Place of plasma argon coagulation in the treatment of vascular abnormalities of the digestive tract in adults

The aim of our study is to evaluate the value of Argon Plasma Coagulation in the treatment of gastrointestinal vascular abnormalities. Patients and methods: This is a descriptive and analytical retrospective study, from January 2009 to September 2020. 198 patients who have benefited from treatment with Argon Plasma Coagulation for vascular anomalies of the digestive tract divided into 2 groups: -Group A: Patients with radial rectitis lesions (n = 107). -Group B: Patients with lesions of digestive angiodysplasia (n = 91). Results: The mean age of our patients was 64.95 ± 9.88 years [43 - 83] in group A, while in group B the mean age was 65.19 ± 14.29 years [40 - 91] with a clear male predominance in 72.5%. The majority of patients in group A were followed for prostate cancer in 33,8%, and 26.3% of patients in group B had chronic renal failure, followed by stomach cancer in 15.8%, and esophageal cancer in 10.5%. Clinical symptomatology was dominated by rectories in 40.2% in group A versus 46.8% in group B. Rectal involvement was dominated in group A in 98.1%, whereas in group B the lesions were mainly located in the stomach in 60.5%. The endoscopic evolution was favorable in all our patients with a clear improvement of rectal lesions and digestive angiodysplasia lesions. The total complication rate in our series was nil. Conclusion: Plasma Argon coagulation is a very effective method in the endoscopic treatment of digestive haemorrhages with good tolerability and a low complication rate. (AU)

Síndrome de Heyde: Estratégias Terapêuticas e Seguimento de Longo Prazo / Heyde's Syndrome: Therapeutic Strategies and Long-Term Follow-Up

Resumo Fundamentos A síndrome de Heyde é a associação de estenose aórtica importante com episódio de sangramento gastrointestinal por lesões angiodisplásicas. Pouco é conhecido sobre os fatores associados a novos sangramentos e desfechos em longo prazo. Além disso, a maioria dos dados é restrita a relatos de casos e pequenas séries. Objetivo Avaliar o perfil clínico, laboratorial e ecocardiográfico de pacientes com síndrome de Heyde submetidos a intervenção valvar ou tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos Coorte prospectiva de 24 pacientes consecutivos entre 2005 e 2018. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, laboratoriais, ecocardiográficos e relacionados à intervenção valvar e a desfechos após o diagnóstico. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados Metade dos 24 pacientes apresentou sangramento com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea na admissão. Angiodisplasias foram encontradas mais frequentemente no cólon ascendente (62%). Intervenção valvar (cirúrgica ou transcateter) foi realizada em 70,8% dos pacientes, e 29,2% foram mantidos em tratamento clínico. Novos episódios de sangramento ocorreram em 25% dos casos, e não houve diferença entre os grupos clínico e intervenção (28,6 vs. 23,5%, p=1,00; respectivamente). A mortalidade no seguimento de 2 e 5 anos foi de 16% e 25%, sem diferença entre os grupos (log-rank p = 0,185 e 0,737, respectivamente). Conclusões Pacientes com síndrome de Heyde tiveram alta taxa de sangramento com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea na admissão, sugerindo ser uma doença grave e com risco elevado de mortalidade. Não encontramos diferenças entre os grupos submetidos ao tratamento clínico e à intervenção valvar em relação a taxas de ressangramento e mortalidade tardia.

Abstract Background Heyde's syndrome is the association of severe aortic stenosis with episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplastic lesion. Little is known about the factors associated with new episodes of bleeding and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, most data are restricted to case reports and small case series. Objective To assess the clinical, laboratory and echocardiography profile of patients with Heyde's syndrome who underwent valve intervention or drug therapy. Methods Prospective cohort of 24 consecutive patients from 2005 to 2018. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiography data were assessed, as well as those related to valve intervention and outcomes after diagnosis. A P <0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results Half of the 24 patients presented with bleeding requiring blood transfusion on admission. Angiodysplasias were more frequently found in the ascending colon (62%). Valve intervention (surgical or transcatheter) was performed in 70.8% of the patients, and 29.2% remained on drug therapy. News episodes of bleeding occurred in 25% of the cases, and there was no difference between clinical and intervention groups (28.6 vs 23.5%, p = 1.00; respectively). Mortality at 2-year and 5-year was 16% and 25%, with no difference between the groups (log-rank p = 0.185 and 0.737, respectively). Conclusions Patients with Heyde's syndrome had a high rate of bleeding requiring blood transfusion on admission, suggesting that it is a severe disease with high mortality risk. No difference was found between clinical and intervention group regarding the rate of rebleeding and late mortality.

Hemorragia gastrointestinal oculta, un diagnóstico retórico / Hidden gastrointestinal bleeding, a rhetorical diagnosis

Antecedentes: La hemorragia gastrointestinal oculta representa aproximadamente del 5%-10% del total de las hemorragias digestivas. Descripción del caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 62 años, procedente de Santa Cruz de Yojoa, Cortés, sin comorbilidades, con episodios intermitentes de melena de un año de evolución; evaluada y manejada con hierro parenteral y transfusiones sanguíneas. Se le realizó protocolo diagnóstico, sin encontrar origen del sangrado. Fue sometida a laparoscopía diagnóstica en junio del 2019, realizándole apendicectomía, resección yeyunal, colecistectomía y ooforectomía; cursando asintomática luego de la cirugía. En diciembre, reinicia con melena, 3-4 episodios diarios, abundante cantidad (aproximadamente 300 ml). Evaluada nuevamente sin lograr identificar el origen del sangrado, por lo cual se realizó vídeo capsula endoscópica que reportó, restos hemáticos sin observar sitio de sangrado. Se llevó a cabo enteroscopía de empuje y duodenoscopía observando sitio de sangrado cercano a la papila duodenal. Se decide realizar angiotomografía, la cual fue compatible con sangrado digestivo a nivel de la II y III porción del duodeno. Luego se efectúa arteriografía selectiva de vasos abdominales, evidenciando fuga de medio de contraste originada en la rama de la arteria hepática derecha de origen en la mesentérica superior. Finalmente se procedió a la aplicación de 2 hemoclip vía endoscópica obteniendo un resultado satisfactorio.Conclusiones: El tipo de lesión responsable de la hemorragia del intestino delgado depende de la edad del paciente. Los factores de riesgo de hemorragia recurrente por angioectasia incluyen el número de lesiones, la edad avanzada, comorbilidades y la terapia anticoagulante...(AU)

El síndrome de Heyde / Heyde syndrome / Síndrome de Heyde

Desde que Edward Heyde vislumbró en 1958 una misteriosa asociación entre estenosis aórtica y hemorragia digestiva han transcurrido seis décadas y se ha suscitado no poca controversia. En la época en que fue propuesta, el estatus técnico y metodológico de la ciencia médica y una interpretación sesgada de su idea original impidieron obtener un sustento estadístico y fisiopatológico que le otorgara un amplio reconocimiento como entidad clínica individual. Los avances en varias disciplinas permitieron demostrar que su frecuencia de presentación excede el efecto del azar, además de esclarecer con precisión y elegancia sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Su consolidación como síndrome nos revela una verdadera encrucijada entre la cardiología, la gastroenterología, la hematología y el laboratorio, especialidades involucradas tanto en su proceso de comprensión como en su manejo práctico en la actualidad. Sin embargo, a pesar de tener una incidencia no desdeñable y adquirir un papel central en la conducción clínica de la estenosis aórtica, esta entidad parece haber pasado de ser resistida a relativamente ignorada. Con el objetivo de contribuir a su visibilidad, la presente revisión ofrece un panorama integral sobre el tema, incluyendo una perspectiva histórica de los principales aportes en pos de su conocimiento y un abordaje en profundidad de sus mecanismos, las claves de su detección clínica y su impacto en el manejo de la estenosis aórtica y otras entidades con fisiopatología afín.

Since Edward Heyde perceived in 1958 a mysterious association between aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, six decades have passed and no little controversy has arisen. At the time it was proposed, the technical and methodological status of medical science and a biased interpretation of his original idea prevented obtaining a statistical and pathophysiological support that would grant it wide recognition as and individual clinical entity. Advances in several disciplines allowed to demonstrate that its frequency of presentation exceeds the effect of chance, besides clarifying with precision and elegance its pathophysiological mechanisms. Its consolidation as a syndrome reveals a true crossroads between Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Hematology and Laboratory, specialties involved both in its understanding process and in its practical management today. However, despite having a not negligible incidence and acquiring a central role in the clinical conduction of aortic stenosis, this entity seems to have gone from being resisted to relatively ignored. With the objective of contributing to its visibility, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the subject, covering the main historical contributions to its knowledge and approaching in depth its mechanisms, the keys to its clinical detection and its impact on the management of aortic stenosis and other entities with related pathophysiology.

Desde que Edward Heyde imaginou em 1958 uma misteriosa associação entre estenose aórtica e hemorragia gastrointestinal, seis décadas se passaram e não houve pouca controvérsia. Na época em que foi levantada, o estado técnico e metodológico da ciência médica e uma interpretação tendenciosa de sua ideia original impediram a construção de um apoio estatístico e fisiopatológico que lhe concederia amplo reconhecimento como entidade clínica individual. Avanços em diversas disciplinas permitiram demonstrar que sua frequência de apresentação excede o efeito do acaso, além de esclarecer com precisão e elegância seus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Sua consolidação como síndrome revela uma verdadeira encruzilhada entre Cardiologia, Gastroenterologia, Hematologia e Laboratório, especialidades envolvidas tanto em seu processo de compreensão quanto em sua gestão prática hoje. No entanto, apesar de ter uma incidência não desprezível e adquirir um papel central no manejo clínico da estenose aórtica, esta entidade parece ter passado de resistida para relativamente ignorada. Com o intuto de contribuir para sua visibilidade, esta revisão oferece um panorama abrangente do tema, revendo as principais contribuições históricas ao seu conhecimento e abordando em profundidade seus mecanismos, as chaves para sua detecção clínica e seu impacto na gestão da estenose aórtica e outras entidades com fisiopatologia relacionada.

Síndrome de Heyde / Heyde Syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Heyde es la asociación entre estenosis valvular aórtica y sangrado gastrointestinal, por angiodisplasia intestinal. La base fisiopatológica de ese síndrome parece ser una deficiencia adquirida del factor de Von Willebrand, que lleva al sangrado de malformaciones arteriovenosas angiodisplásicas. Las alternativas de tratamiento incluyen la localización de puntos de sangrado y la cauterización, pero tal opción terapéutica está asociada a alta recurrencia. El reemplazo de la válvula parece ofrecer la mejor esperanza de resolución a largo plazo del sangrado y debe ser considerada en la mayoría de las veces. Objetivos: Presentar el caso de un síndrome de Heyde, una causa infrecuente de hemorragia digestiva. Caso clínico: Paciente de 74 años con antecedentes estenosis aórtica y sangrado gastrointestinal debido a angiodisplasia duodenal localizada en la segunda porción de esta, tratada mediante la escleroterapia. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Heyde es una asociación poco frecuente entre una valvulopatía aortica y sangrado digestivo por una angiodisplasia que puede presentarse en cualquier parte del tubo digestivo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heyde syndrome is the association between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, due to intestinal angiodysplasia. The pathophysiological basis of this syndrome seems to be acquired Von Willebrand factor deficiency, which leads to bleeding from angiodysplastic arteriovenous malformations. Management alternatives include localization of bleeding points and cauterization, but such a therapeutic option is associated with high recurrence. Valve replacement seems to offer the best hope for long-term solving of bleeding and should be considered for most of the cases. Objectives: To present a case of Heyde syndrome, a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Clinical case: A 74-year-old patient is presented with a history of aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenal angiodysplasia located in the second portion of it, managed by sclerotherapy. Conclusions: Heyde syndrome is a rare association between aortic valve disease and digestive bleeding due to angiodysplasia that can occur in any part of the digestive tract(AU)

Revisión teórica de los factores de riesgos asociados a hemorragia digestivas altas en pacientes geriátricos / Theoretical review of risk factors associated with high digestive hemorrhage in geriatric patients

La hemorragia digestiva alta aguda (HDAA) es la emergencia gastrointestinal más frecuente. En los ancianos se asocia con tasas de internación, morbilidad y mortalidad más elevadas que en las personas jóvenes, probablemente por la prevalencia más elevada de múltiples comorbilidades, como las enfermedades pulmonares y cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Describir los fundamentos teóricos de los factores de riesgos asociados a hemorragia digestivas altas. Metodología: Documental, descriptiva. Resultados: diversos estudios demuestran que los factores de riesgos asociados a las hemorragias digestivas altas son: la úlcera péptica gastroduodenal y várices esofágicas, complicaciones graves con alto riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes de edades avanzadas, por lo que se debe actuar con rapidez, eficacia y efectividad. Conclusión: la bibliografía consultada revela: que a pesar de los avances de la tecnología y de la farmacología, la tasa de mortalidad global por hemorragia digestiva alta no ha mejorado. Esta realidad se explica por el aumento significativo en la edad de los pacientes que hoy ingresan a los servicios de urgencias con esta complicación. En la HDAA es fundamental intentar identificar y tratar la fuente del sangrado, para lo cual resulta esencial la endoscopia temprana(AU)

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (HDAA) is the most frequent gastrointestinal emergency. In the elderly, it is associated with higher hospitalization, morbidity and mortality rates than in young people, probably due to the higher prevalence of multiple comorbidities, such as pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe the theoretical foundations of the risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methodology: Documentary, descriptive. Results: various studies show that the risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are, gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and esophageal varices, serious complications with a high risk of mortality in elderly patients, therefore, it is necessary to act quickly, efficiently and effectiveness. Conclusion: the bibliography consulted reveals: that despite advances in technology and pharmacology, the overall mortality rate from upper gastrointestinal bleeding has not improved. This reality is explained by the significant increase in the age of patients who today enter the emergency services with this complication. In HDAA it is essential to try to identify and treat the source of the bleeding, for which early endoscopy is essential(AU)

El papel de la videocápsula endoscópica en la hemorragia digestiva / The role of the endoscopic videocapsule in digestive hemorrhage

Introducción: desde el advenimiento de la cápsula endoscópica, la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado ha cambiado su epidemiología y se ha podido identificar diversas causas que antes no se las entendía. Este estudio enmarca nuestra experiencia en esta nueva técnica de gran utilidad en el Hospital Metropolitano para estudiar el sangrado del intestino delgado. Objetivo: determinar los hallazgos identificados por cápsula endoscópica y su utilidad en los 3 grupos de hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado que son: 1) sangrado evidente, 2) sangrado oculto y 3) anemia ferropénica. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal. Se revisaron 201 historias clínicas de las cuales se seleccionaron aquellas cuyos pacientes acudían a realizarse un estudio de cápsula endoscópica debido a sospecha de sangrado digestivo del intestino delgado. Variables que se analizaron: edad, sexo, hallazgos y una variable de utilidad del estudio en el sangrado digestivo. El sistema de la cápsula endoscópica que se utilizó fue Pill Cam 2 de la GIVEN de intestino delgado. Resultados: distribución etaria promedio de 58±17 años (56% menores de 65 años y 44% mayores de 65 años). Las causas de sangrado del intestino delgado de los 3 grupos estudiados fue angiodisplasia (9%), múltiples erosiones (8%), tumores del intestino delgado erosionados (5%). La cápsula endoscópica para detectar la etiología de sangrado digestivo fue útil en 84% de los casos: sangrado evidente (85%), en el grupo de anemia (84%) y en el grupo de sangrado oculto (85%). Conclusión: la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado se puede presentar en cualquier edad y sexo. Los hallazgos más frecuente de hemorragia del intestino delgado son las angiodisplasias, las cuales se relacionan con la edad y múltiples erosiones de la mucosa intestinal. La cápsula endoscópica es un método de gran utilidad para detectar la detección etiología de la hemorragia de intestino delgado. (AU)

Introduction: Since the advent of the endoscopic capsule, digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine has changed in its epidemiology and it has been possible to identify several causes not previously understood. This study frames our experience in this new technology at the Metropolitan Hospital in the study of small bowel bleeding and its great utility. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the findings identified by endoscopic capsule and its usefulness in the three groups of digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine, that are evident bleeding, occult bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: A transversal retrospective descriptive study was carried out. In the study, 201 clinical records of patients were reviewed and those who attended an endoscopic capsule study with suspicion of digestive bleeding of small bowel origin were selected. The variables analyzed were age, sex, findings and a useful variable of the study in digestive bleeding. The system of the endoscopic capsule that was used was the Pill Cam 2 of the GIVEN of small intestine. Results: Among the results, an average age distribution of 58±17 years of age was found, of which 56% were patients under 65 years of age and 44% were older than 65 years. The most frequent cause of bleeding in the small intestine of the three groups studied was angiodysplasias in 9%. Multiple erosions were found in 8% of the patients. The presence of erosionaded small bowel tumors was observed in 5%. The endoscopic capsule in the detection of causes of digestive bleeding was useful in determining the etiology in 84% of cases. In the evident bleeding it was useful in 85%, in the anemia group 84% and in the group of occult bleeding in 85%. Conclusion: Small intestine digestive hemorrhage can occur at any age and in any gender. The most common findings of small bowel hemorrhage are angiodysplasias that are related to age, as well as multiple erosions of the intestinal mucosa. The endoscopic capsule is a very useful method in the etiological detection of small bowel hemorrhage. (AU)

Enteroscopia asistida por balón simple en el manejo de la patología del intestino delgado: Experiencia de la Unidad de Intestino Delgado de la Clínica Anglo Americana durante el periodo de diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2018 / Single balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel pathology: Experience of the Small Bowel Unit - British American Hospital from December 2012 to December 2018

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el uso de la enteroscopia asistida por balón simple para el diagnóstico y manejo de la patología del intestino delgado en pacientes con anatomía normal y alterada por cirugía en la Clínica Anglo Americana. Material y método: El presente es un estudio descriptivo - retrospectivo que incluye a todos los pacientes que acudieron a la Unidad de Intestino Delgado de la Clínica Anglo Americana, para realizarse una enteroscopia asistida por balón durante el periodo comprendido entre diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se realizaron 80 procedimientos de enteroscopia asistida por balón simple, 49 fueron realizados por via anterógrada y 31 por vía retrógrada. La edad promedio fue 60,78 años (20 a 88 años). 48 pacientes (60%) eran varones. El tiempo de inserción media fue 80 minutos para la vía anterógrada (55 - 141 minutos) y 110 minutos para la vía retrógrada (55 -180 minutos). La principal indicación para realizar la enteroscopia por balón simple fue hemorragia digestiva oscura, 45 casos (56,25%). Se realizaron 6 estudios de enteroscopias asistida por balón en pacientes con anatomía alterada (7,5%). Setenta de los ochenta procedimientos (87,5%) fueron realizados con sedación administrada por enfermería supervisada por gastroenterólogo en base a midazolam, petidina y propofol, no se presentó ninguna complicación respiratoria o hemodinámica. Los diagnósticos obtenidos más frecuentes por enteroscopia fueron: angiodisplasias de intestino delgado (20%), úlceras yeyuno ileales (17,5%) y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado (7,5%). La complicación que se presentó con más frecuencia posterior a la enteroscopia fue el íleo paralítico, 2 casos, y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento. Conclusiones: La hemorragia digestiva oscura fue la principal indicación para realizar una enteroscopia asistida por balón simple. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron angiodisplasias, úlceras yeyuno ileales y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado. La complicación más frecuente fue el íleo paralítico y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento.

Objetive: To describe our experience with single balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel disease in British American Hospital, Lima - Perú. Material and methods: Descriptive and prospective study. We include all patients that come to perform a single balloon enteroscopy in small bowel unit of British American Hospital within December 2012 to December 2018. Results: We performed 80 procedures of single balloon enteroscopy, 49 were done by oral approach, 31 by rectal approach. Mean age were 60.78 years-old (20 - 88 years). 48 patients (60%) were male. The mean insertion time for oral approach was 80 minutes (55-141 minutes), and for rectal approach was 110 minutes (55-180 minutes). The main indication for single balloon enteroscopy was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. 6 enteroscopies were performed in patients with altered surgical anatomy (7.5%). 70 of 80 procedures (87.5%) were performed with gastroenterology-administered sedation, using midazolam, pethidine and propofol, without any respiratory or hemodinamic complication. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure. Conclusion: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was the main indication for single balloon enteroscopy. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure

Flebectasia yeyunal como causa de hemorragia digestiva media masiva / Jejunal phlebectasia as a cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Las anormalidades vasculares del tracto gastrointestinal son una causa común de sangrado digestivo. La mayoría se localizan al alcance de la endoscopía digestiva alta y/o colonoscopía, una vez descartado ello, obliga a considerar al intestino delgado como causa de la hemorragia. El manejo exitoso de una hemorragia digestiva depende principalmente de la localización oportuna de la fuente del sangrado, sin embargo esta tarea puede ser difícil, cuando la causa no está al alcance de los métodos convencionales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 21 años cuyo diagnóstico fue una flebectasia yeyunal sangrante, luego de una cuidadosa evaluación de los hallazgos de la cápsula endoscópica y laparoscopía.

Vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract are a common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Most of them are located within the reach of the upper endoscopy or colonoscopy, although once discarded, it forces to consider small bowel as the source of bleeding. The successful management of a gastrointestinal bleeding depends mainly on the timely location of the source of bleeding. Nevertheless this task can be difficult when the cause is not within the reach of conventional methods. We present a case of a 21 year-old men in which the diagnosis of bleeding yeyunal phlebectasia was made by the findings of the capsule endoscopy and laparoscopy.

Angiodisplasia del apéndice cecal: Una rara causa de hemorragia digestiva grave / Cecal appendix angiodysplasia: An unusual cause of severe lower hemorrhage / Cecal appendix angiodysplasia. An unusual cause of severe lower hemorrhage

Una paciente de sexo femenino, adulta joven se internó con diagnóstico de hemorragia digestiva y descompensación hemodinámica. La colonoscopia mostró sangrado desde el ostium apendicular. Se realizó apendicectomía, con resolución de su cuadro de hemorragia digestiva y buena evolución posoperatoria. La anatomía patológica mostró angiodisplasia del apéndice cecal. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de esta rara patología y se hacen consideraciones sobre su frecuencia, forma de estudio y posibilidades terapéuticas.

An adult, female patient was admitted with diagnosis of digestive bleeding and hemodynamic instability. Colonoscopy showed bleeding from the appendicular ostium. An appendectomy was performed, with resolution of the digestive hemorrhage and good postoperative outcome. Pathology showed angiodysplasia of the cecal appendix. A bibliographical revision is done with considerations on the frequency, diagnostic workup and alternative therapies.

An elderly man with gastric cancer, Saint's triad and Heyde's syndrome / Un anciano con cáncer gástrico, tríada de Saint y síndrome de Heyde

This case study describes a 71-year-old man with signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant sigmoidal polyp; and typical features of Saint's triad and Heyde syndrome. He had digestive bleeding, two types of hernia, diverticulosis, arterial hypertension, malignant polyp, and antecedent of smoking, lung tuberculosis, and surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis. There is a hypothetical inverse relationship between herniosis and development of malignancy; however, the patient herein described presented gastric and sigmoidal cancers. Gastrointestinal malignancies are sometimes associated with paraneoplastic entities, isolated or manifested as syndromes, but neither Saint's triad or Heyde syndrome have been included. This patient persisted clinically stable during the preoperative period, but suddenly died; Trousseau's syndrome would be the most probable mechanism of sudden death in this setting. Case reports can stimulate further studies to get additional knowledge about unusual entities.

Este estudio de caso describe un hombre de 71 años de edad, con adenocarcinoma gástrico con células en anillo de sello y un pólipo maligno sigmoideo; y características típicas de la tríada de Saint y del síndrome de Heyde. Tuvo una hemorragia digestiva, dos tipos de hernias, divertículos, hipertensión arterial, y pólipo maligno; con antecedente de tabaquismo, tuberculosis pulmonar, y corrección quirúrgica de estenosis de la válvula aórtica. Hay una hipotética relación inversa entre hernioses y el desarrollo de malignidades; sin embargo, el paciente que se describe en el presente documento presentó cánceres gástrico y sigmoideo. Neoplasias gastrointestinales se asocian a veces con entidades para neoplásicas aisladas o manifiestan síndromes, pero ni la tríada de Saint ni el síndrome de Heyde se ha incluido. Este paciente persistió clínicamente estable durante el período preoperatorio, pero de repente murió; síndrome de Trousseau sería el mecanismo más probable de muerte súbita en esta situación. Los informes de casos pueden estimular más estudios para obtener un conocimiento adicional sobre esas entidades inusuales.

Perioperative approach of patient with takotsubo syndrome / Abordagem perioperatória de doente com síndrome de takotsubo

Abstract Introduction: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy. It is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities mimicking an acute coronary syndrome in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Any anesthetic-surgical event corresponds to a stressful situation, so the anesthetic management of patients with TCM requires special care throughout the perioperative period. We describe the anesthetic management of a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of TCM undergoing segmental colectomy. Case report: Female patient, 55 years old, ASA III, with history of takotsubo syndrome diagnosed 2 years ago, scheduled for segmental colectomy. The patient, without other changes in preoperative evaluation, underwent general anesthesia associated with lumbar epidural and remained hemodynamically stable during the 2 h of surgery. After a brief stay in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, she was transferred to the Intermediate Care Unit (IMCU), with epidural analgesia for postoperative period. Conclusion: TCM is a rare disease which true pathophysiology remains unclear, as well as the most appropriate anesthetic-surgical strategy. In this case, through a preventive approach, with close monitoring and the lowest possible stimulus, all the perioperative period was uneventful. Because it is a rare disease, this report could help to raise awareness about TCM.

Resumo Introdução: A miocardiopatia takotsubo (MT) é uma miocardiopatia induzida pelo estresse. Caracteriza-se por um início agudo de sintomas e alterações eletrocardiográficas que mimetizam uma síndrome coronária aguda na ausência de doença arterial coronária obstrutiva. Qualquer evento anestésico-cirúrgico corresponde a uma situação de estresse, pelo que a abordagem anestésica dos doentes com MT exige um cuidado especial em todo o período perioperatório. Descrevemos a abordagem anestésica de uma doente com diagnóstico confirmado de MT submetida a colectomia segmentar. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo feminino, 55 anos, ASA III, com antecedentes de síndrome de takotsubo diagnosticada havia dois anos, encaminhada para colectomia segmentar. A paciente, sem outras alterações na avaliação pré-operatória, foi submetida a anestesia geral associada a epidural lombar e manteve-se hemodinamicamente estável durante as duas horas do procedimento cirúrgico. Após uma breve permanência na Unidade de Cuidados Pós-Anestésicos foi transferida para a Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios (UCIM) com analgesia peridural para o pós-operatório. Conclusão: A MT é uma doença rara, cuja verdadeira fisiopatologia continua por esclarecer, assim como a estratégia anestésico-cirúrgica mais apropriada. Nesse caso, por causa de uma abordagem preventiva, com monitoração rigorosa e o menor estímulo possível, todo o perioperatório decorreu sem intercorrências. Sendo uma doença rara, o seu relato poderá contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a MT.

Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding / A colonoscopia no diagnóstico da hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as a bleeding originated from a source distal to the Treitz ligament and the colonoscopy is well established as the diagnostic procedure of choice. Objective: To evaluate the results of colonoscopies performed to diagnose the cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in a general hospital at Mato Grosso do Sul. Material and methods: Colonoscopy procedures performed in the Endoscopy service of the Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul in those patients admitted due to an acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding from January 2014 to December 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The studied variables were age, gender, diagnosis and localization of the lesion. Results: The mean age was 66 years, and there was a little predominance of the male gender. Diverticular disease was the main cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in this study, followed by cancer, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, polyps, and angiodysplasia. Conclusion: The colonoscopy showed to be an effective diagnostic method in the case of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and a good therapeutic tool in the case of diverticular disease and angiodysplasia.

Hemorragia digestiva baixa é definida como sangramento originado de uma fonte distal ao ligamento de Treitz e a colonoscopia esta bem estabelecida como o seu procedimento diagnóstico de escolha. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados das colonoscopias realizadas para elucidação diagnóstica dos casos de Hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda em um Hospital Geral de Mato Grosso do Sul. Materiais e métodos: Foram analisadas, de forma retrospectiva, as colonoscopias realizadas nos pacientes internados devido à hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, no serviço de endoscopia digestiva do Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul. As variáveis estudadas foram a idade, sexo, diagnóstico e localização da lesão. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 66 anos, com uma discreta predominância do sexo masculino. A doença diverticular foi a principal causa de hemorragia digestiva baixa nesse estudo, seguido de neoplasias, doença inflamatória intestinal, pólipos e angiodisplasia. Conclusão: A colonoscopia mostrou-se como método efetivo no diagnóstico dos casos de Hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda e como uma boa ferramenta terapêutica também nos casos de angiodisplasia.

Síndrome de Hughes-Stovin / Hughes-Stovin Syndrome

El síndrome de Hughes-Stovin (SHS) es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada por la presencia de tromboflebitis y aneurismas de las arterias pulmonares y/o bronquiales. Si bien la etiología y patogénesis del SHS se desconoce, se han identificado asociaciones con ciertas infecciones y angiodisplasia. Pertenece al grupo de las vasculitis generalizadas, con un mecanismo patológico muy parecido al de la enfermedad de Behçet (EB), incluso considerándose como una variante de esta última. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen tos, disnea, fiebre, toracodinia y hemoptisis. Es fundamental realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento de manera temprana debido a que estos pacientes presentan un alto riesgo de ruptura de los aneurismas de arteria pulmonar. El tratamiento se basa en el uso de agentes inmunosupresores.

The Hughes-Stovin Syndrome (HSS) is a very rare clinical disorder characterized by thrombophlebitis and multiple pulmonary and/or bronchial aneurysms. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of HSS is unknown; possible causes include infections and angiodysplasia. HSS has also been considered as a variant of Behcet's disease (BD). Patients with HSS usually present with cough, dyspnea, fever, chest pain and haemoptysis. Early diagnosis and treatment are important, because patients are at a high risk for devastating pulmonary artery aneurysm rupture. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive agents.

Experiencia clínica con la cápsula endoscópica de colon (PillCam© Colon) en el estudio de la patología colónica en la Clínica Universitaria San Juan de Dios, en Cartagena / Clinical experience with colon capsule endoscopy (PillCam© Colon) in the study of colonic pathologies at the Clínica Universitaria San Juan de Dios in Cartagena

Introducción: La cápsula colónica, PillCam© Colon fue utilizada por primera vez en el mundo en octubrede 2006 para la exploración no invasiva del colon. Estudios recientes han demostrado su buena rentabilidaddiagnóstica, comparada con la colonoscopía convencional, en el estudio de la patología colónica.Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la PillCam© Colon en la detección de lesiones colónicas,comparada con la colonoscopia convencional, en pacientes de la ciudad de Cartagena con sintomatología de los intestinos medio y bajo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de pruebas diagnósticas, en el cual se evaluóla validez (la sensibilidad, la especifi cidad y los valores predictivos) de la PillCam© Colon, comparada con lacolonoscopia, en la detección de lesiones colónicas, en una cohorte de pacientes que consultaron a la clínicaUniversitaria San Juan de Dios por sintomatología de los intestinos medio y bajo en Cartagena, durante elperiodo junio de 2011-enero de 2013. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el software STATA 11.0.Resultados: Se estudió a 25 pacientes: 14 mujeres (56%) y 11 hombres (44%); todos ellos, con colonoscopiaprevia, y a quienes se les practicó una panendoscopia con la PillCam© Colon activada. Se logró la exploración completa del colon en el 76% de los casos (19 pacientes). El tiempo del tránsito colónico fue de 2,4 horas (DE±1,3 horas), y el del tránsito oroanal, de 6,2 horas (DE± 1,18). Conclusión: La PillCam© Colon es una técnica no invasiva, altamente sensible y segura en la detección delesiones colónicas, y que puede ser de utilidad en la práctica clínica en grupos de alto riesgo para la deteccióntemprana del cáncer colorrectal y en los casos donde la colonoscopia sea incompleta o esté contraindicada.

Introduction: In October 2006 the PillCam© Colon colonic capsule was used for the fi rst time ever for noninvasive colon. Recent studies have shown that is diagnostic performance is good in comparison with conventional colonoscopy for the study of colonic pathologies.Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield of PillCam© Colon in detecting colonic lesions with the yield of conventional colonoscopy for patients with symptoms in the mid and lowerintestinal regions in a hospital in Cartagena. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study of diagnostic tests which assessed the validity (sensitivity, specifi city and predictive values ) of the PillCam© Colon and compared them with colonoscopy for the detection of colonic lesions in a cohort of patients at the University Clínica Universitaria San Juan de Dios in Cartagena. Patients had symptoms in the mid and lower intestinal regions. Patients were examined from June 2011 to January 2013. Analyses were performed using STATA 11.0 software.Results: We studied 25 patients: 14 women (56 %) and 11 men (44 %). All had previously undergonecolonoscopies. Panendoscopies were performed on these patients using an activated PillCam© Colon. Weachieved complete colon examinations in 76% (19 patients). Colonic transit time was 2.4 hours (SD ± 1.3hours) and oral-anal transit time was 6.2 hours (SD ± 1.18). 78.9% of the fi ndings of the PillCam© Colon andcolonoscopy agreed. Conclusion: PillCam© Colon is a highly sensitive and reliable non-invasive method for detection of lesionsin the colon. It may be useful in clinical practice for early detection of colorectal cancer in high risk groups and in cases that colonoscopy is incomplete or contraindicated.

Sangramento gastrintestinal por angiodisplasia e estenose aórtica: síndrome de Heyde / Gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia in a patient with severe aortic stenosis: Heyde's syndrome

Existe uma associação frequente entre estenose valvar aórtica e sangramento gastrintestinal, também conhecida como síndrome de Heyde. A base fisiopatológica dessa síndrome parece ser uma deficiência adquirida do fator de von Willebrand, que leva ao sangramento de malformações arteriovenosas angiodisplásicas. As alternativas de tratamento incluem a localização de pontos de sangramento e a cauterização, mas tal opção terapêutica está associada a alta recorrência. A substituição da válvula parece oferecer a melhor esperança de resolução a longo prazo do sangramento e deve ser considerada na maioria das vezes. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma paciente de 79 anos com estenose aórtica e sangramento gastrintestinal devido à angiodisplasia duodenal, tratada por implante transcateter de válvula aórtica.

There is a frequent association between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, also known as Heyde's syndrome. The pathophysiologic basis for this syndrome seems to be an acquired von Willebrand factor deficiency, leading to bleeding of angiodysplastic arteriovenous malformations. Treatment options include the location and cauterization of bleeding points, which is associated to high recurrence rates. Valve replacement appears to offer the best hope of long-term resolution of bleeding, and should be considered in most cases. We report a 79 year-old patient with aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenal angiodysplasia treated by transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Radiología intervencional en hemorragia digestiva / Interventional radiology in gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is characterized into upper and lower bleeding, divided anatomically by the ligament of Treitz. 85 percent of GI bleeding will resolve with supportive measures alone, whil interventions are reserved for those patients failing this treatment. In this first instance upper GI bleeding will go to the endoscopist with high rates of success in both finding the site of hemorrhage and treating. Upper GI bleeders will usually only come to interventional radiologist (IR) when endoscopy fails. Acute lower GI bleeding is more difficult because it is more intermittent, and the efficacy of endoscopy (especially in the unprepared bowel) is much less. Consequently, in most practices the first interventionalist involved in this cohort are the IRs. This presentation will detail which patients should undergo embolization, when and how.

La hemorragia gastrointestinal (HG) se divide en hemorragia alta y baja en base al ligamento de Treitz. Ochenta y cinco por ciento de la HG cesa espontáneamente; las intervenciones están reservadas para aquellos pacientes en que falla el manejo conservador. En primera instancia, la HG alta es de manejo endoscópico con una alta tasa de éxito en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Los pacientes con HG alta deberán ser intervenidos por radiología intervencional (RI) cuando la endoscopia falla. La HG baja aguda es compleja debido a su intermitencia, y la eficacia de la endoscopia (especialmente en el intestino no preparado) es mucho menor. Consecuentemente, en la mayoría de los casos la RI estará involucrada como primer peldaño en este algoritmo. Esta presentación detalla qué pacientes requieren embolización, cuándo y cómo.