Caracterización de parámetros del intercambio gaseoso en la Ciudad de México / Characterization of gas exchange parameters in Mexico City

Introducción: en las grandes altitudes, el intercambio gaseoso suele estar deteriorado; en la altitud moderada de la Ciudad de México esto no está aún plenamente definido. Objetivo: caracterizar el intercambio gaseoso en la altitud moderada de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: mediante un estudio transversal analítico se estudiaron sujetos nacidos y habitantes de la Ciudad de México, de ambos géneros, con edades de 20 a 59 años sin enfermedad cardiopulmonar. Se registraron sus variables demográficas, espirometría simple y de gasometría arterial. Las diferencias en las variables se calcularon con ANOVA de una vía para grupos independientes y ajuste de Bonferroni. Una p < 0.05 se aceptó como significativa. Resultados: se estudiaron 335 sujetos, de los cuales 168 (50.15%) fueron hombres, la edad grupal fue de 45 ± 11 años, con índice de masa corporal 22.97 ± 1.54 Kg/m2. La relación volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo/Capacidad vital forzada (VEF1/CVF) de 91.58 ± 12.86%. La presión arterial de oxígeno fue de 66 ± 5.02 mmHg, el bióxido de carbono: 32.07 ± 2.66 mmHg, la saturación arterial de oxígeno: 93.03 ± 1.80% y la hemoglobina: 14.07 ± 1.52 gr/dL. Conclusiones: la presión arterial de oxígeno y del bióxido de carbono están disminuidos a la altura de la Ciudad de México.

Background: At high altitude the gas exchange is impaired, in the moderate altitude of Mexico City they are not yet defined. Objective: To characterize the gas exchange in the moderate altitude of Mexico City. Material and methods: Through an analytical cross-sectional study, subjects born and inhabitants of Mexico City, both genders, aged 20 to 59 years without cardiopulmonary disease, were studied. Their demographic variables, simple spirometry and arterial blood gas were recorded. Differences in variables were calculated with one-way ANOVA for independent groups and Bonferroni adjustment. p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: 335 subjects were studied, 168 (50.15%) men. Group age 45 ± 11 years old, body mass index 22.97 ± 1.54 Kg/m2. Forced expiratory volume ratio in the first second / Forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) 91.58 ± 12.86%. The arterial oxygen pressure was: 66 ± 5.02 mmHg, carbon dioxide: 32.07 ± 2.66 mmHg, arterial oxygen saturation: 93.0 3 ± 1.80%, and hemoglobin: 14.07 ± 1.52 gr/dL. Conclusions: The arterial oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide are lowered at the Mexico City altitude.

Comportamento sedentário, características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e atividade física de lazer em idosos / Sedentary behavior, sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and physical activity of leisure in the elderly

Este estudo teve como objetivo associar a prevalência de comportamento sedentário às características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e atividade física de lazer em idosos. O estudo foi descritivo e transversal com amostragem não probabilística por acessibilidade. Participaram 213 idosos residentes da zona urbana de Rio do Sul ­ SC. Para a avaliação das características sociodemográficas e condições de saúde utilizou-se um questionário com questões que incluíam, idade, anos de estudo, estado civil, renda per capita, ocupação, com quem mora, percepção do estado de saúde, doenças já diagnosticadas e a utilização de medicamentos. A avaliação da prática de atividade física no lazer ocorreu com a aplicação do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e para o comportamento sedentário utilizou-se uma questão deste instrumento referente ao tempo médio semanal em que o idoso fica sentado. Os resultados mostraram que existe prevalência de comportamento sedentário para homens (66,7%) e mulheres (57,1%). No lazer a proporção de idosos insuficientemente ativos foi elevada (81,2%). Houve associação do comportamento sedentário com a renda para os homens que recebem 3 ou mais salários mínimos (87,5%). Além disso, ocorreu associação dos fatores de percepção do estado de saúde bom ou ótimo com o comportamento sedentário entre as idosas (65,8%). Diante do estudo, constatou-se que há um maior número de idosos homens (88,8%) e mulheres (74,1%) que são fisicamente ativos no lazer, mas considerados sedentários e no total, uma prevalência de aproximadamente 60% de comportamento sedentário (CS) entre os idosos. Dessa forma, há necessidade de não apenas atingir as recomendações de atividades físicas semanais, mas também de reduzir o comportamento sedentário. (AU)

This study aimed to associate the prevalence of sedentary behavior with sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and leisure-time physical activity in the elderly. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional with non-probability sampling for accessibility. 213 elderly residents of the urban area of Rio do Sul - SC participated. For the evaluation of sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions, a questionnaire was used with questions that included, age, years of study, marital status, income per capita, occupation, who lives, perception of health status, diseases already diagnosed and use of medicines. The evaluation of the practice of physical activity during leisure occurred with the application of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and for sedentary behavior, a question from this instrument was used, referring to the average weekly time in which the elderly person sits. The results showed that there is a prevalence of sedentary behavior for men (66.7%) and women (57.1%). In leisure, the proportion of insufficiently active elderly people was high (81.2%). There was an association between sedentary behavior and income for men who receive 3 or more minimum wages (87.5%). In addition, there was an association between factors of perception of good or excellent health status and sedentary behavior among the elderly (65.8%). In view of the study, it was found that there is a greater number of elderly men (88.8%) and women (74.1%) who are physically active at leisure, but considered sedentary and in total, a prevalence of approximately 60% of sedentary behavior (SC) among the elderly. Thus, there is a need to not only achieve weekly physical activity recommendations, but also to reduce sedentary behavior. (AU)

Correlación de la distancia recorrida en la caminata de 6 minutos y puntajes de comorbilidad Charlson y Elixhauser / Correlation of distance traveled in the 6 minute walk and Charlson and Elihauser comorbidity scores

Introduction: The walking test of 6 minutes (6MW) is a test that merges the answer of different systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal muscle and neurosensorial) and offers an useful objective result to lead therapeutic measurements and stablish a prognosis, it's possible that the comorbid patient lowers their functional reserve and alters the result of the test not only because of the presence of pathologies cardiorespiratory, nevertheless, information about the correlation between the scores of comorbidity and the traveled distance in the 6MW is limited. Objective: Determine the correlation between the traveled distance in the 6MW and the scores of comorbidities of Charlson and Elixhauser. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made, in patients taken to the 6MW made between 2006 until March 2020, in a hospital of high complexity; there were included patients older than 18 years old, whose clinic history record and walk of 6 minutes were available. The index of Charlson and Elixhauser were calculated in the 6MW, a bivariate analysis was made between the antecedents of pathologies and the traveled distance, independently and adjusted, the spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for the different scores and the distance in meters of the 6MW, was considerate a significative p: <0,05. Results: to the final analysis 491 subjects entered, the average age was of 69 years old (sd: 14,9), 54% male, the 15,3% had an abnormal walk less than the 80% of the expected, the diseases that were considered had a statistically significant relation with the decrease of the distance in the 6MW were arterial hypertension (p: <0,001), chronic heart failure (p=0,037), heart arrhythmia (p=0,003), smoking (p=0,022), chronic pulmonary obstruction disease (p: <0,001), dementia (p=0,03diabetes mellitus with target organ damage (p=0,01), moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (p=0,012), obesity (p=0,036) y lymphoma (p=0,038 the spearman correlation coefficient between the traveled distances and Charlson was of -0,343 (IC95%:-0,420 -0,264)(p: < 0,001) and -0,213(IC95%:-0,285 -0,116)(p: <0,001) with the Elixhauser index. Conclusion: The distances walked in meters in the 6MW has a reverse low correlation with the comorbidity index, the diseases that were not cardiopulmonary and that related independently with changes in the traveled dist ance are smoking, dementia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and lymphoma. Key words: Comorbidities, Walk, Test, Cardiopulmonary, Charlson, Elixhauser

Arritmias cardíacas en habitantes de gran altura con diagnóstico de corazón pulmonar crónico / Cardiac arrhythmias in highlanders with a diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale

Resumen Antecedentes: El corazón pulmonar crónico (CPC) muestra un incremento en habitantes que viven en grandes altitudes. Objetivo: Investigar la frecuencia de arritmias cardíacas y factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal; se revisó el registro de pacientes internados del Departamento de Cardiología del Instituto Nacional de Tórax, La Paz, Bolivia, entre enero de 2017 y junio de 2018; se incorporó a todos los individuos con diagnóstico de CPC, definido por criterios clínicos, electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos; se incluyó a 162 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios en el análisis; se utilizaron la t de Student y ANOVA. Resultados: Arritmias: fibrilación auricular (FA), 125 (75%); aleteo auricular (AA), 17 (10.5%); taquicardia auricular (TA), 17 (10.5%); extrasístoles, 3 (1.9%). Según el análisis univariado, los factores relacionados con el desarrollo de arritmias fueron: eritrocitosis: FA, RR: 1.33, otras arritmias (RR: 1.67), p = 0.0001; hipertensión arterial pulmonar: FA, RR: 3.10, otras arritmias (RR: 3.21), p = 0.0001; dilatación de aurícula derecha (AD): FA, RR: 1.92, otras arritmias (RR: 2.13), p = 0.0001; obesidad: FA, RR: 3.47, p = 0.001, otras arritmias (RR: 3.70), p = 0.001; hipertensión arterial sistémica: FA, RR: 3.10, p = 0.001, otras arritmias (RR: 3.21), p = 0.001. Según el análisis multivariado: eritrocitosis (RR: 2.2), dilatación de AD (RR: 1.2), p = 0.0001. Conclusiones: Se encontró FA con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes con CPC; los factores de riesgo con mayor significancia estadística para su presentación fueron la eritrocitosis y la dilatación de la AD.

Abstract Background: Chronic cor pulmonale (CPC), with increased presentation in high-altitude inhabitants. Objectives: Investigating the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias, and risk factors for its development. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, the inpatient registry of the Department of Cardiology of the National Institute of Torax, La Paz-Bolivia, from January 2017 to June 2018 was reviewed, all were incorporated with the diagnosis of CPC, defined by clinical criteria, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic, 162 patients who met the criteria were taken, the student's t-test and ANOVA were used for the analysis. Results: Arrhythmias: atrial fibrillation (AF) 125 (75%), atrial flutter (AA) 17 (10.5%), atrial tachycardia (AT) 17 (10.5%), extrasystoles 3 (1.9%). Univariate analysis of factors related to the development of arrhythmias: erythrocytosis: FA, RR: 1.33, other arrhythmias RR: 1.67, p = 0.0001, pulmonary arterial hypertension: FA, RR: 3.10, other arrhythmias RR: 3.21, p = 0.0001, right atrial dilation (AD): FA, RR: 1.92, other arrhythmias RR: 2.13, p = 0.0001, obesity: FA, RR: 3.47, p = 0.001, other arrhythmias RR: 3.70, p = 0.001, systemic arterial hypertension: FA: RR: 3.10, p = 0.001, other arrhythmias RR: 3.21, p = 0.001. Multivariate analysis: erythrocytosis (RR: 2.2), AD dilation (RR: 1.2), p = 0.0001. Conclusions: AF was found more frequently in patients with CPC, the risk factors with the greatest statistical significance for presentation were: erythrocytosis and AD dilation.

Análisis espacial de las concentraciones de PM2,5 en Bogotá según los valores de las guías de la calidad del aire de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para enfermedades cardiopulmonares, 2014 - 2015 / Spatial analysis of PM2,5 concentrations in Bogotá according to the World Health Organization air quality guidelines for cardiopulmonary diseases, 2014 - 2015

Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud señala que tres millones de muertes al año por enfermedades cardiopulmonares están relacionadas con la exposición a la contaminación del aire. Objetivo. Estimar las superficies de concentración de partículas en suspensión de menos de 2,5 pm (Particulate Matter, PM25) en Bogotá entre el 2014 y el 2015, clasificándolas según las guías de calidad del aire de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para enfermedades cardiopulmonares. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio ecológico mediante técnicas geoestadísticas. Se calcularon los promedios de PM25 en lapsos de seis horas a lo largo del día en cuatro franjas horarias. Las concentraciones se clasificaron según los valores diarios y anuales de las guías de calidad del aire de la OMS. Resultados. La localidad de Kennedy presentó las mayores concentraciones de PM25 en todas las franjas horarias. Los valores registrados en esta zona y clasificados según las guías diarias y anuales de calidad del aire, evidenciaron que la localidad presentaría un incremento de 1,2 % en la mortalidad cardiopulmonar en el corto plazo y de 9 % en el largo plazo. Conclusión. Las franjas horarias de las 0:00 a las 6:00 h y de las 12:00 a las 18:00 h, cumplieron con el valor anual de las guías de calidad del aire de 10 µg/m3 en una parte de la zona oriental de la ciudad. En el resto de la ciudad, en las franjas horarias de las 6:00 h a las 12:00 h y de las 18:00 h a las 24:00 h se registraron valores que cumplían los objetivos intermedios 2 y 3, lo que representa incrementos de 9 y 3 % en la mortalidad cardiopulmonar, respectivamente.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that 3 million deaths per year caused by cardiopulmonary diseases are related to exposure to air pollution. Objective: To estimate areas of concentration of PM2.5 in Bogotá according to the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) for cardiopulmonary diseases during the period 2014-2015. Materials and methods: We conducted an ecological study with geostatistical techniques. We calculated the PM2.5 averages for six hour-periods distributed throughout the day in four time slots, which were classified according to daily and annual WHO AQG. Results: The locality of Kennedy presented the highest concentrations of PM25 in all time slots. The values registered in this area classified within the daily and annual AQG showed that the locality would present an increase of 1.2% and 9% in cardiopulmonary mortality in the short and long term, respectively. Conclusion: The time slots from 0:00 to 6:00 h y from 12:00 to 18:00 h met the annual AQG value of 10 µg/m3 in a part of the eastern zone of the city; in the rest of the city, in these same time slots, intermediate objectives 2 and 3 were met, which means increases by 9% and 3% in the cardiopulmonary mortality according to the AQG, respectively.

Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o ECMO (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) para el tratamiento de Síndrome cardio-pulmonar por Hantavirus / Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ECMO (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) for the treatment of Hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome

INTRODUCCION: Tecnología: Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o ECMO (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) veno arterial. Características de la tecnología: El soporte vital extracorpóreo veno-arterial (ECMO-VA es una alternativa terapéutica para aquellos pacientes que cursan con falla cardiopulmonar que, a pesar de optimizar la ventilación mecánica y el soporte hemodinámico o aplicar terapias avanzadas (ventilación diferencial, posición prono, óxido nítrico, etc), son incapaces de superar la hipoxemia y la depresión miocárdica. El síndrome cardiopulmonar por virus Hanta (SCPH) se caracteriza por hipotensión, disminución del índice cardíaco, aumento de la resistencia vascular sistémica y edema pulmonar por incremento de la permeabilidad vascular. En un subgrupo de enfermos, estas manifestaciones pueden culminar en falla respiratoria y depresión miocárdica severas, asociadas a elevada mortalidad (21-24). En estos casos, el ECMO-VA puede substituir temporalmente la función cardíaca y respiratoria mientras se supera el período de máximo riesgo vital. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA: Los mejores resultados obtenidos con el uso de ECMO en los últimos años, se relacionan con el perfeccionamiento de la técnica y modificación de los criterios de selección de los pacientes (34). Entre ellos destaca la implementación precoz del ECMO, es decir, antes que se instale el daño pulmonar inducido por ventilación mecánica. En Chile, la mortalidad del SCPH causada por virus Andes Sur, sigue siendo elevada (36%) y aquellos enfermos que en las primeras 24 h desarrollan hipoxemia refractaria y disfunción cardíaca de progresión rápida, tienen 100% de mortalidade. Para identificar pacientes con SCPH que requerirán asistencia extracorpórea se propone la presencia de shock refractario con índice cardíaco <2,5 L/min/m2 y láctico sérico >4 mmol/L. ESTRATEGIA DE BÚSQUEDA: Protocolo de búsqueda bibliográfica (palabras clave, combinaciones, sitios consultados. Se realizó una búsqueda con tres operadores independientes, en las bases de datos bibliográficas detalladas a continuación, en buscadores genéricos de Internet como Google, Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Agencias nacionales e internacionales reguladoras de alimentos y medicamentos. RESULTADOS: La evidencia encontrada se basa en estudios observacionales (casos y series de casos), tomando en cuenta que los pacientes incluidos y conectados en ECMO-VA presentan de acuerdo con Crowley y col y otros autores, parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio asociados con una mortalidad del 100% en dicha fase de la enfermedad. RECOMENDACIONES: El panel de expertos recomienda el uso de ECMO para individuos con síndrome cardiopulmonar grave por hantavirus ( recomendación fuerte a favor). Balance de beneficios: El panel otorgó peso a los potenciales beneficios en contexto de una condición con elevada mortalidad, en la cual no existen alternativas terapéuticas válidas. Sin embargo, existió acuerdo en que estos beneficios potenciales no han sido comprobados y que se requiere promover la investigación en el tema.

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: a lesson learned

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare and controversial entity that is known to be a cause of pulmonary hypertension and is microscopically characterized by proliferation of dilated capillary-sized channels along and in the alveolar walls. Clinically, it is mostly seen in adults. Clinical features are characterized by nonspecific findings such as shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, and fatigue. It can be clinically indistinguishable from pre-capillary pulmonary arterial hypertension disorders such as primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. However, the diagnostic distinction, which usually requires a multidisciplinary approach, is crucial in order to avoid inappropriate treatment with vasodilator medications usually used for PAH treatment. Prognosis of PCH remains poor with lung transplant being the only definitive treatment. We report an autopsy case of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis unmasked at autopsy that was treated with a prostacyclin analog, usually contraindicated in such patients. We emphasize that this entity should always be on the differential diagnosis in a patient with pulmonary hypertension and requires great vigilance on the part of the clinician, radiologist and pathologist to make the diagnosis and guide appropriate management.

Síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Hanta syndromevirus cardiopulmonary

Introducción: En el ámbito mundial las enfermedades infecciosas son la segunda causa de muerte en el presente siglo. La epidemiología de las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes plantean desafíos a la clínica y a la salud pública en general, tal es el caso del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus. Objetivo: Actualizar los conocimientos sobre la vigilancia epidemiológica del microorganismo responsable y documentar a los profesionales de la salud. Métodos: Revisión de artículos de investigación referentes al síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus en el presente siglo. Se realizaron búsquedas en las fuentes de indexación Scopus, SciELO, Medline, Latindex, Bireme, Google. Lilacs, PubMed sobre el microorganismo, patogenia, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusiones: La emergencia y reemergencia de este síndrome con alta letalidad debe ser de dominio de clínicos, pediatras, intensivistas, epidemiólogos y los médicos de la atención primaria para su prevención, diagnóstico precoz y conducta oportuna. La vigilancia epidemiológica es fundamental(AU)

Introduction: Infectious diseases are globally the second cause of death in this century. The epidemiology of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases poses clinical and public health challenges in general; such is the home of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Objective: Updating information on the epidemiological surveillance of the causing microorganism and provide said knowledge to health professionals. Methods: Reviewing research articles related to cardiopulmonary syndrome by Hantavirus conducted in the present century. Researches were carried out about the microorganism, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment in the indexing sources Scopus, SciELO, Medline, Latindex, Bireme, Google, Lilacs and PubMed. Conclusions: The emergence and reemergence of this highly lethal syndrome should be known by clinicians, pediatricians, intensive care staff, epidemiologists and primary care physicians for prevention, early diagnosis and timely treatment. Epidemiological surveillance is essential(AU)

Manifestaciones pulmonares de artritis reumatoide: cor pulmonale / Pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: Cor pulmonale

RESUMEN Cor pulmonale es la disfunción ventricular derecha que resulta de hipertensión pulmonar secundaria a alteraciones de la estructura o función pulmonar, por diversas etiologías, principalmente aquellas que afecten el parénquima y la vasculatura pulmonar. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 62 arios de edad, con disfunción ventricular derecha secundaria a alteraciones parenquimatosas y funcionales pulmonares como resultado de enfermedad sistémica autoinmune.

ABSTRACT Cor pulmonale is the right ventricular dysfunction that results from pulmonary hypertension secondary to alterations of the pulmonary structure and/or function, by various aetiologies, mainly those that affect the parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature. The case is presented of a 62-year-old woman with right ventricular dysfunction secondary to parenchymal and functional pulmonary alterations, as a result of systemic autoimmune disease.

Caracterização clínica dos pacientes sob ventilação mecânica internados em unidade de terapia intensiva / Características clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados en menos de ventilación mecánica unidad de cuidados intensivos / Clinical characterization of patients under mechanical ventilation in an intensive therapy unit

Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Métodos: Estudo transversal e quantitativo, com amostra de 90 pacientes internados em um hospital referência em atendimento de doenças cardiopulmonares, situado na cidade de Fortaleza/Ceará. Coleta de dados realizada em outubro de 2016 através de um instrumento estruturado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição sob o protocolo CAAE53956816.2.0000.5052. Resultados: Observou-se que 56,7% eram do sexo feminino, na faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos (59%). Os principais motivos de internação foram as doenças cardiovasculares (53,3%); 88,9% utilizaram antibioticoterapia; 34,4% apresentaram pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica; 80% utilizaram drogas vasoativas e apenas 25,6% realizaram traqueostomia após a internação 36,7%. Conclusão: O paciente crítico possui peculiaridades que exige do enfermeiro um planejamento das ações de cuidados que vise à redução de possíveis complicações graves e letais.

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Estudio transversal y cuantitativa, con 90 pacientes ingresados en un hospital de atención enfermedades cardiopulmonares, situado en la ciudad de Fortaleza/Ceará. Recopilación de datos realizada en octubre de 2016 a través de un instrumento estructurado. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de ética de investigación de la institución bajo el protocolo CAAE-53956816.2.0000.5052. Resultados: Se observó que el 56,7% eran mujeres entre las edades de 50 a 59 años (59%). Las principales razones de hospitalización fueron las enfermedades cardiovasculares (53.3%), 88.9% utiliza antibióticos; 34,4% presentadas ventilador había asociado neumonía; 80% usada drogas y sólo 25.6% traqueotomía realizada vasoactivos después de hospitalización 36,7%. Conclusión: El paciente crítico tiene particularidades que requiere que la enfermera una planificación de la atención dirigida a la reducción de posibles complicaciones graves y letales.

Objective: lo describe the clinical characteristics of patients under mechanical ventilation admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: A cross - sectional and quantitative study with a sample of 90 patients admitted to a referral hospital for cardiopulmonary diseases, located in the city of Fortaleza / Ceará. Data collection conducted in October 2016 through a structured instrument. The study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee under protocol CAAE-53956816.2.0000.5052. Results: It was observed that 56.7% were female, in the age group of 50 to 59 years (59%). The main reasons for hospitalization were cardiovascular diseases (53.3%); 88.9% used antibiotic therapy; 34.4% presented pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation; 80% used vasoactive drugs and only 25.6% performed tracheostomy after hospitalization 36.7%. Conclusion: The critical patient has peculiarities that require the nurse to plan care actions aimed at reducing possible serious and lethal complications.

Manifestaciones cardiopulmonares de esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodemia y avances en el tratamiento. Reporte de un caso / Cardiopulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis Without Scleroderma and Advances in Treatment. Case repor

Antecedentes. La esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodermia es una variante rara de la esclerosis sistémica limitada en la que los pacientes no presentan manifestaciones cutáneas importantes. Caso clínico. Se presenta caso de paciente femenina en la sexta década de la vida sin antecedentes patológicos de importancia que presentaba Síndrome de Raynaud, fotosensibilidad y pares- tesias en manos; al examen físico estertores finos e induración leve de la piel de los dedos, se sospechaba enfermedad del colágeno y se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio que confirmaron diagnóstico de Esclerosis Sistémica sin esclerodermia, ya que presentaba mayores manifestaciones cardiopulmonares. Inició tratamiento con esteroides sistémicos pero se complicó con Neumonitis Intersticial tratada con Azatriopina e Hipertensión pulmonar manejada con Sildenafil. También se comenzó Rituximab, como terapia de artritis reumatoide diagnosticada posteriormente. Ha presentado leve mejoría en el patrón pulmonar restrictivo por lo que el tratamiento con Rituximab aún persiste. Paciente con buena evolución clínica y exámenes de laboratorio control dentro de los rangos normales, sin embargo función pulmonar continúa alterada, pero sin modificar actividades diarias. Conclusión: La caracterización de la enfermedad es vital, actualmente se cuenta con criterios diagnósticos más certeros para orientar el manejo adecuado dentro de una amplia gama de posibilidades terapéuticas...(AU)

Severe pulmonary hypertension due to combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: another cause of death among smokers

In 2005, the combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) was first defined as a distinct entity, which comprised centrilobular or paraseptal emphysema in the upper pulmonary lobes, and fibrosis in the lower lobes accompanied by reduced diffused capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Recently, the fibrosis associated with the connective tissue disease was also included in the diagnosis of CPFE, although the exposure to tobacco, coal, welding, agrochemical compounds, and tire manufacturing are the most frequent causative agents. This entity characteristically presents reduced DLCO with preserved lung volumes and severe pulmonary hypertension, which is not observed in emphysema and fibrosis alone. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with a history of heavy tobacco smoking abuse, who developed progressive dyspnea, severe pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale over a 2-year period. She attended the emergency facility several times complaining of worsening dyspnea that was treated as decompensate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The imaging examination showed paraseptal emphysema in the upper pulmonary lobes and fibrosis in the middle and lower lobes. The echo Doppler cardiogram revealed the dilation of the right cardiac chambers and pulmonary hypertension, which was confirmed by pulmonary trunk artery pressure measurement by catheterization. During this period, she was progressively restricted to the minimal activities of daily life and dependent on caregivers. She was brought to the hospital neurologically obtunded, presenting anasarca, and respiratory failure, which led her to death. The autopsy showed signs of pulmonary hypertension and findings of fibrosis and emphysema in the histological examination of the lungs. The authors highlight the importance of the recognition of this entity in case of COPD associated with severe pulmonary hypertension of unknown cause.

Obesidad infantil y su relación con indicadores cardiopulmonares en escolares mexicanos / Childhood Obesity and its Relation to Cardiopulmonary Indicators in Mexican School Children / Obesidade infantil e sua relação com indicadores cardiopulmonares em estudantes mexicanos

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre obesidad y anormalidades de parámetros cardiopulmonares en escolares. Materiales y métodos: participaron 78 escolares entre 5 a 11 años de edad, 47 hombres (60,3%) y 31 mujeres (39,7%), pertenecientes a una escuela primaria particular de la ciudad de Pachuca (México). Se evaluó: índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), grasa corporal (GC), frecuencia cardiaca (FC), presión arterial (PA), frecuencia respiratoria (FR) y espirometría. Se emplearon las pruebas estadísticas chi-cuadrado (x2), odds ratio y correlación de Spearman (rs). Resultados: 23,1% de los escolares evaluados presentaron sobrepeso y 29,5%, obesidad. El 38,5 y 11,5% presentaron FC y PA superiores a los parámetros normales, respectivamente; 3,8% de la población presentó FR arriba del promedio y 11,5% mostró valores espirométricos anormales. Se encontraron relaciones entre IMC con GC y CC, GC y CC, CC y FC, GC y PA, y FC y FR. Conclusiones: las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad obtenidas en este estudio fueron altas. Los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad podrían tener mayor riesgo de presentar anormalidades cardiopulmonares en comparación con niños de peso normal. Se sugiere continuar con estudios en el tema en una muestra más amplia.

Objective: Determine the relationship between obesity and abnormal cardiopulmonary parameters in school children. Materials and Methods: The sample involved 78 children between five and 11 years of age: 47 males (60.3%) and 31 females (39.7%). All were enrolled in a specific elementary school in the city of Pachuca (Mexico). Body mass (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat (GC), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR) and spirometry were evaluated. A chi-square (x2) statistical test, the odds ratio and Spearman's rank-order correlation (rs) were used. Results: In all, 23.1% of the students who were evaluated were overweight and 29.5% were obese; 38.5% and 11.5% had a HR and BP above the normal parameters, in that order; 3.8% of the population in question had a HR above average and 11.5% showed abnormal spirometric values. A relationship was found between BMI and BF and WC, BF and WC, WC and HR, BF and BP, and HR and RF. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity found in this study was high. Children who are overweight or obese might be at increased risk of experiencing cardiopulmonary abnormalities compared to children of normal weight. It is suggested that studies on this subject be continued with a broader sample.

Objetivo: determinar a relação entre obesidade e anormalidades de parâmetros cardiopulmonares em estudantes do ensino fundamental. Materiais e métodos: participaram do estudo 78 estudantes entre 5 a 11 anos de idade, 47 do gênero masculino (60,3%) e 31 do feminino (39,7%), pertencentes a uma escola primária particular da cidade de Pachuca (México). Avaliaram-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a circunferência de cintura (CC), a gordura corporal (GC), a frequência cardíaca (FC), a pressão arterial (PA), a frequência respiratória (FR) e a espirometria. Utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos qui-quadrado (x2), odds ratio e correlação de Spearman (rs). Resultados: 23,1%o dos estudantes avaliados apresentaram excesso de peso e 29,5% obesidade. 38,5 e 11,5% apresentaram FC e PA superiores aos parâmetros normais, respectivamente; 3,8% da população apresentou FR acima da média e 11,5% mostraram parâmetros espirométricos anormais. Constataram-se relações entre IMC com GC e CC, GC e CC, CC e FC, GC e PA, e FC e FR. Conclusões: as prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade obtidas neste estudo foram altas. As crianças com excesso de peso ou obesidade poderiam ter maior risco de apresentar anormalidades cardiopulmonares em comparação às de peso normal. Sugere-se continuar com estudos sobre o tema com uma amostra mais ampla.

Complicaciones cardiopulmonares asociadas a propofol versus sedación tradicional para procedimientos endoscópicos digestivos en adultos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios clínicos randomizados (ECR) / Cardiopulmonary complications associated with traditional versus propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in adults: systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT)

Abstract Background: For sedation in endoscopy, propofol offers advantages for its fast recovery profile compared with traditional sedation (opioids and/or benzodiazepines). However, their use may be associated with deeper levels of sedation, increasing the risk of complications. Aims: To evalúate the safety of propofol compared with traditional endoscopic procedures. To analyze influence of operator sedation in endoscopic procedures. Materials and Methods: ECR comparing cardiopulmonary complications (hypoxia, hypotension, bradycardia) between propofol and traditional sedation in adults undergoing endoscopy, were included. Wesearched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, LILACS. Relative risk (RR) was calculated. The data were analyzed using Rev Man v.5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration). Results: 8 ECR were selected, totaling 739 patients; of these, 381 received propofol and 358 traditional sedation. An anesthesiologistadministered sedation in 3 of the 8 papers, in patients with greater comorbidity and deeper level of sedation.Compared with traditional sedation, the RR of developing hypoxia, hypotension or bradycardia with propofolwas 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56-1.08), 1.37 (95% CI, 0.82-2.28), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.27-1.24) respectively. The RR of hypoxia in using propofol by an anesthesiologist was 1.59 (95% CI, 0.38-6.72) and non-anesthesiologist was0.75 (95% CI, 0.53-1.05). No statistically significant differences between propofol and traditional sedation for the analyzed adverse effects were found. Conclusions: Use of propofol compared with traditional sedation forendoscopic procedures do not increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications. There were no significant differences when analyzing the professional in charge of sedation.

Resumen Introducción: Para sedación en endoscopia, el propofol ofrece ventajas por su rápido perfil de recuperación comparado con sedación tradicional (opiodes y/o benzodiacepinas). Sin embargo, su uso podría estar asociado a niveles de sedación más profunda, aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones. Objetivos: Evaluarla seguridad del propofol comparado con sedación tradicional para procedimientos endoscópicos. Analizar la influencia del operador de la sedación en procedimientos endoscópicos. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron ECR que compararan complicaciones cardiopulmonares (hipoxia, hipotensión, bradicardia) entre propofol y sedación tradicional, en adultos sometidos a endoscopia. Se buscó en: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, LILACS. Se calculó riesgo relativo (RR). Los datos se analizaron con RevManv.5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration). resultados: 8 ECR fueron seleccionados, sumando 739 pacientes; de ellos, 381 recibieron propofol y 358 sedación tradicional. Un anestesiólogo administró la sedación en 3 de los8 trabajos, en pacientes con mayor comorbilidad y nivel de sedación más profunda. Comparado con sedación tradicional, el RR de desarrollar hipoxia, hipotensión o bradicardia con propofol fue de 0,78 (IC 95%, 0,561,08), 1,37 (IC 95%, 0,82-2,28), 0,57 (IC 95%, 0,27-1,24) respectivamente. El RR de hipoxia al usar propofolpor anestesiólogo fue de 1,59 (IC 95%, 0,38-6,72) y por no-anestesiólogo fue de 0,75 (IC 95%, 0,53-1,05).No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre propofol y sedación tradicional para los efectos adversos analizados. conclusiones: El uso de propofol comparado con sedación tradicional para procedimientos endoscópicos no aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones cardiopulmonares. No hubo diferencias significativas al analizar el profesional a cargo de la sedación.

Fibrosis pulmonar idiopática, tratamiento con pirfenidona / Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, treatment with pirfenidone

La fibrosis pulmonar idiopática es el tipo más frecuente de neumonía intersticial se caracteriza por un proceso de cicatrización anormal, con exceso de tejido fibroso. Es una patología crónica, progresiva, limitada a los pulmones de etiología desconocida que afecta a adultos mayores de 50 años con un deterioro progresivo de la función pulmonar y del intercambio gaseoso con un pronóstico fatal en un periodo relativamente corto. Se ha publicado un nuevo documento de consenso de la ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT, sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología y se ha recomendado como tratamiento un fármaco nuevo que ha generado grandes expectativas, la pirfenidona, el cual posee propiedades antiinflamatorias y antifibróticas con resultados prometedores. Presentamos el caso clínico, de una paciente de 60 años de edad que ingresa al Hospital Seguro Social Universitario con un cuadro respiratorio insidioso; durante su internación fue diagnosticada de fibrosis pulmonar idiopática con criterios clínicos, imagenológicos e histológico. Se inició tratamiento con Pirfenidona según la recomendación del consenso; la evolución y seguimiento al quinto mes de tratamiento fue favorable.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most frequent type of interstitial pneumonia. It is characterized by an abnormal healing process, with excess fibrous tissue. It is a chronic, progressive illness, limited to the lungs with unknown etiology; it affects adults over 50 years old, with a progressive deterioration of lung function and gas exchange and a fatal outcome in a relatively short period. It has been published a new consensus document of the ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT, about the diagnostic and treatment of these disease, and it is been suggested as a treatment a new drug that has generated great expectations, pirfenidone. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties with promising results. we report the case of a patient of 60 years of age admitted to university hospital social security with an insidious respiratory symptoms, during her hospitalization she was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with clinical imaging and histopathological criteria. Treatment with Pirfenidone was initiated as recommended by consensus; monitoring the evolution and the fifth month of treatment was favorable.

Cardiopulmonary parameters in propofol- or thiopental-anesthetized dogs induced to pulmonary hypertension by serotonin / Parâmetros cardiopulmonares em cães anestesiados com propofol ou tiopental e induzidos à hipertensão pulmonar pela serotonina

The cardiopulmonary changes in propofol- or thiopental-anesthetized dogs induced to pulmonary hypertension (PH) were evaluated. Twenty adult animals were randomly assigned to two groups: propofol group (PG) and thiopental group (TG). In PG, propofol was used for induction (8(0.03mg.kg-1) and anesthesia maintenance (0.8mg.kg-1.minute-1), while, in TG, thiopental was used (22±2.92mg.kg-1; 0.5mg.kg-1.minute-1, respectively). Mechanical ventilation using time cycle was started. PH was induced by administration of serotonin (5HT) (10µg.kg-1 and 1mg.kg-1.hour-1) through a thermodilution catheter positioned in the pulmonary artery. The measurements were performed before administration of 5HT (T0), after 30 minutes (T30), then at 15-minute intervals (T45, T60, T75 and T90). No differences between groups were registered for systolic (sPAP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI). In PG, sPAP and mPAP increased from T30. While in TG, sPAP and mPAP increased from T75. In PG, heart rate (HR) increased from T30, in which PG was higher than TG. The TPRI values decreased from T30 in PG, and in TG, at T45, T60 and T90. In PG, at T0, PVRI was lower than at other times. In PG, arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) decreased from T60 and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (PA-aO2) increased at T60. In TG, at T0 PaO2 was higher than at T30, T45, T60 and T90, while PA-aO2 at T0 was lower than at T90. From T30 to T90, TG showed higher PaO2 means and lower arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) values when compared to PG. In PG, from T30, PaCO2 increased, while in TG this parameter was stable. In conclusion, thiopental anesthesia attenuated the cardiopulmonary changes resulting from serotonin-induced PH, probably by attenuation of vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction.

Avaliaram-se as alterações cardiopulmonares em cães anestesiados com propofol ou tiopental induzidos à hipertensão pulmonar (HP). Vinte animais adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo propofol (PG) e grupo tiopental (TG). No PG, o propofol foi usado para indução (8(0,03mg.kg-1) e manutenção da anestesia (0,8mg.kg-1minuto-1), enquanto no TG foi empregado o tiopental (22(2,92mg.kg-1; 0,5mg.kg-1.minute-1, respectivamente). Em seguida, a ventilação mecânica ciclada a tempo foi iniciada. A HP foi induzida pela administração de serotonina (5HT) (10µg.kg-1e 1mg.kg-1.hour-1) por meio de cateter de termodiluição posicionado na artéria pulmonar. As mensurações tiveram início antes da administração da 5HT (T0), depois de 30 minutos (T30), seguida de intervalos de 15 minutos (T45, T60, T75 e T90). Diferenças entre os grupos não foram registradas para pressões sistólica (PAPs) e média (PAPm) da artéria pulmonar, pressão arterial média (PAM), índices da resistência periférica total (IRPT) e da resistência vascular pulmonar (IRVP). A PAPs e a PAPm aumentaram a partir de T30, no PG, e a partir de T75, no TG. No PG, a frequência cardíaca (FC) aumentou a partir de T30, no qual PG foi maior que TG. O IRPT diminuiu no T45, T60 e T90, no TG, e a partir de T30 no PG. No PG, no T0, IRVP foi menor que nos outros momentos. No PG, a pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue arterial (PaO2) diminuiu a partir de T60, e a diferença de tensão entre o oxigênio alveolar e arterial (PA-aO2) aumentou no T60. No TG, no T0, a PaO2 foi maior que no T30, T45, T60 e T90, enquanto a PA-aO2,, no T0, foi menor que no T90. Entre T30 e T90, TG apresentou maior PaO2 e menor pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2) quando comparado ao PG. No PG, a partir de T30, a PaCO2 aumentou. A anestesia com tiopental abrandou as mudanças cardiopulmonares resultantes da indução da HP pela serotonina, provavelmente devido à atenuação da vasoconstrição e broncoconstrição.

Hipertensão pulmonar secundária a cardiopatias congênitas: onde estamos e onde podemos chegar / Pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease: where we are and where we can go

A prevalência da hipertensão pulmonar associada às cardiopatias congênitas(HAP-CCG) é estimada em 1,6-12,5 casos por um milhão de adultos, com 25-50% destes pacientes exibindo a forma mais séria da doença, a síndrome de Eisenmenger. Mais de 90% dos pacientes portadores de cardiopatias congênitas com comunicações simples entre as circulações sistêmica e pulmonar são submetidos à correção cirúrgica ou percutânea dos defeitos ainda na infância. Entretanto 5 a 10% dos pacientes portadores destes defeitos não apresentam esse padrão, mesmo na presença de comunicações não restritivas, com risco maior de complicações graves no pós-operatório, incluindo falência ventricular direita e óbito. A avaliação e o manejo clínico dos pacientes com HAP-CCG devem ser individualizadas devido à grande multiplicidade de situações. Envolve uma ampla faixa etária, com formas de apresentação muito distintas e diferentes problemas a serem equacionados. Ainda hoje a literatura é escassa no que diz respeito ao manejo medicamentoso, principalmente dentro da faixa etária pediátrica. As perspectivas futuras são na direção de expansão do conhecimento fisiopatológico, incluindo aspectos genéticos, com o objetivo de melhora progressiva tanto na avaliação precoce quanto na conduta terapêutica para esses pacientes.

The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease(PHT-CHD) is estimated at 1.6-12.5 cases per million adults, with 25%-50% of these presenting the most serious form of the disease: Eisenmenger’s syndrome. More than 90% of patients with congenital heart disease with simple communications between the systemic and pulmonary circulations under go surgical or percutaneous correction of the defects while still in infancy. However, 5% to 10% of patients with these defects do not present this same pattern, even in the presence of non-restrictive communications, with a higher risk of severe postoperative complications, including right ventricular failure and death. The evaluation and clinical management of patients with PHT-CHD should be individualized , due to the great multiplicity of situations. It involves a wide age range, with very distinct forms of presentation and different problems to be resolved. The literature still lacks studieson drug management, particularly in pediatric patients. The future prospects are towards the expansion of physio-pathological knowledge, including genetic aspects, with the aim of gradually improving both early evaluation and therapeutic conduct for these patients.