Aplicaciones terapéuticas del eculizumab / Therapeutic applications of eculizumab

Introducción: El eculizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal de tipo IgG diseñado para el tratamiento de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN), en el que su diana farmacológica forma parte del sistema del complemento. Su mecanismo de acción ha permitido implementarlo en el tratamiento de enfermedades huérfanas, como el síndrome urémico hemolítico atípico (SUHa), trastorno del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica (TENMO) y miastenia gravis, cuya incidencia, es baja. Asimismo, es viable en el tratamiento de Guillain Barré y el síndrome antifosfolípido catastrófico (CAPS). Objetivo: Evidenciar aplicaciones terapéuticas del eculizumab y beneficios más significativos en algunos padecimientos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó búsqueda bibliográfica en el periodo 2010-2021, en bases de datos: Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed y Scielo, utilizando como palabra clave "eculizumab". Posteriormente, se afinó la búsqueda utilizando palabras claves asociadas a enfermedades tratadas con este medicamento. Resultados: Se identificó el mecanismo de acción del fármaco y su efecto sobre la patogénesis de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna, síndrome urémico atípico, miastenia gravis generalizada refractaria, trastorno del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica, síndromes antifosfolípidos catastrófico y Guillain-Barré. Conclusiones: El eculizumab tiene una alta seguridad y capacidad para tratar y disminuir síntomas de diversas enfermedades que involucran el sistema del complemento.

Introduction: Eculizumab is an IgG type monoclonal antibody designed to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and its pharmacological target is a member of the complement system. Its mechanism of action has permitted its use in the treatment of orphan diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myasthenia gravis, all of which have a low incidence. Likewise, eculizumab is a viable treatment for Guillain Barré and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAS). Objective: To describe the therapeutic applications of eculizumab and its most significant benefits in some illnesses. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out during the 2010-2021 period in Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scielo databases using the keyword eculizumab. Then, the search was refined by using keywords associated with diseases treated with this medication. Results: The mechanism of action of the antibody and its effect on the pathogenesis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, refractory generalized myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, and Guillain Barré were identified. Conclusions: Eculizumab has high safety and capacity in treating and diminishing symptoms of diverse illnesses, which involve the complement system.

Consensus statement for diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a chronic, multi-systemic, progressive and lifethreatening disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis, thrombotic events, serious infections and bone marrow failure. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from the expansion of a clone of hematopoietic cells that due to an inactivating mutation of the X-linked gene PIG-A are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins. Early diagnosis, using flow cytometry performed on peripheral blood, the gold standard test to confirm the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is essential for improved patient management and prognosis. The traditional therapy for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria includes blood transfusion, anti-thrombosis prophylaxis or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The treatment that has recently become available is the complement blockade by the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab. In this consensus, we are aiming to review the diagnosis and treatment of the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients, as well as the early recognition of its systemic complications. These procedures express the opinions of experts and have been based on the best available evidence and international guidelines, with the purpose of increasing benefits and reducing harm to patients.

Estudo Pioneiro sobre a Presença de Clone de Hemoglobinúria Paroxística Noturna durante Acompanhamento Terapêutico de Leucemia Aguda / Pioneering Study about the Presence of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Clone during Therapeutic Monitoring of Acute Leukemia / Estudio Pionero sobre la Presencia de un Clon de Hemoglobinuria Paroxística Nocturna durante el Seguimiento Terapéutico de la Leucemia Aguda

Introdução: O potencial de transformação maligna de células-tronco hematopoiéticas portadoras de mutações no gene glicosilfostatidilinositolclasse A (PIG-A) para leucemias agudas, embora raro, já é bem descrito na literatura. Objetivo: Neste estudo, porém, buscou-se evidenciar pela primeira vez na literatura o surgimento ou a manutenção de clones de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia aguda ou ainda após o início do tratamento quimioterápico. Método: A pesquisa de clones de HPN foi realizada por citometria de fluxo em blastos, hemácias, granulócitos ou monócitos de 47 amostras de sangue periférico e medula óssea de pacientes submetidos à investigação diagnóstica ou acompanhamento terapêutico, provenientes de dois hospitais oncológicos e públicos de Belém, no período de dezembro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Resultados: A presença de clones de HPN foi observada em 19/47 (40,4%) amostras de pacientes, em investigação diagnóstica ou acompanhamento terapêutico, que realizaram pelo menos um estudo de acompanhamento terapêutico e ainda tiveram o surgimento ou a manutenção do clone de HPN mesmo após iniciado o tratamento quimioterápico. Conclusão: Foi possível evidenciar, de forma primária, a presença de clones de HPN em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia aguda tanto no período de investigação diagnóstica como durante o acompanhamento terapêutico, independentemente da ontogenia celular. Sem, porém, que se possa ainda avaliar a importância da presença desses clones de HPN para a evolução da doença primária, prognóstico ou necessidade de tratamento específico.

Introduction: The potential for malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells carrying mutations in theglycosylphosphatidylinositol class A (PIG-A) gene for acute leukemias, although rare, is already well described in the literature. Objective: In this study, however, it was attempted to show for the first time in the literature the emergence or maintenance of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones in patients diagnosed with acute leukemia or even after the beginning of the chemotherapy treatment. Method: The search of PNH clones was performed by flow cytometry in blasts, erythrocytes, granulocytes or monocytes of 47 samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow from patients undergoing diagnostic investigation or therapeutic follow-up in two oncological and public hospitals in Belém, from December 2017 to December 2018. Results: The presence of PNH clones was observed in 19/47 (40.4%) patient samples, in diagnostic investigation or therapeutic follow-up, who participated of at least one therapeutic follow-up study and still experience the appearance or maintenance of the PNH clone even after the beginning of the chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion: Primarily, it was possible to demonstrate the presence of PNH clones in patients diagnosed with acute leukemia both during the diagnostic investigation period and therapeutic follow-up, regardless of cell ontogeny. However, the importance of the presence of these PNH clones for the evolution of the primary disease, prognosis or need for specific treatment was not evaluated yet.

Introducción: El potencial de transformación maligna de las células madre hematopoyéticas que portan mutaciones en el gen glicosofosfatidilinositol (GPI) clase A (PIGA) para las leucemias agudas, aunque raro, ya está bien descrito en la literatura. Objetivo: En este estudio, sin embargo, buscamos mostrar por primera vez en la literatura la aparición o mantenimiento de clones de HPN en pacientes diagnosticados de leucemia aguda o incluso después del inicio de la quimioterapia. Método: La investigación de clones de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) se realizó mediante citometría de flujo en blastos, eritrocitos, granulocitos o monocitos de 47 muestras de sangre periférica y médula ósea de pacientes sometidos a investigación diagnóstica o seguimiento terapéutico de dos hospitales oncológicos y públicos de Belém, durante el período. de diciembre de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: La presencia de clones HPN se observó en 19/47 (40,4%) muestras de pacientes, en investigación diagnóstica o seguimiento terapéutico, que realizaron al menos un estudio de seguimiento terapéutico y aún tenían la aparición o mantenimiento del clon HPN incluso después de iniciado el tratamiento de quimioterapia. Conclusión: Se pudo evidenciar, de forma primaria, la presencia de clones de HPN en pacientes diagnosticados de leucemia aguda tanto durante el período de investigación diagnóstica como durante el seguimiento terapéutico, independientemente de la ontogenia celular. Sin embargo, no podemos todavía evaluar la importancia de la presencia de estos clones de HPN para la evolución de la enfermedad primaria, el pronóstico o la necesidad de un tratamiento específico.

Current global scenario of guidelines on the management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a systematic literature review / Cenário global de diretrizes para o manejo da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Objective: To report the outcomes of a systematic literature review of guidelines and consensus on the management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and describe the main therapeutic options available worldwide. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in April 2018 with no time limit and reported in line with the PRISMA statement. The AGREE II instrument was used to determine the quality of each guideline included in the systematic review. Results: Eight guidelines/consensus were eligible, one developed by an international group, two in Spain, and one each in Turkey, Germany, Argentina, Australia and the United Kingdom. Supportive treatment with erythrocyte transfusion, anticoagulants and steroids is indicated by all guidelines and consensus. The use of erythropoietin is suggested by three of them. Recommendations for the prescription of eculizumab were consistent in all but one guideline, published in 2005. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is reported as the only potentially curative treatment for PNH, although its association with high mortality and morbidity rates is emphasized, being indicated for a selected group of patients. The AGREE II scores applied for each domain showed in general a low and heterogeneous methodological quality among guidelines. Conclusion: Despite the low and heterogeneous methodological quality, in general the comparison of guidelines and consensus for PNH management showed consistent recommendations regarding supportive care, eculizumab and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objetivo: Relatar os desfechos de uma revisão sistemática da literatura de diretrizes e documentos de consenso sobre o manejo da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) e descrever as principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis mundialmente. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida em abril de 2018 sem limite temporal e realizada de acordo com a recomendação PRISMA. O instrumento AGREE II foi utilizado para determinar a qualidade de cada diretriz incluída na revisão. Resultados: Foram elegíveis oito diretrizes/consensos, um desenvolvido por um grupo internacional, dois na Espanha e um em cada um dos países a seguir: Turquia, Alemanha, Argentina, Austrália e Reino Unido. O tratamento de suporte com transfusão de eritrócitos, anticoagulantes e esteroides é indicado por todos os documentos. A eritropoetina é indicada por três deles. A recomendação de prescrição do eculizumabe foi consistente em todos, exceto em um publicado em 2005. O transplante alogênico de células-tronco hematopoéticas é reportado como o único tratamento com potencial curativo para a HPN, apesar de uma enfática associação com maiores taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, sendo indicado para grupos selecionados de pacientes. Os escores AGREE II aplicados para cada domínio demonstraram, em geral, qualidade metodológica baixa e heterogênea entre as diretrizes. Conclusão: Apesar da qualidade metodológica baixa e heterogênea, em geral, a comparação de diretrizes e consensos para o manejo da HPN demonstrou recomendações consistentes quanto ao uso de tratamento de suporte, eculizumabe e transplante alogênico de células-tronco hematopoiéticas.

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna: revisión de la literatura / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: literature Review

La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es una enfermedad clonal y adquirida causada por una mutación somática en el gen PIG-A que se encuentra en el cromosoma X y codifica una proteína involucrada en la síntesis del glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GPI), el cual le sirve como anclaje a muchas proteínas de la membrana celular produciendo mayor sensibilidad al complemento. Los distintos signos y síntomas que se presentan tienen gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por lo que un diagnóstico correcto es de vital importancia. Actualmente, la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica es la metodología de elección para detectar y seguir al paciente con HPN.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal and acquired disease caused by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene found on the X chromosome and encoding a protein involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), which serves as anchoring to many proteins of the cell membrane producing greater sensitivity to complement. The different signs and symptoms that appear have a great impact on the quality of life of patients, so a correct diagnosis is of vital importance. Currently, multiparameter flow cytometry is the methodology of choice to detect and follow the patient with PNH.

Off-Pump coronary revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a case report

Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease. We report the first case in the literature of Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization Using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A 36-year-old man came to the emergency department with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). He presented paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosed in 2016. Coronary angiography revealed tripple vessel disease. The conduits used for coronary revascularization were both internal thoracic arteries (left ITA-right ITA [LITA-RITA]). We consider that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries (BITA) can be safely performed with low in-hospital mortality and complications rates, even in patient with PNH.

Diagnóstico por citometría de flujo de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna / Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria by flow cytometry

Introducción: La hemoglobinuria paroxística (HPN) nocturna es una enfermedad clonal, adquirida y no maligna de la célula madre hematopoyética. En este padecimiento se encuentra afectado el anclaje a la membrana celular de moléculas como el CD55 y CD59, fundamentales en la regulación de la lisis mediada por el complemento. Por su elevada especificidad y sensibilidad, la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica (CFM) es el método de elección para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Establecer un algoritmo diagnóstico de la HPN por CMF. Métodos: Se analizó una muestra de sangre periférica para CFM de un paciente con sospecha de HPN. El inmunofenotipaje celular se realizó con un panel de anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra los antígenos que se expresan en la membrana citoplasmática mediante su anclaje al glicosilfosfatidilinositol. Las muestras se leyeron en un citómetro GALLIOS, Beckman Coulter y los datos obtenidos se analizaron con el empleo del programa informático Kaluza. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro clones HPN. En los granulocitos se observó un clon HPN de aproximadamente 90 por ciento, con deficiencia en la expresión de CD16, CD24, CD55 y CD59. En los monocitos se observaron dos clones: (1) clon CD14_CD59_ y (2) clon CD14_CD59+ con tamaños clonales de 59,77 por ciento y 19,45 por ciento, respectivamente. En los eritrocitos se identificó un clon de 19,98 por ciento y de determinó el grado de afectación. Conclusiones: El algoritmo de análisis propuesto permite identificar las poblaciones celulares con clones HPN. Además, dichos clones pueden ser cuantificados en cuanto a tamaño clonal y expresividad de los antígenos dependientes de anclaje a glicosilfosfatidilinositol. Con la CFM se logra determinar con elevada sensibilidad el grado de afectación de los eritrocitos en la expresión de CD59 como medida directa de la susceptibilidad que experimentan a la lisis por el complemento(AU)

Introduction: The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal, acquired disease and not malignant hematopoietic stem cell. In this condition, the anchor to the cell membrane of molecules such as the CD55 and CD59 is affected, This antigens are fundamental in the regulation of the complement-mediated lysis. By its high specificity and sensitivity multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) is the goal standard for the diagnosis of this disease. Objective: To establish a diagnosis of PNH by MFC algorithm. Methods: A sample of peripheral blood of a patient with suspicion of PNH was analyzed by MFC. The cell immunophenotyping was carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens that are expressed in the cytoplasmic membrane through its the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The samples were read in a Cytometer GALLIOS, Beckman Coulter and the data obtained were analyzed with the use of the Kaluza software. Results: We identified four clones HPN. A HPN clone of approximately 90 percent, was observed in granulocytes with deficiency in the expression of CD16, CD24, CD55, CD59. In the monocytes were two clones: (1) CD14-CD59- clone and (2) CD14-CD59 + clone, with size clone of 59.77 percent and 19.45 percent, respectively. A clone of 19.98 percent was identified in erythrocytes and determined the degree of involvement of the same. Conclusions: The proposed analysis algorithm allows to identify cellular populations with clones PNH. In addition, these clones can be quantified in terms of size clonal and expressiveness of anchor to glycosylphosphatidylinositol antigen dependent. With the MFC is achieved with high sensitivity to determine the degree of involvement of the erythrocytes in the expression of CD59 as a direct measure of susceptibility undergoing lysis by complement(AU)

Renal involvement in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: a brief review of the literature

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired genetic disorder characterized by complement-mediated haemolysis, thrombosis and variable cytopenias. Renal involvement may occur and causes significant morbidity to these patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature about pathophysiology and provide recommendations on diagnosis and management of renal involvement in PNH. METHODS: Online research in the Medline database with compilation of the most relevant 26 studies found. RESULTS: PNH may present with acute kidney injury caused by massive haemolysis, which is usually very severe. In the chronic setting, PNH may develop insidious decline in renal function caused by tubular deposits of hemosiderin, renal micro-infarcts and interstitial fibrosis. Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment for PNH, the drug Eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody is capable of improving renal function, among other outcomes, by inhibiting C5 cleavage with the subsequent inhibition of the terminal complement pathway which would ultimately give rise to the assembly of the membrane attack complex. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of information in literature regarding renal involvement in PNH, albeit it is possible to state that the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute and chronic impairment differ. Despite not being a curative therapy, Eculizumab is able to ease kidney lesions in these patients.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) é uma doença genética adquirida, caracterizada por hemólise mediada pelo sistema complemento, eventos trombóticos e citopenias variáveis. Envolvimento renal pode ocorrer, contribuindo com morbidade significativa nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Realização de revisão de literatura sobre o envolvimento renal na HPN. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa on-line na base de dados Medline, com compilação e análise dos 26 estudos encontrados de maior relevância. RESULTADOS: A HPN pode se apresentar com insuficiência renal aguda induzida por hemólise maciça, que geralmente tem apresentação grave. Em quadros crônicos, declínio insidioso da função renal pode ocorrer por depósitos tubulares de hemossiderina, microinfartos renais e fibrose intersticial. Apesar de o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas permanecer como a única terapia curativa para a HPN, a droga Eculizumab é capaz de melhorar a função renal, entre outros desfechos, por meio da inibição de C5 e a subsequente ativação da cascata do complemento, que culminaria com a formação do complexo de ataque à membrana. CONCLUSÃO: Há poucas informações na literatura no que concerne ao envolvimento renal na HPN, apesar de ser possível estabelecer que os mecanismos fisiopatológicos das lesões agudas e crônicas são distintos. Apesar de não ser uma terapia curativa, Eculizumab é capaz de amenizar o comprometimento renal nesses pacientes.

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna. el rol de la anhidrasa carbónica-i urinaria en la hemólisis intravascular / Peroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: the role of urinary carbonic anhydrase-I in intravascular haemolysis

La Hemoglobinuria Paroxística Nocturna (HPN) se caracteriza por hemólisis intravascular crónica mediada por complemento. Cuando se produce la hemolisis se libera a circulación Anhidrasa Carbónica- I (AC-I), una enzima que se halla en alta concentración en el eritrocito y por su bajo peso molecular filtra por el glomérulo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la excreción de la AC-I en orina de pacientes con HPN por Electroforesis Bidimensional de Utilidad Clínica (2D UC), y compararla con otras causas de hemólisis, de origen renal y postrenal. Se evaluaron 8 pacientes con HPN sin tratamiento con eculizumab un inhibidor del C5 del complemento, y 5 de ellos postratamiento, 12 orinas de pacientes con nefritis lúpica y 10 orinas de pacientes con hemólisis postrenal. La AC-I puede estar presente en la orina, en los tres grupos, sin embargo la relación AC-I/Hemoglobina en la hemólisis intravascular está invertida en comparación con la hemolisis glomerular y post-renal. Los pacientes con HPN tratados con eculizumab no presentan AC-I, y sería de utilidad en el seguimiento de los pacientes tratados con el inhibidor del C5, para evidenciar posibles escapes hemolíticos.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by chronic complement mediated haemolysis. In these conditions it might be expected that carbonic anhydrase-I (AC-I) would be liberated into the plasma and excreted in the urine, by its high concentration in the erythrocyte and low molecular weight. The objective of the present study was to detect the urinary excretion of AC-I from patients with PNH by wodimensional clinical utility electrophoresis (2D UC) and to compare it with other causes of renal and post-renal haemolysis. We evaluated 8 patients with PNH without eculizumab, a complement C5 inhibitor, 5 of them posttreatment, 12 urine of patients with lupus nephritis and 10 urine of patients with post-renal hemolysis. AC-I may be present in the urine, in all three groups, however, the AC-I/Haemoglobin ratio in intravascular haemolysis is reversed compared to glomerular and post-renal haemolysis. Patients with PNH treated with eculizumab do not have AC-I and would be useful in monitoring patients treated with the C5 inhibitor to evidence possible haemolytic leaks.

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

ResumenLa hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna es una anemia hemolítica crónica, adquirida, poco común, que afecta con igual frecuencia ambos sexos. Se manifiesta a cualquier edad y con mayor incidencia en países del sudeste asiático. Es el resultado de la expansión clonal no maligna de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas. Se caracteriza por anemia hemolítica intravascular, tendencia a la trombosis y un componente variable de insuficiencia medular.Se asocia a otras patologías hematológicas como anemia aplásica y síndrome mielodisplásico. La citometría de flujo es el método de elección para diagnóstico. El eculizumab y el trasplante de médula ósea alogénico son las únicas terapias efectivas.

Abstract:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare acquired chronic hemolytic anemia, which affects both sexes with equal frequency. It occurs at any age and more frequently in Southeast Asian countries. It is the result of non malignant clonal expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells. It is characterized by intravascular hemolytic anemia, recurrent thrombosis and a variable component of bone marrow failure. It is associated with other hematologic disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Flow cytometry is the method of choice for diagnosis. Eculizumab and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the only effective therapies.

Resonancia magnética renal en un paciente con hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna / Renal magnetic resonance in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease causing hematopoietic cell alteration, caused by a mutation in the PIG-A gene; which does not allow certain important proteins to bind to the cells. A 58-year-old patient presented with headache, a history of malaria, and occasionally dark urine. Magnetic resonance imaging proved to be an effective diagnostic method for detecting renal cortical hemosiderosis, thanks to its high spatial resolution capacity.

La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es una enfermedad clonal adquirida ocasionando la alteración de células hematopoyética, causada por una mutación en el gen GPI-A; lo cual no permite que ciertas proteínas importantes se fijen a las células. Se presenta un paciente de 58 años que acude con cefalea, antecedente de malaria y en ocasiones orinas oscuras. La resonancia magnética demostró ser un método diagnóstico eficaz para detectar la hemosiderosis renal cortical, gracias a su elevada capacidad de resolución espacial.

Technical advances in flow cytometry-based diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / Avanços técnicos no diagnóstico e no monitoramento de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna por citometria de fluxo

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the implementation of technical advances in laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria for validation of high-sensitivity flow cytometry protocols. Methods: A retrospective study based on analysis of laboratory data from 745 patient samples submitted to flow cytometry for diagnosis and/or monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Results: Implementation of technical advances reduced test costs and improved flow cytometry resolution for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone detection. Conclusion: High-sensitivity flow cytometry allowed more sensitive determination of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone type and size, particularly in samples with small clones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Discutir as melhorias técnicas no diagnóstico e no acompanhamento laboratorial de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna para a validação da técnica de citometria de fluxo de alta sensibilidade. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, que envolveu a análise de dados laboratoriais de 745 pacientes com hipótese diagnóstica e/ou acompanhamento de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Os avanços técnicos não só reduziram o custo do ensaio, mas também melhoraram a identificação e a resolução da citometria de fluxo para a detecção de clone hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna. Conclusão: A citometria de fluxo de alta sensibilidade possibilitou a identificação do tipo e do tamanho de clone de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna, especialmente em amostras com pequeno clone.

Uso de cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC) em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos / Use of peripheral insertion catheter (PICC) in adult Intensive Care Unit

O cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC) é um dispositivo vascular indicado para pacientes com diagnósticos e tratamentos variados. Apresenta baixos índices de infecção e complicações. Este trabalho descreve a utilização do PICC por uma paciente de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos (UTI-A), desde sua passagem no intra-operatório no Centro Cirúrgico até a alta hospitalar. Demonstra como o PICC pode contribuir para minimizar riscos, beneficiar pacientes e ser uma opção de acesso venoso confiável. A avaliação do paciente, a indicação do cateter, sua manutenção e manipulação trazem uma nova dimensão para o papel profissional do enfermeiro...

The peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a vein device designated for patients with severa I diagnoses and treatments. It presents low infection and complication rates. This work describes the use of PICC in a patient from the Adult Intensive Care Unit (AICU), since its insertion in the surgery at the operation room until the hospital discharge. It shows how PICC can contribute to minimize risks, benefit patients and be an option of reliable venous access. The patient's evaluation, the indication of the catheter, its maintenance and manipulation bring a new dimension to the nurse's professional role...

El catéter central de inserción periférica (PICC) es un dispositivo vascular indicado para pacientes con diagnósticos y tratamientos variados. Presenta bajos índices de infección y complicaciones. Este trabajo describe la utilización del PICC por una paciente de Ia Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos (UTI-A), desde su pasaje en el intra-operatorio dei Centro de cirugías hasta el alta dei hospital. Demuestra como el PICC puede contribuir para minimizar riesgos, beneficiar pacientes e ser una opción de acceso venoso confiable. La evaluación dei paciente, la indicación dei catéter, su manutención y manipulación traen una nueva dimensión para el papel profesional del enfermero...

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone in 103 Brazilian patients: diagnosis and classification

Background: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is an acquired chronic hemolytic ane- mia, which often manifests as peripheral blood cytopenias and thrombosis. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe a Brazilian population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients. Methods: One hundred and three paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria cases were retrospectively reviewed and the clinical presentation, thrombosis, survival, and clone size were assessed. Diagnosis was established by flow cytometry. Results: Fifty-two male and 51 female patients with a median age of 24.1 years (5.5-62 years) were studied. Clinical symptoms included hemoglobinuria (18.4%), infection (46.6%) and thrombosis (16.5%), and 80.6% had pancytopenia. Patients were classified as classic parox- ysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (10), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with aplastic anemia (39), and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with subclinical features and aplas- tic anemia (54). There were significant differences in terms of median age, size of clone, clinical symptoms, and peripheral blood cell counts between the three subcategories. The clone size in erythrocytes and granulocytes were respectively 0.04% (range: 0-18%) and 7.3% (range: 0.3-68.7%) in patients with subclinical features and aplastic anemia, 15.8% (range: 0-99.7%) and 63.0% (range: 1.7-99.8%) in patients with aplastic anemia alone, and 82.2% (range: 0-99.85%) and 98.0% (81.3-100.0%) in Classic disease. Statistical differences were identified for platelets (p-value = 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (p-value = 0.002) and the clone size (p-value < 0.001) in patients who suffered thrombotic events compared to those who did not. Overall survival was 81.7%, with patients with subclinical features and aplastic anemia having lower overall survival (76.5%). Conclusion: This retrospective review of 103 patients over an 11-year period represents the largest collection of paroxysmal...

Análise da geração de trombina em uma população de indivíduos com clone HPN (Hemoglobinúria Paroxística Noturna) / Thrombin generation analysis in individuals with PNH clone (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria)

INTRODUÇÃO: A HPN é uma patologia na qual a atividade do sistema complemento, sem oposição, leva a complicações sistêmicas. Ela é caracterizada por anemia hemolítica adquirida com hemoglobinúria intermitente, falência medular e fenômenos tromboembólicos (TE). A trombose venosa é a sua principal causa de mortalidade, entretanto o seu mecanismo fisiopatológico é apenas parcialmente elucidado. O grande número de pacientes com trombocitopenia dificulta o manejo da profilaxia antitrombótica secundária e primária. Optou-se por evidenciar o desequilíbrio hemostático associado ao clone HPN através de um teste de avaliação global da coagulação. MÉTODOS: Para a detecção do potencial hemostático de cada indivíduo foi utilizado um ensaio fluorogênico de geração de trombina, em amostra de plasma pobre em plaquetas na presença e na ausência de trombomodulina (TM). A eficiência na redução do potencial de trombina endógeno (ETP) e da concentração máxima de trombina (pico) pela TM foi utilizada para a identificação do estado de hipercoagulabilidade. O tempo para o início da geração de trombina (tempo de latência) e para a concentração máxima de trombina foram utilizados para a detecção do fenótipo hemorrágico. Os indivíduos foram categorizados em três grupos: HPN, se clone HPN >= 10%; anemia aplástica idiopática adquirida ou associada a clone < 10%, e normais. Os pacientes e controles foram submetidos a avaliação laboratorial que incluiu pesquisa de trombofilia (TB) e do clone HPN, hemograma, testes habituais de avaliação da hemostasia, e no grupo de pacientes análise bioquímica. Os participantes foram avaliados para a identificação da presença de fatores de risco para TE através de questionário. A análise dos resultados foi realizada em duas fases: a primeira incluiu apenas indivíduos com pesquisa de TB negativa e sem fatores de risco para TE; a segunda, realizada apenas no grupo de pacientes, também incluiu indivíduos em uso de contraceptivo hormonal,...

INTRODUCTION: PNH is a pathology in which the uncontrolled activity of the complement system leads to systemic complications. The pathology is characterized by an acquired hemolytic anemia with intermittent hemoglobinuria, bone marrow failure and thromboembolic event (TE). Venous thrombosis is the main cause of death, however, its physiopathological mechanism is only partially understood. The large number of patients with thrombocytopenia affects the management of primary and secondary antithrombotic prophylaxis. We chose to demonstrate the hemostatic unbalance associated with PNH clone through a global evaluation of the coagulation test. METHODS: To detect the hemostatic potential, we used a fluorogenic thrombin-generation assay, in platelet-poor plasma, with and without throbomodulin (TM). Analysis of the efficiency of TM in reducing the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and of the upper limit of thrombin concentration (peak) was done to identify the hypercoagulable state. Times to initiate thrombin generation (latency time-LT) and for reaching the peak were used to identify hemorrhagic phenotypes. Subjects were divided in three groups: PNH patients (if PNH clone >= 10%), patients with acquired idiopathic aplastic anemia or clone-associated (clone < 10%), and controls. Patients and controls were investigated for thrombophilia (TB) and PNH clone, underwent blood test, and regular exams to evaluate hemostasis. Patients were evaluated for the presence of risk factors for TE through questionnaires. Results were analyzed in two steps: the first included only patients negative for TB and with no risk factors for TE; the second step, done only in patients, included individuals using hormonal contraceptive, diagnosis of any asymptomatic infection, TE associated to temporary risk factors, and which have occurred in a period longer than one year since inclusion in the study, and positive TB. The aim of the second step was to gather the largest possible...

Detecção de células com fenótipo HPN por citometria de fluxo, utilizando análise multiparamétrica / Detection of PNH cells by flow cytometry, using multiparameter analysis

Introduction: The laboratory diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), disease that is categorized by reduced synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, is based on the detection of blood cells deficient in GPI-anchored proteins by flow cytometry. PNH clones have been detected in patients with aplastic anaemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), with therapeutic implications. Objectives: To validate a sensitive assay for detection of GPI-anchored protein-deficient cells, by flow cytometry, and to analyze the clone frequency in AA and MDS patients. Methods: Samples from 20 AA patients, 30 MDS patients and 20 adult volunteers (control group) were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies to CD16, CD24, CD55 and CD59 (neutrophils); CD14 and CD55 (monocytes); CD55 and CD59 (erythrocytes); besides fluorescent aerolysin reagent (FLAER) (neutrophils and monocytes) and lineage markers. The proportions of PNH cells detected in neutrophils and monocytes, using different reagent combinations, were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation. Results: PNH cells were detected in five (25%) AA patients, and the proportions of PNH cells varied from 0.14% to 94.84% of the analyzed events. PNH cells were not detected in the MDS patients. However, by the analysis of these samples, it was possible to identify the technical challenges caused by the presence of immature and dysplastic circulating cells. FLAER showed clear distinction of GPI-deficient cells. Conclusion: Multiparameter flow cytometry analysis offers high sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of subclinical PNH clones. FLAER shows excellent performance in detection of PNH neutrophils and monocytes...

Introdução: O diagnóstico laboratorial da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN), doença caracterizada por deficiência de síntese da molécula de ancoragem glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GPI), baseia-se na detecção de células sanguíneas deficientes em proteínas ancoradas ao GPI, por citometria de fluxo. Clones de células com fenótipo HPN podem ser detectados em pacientes com anemia aplásica (AA) e síndrome mielodisplásica (SMD), com implicações terapêuticas. Objetivos: Validar técnica sensível para detecção de células HPN, por citometria de fluxo, e avaliar a frequência dos clones em pacientes com AA e SMD. Métodos: Amostras de 20 pacientes com AA, 30 pacientes com SMD e 20 voluntários (controles) foram analisadas, utilizando anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD16, CD24, CD55 e CD59 (neutrófilos); CD14 e CD55 (monócitos); e CD55 e CD59 (hemácias); além do reagente de aerolisina fluorescente (FLAER) (neutrófilos e monócitos) e marcadores de linhagem celular. A comparação do tamanho dos clones HPN detectados em neutrófilos e monócitos, pelas diferentes combinações de reagentes, foi realizada por análise de variância (ANOVA) e correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Em cinco (25%) pacientes com AA foram identificadas células HPN, em proporções entre 0,14% e 94,84% dos eventos analisados. O clone não foi detectado nos pacientes com SMD. Contudo, a análise dessas amostras permitiu evidenciar as dificuldades técnicas secundárias à presença de células imaturas e displásicas circulantes. O reagente FLAER propiciou separação precisa das células alteradas. Conclusão: A análise multiparamétrica por citometria de fluxo apresenta sensibilidade...

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna: de Strübing al Eculizumab / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: from Strübing to Eculizumab

La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es un trastorno clonal severo y raro no maligno y adquirido de la célula madre hematopoyética. Es el único trastorno hemolítico adquirido causado por una anomalía de la membrana eritrocitaria como resultado de una mutación somática clonal de un gen, el fosfatidilinositol glucano clase A (PIG-A) situado en el brazo corto del cromosoma X. Se han identificado una serie de proteínas reguladoras del complemento, entre las que se destacan: el factor acelerador de la degradación (CD55) y el factor inhibidor de la lisis reactiva de la membrana (CD 59) deficientes en esta enfermedad. La HPN se clasifica en clásica, asociada a otro trastorno medular y en subclínica. Su diagnóstico se apoya en estudios hematológicos, bioquímicos, pruebas serológicas especiales, estudios eritroferrocinéticos e imagenológicos. La electroforesis de proteínas de membrana de alta resolución y la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica constituyen técnicas de elección para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento de la anemia, de los episodios trombóticos y de las infecciones constituyen los pilares terapéuticos básicos. Dentro de los agentes farmacológicos más utilizados se destacan: los esteroides. los andrógenos, la eritropoyetina recombinante humana y el factor estimulador de colonias granulocíticas. Recientemente, el anticuerpo monoclonal eculizumab ha aumentado la expectativa de vida de estos pacientes con una mejoría de su calidad de vida

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a non malignant and acquired clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cell. It is a severe and rare disease. It is the only acquired hemolytic disturbance that is caused for an erythrocyte membrane anomaly. It is a result of a somatic clonal mutation of one gene that is located in the short arm of X chromosome called phosphatidyl inositol glycan class A (PIG-A). Regulated complement proteins are identified: the decay accelerated factor (CD55) and the membrane inhibitor or reactive lysis (CD 59); the abnormal blood cells of PNH have deficiency of these two proteins. PNH is classified in: classic PNH, PNH associated with another bone marrow disturbance and PNH sub clinic. Diagnosis is obtained by hematological, biochemical, kinetics and imagenologics studies and serologic special tests. High resolution membrane protein electrophoresis and flow cytometry are the elective tests. Treatments for anemia, thrombotic episodes and infections are important in the management of these patients. Steroids, androgens, human recombinant erythropoietin and granulocytic colony stimulating factor (CSF-G) are the more used pharmacology agents. Recently, the monoclonal antibody eculizumab has increased the life expectation in these patients with a better quality of life

Hemoglobinuria paroxistica nocturna: reporte de un caso / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: case report

La Hemoglobinuria Paroxística Nocturna, HPN, es una causa poco frecuente de pancitopenia, con una incidencia aproximada de 1/100.000 personas; sin embargo, debe ser tenida en cuenta por el impacto que puede provocar en los pacientes, llevándolos incluso hasta la muerte. Este es el caso de un varón de 26 años, que presenta un cuadro de tres años deevolución con síntomas de curso intermitente, consistente en disnea, fiebre, astenia, adinamia, dolor abdominal, sangrado gingival, epistaxis, orinas hipercoloreadasintermitentes. Al examen físico se encuentra pálido, tinte ictérico, petequias. Había consultado en los últimos tres años por cuadros similares, acompañados de episodios infecciosos. Durante el último cuadro presentó hemoglobina de 4,7 g/dL,hematocrito de 14%, leucocitos de 200xmm3, plaquetas de 1000xmm3, reticulocitos 4%, Test de Coombs negativo. El trastorno básico de la Hemoglobinuria Paroxística Nocturna HPN responsable de la pancitopenia, es la sensibilidad de las células hematológicas al complemento,causando lisis celular. Esta patología tiene varias formas de manifestación, una de las cuales cursan com signos de hemólisis y falla medular. Su trayectoria es variable, con remisionesy exacerbaciones, o causando la muerte poco tiempo después del diagnóstico dependiendo del número de células afectadas y se establece con la prueba de Ham, la prueba de la sacarosa o la citometría de flujo. Debido a los antecedentes de infecciones repetidas, sangrados, petequias y resultados de laboratorio, se enfoca como una posible falla medular, se formulan recomendaciones para su diagnóstico bajo la sospecha de una HPN y se solicita Test de Ham.

Frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in patients attended in Belém, Pará, Brazil

BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a hematological disease with complex physiopathology. It is genetically characterized by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene (phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A), in which the best known antigens are DAF (decay accelerating factor or CD55) and MIRL (membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis or CD59). OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in patients attended at the HEMOPA foundation from November 2008 to July 2009. METHOD: Thirty patients, with ages ranging from two to 79 years old and suspected of having paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were examined. All patients were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry for the CD5, CD59, CD16 and CD45 antigens. RESULTS: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was identified in nine of the thirty patients investigated. Another 3 cases had inconclusive results with CD59-negative labeling only for neutrophils. The highest frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients (7/9) and inconclusive cases (2/3) were between 19 years old and 48 years old, with a median of 28 years. CONCLUSION: These results show the importance of flow cytometry to identify cases in which patients are deficient in only one antigen (CD59).