Calcinosis escrotal: ¿una entidad idiopática? / Scrotal Calcinosis: an Idiopathic Entity?

La calcinosis escrotal es una enfermedad benigna e infrecuente que se presenta en adultos de mediana edad, con múltiples nódulos asintomáticos a nivel de la piel del escroto. Algunos autores vinculan la aparición de estas lesiones a la calcificación secundaria de quistes epidérmicos o ecrinos. Cuando no se encuentra relacionada con dichas entidades ni con alteraciones del metabolismo fosfocálcico, el cuadro se considera idiopático. El tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico, en caso de impacto en la calidad de vida o relevancia estética para el paciente. (AU)

Scrotal calcinosis is a rare, benign disease that presents in middle-aged adults with multiple asymptomatic nodules on the skin of the scrotum. Some authors link the appearance of these lesions to the secondary calcification of epidermal or eccrine cysts. When it is not related to these entities or to alterations in phosphocalcic metabolism, the condition is considered idiopathic. The treatment of choice is surgical, in case of impact on the quality of life or aesthetic relevance for the patient. (AU)

Calcificaciones pulmonares metastásicas, 3 casos clínicos / Metastatic pulmonary calcifications: three clinical cases

Las calcificaciones pulmonares metastásicas, hacen referencia a una enfermedad metabólica, caracterizada por depósitos de calcio en tejido pulmonar sano. La etiología es amplia e incluye enfermedades malignas y benignas, siendo la falla renal la causa más frecuente. Es una condición, que, a pesar de ser frecuente, suele ser subdiagnosticada, por presentar pocos o ningún síntoma. Presentamos tres casos clínicos asociados a enfermedad renal crónica, pre y post trasplante.

Metastatic pulmonary calcifications refer to a metabolic disease, characterized by calcium deposits in healthy lung tissue. The etiology is broad and includes malignant and benign diseases, the kidney failure being the most frequent cause. It is a condition, which, despite being frequent, is usually underdiagnosed, because it presents few or no symptoms. We present three clinical cases associated with pre- and post-transplant kidney disease.

Prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in the maxillofacial region: a radiographic study

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in orofacial region and their panoramic radiographic characteristics using digital panoramic radiographs among patients reporting to a tertiary dental hospital. Methods: 1,578 digital panoramic radiographs were retrieved from the archives and scrutinized for the presence of calcifications. Soft tissue calcifications were recorded according to age, gender, site (left or right). Data were analysed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test using SPSS software and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the total number of radiographs, calcified carotid artery (34.3%), calcified stylohyoid ligament (21%), tonsillolith (10.3%), phlebolith (17.6%), antrolith (6.3%), sialolith (5.9%), rhinolith (2.5%) and calcified lymph nodes (1.9%) were identified. The most commonly observed calcifications were calcification of carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament and the least commonly observed calcifications were rhinolith and calcified lymph node. A statistically significant association of the presence of calcifications of carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament on the left and right side was observed in females and tonsillolith on the right side in males (p-value < 0.05). Considering the gender and age group, the occurrence of antrolith among males and rhinolith among females of young-adult population, tonsillolith among the males, calcified carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament among the females of middle-aged population was found to be significant. Conclusion: Soft tissue calcifications are often encountered in dental panoramic radiographs. Our study revealed that the soft tissue calcifications in orofacial region were more common in women and were found to be increased above 40 years of age

Calcificación anillo mitral: reemplazo mitral con prótesis mecánica en posición supra anular / Mitral annular calcification: mitral valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis in supra annular position

Abstract: An 84 year old woman presented with recurrent severe heart failure. She had a heavily calcified mitral valve annulus. Radiological images before and after a mechanical valve was implanted in a supra annular position are shown.

Tendinitis cálcica atraumática de tendón extensor común del dedo medio: un caso infrecuente de dolor metacarpofalángico / Atraumatic calcium tendonitis of common extensor tendon of the middle finger: a rare case of metacarpophalangeal pain

Calcific tendinitis is a pathology characterized by the deposits of periarticular hydroxyapatite. Its pathophysiology is not completely known. It is clinically characterized by important inflammatory changes with incapacitating pain. It most commonly affects the shoulder joint and it rarely affects the hand and wrist. Given the unusual nature of this localization, we present the clinical case of a woman who developed calcific tendinitis of the third metacarpophalangeal muscle. We present the clinical evolution of the case, the treatments carried out, and a review of the literature related to this unusual localization of calcific tendinitis.

Calcinose distrófica cutânea na doença venosa crônica de membros inferiores / Dystrophic calcinosis cutis in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs

Resumo As úlceras de membros inferiores, secundárias à doença venosa crônica (DVC), constituem um problema significativo de saúde pública no Brasil e representam cerca de 70% do total dessas úlceras. Apesar dos recentes avanços tecnológicos e das diversas opções terapêuticas utilizadas para essas lesões crônicas, existem diversos fatores que podem estar implicados na resistência ao tratamento. A calcificação distrófica cutânea (CDC) é uma condição rara e frequentemente subdiagnosticada, que, quando associada à DVC, pode estar associada à refratariedade no processo cicatricial. Neste artigo, relatamos um caso de CDC em paciente portador de DVC e discutimos a sua etiologia, fisiopatologia e possíveis opções de tratamento.

Abstract Lower limb ulcers secondary to chronic venous disease (CVD) are a significant public health problem in Brazil and account for about 70% of these ulcers. Despite recent technological advances and the various therapeutic options for treatment of these chronic injuries, several factors may be involved in resistance to treatment. Dystrophic calcinosis cutis (DCC) is a rare and often underdiagnosed condition that, when in conjunction with CVD, may be associated with a refractory healing process. In this article, we report a case of DCC in a patient with CVD and discuss its etiology, pathophysiology and possible treatment options.

Oral Use of Phenytoin to Reduce Calcification in Bovine Pericardium and Porcine Aortic Leaflets Implants in Rats

Abstract Introduction: This study aims to test the effect of phenytoin as an inhibitor of the process of dystrophic calcification in bovine pericardium and porcine leaflets implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Methods: Isolated segments of biomaterials were implanted subcutaneously in young rats. The study groups received 500 mg phenytoin per kilogram of diet per day. After 90 days, samples were collected and quantitative calcification assessment by optical microscopy, radiological studies with mammography, and atomic emission spectrometry were performed. Results: Inflammatory reaction was a frequent finding in all groups when analyzed by optical microscopy. The calcium level assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was significantly lower in the study groups using phenytoin compared to the control groups (control bovine pericardium group X=0.254±0.280 µg/mg; study bovine pericardium group X=0.063±0.025 µg/mg; control porcine aortic leaflets group X=0.640±0.226 µg/mg; study porcine aortic leaflets group X=0.056±0.021 µg/mg; P<0.05). Radiologic studies revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups treated with and without phenytoin (not only regarding the bovine pericardium but also the porcine leaflets). Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that phenytoin reduces the calcification process of bovine pericardium segments and porcine aortic leaflets in subdermal implants in rats; also, the incidence of calcification in bovine pericardium grafts was similar to that of porcine aortic leaflets.

Caracterização Histológica das Lesões da Valva Mitral de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Reumática / Histopathological Characterization of Mitral Valvular Lesions from Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease

Resumo Fundamentos: Os mecanismos subjacentes pelos quais a doença cardíaca reumática (DCR) levam à disfunção valvar grave não são totalmente compreendidos. Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou as alterações histopatológicas nas valvas mitrais (VM) buscando uma associação entre o padrão de disfunção valvar predominante e os achados histopatológicos. Métodos: Em 40 pacientes submetidos à troca da VM devido a DCR e em 20 controles submetidos a transplante cardíaco, foram analisados os aspectos histológicos da VM excisada. Dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos também foram coletados. As análises histológicas foram realizadas usando coloração com hematoxilina-eosina. Determinou-se inflamação, fibrose, neoangiogênese, calcificação e metaplasia adiposa. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes com DCR foi de 53±13 anos, sendo 36 (90%) do sexo feminino, enquanto a idade média dos controles foi de 50±12 anos, semelhante aos casos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (70%). O endocárdio valvar reumático apresentou espessura maior que os controles (1,3±0,5 mm versus 0,90±0,4 mm, p=0,003, respectivamente), e infiltrado inflamatório mais intenso no endocárdio (78% versus 36%; p=0,004), com predominância de células mononucleares. Ocorreu fibrose moderada a acentuada mais frequentemente em válvulas reumáticas do que em válvulas controle (100% vs. 29%; p<0,001). Ocorreu calcificação em 35% das valvas reumáticas, principalmente entre as valvas estenóticas, associada à área valvar mitral (p=0,003). Conclusões: Apesar do intenso grau de fibrose, o processo inflamatório permanece ativo na valva mitral reumática, mesmo em doença tardia com disfunção valvar. A calcificação predominou em valvas estenóticas e em pacientes com disfunção ventricular direita.

Abstract Background: The underlying mechanisms by which rheumatic heart disease (RHD) lead to severe valve dysfunction are not completely understood. Objective: The present study evaluated the histopathological changes in mitral valves (MV) seeking an association between the pattern of predominant valvular dysfunction and histopathological findings. Methods: In 40 patients who underwent MV replacement due to RHD, and in 20 controls that underwent heart transplant, histological aspects of the excised MV were analyzed. Clinical and echocardiographic data were also collected. Histological analyses were performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Inflammation, fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, calcification and adipose metaplasia were determined. A p value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean age of RHD patients was 53±13 years, 36 (90%) were female, whereas the mean age of controls was 50±12 years, similar to the cases, with the majority of males (70%). The rheumatic valve endocardium presented greater thickness than the controls (1.3±0.5 mm versus 0.90±0.4 mm, p=0.003, respectively), and a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the endocardium (78% versus 36%; p=0.004), with predominance of mononuclear cells. Moderate to marked fibrosis occurred more frequently in rheumatic valves than in control valves (100% vs. 29%; p<0.001). Calcification occurred in 35% of rheumatic valves, especially among stenotic valves, which was associated with the mitral valve area (p=0.003). Conclusions: Despite intense degree of fibrosis, the inflammatory process remains active in the rheumatic mitral valve, even at late disease with valve dysfunction. Calcification predominated in stenotic valves and in patients with right ventricular dysfunction.

Prevalence of pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification among iraqi patients attending CT scan units / Prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal y del plexo coroideo entre pacientes iraquíes que asisten a las unidades de tomografía computarizada

SUMMARY: Pineal gland calcification is the most common physiological intracranial calcification followed by the choroid plexus calcification. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of the pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification among the Iraqi population attending computed tomography scan units in Baghdad, estimate the mean diameters of the pineal gland calcification, and to detect any correlation between these calcifications with age and sex. This multi-centric cross-sectional study examined 485 CT scans of Iraqi patients between the ages of 1 and 100 years attending CT scan units in the period 1 December 2018 to 1 April 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The prevalence of pineal gland calcification was found to be 68 % with the 30-39 age group and male sex predominance. It was found to increase after the first decade of life without real consistency. The mean for pineal gland calcification anterior-posterior diameter was 4.55±2.13 and the mean of the right-left diameter was 3.95±1.54. These diameters were found to differ according to sex and age. Choroid plexus calcification was found to have a prevalence of 53.6 %. In most cases, choroid plexus calcification was found bilaterally (77.3 %). There was no difference in sex, but choroid plexus. In conclusion, calcification was noticed to increase gradually according to age. Both pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification have a relatively high prevalence. While pineal gland calcification formation was demonstrated to have a close relation to age and sex, choroid plexus calcification formation was noticed to relate only to age.

RESUMEN: La calcificación de la glándula pineal es la calcificación intracraneal fisiológica más común después de la calcificación del plexo coroideo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal y del plexo coroideo entre la población iraquí que asiste a las unidades de tomografía computarizada en Bagdad, estimar los diámetros medios de la calcificación de la glándula pineal y detectar la posible correlación entre estas calcificaciones con la edad y el sexo. Este estudio transversal multicéntrico examinó 485 tomografías computarizadas de pacientes iraquíes entre 1 y 100 años de edad que asistieron a unidades de tomografía computarizada en el período del 1 de diciembre de 2018 al 1 de abril de 2019. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se encontró una prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal del 68 % con predominio del sexo masculino en el grupo de 30 a 39 años. Se observó que aumentaba después de la primera década de vida sin una coherencia real. La media del diámetro anteroposterior de la calcificación de la glándula pineal fue de 4,55 ± 2,13 y la media del DIÁ- METRO derecho-izquierdo fue de 3,95 ± 1,54; estos diámetros difieren según el sexo y la edad. La calcificación del plexo coroideo tiene una prevalencia del 53,6 %. En la mayoría de los casos, la calcificación del plexo coroideo se encontró de forma bilateral (77,3%). No hubo diferencia de sexo, no obstante en el plexo coroideo se observó que la calcificación aumentaba gradualmente según la edad. Tanto la calcificación de la glándula pineal como del plexo coroideo tienen una prevalencia relativamente alta. Si bien se demostró que la formación de calcificación de la glándula pineal está relacionada con la edad y el sexo, se observó que la formación de calcificación del plexo coroideo se relaciona solo con la edad.

Degeneración valvular en pacientes con bioprótesis aórtica porcina evaluada mediante PET con 18Ffluoruro de sodio / Valve degeneration in patients with aortic porcine bioprosthesis evaluated through 18Fsodium fluoride PET / Degeneração valvular em pacientes com bioprótese aórtica suína avaliada mediante PET com fluoreto18F

Introducción: la degeneración valvular protésica es un problema clínico; los métodos de imagen convencionales permiten diagnosticarla en las últimas etapas. La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) con 18Ffluoruro puede detectar de manera precoz la degeneración subclínica. Objetivo: correlacionar parámetros de deterioro estructural protésico por PET con parámetros hemodinámicos ecocardiográficos al año de la sustitución valvular aórtica (SVA) por bioprótesis porcina. Métodos: estudio prospectivo ad hoc de un ensayo clínico. Se reclutaron pacientes sometidos a SVA por bioprótesis porcina en dos centros nacionales entre el 01/01/2019 y el 13/02/2020. Se realizaron controles clínicos y ecocardiográficos. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 19 sujetos a los que se les realizó PET 18Ffluoruro de sodio con angiotomografía al año de la SVA. Se midió la captación del trazador en la válvula (SUVavV) y aurícula derecha (SUVavA), calculando el índice SUVavV/SUVavA, que se comparó con los gradientes ecocardiográficos medio y máximo al año, mediante análisis de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: de 140 sujetos sometidos a SVA se realizó PET a 19, a los 16,3 meses (15,9-16,9) luego de la SVA. La mediana del índice SUVavV/SUVavA fue de 1,17 (1,11-1,27). Se encontró una correlación negativa moderada entre la captación de 18Ffluoruro y el gradiente medio (coeficiente de correlación -0,516, p = 0,028) y máximo (coeficiente -0,589, p = 0,010) al año. Conclusiones: en el seguimiento de los pacientes en los que se le realizó una sustitución valvular aórtica con bioprótesis, encontramos valores bajos de captación en el PET y gradientes ecocardiográficos normales con una correlación negativa moderada entre estos hallazgos

Introduction: prosthetic valve degeneration is a relevant clinical disorder; conventional imaging methods allow diagnosis in the later stages. 18Ffluoride positron emission tomography (PET) can detect subclinical degeneration earlier. Objective: correlate parameters of prosthetic structural deterioration by PET with echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters one year after aortic valve replacement (AVR) by porcine bioprosthesis. Methods: prospective ad hoc study of a clinical trial. Patients undergoing AVR by porcine bioprosthesis were recruited in two national centers between 01/01/2019 and 02/13/2020. Clinical and echocardiographic controls were carried out. 19 subjects were randomly selected and underwent 18Fsodium fluoride PET with CT angiography one year after AVR. Tracer uptake in the valve (SUVavV) and right atrium (SUVavA) was measured, creating the SUVavV/SUVavA index, which was compared with the mean and maximum gradients at one year, using Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: of a total of 140 subjects, PET was performed on 19 at 16.3 months (15.9-16.9) after the AVR. The median SUVavV/SUVavA ratio was 1.17 (1.11-1.27). A moderate negative correlation was found between. 18Ffluoride uptake and the mean gradient (correlation coefficient -0.516, p = 0.028) and maximum (coefficient of -0.589, p = 0.010) at one year. Conclusions: we found low uptake values in PET, echocardiographic gradients in normal range and no positive correlation between both parameters. It is the first national report with these imaging techniques

Introdução: a degeneração da válvula protética é um problema clínico; os métodos convencionais de imagem permitem o diagnóstico nas fases posteriores. A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) com fluoreto18F pode detectar a degeneração subclínica precocemente. Objetivo: correlacionar parâmetros de deterioração estrutural protética por PET com parâmetros hemodinâmicos ecocardiográficos após um ano da troca valvar aórtica (SVA) por bioprótese suína. Métodos: estudo ad hoc prospectivo de um ensaio clínico. Pacientes submetidos a SVA por bioprótese suína foram recrutados em dois centros nacionais entre 01/01/2019 e 13/02/2020. Foram realizados controles clínicos e ecocardiográficos. 19 indivíduos foram selecionados aleatoriamente que foram submetidos a PET com fluoreto de sódio 18F com angiotomografia um ano após AVS. A captação do traçador na válvula (SUVavV) e átrio direito (SUVavA) foi medida, criando o índice SUVavV/SUVavA, que foi comparado com os gradientes médio e máximo em um ano, usando a análise de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: de um total de 140 indivíduos submetidos a SVA, PET foi realizado em 19, em 16,3 meses (15,9-16,9) após a SVA. A proporção média de SUVavV/SUVavA foi de 1,17 (1,11-1,27). Uma correlação negativa moderada foi encontrada entre a captação de fluoreto18F e o gradiente médio (coeficiente de correlação -0,516, p = 0,028) e máximo (coeficiente de -0,589, p = 0,010) em um ano. Conclusões: encontramos valores baixos de captação na PET, gradientes ecocardiográficos dentro da normalidade, sem correlação positiva entre os dois parâmetros. É o primeiro trabalho nacional com essas técnicas de imagem

Microcalcificaciones en ausencia de nódulo tiroideo identificable por ecografía y su asociación a cáncer de tiroides: a propósito de un caso / Microcalcifications in the absence of identifiable thyroid nodule on sonography and its association with thyroid carcinoma: a case report

La ecografía tiroidea es la principal herramienta diagnóstica en el manejo de los nódulos tiroideos, siendo la presencia de microcalcificaciones un signo de malignidad. Sin embargo, existen escasas publicaciones acerca de la presencia de microcalcificaciones en ausencia de nódulo identificable y su asociación con cáncer de tiroides. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 26 años, que, tras hallazgo incidental de bocio, se describe en ecografía un tiroides con alteración difusa de su ecogenicidad e imágenes compatibles con microcalcificaciones sin claro nódulo definido en su polo inferior. Tras realización de punción aspiración con aguja fina de la lesión con resultado Bethesda categoría 5, se decide realizar tiroidectomía total, presentando estudio histológico con diagnóstico de carcinoma papilar de tiroides variante clásica con metástasis ganglionares p(T1bN1a). Tras una revisión sistemática, los estudios hasta hoy publicados sugieren que la presencia de microcalcificaciones aisladas sin nódulo identificable debe considerarse un importante factor de riesgo de cáncer de tiroides, especialmente en gente joven, y en aquellas asentadas sobre una tiroiditis de Hashimoto. Por ende, resulta imperativo mantener una alta sospecha ante el hallazgo de este tipo de lesiones, recomendando una valoración exhaustiva de las mismas con la realización de una punción aspiración con aguja fina a todas las lesiones con dichas características.

Thyroid ultrasound is the main diagnostic tool in the management of thyroid nodules, with the presence of microcalcifications being a sign of malignancy. However, there are few publications about the presence of microcalcifications in the absence of an identifiable nodule and its association with thyroid cancer. We present a case of a 26-year-old woman who, after an incidental finding of goiter, a thyroid with diffuse echogenicity alteration and images compatible with microcalcifications without a clear nodule defined in the lower pole of the lobe is described on the ultrasound. After performing a fine needle aspiration of the lesion resulting in a Bethesda category 5, a total thyroidectomy was performed, presenting in the histological study a diagnosis of a classic variant of a papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastases p (T1bN1a). After a systematic review, the studies previously published suggest that the presence of isolated microcalcifications without an identifiable nodule should be considered an important risk factor for thyroid cancer, especially in young people, and in those with a concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain a high suspicion of the discovery of this type of lesion, recommending an exhaustive assessment of them with the performance of a fine needle aspiration to all lesions with these features.

Tiossulfato de sódio 10% intralesional para tratamento da calcinose em pacientes com esclerose sistêmica e dermatomiosite: série de casos / 10% intralesional sodium thiosulphate for calcinosis treatment in patients with systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis: case series

INTRODUÇÃO: A calcinose é uma complicação frequente da esclerose sistêmica e da dermatomiosite, resultando em dor local, contraturas, ulcerações, infecções secundárias e limitação funcional. Não há tratamento eficaz para calcinose mas o tiossulfato de sódio tem se mostrado promissor. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a resposta terapêutica ao tiossulfato de sódio 10% intralesional nas calcinoses de pacientes com dermatomiosite e esclerose sistêmica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, não controlado, incluindo 7 pacientes, totalizando 10 calcinoses, sendo um paciente com dermatomiosite e 6 com esclerose sistêmica. Desfechos primários: melhora da dor pela escala visual analógica e diminuição do maior e menor diâmetros das calcinoses ao raio-x. Desfechos secundários: melhora da qualidade de vida pelo SF12 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12) e da função pelo HAQ (Health Assesment Questionnaire). Resultados foram expressos em médias e as variáveis contínuas comparadas pelo teste t-Student ou pelo teste de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 2 a 8 aplicações intralesionais (média de 3,7), com média de 8,9mg de tiossulfato por injeção a intervalos de 13 a 56 dias, com intervalo médio de 19 dias. Todos os pacientes relataram melhora da dor, porém esse resultado não foi significativamente estatístico. Não houve redução do diâmetro das calcinoses, nem melhora da qualidade de vida ou funcional. CONCLUSÃO: Baixas doses de tiossulfato de sódio administradas por injeções intralesionais, em intervalos médios de 19 dias, em número limitado de aplicações, não foram efetivas para o tratamento da calcinose

BACKGROUND: Calcinosis is a frequent complication of systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis, resulting in local pain, contractures, ulcerations, secondary infections and functional limitations. There is no effective treatment for calcinosis, but sodium thiosulphate has shown to be promising. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the therapeutic response to 10% intralesional sodium thiosulphate on calcinosis of patients with dermatomyositis and systemic sclerosis. METHODS: Non-controlled prospective study, with 7 patients and 10 calcinoses, of which one had dermatomyositis and six had scleroderma. Primary outcomes: improvement in the pain by the visual analogue scale, and a decrease in both diameters (biggest and smallest) of calcinoses on X-ray. Secondary outcomes: improvement in quality of life by SF12 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12), and of function by HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire). Results were expressed as means; continuous variables were compared by the t-Sudent test or by the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Two to 8 intralesional applications were performed (mean of 3.7), with mean of 8.9mg of thiosulphate per injection, at 13-56 days intervals (mean of 19 days). All patients reported improvement in pain, albeit such result was not statistically significant. There was no reduction in the diameters of calcinoses, nor there were quality of life or functional improvements. CONCLUSION: Low doses of sodium thiosulphate, administered through intralesional injections, in mean intervals of 19 days, in a limited number of applications, were not effective for calcinosis treatment

Filariasis mamaria: a propósito de un caso / Breast filariasis: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La filariasis con afectación mamaria es una enfermedad endémica de áreas tropicales y subtropicales de África, Asia, el Pacífico y América, que afecta a unos 120 millones de personas. Aunque es una patología rara en España, dado el aumento de pacientes procedentes de dichos países, debemos conocerla para saber diagnosticarla y tratarla adecuadamente. OBJETIVO DE REPORTAR EL CASO: Dar a conocer la filariasis con afectación mamaria, sus manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas principales, a través de un caso clínico de nuestras consultas de ginecología. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Paciente de 43 años, procedente de Guinea Ecuatorial que acude a la consulta de Ginecología por mastalgia bilateral y aumento del volumen de las mamas de semanas de evolución. La exploración es anodina por lo que se solicita mamografía bilateral en la que describen calcificaciones compatibles con filariasis. A pesar de que el resto de pruebas fueron negativas, dada la alta sospecha clínica y radiológica se diagnosticó de filariasis mamaria. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de la actual campaña mundial para eliminar la filariasis, el aumento de migración global incrementa la probabilidad de padecer casos importados de filariasis mamaria. Por tanto, el conocimiento de las diferentes parasitosis es imprescindible para realizar un buen diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades clínicamente similares, e instaurar el tratamiento más adecuado.

INTRODUCTION: Breast filariasis is an endemic disease from tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and America affecting about 120 million people. Although it is a rare pathology in Spain, given the increase in patients from the referred countries, we must be aware of it in order to know how to diagnose and treat it properly. OBJECTIVE OF REPORTING THE CASE: To raise awareness of filariasis with breast involvement and its main clinical and radiological manifestations, through a clinical case of our gynecology consultations. CASE REPORT: 43-year-old patient from Equatorial Guinea who comes to the Gynecology consultation for bilateral mastalgia and breast enlargement of weeks of evolution. The examination is anodyne, so bilateral mammography is requested in wich calcifications compatible with filariasis are described. Despite the rest of the tests are negative, given the high clinical and radiological suspicion, the diagnosis of breast filariasis is made. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the current worldwide campaign to eliminate filariasis, the increase in global migration enhances the probability of suffering from imported cases of breast filariasis Therefore, the knowledge of the different parasitoses is essential to make a correct differential diagnosis with other clinically similar entities, and to establish the most appropriate treatment.

Prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in CBCT images from the oral and maxillofacial radiology service at UNAB, Viña del Mar, Chile / Prevalencia de calcificaciones en tejidos blandos en CBCT del servicio de radiología oral y maxilofacial de la UNAB sede Viña del Mar, Chile

Soft tissue calcifications can indicate the presence of more serious, potentially life-threatening pathologies. Therefore, their study can lead to an early diagnosis of those conditions that have not yet become clinically apparent. Main objective: To determine the prevalence of calcifications in soft tissues of the head and neck in cone beam computed tomography images obtained from the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Service at Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB), Viña del Mar, Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional, quantitative study. A total of 288 images of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were used. Images were obtained at random from the database of the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Service at UNAB, Viña Del Mar, between 2014 and 2019. Results: A prevalence of 59.72% of soft tissue calcifications was obtained. The most prevalent were: tonsilloliths and calcified stylohyoid ligament, accounting for 30.65% and 45.56%, respectively. Conclusion: A high prevalence of soft tissue calcifications was found in a population that has not been studied previously; therefore, it is important that the dentist perform a detailed analysis of the cone beam computed tomography.

Introducción: Las calcificaciones en tejidos blandos pueden indicar patologías más graves, que incluso pueden comprometer la vida. Por lo tanto, investigarlas puede conducir a un diagnóstico temprano de aquellas que aún no se han manifestado clínicamente. Objetivo principal: determinar la prevalencia de calcificaciones en tejidos blandos de cabeza y cuello en tomografía computarizada de haz cónico del Servicio de Radiología Oral y Maxilofacial de la UNAB, Viña del Mar, Chile. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, cuantitativo. Se utilizaron 288 volúmenes de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT, por las iniciales en inglés de Cone Beam Computed Tomography), obtenidas al azar, de la base de datos del Servicio de Radiología Oral y Maxilofacial de la Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB), Viña del Mar entre 2014 y 2019. Resultados: Se obtuvo una prevalencia de 59.72% de calcificaciones en tejidos blandos. Las más prevalentes fueron: tonsilolitos, con un 30,65% y ligamento estilohioídeo calcificado, con un 45,56%. Conclusión: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de calcificaciones en tejidos blandos en una población que no ha sido estudiada previamente, por ello es importante que el odontólogo realice un análisis detallado de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico.

Tendinitis calcificante del musculo largo del cuello: presentación de un caso clínico / Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle: a case report / Tendinite calcificante do músculo longo do pescoço: apresentação de um caso clínico

La tendinitis calcificante del músculo largo del cuello es una patología subdiagnsoticada, de baja frecuencia, autolimitada. Se presenta clínicamente como una de las causas de odinofagia en la consulta médica. Se produce debido al depósito de cristales de hidroxiapatita en espacio retrofaríngeo, desencadenándose una respuesta inflamatoria local. En la TMLC el principal diagnóstico diferencial es el absceso retrofaríngeo, ya que puede presentarse clínicamente con odinofagia, disfagia , disminución de la movilidad del cuello y cervicalgia. En nuestro trabajo se analiza un caso clínico sobre dicha patología, en un hombre de 45 años; realizando un análisis de la sintomatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad.

Calcific tendinitis of the long neck muscle is an underdiagnosed, low frequency, self-limited pathology. It is clinically presented as one of the causes of odynophagia in the medical consultation. It occurs due to the deposit of hydroxyapatite crystals in the retropharyngeal space, triggering a local inflammatory response. On This patholgy, the main differential diagnosis is retropharyngeal abscess, since it can present clinically with odynophagia, dysphagia, decreased mobility of the neck, and neck pain. In our work, a clinical case of this pathology is analyzed, in a 45-year-old man; performing an analysis of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this entity.

A tendinite calcificante do músculo longo do pescoço é uma patologia subdiagnsoticada, de baixa frequência, autolimitada. Apresenta-se clinicamente como uma das causas de odinofagia na consulta médica. Ocorre devido ao depósito de cristais de hidroxiapatita em espaço retrofaríngeo, desencadeando-se uma resposta inflamatória local. Na TMLC o principal diagnóstico diferencial é o abscesso retrofaríngeo, já que pode apresentar-se clinicamente com odinofagia, disfagia , diminuição da mobilidade do pescoço e cervicalgia. Em nosso trabalho analisa-se um caso clínico sobre essa patologia, em um homem de 45 anos; realizando uma análise da sintomatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento desta entidade.