfriend y Cooper, se midieron los niveles de tirosina en la sangre del cordón de 26 prematuros y 31 niños de término, con el fin de comparar las concentraciones según la edad gestacional y detectar la presencia de la tirosinemia neonatal. Se encontró un caso de esta entidad en un niño de 31 semanas de edad gestacional, lo cual correspondió al 3.8 por ciento de los prematuros y al 1.8 por ciento del grupo total. La concentración de tirosina en el paciente fue de 53 microM. El promedio de las concentraciones en los prematuros menores de 32 semanas fue de 16.8 más o menos 6.3 microM; el de los niños entre 33 y 36 semanas fue de 19.3 más o menos 7.6 microM y el de los niños de término, de 17.2 más o menos 9.4 microM. Las pruebas estadísticas no mostraron tendencias ni diferencias significativas entre estas concentraciones. El promedio ponderado para el grupo total fue 17.7 más o menos 7.3 microM. Se recomienda establecer programas de tamizaje para detectar este problema porque puede presentar repercusiones neurológicas posteriores

By means of the Udenfriend-Cooper technique, levels of tyrosine were measured in the cord blood of 26 preterm and 31 term Infants; the objective was to compare tyrosine concentrations according to gestational age and to detect the presence of neonatal tyrosinemia. A case of this disease was found In an Infant with 31 weeks of gestational age; this case represented 3.8% of preterm Infants and 1.8% of the total group. Average tyrosine concentration according to age was as follows: 16.8: ± 6.3 µM in Infants under 32 weeks of gestational age; 19.3: ±: 7.6 µM In those between 33 and 36 weeks and 17.2 : ±: 9.4 µM In the term Infants. Statistic analyses revealed no significant trend or difference between these figures. Average concentration for the total group was 17.7 : ±: 7.3 µM. We recommend the establishment of screening programs for the detection of this disorder since It may later lead to neurological complications