Investigação de surto de doença compatível com escorbuto em uma penitenciária masculina do Ceará, 2019-2020: um estudo de caso-controle / Investigation of an outbreak of disease compatible with scurvy in a male penitentiary in the state of Ceará, Brazil, 2019-2020: a case-control study / Investigación de un brote de enfermedad compatible con escorbuto en una penitenciaría masculina en el estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2019-2020: un estudio de casos y controlesInvestigação de surto

Objetivo: identificar ocorrência de surto compatível com escorbuto e fatores de exposição associados aos sinais/sintomas típicos de hipovitaminose, em penitenciária masculina, Ceará, Brasil, 2019-2020. Métodos: estudo de caso-controle populacional; foram utilizados registros clínicos e entrevistas com casos compatíveis - sinais/sintomas iniciados no período - e com controles; realizou-se análise multivariável. Resultados: 62 casos; idade média de 40,6 anos (DP = 10,8); principais sinais/sintomas foram edema e dor em membros inferiores (100,0%), dificuldade para deambular (91,9%), hematoma/equimose em membros inferiores (90,3%), febre (88,7%); identificou-se, como fator de exposição, média de idade > 40 anos (ORa = 1,10; IC95% 1,05;1,17; p-valor = 0,001); e como fatores protetores, trabalho (ORa = 0,11; IC95% 0,03;0,36; p-valor < 0,001) e participação em aulas (ORa = 0,21; IC95% 0,08;0,59; p-valor = 0,003) dentro da penitenciária. Conclusão: surto da penitenciária compatível com escorbuto pelos sinais/sintomas característicos, associados aos fatores identificados; recomendou-se oferta regular de dieta rica em vitamina C para todos os internos e acompanhamento clínico dos casos.

Objective: to identify the occurrence of an outbreak compatible with scurvy and exposure factors associated with typical signs/symptoms of hypovitaminosis that occurred in a male penitentiary in Ceará, Brazil between 2019-2020. Methods: this was a population-based case-control study; we used clinical records and interviews with compatible cases - based on sign/symptom onset during the study period - and with controls; we carried out multivariate analysis. Results: out of 62 cases, mean age was 40.6 years (SD = 10.8); main signs/symptoms were edema and pain in the lower limbs (100.0%), difficulty in walking (91.9%), hematoma/ecchymosis in the lower limbs (90.3%) and fever (88.7%); we identified being over 40 years old as an associated factor (aOR = 1.10; 95%CI 1.05;1.17; p-value = 0.001); and as protective factors: working (aOR = 0.11; 95%CI 0.03;0.36; p-value < 0.001) and taking part in classes (aOR = 0.21; 95%CI 0.08;0.59; p-value = 0.003) in the prison. Conclusion: we considered the penitentiary outbreak to be compatible with scurvy due to characteristic signs/symptoms, associated with the identified factors; we recommended regular provision of a diet rich in vitamin C to all male inmates and clinical follow-up of cases.

Objetivo: identificar la ocurrencia del brote compatible con escorbuto y los factores de exposición asociados con signos/síntomas típicos de hipovitaminosis que ocurrieron en una penitenciaría masculina en Ceará, Brasil entre 2019-2020. Métodos: estudio poblacional de casos y controles; se utilizaron historias clínicas y entrevistas con casos compatibles, con inicio de signos/síntomas durante el período de estudio, y controles; se realizó análisis multivariable. Resultados: de los 62 casos, edad media fue 40,6 años (DE = 10,8); principales signos/síntomas fueron edema y dolor en miembros inferiores (100,0%), dificultad para caminar (91,9%), hematoma/equimosis en miembros inferiores (90,3%) y fiebre (88,7%); la edad mayor de 40 años se identificó como factor asociado (ORa = 1,10; IC95% 1,05;1,17; p-valor = 0,001); y como factores protectores: trabajo (ORa = 0,11; IC95% 0,03;0,36; p-valor< 0,001) y participación en clases (ORa = 0,21; IC95% 0,08;0,59; p-valor = 0,003) dentro del centro penitenciario. Conclusión: el brote en centro penitenciario fue considerado compatible con escorbuto debido a los signos/síntomas característicos, asociados a los factores identificados; se recomendó oferta regular de dieta rica en vitamina C a todos los internos y seguimiento clínico de los casos.

Influence of Hypovitaminosis D on the Ocurrence of Fractures / Influência da hipovitaminose D na ocorrência das fraturas

Abstract Objective To measure the levels of vitamin D in patients hospitalized for fractures and to evaluate its relationship with fractures. Methods A primary, analytical, cross-sectional, non-interventional, observational, controlled study was conducted in humans. The serum measurement of: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and albumin was performed in 49 patients who were consecutively hospitalized for surgery due to fracture(s) (study group), and in 50 patients without fractures, from the various outpatient clinics, and who underwent routine tests (control group). Results The mean level of 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25[OH]D) in patients with fractures was of 23.78 ± 8.01 ng/mL (61.22% of patients with fractures had hypovitaminosis D). The mean 25(OH)D of the control group was of 37.52 ± 9.21 ng/mL (10% of the patients had hypovitaminosis D). Most cases of hypovitaminosis (96%) did not course with secondary hyperparathyroidism (mean PTH = 41.80 ± 22.75 pg/mL). Conclusion Hypovitaminosis D was found in a significant percentage (61.22%) of the patients who suffered fractures. Further studies on the subject are needed to better understand the influence of hypovitaminosis D on the occurrence of fractures, as well as the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in these patients.

Resumo Objetivo Dosar a vitamina D nos pacientes internados por fratura e avaliar sua relação com as fraturas. Métodos Realizou-se estudo primário, analítico, transversal, não intervencional, observacional, controlado, em seres humanos. Fez-se a dosagem sérica de: vitamina D, paratormônio(PTH), cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e albumina em 49 pacientes que foram internados consecutivamente para cirurgia devido a fratura(s) (grupo de estudo), e em 50 pacientes, dos diversos ambulatórios, sem fraturas, e que realizaram exames de rotina (grupo de controle). Resultados A média de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25[OH]D) nos pacientes com fraturas foi de 23,78 ± 8,01 ng/mL (61,22% dos pacientes com fraturas apresentaram hipovitaminose D). A média de 25(OH)D do grupo de controle foi de 37,52 ± 9,21 ng/mL (10% dos pacientes apresentaram hipovitaminose D). A maioria dos casos de hipovitaminose (96%) não cursou com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (média do PTH = 41,80 ± 22,75 pg/mL). Conclusão A hipovitaminose D foi encontrada em um percentual expressivo (61,22%) dos pacientes que sofreram fraturas. Mais estudos sobre o assunto são necessários para se compreender melhor a influência da hipovitaminose D na ocorrência das fraturas e os benefícios da suplementação com vitamina D nesses pacientes.

Alteración de las vitaminas en pacientes con cáncer: un estudio comparativo prospectivo / Vitamins disturbance in cancerous patients: A prospective comparison study

Cancers are a complex diseases that involve abnormal cell growth pattern and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer. Cancer cause malnutrition and deficiencies of vitamins, in addition chemotherapy causes those deficiencies by induced anorexia, stomatitis, and alimentary tract disturbances. The study aims to determined and assessed the levels of serum vitamins (A, B12, B6, B9, E, D, and K) before and after chemotherapy administration. A prospective study carried out on newly diagnosed cancerous patients whom receiving chemotherapy. Fifty patients enrolling and recruited. Follow up will be recorded after the first, third, and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. The panel used for evaluation of vitamins concentration included the following six kits: Human Vitamin AV, E, VB6, B12, VD3 DIY, VK and FOLR3 ELISA kits. 38 females and 12 males included, with mean age was 48.35±15.28 years. The mostly distributed age group was belong to fifth decades. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 33.12±5.51 m2 /Kg. The majority of the sample treated were breast cancers females about 26(52%). Regarding chemotherapy regimens, the AC+Taxen protocol was mostly used. The mean level of vitamin A found to be declined to the half from (69.23±24.66 µg/dL) at C0 to (35.73±18.89 µg/dL) at C6. Normal mean value of vitamin B12 level was presented in the most of patients pre- and post- chemotherapy. Vitamin B6 concentrations in the most of patients risen by double post-chemotherapy. Vitamin D concentration not changed in pre- and post- chemotherapy. We observed a statistically significant differences among vitamin E concentration pre- and post- chemotherapy (ANOVA=3.213, P=0.033). In this study, most of patients pre-chemotherapy period had normal folate level, whereas it to decreased from (6.23±3.12 ng/mL) to reached (3.33±2.72 ng/mL) after anti-cancer, with strong statistically significant differences (ANOVA=6.56, P=0.012). In addition, vitamin K concentration was unchanged throughout chemotherapy cycles. Many factors in cancerous participants lead to vitamins deficiencies. Several vitamins remained within normal concentration throughout anti-cancer course might be due to vitamins supplement taken by persons during their regimens. Almost always vitamins concentration dropped during cycles, but still within normal value, except vitamin E, which was deficient in last cycle of chemotherapy. Vitamins replacement are mandatory for substitution dropping level because off those are essential for many body processes and regulation.

Actualización sobre deficiencias nutricionales en la mujer deportista a partir de la literatura científica / Update on nutritional deficiencies in women athletes from the scientific literature

Los déficits nutricionales en la mujer deportista causan numerosos problemas de salud, así como un empeoramiento en el rendimiento deportivo, como consecuencia de estas deficiencias nutricionales. El conocimiento de estos déficits y su prevención deben ser un aspecto principal para cualquier responsable deportivo. Establecer la importancia del estudio de los déficits de energía, proteínas, minerales (Fe, Ca y Mg) y vitaminas (Vitamina D, ácido fólico y vitamina B12) que pueden desarrollar las mujeres deportistas y su relación con la prevalencia de la tríada femenina y constatar la importancia del conocimiento por parte de los responsables deportivos de los problemas derivados de los déficits nutricionales. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos, entre 2013-2020, relevantes para el objetivo de estudio. Se usaron bases de datos científicas como PubMed y Pennutrition, siguiendo los criterios de exclusión e inclusión elegidos para este estudio. 51 artículos fueron encontrados. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de energía, Fe, vitamina D y Ca, así como un suficiente aporte proteico, faltan estudios para determinar los niveles de vitamina B12 y ácido fólico. Se observó, además la prevalencia de mujeres que cumplen con uno o varios factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la tríada de la deportistas femenina. Es imprescindible la prevención o, el tratamiento, de los déficits nutricionales en las mujeres deportistas para asegurar un correcto estado de salud y un rendimiento deportivo óptimo(AU)

Nutritional deficiencies in women athletes cause numerous health problems, as well as a worsening of sports performance, as a result of these nutritional deficiencies. Awareness of these deficiencies and their prevention should be a major aspect for any sports manager. The aim of the study was to establish the importance of studying the deficits of energy, protein, minerals (Fe, Ca and Mg) and vitamins (Vitamin D, folic acid and vitamin B12) that can be developed by female athletes and their relationship with the prevalence of the female triad and to establish the importance of knowledge by sports managers of the problems arising from nutritional deficiencies. 51 papers were found. A bibliographic search of relevant articles for the study objective was carried out (2013-2020). Scientific databases such as PubMed and Pennutrition were used, following the exclusion and inclusion criteria chosen for this study. The results showed the prevalence of energy, Fe, vitamin D and Ca, as well as sufficient protein intake and a lack of studies to determine the levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid. In addition, the prevalence of women meeting one or more risk factors for the development of the female sports triad was observed. It is essential the prevention or, treatment, of nutritional deficits in female athletes to ensure proper health status and optimal sports performance(AU)

Hypovitaminosis D and Calcium Intake in Adult Population / Hipovitaminosis D y la ingesta de calcio en población adulta / Hipovitaminose de ingestão de cálcio em população adulta

Abstract: Background: Daily dietary calcium intake below the requirements has been related to low levels of vitamin D (Vit-D) and osteoarticular diseases. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Vit-D deficiency in the general population living in Bogotá, its relationship to dietary calcium intake, and the influence of socio-demographic factors and sunlight exposure. Materials and methods: In a pro-spective cohort of the general population (randomly selected), excluding individuals with conditions affecting calcium absorption or adequate Vit-D action, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (95 % ci) and regular consumption of calcium (RCI, mg/day) is measured according to socio-demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and sunlight exposure variables. A multiple regression model is implemented (no intercept) to predict Vit-D concentration based on the factors described. Results: Ninety-seven patients are included, 61 % of which are women, with a median age of 23 years, a weight of 65 kg (IQR: 55.2-70.5), a height of 165 cm ± 8.9, and BMI of 22.8 kg/m2 (IQR: 21.2-25.2). The RCI was 393.7 mg/day, less than the benchmark for Colombian adults (p < 0.001); serum calcium concentration was 9.7 mg/dL. The mean Vit-D concentration (95 % ci) was 23.7 ng/mL (22.6-24.7); hypovitaminosis D was identified in 87 % of the sample (80.6-94.7 %), 24.7 % were classified as poor (15.6-33.8 %) and 62.9% as insufficient (52.8-73%). Vit-D concentration was predicted in a quadratic function by the interaction between sex, sunlight exposure, and RCI (R2 > 90 %). Conclusion: The suspected high prevalence of Vit-D deficiency is confirmed in the general Colombian adult population as a result of low dietary calcium intake, demographic factors, and sunlight exposure.

Resumen: El consumo diario de calcio en la dieta por debajo de los requerimientos se ha relacionado con bajos niveles de Vitamina D (Vit-D) y con enfermedades osteoarticulares. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la deficiencia de Vit-D en la población general que vive en Bogotá, su relación con la ingesta de calcio en la dieta y la influencia de factores sociodemográficos y de la exposición a la luz solar. Materiales y métodos: En una cohorte prospectiva seleccionada aleatoriamente de la población general, excluyendo individuos con condiciones que afectaran la absorción de calcio o la acción de la Vit-D, se midió la prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D (IC 95 %) y el consumo habitual de calcio (CHC, mg/día), según variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, bioquímicas y de exposición solar; se implementó un modelo de regresión múltiple (sin el intercepto) para predecir la concentración de Vit-D en función de los factores descritos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 97 pacientes, edad mediana 23 años, 61 % mujeres; con peso mediano 65 kg (RIC; 55,2-70,5), estatura 165 cm ± 8,9 e IMC 22,8 kg/m2 (RIC; 21,2-25,2). El CHC fue 393,7 mg/día, menor que el recomendado para adultos colombianos (p < 0,001); la concentración de calcio sérico fue 9,7 mg/dL. La concentración media (IC 95 %) de Vit-D fue 23,7 ng/mL (22,6-24,7), se identificó hipovitaminosis D en 87% (80,6-94,7%); 24,7% se clasificaron como deficientes (15,6-33,8 %) y 62,9 % como insuficientes (52,8-73 %). La concentración de Vit-D se logró predecir, en función cuadrática, por la interacción entre el sexo, la exposición solar y el CHC (R2 > 90 %). Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos, se confirma la sospecha de alta prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D en población general colombiana adulta, relacionada con un bajo consumo de calcio en la dieta habitual, factores demográficos y de exposición solar.

Resumo: Introdução: O consumo diário de cálcio na dieta abaixo dos requerimentos necessários tem sido relacionado com baixos níveis de vitamina D (Vit-D) e com doenças osteoarticulares. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da deficiência de Vit-D na população geral que vive em Bogotá, Colômbia, sua relação com a ingestão de cálcio na dieta, a influência de fatores sociodemográficos e a exposição à luz solar. Materiais e métodos: em uma coorte prospectiva selecionada aleatoriamente da população geral, excluindo indivíduos com condições que afetassem a absorção de cálcio ou a ação de Vit-D, foi medida a prevalência de hipovitaminose D (IC 95 %) e o consumo habitual de cálcio (CHC, mg/dia), segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, antropométricas, bioquímicas e exposição solar; foi implementado um modelo de regressão múltipla (sem o intercepto) para predizer a concentração de Vit-D em função dos fatores descritos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 97 pacientes, com idade média 23 anos, 61 % mulheres; com peso médio de 65 kg (RIC; 55,2-70,5), estatura 165 cm ± 8,9 e IMC 22,8 kg/ m2 (RIC; 21,2-25,2). O CHC foi 393,7 mg/dia, menor do que o recomendado para adultos colombianos (p < 0,001); a concentração sérica de cálcio foi 9,7 mg/dL. A concentração média (IC 95 %) de Vit-D foi 23,7 ng/mL (22,6-24,7), foi identificada hipovitaminose D em 87 % (80,6-94,7 %), foram classificados deficientes 24,7% (15,6-33,8%) e insuficientes 62,9% (52,8-73%). A concentração de Vit-D foi possível predizer, em função quadrática, pela interação entre sexo, exposição solar e CHC (R2 > 90%). Conclusões: A partir dos resultados obtidos, é confirmada a suspeita de alta prevalência de hipovita-minose D em população geral colombiana adulta, relacionada com um baixo consumo de cálcio na dieta habitual, fatores demográficos e exposição solar.

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in severely obese subjects referred to bariatric surgery / Prevalência de hipovitaminose D em obesos graves encaminhados à cirurgia bariátrica

ABSTRACT: Study Design: Cross-sectional. Objective: Estimating the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a group of severely obese subjects referred to bariatric surgery. Methods: This study evaluated severely obese patients aged ≥18 years assisted by a specialized team in bariatric surgery. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained from patient records. Plasma 25 (OH) D was determined by chemiluminescence and levels ≤ 20 ng/mL was considered as Hypovitaminosis D. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences® (SPSS) 20.0. Variables were described using descriptive statistics. For the comparison of the three groups, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson's chi-square tests were used. Spearman correlation test was performed to assess correlations between 25(OH)D and the other variables. P-values <0.05 were considered to be significant. Results: The study included 400 individuals, 71% were female with the mean age (SD) and BMI (SD) of 35.6 (9.1) years and 41.4 (5.1) kg/m², respectively. The vitamin D ranged from 4.5 to 62.4 ng/mL and the mean (SD) was 24.7 (7.9) ng/mL. In this sample, 117 (29.3%) individuals had hypovitaminosis D. There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and BMI (r= -0.110; p=0.028) and parathormone (r= -0.152; p=0.006) and positive correlation with serum calcium (r= 0.132; p=0.013) and phosphorus (r= 0.116; p=0.027). Conclusion: Severely obese subjects had a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D even living in a sunny state. (AU)

RESUMO Modelo do estudo: Estudo transversal. Objetivo: estimar a prevalência da hipovitaminose D em um grupo de obesos graves encaminhados à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: Foram estudados obesos atendidos por uma equipe especializada em cirurgia bariátrica, com 18 anos ou mais de ambos os sexos. Dados clínicos, antropométricos e laboratoriais foram obtidos dos prontuários dos pacientes. A 25 (OH) D plasmática foi determinada por quimiolu-minescência e valores ≤20 ng/mL foram considerados como hipovitaminose D. Os dados foram analisados utilizan-do o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® (SPSS) 20.0. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para apresentação das variáveis e para comparação dos três grupos foram utilizados os testes: ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis e qui-quadrado de Pearson. Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Foram estudados 400 pacientes, 71% do sexo feminino, com média (DP) de idade e IMC 35,6 (9,1) anos e 41,4 (5,1) kg/m², respec-tivamente. A vitamina D variou de 4,5 a 62,4ng/mL com média (DP) de 24,7 (7,9) ng/mL. Na amostra, 117 (29.3%) dos pacientes apresentaram hipovitaminose D. Houve correlação negativa entre 25 (OH) D e IMC (r = -0,110; p = 0,028) e paratormônio (r = -0,152; p=0,006) e correlação positiva com cálcio sérico (r=0,132; p = 0,013) e fósforo (r=0,116; p=0,027). Conclusão: Os obesos graves apresentaram alta prevalência de hipovitaminose D, mesmo vivendo em um estado ensolarado.

Prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada de micronutrientes en la población urbana de Costa Rica / Micronutrients inadequacy in urban population of Costa Rica

La inadecuación de micronutrientes es frecuente en los países en vías de desarrollo. En Costa Rica existe poca información acerca de la ingesta de micronutrientes y del impacto de los programas de fortificación obligatoria de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de vitaminas y minerales y el aporte de la fortificación de alimentos a la ingesta total de micronutrientes en la población urbana costarricense. Se analizó el consumo de alimentos en una muestra de la población urbana costarricense, participantes del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). El riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se estimó según sexo y grupo de edad, utilizando el método de punto de corte del Requerimiento Medio Estimado (EAR). Para el hierro, se utilizó el método de aproximación probabilística. Más del 85% de la muestra presentó riesgo de ingesta inadecuada para vitamina E, calcio y vitamina D. Una menor prevalencia de riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se presentó para la niacina, tiamina, folatos, hierro y selenio. La fortificación de alimentos tiene un efecto notorio en la ingesta de micronutrientes, especialmente de hierro, niacina, tiamina y folatos. La ingesta de calcio, vitamina D y vitamina E es preocupantemente inadecuada, siendo las mujeres y las personas mayores de 50 años los grupos más afectados. Resulta fundamental el establecimiento de programas y políticas públicas para asegurar el cumplimiento del requerimiento establecido para los diferentes micronutrientes(AU)

Micronutrient deficiencies are still very common in developing countries. In Costa Rica there is little information on micronutrients intake and the impact of food fortification.This study aimed to determine the contribution of food fortification to the total intake, and to estimate the risk of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in an urban Costa Rican population. As a part of the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 798 urban residents from Costa Rica (15-65 years old) whom provided two 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to the EAR cut-point method. Iron was analyze using the probability approach. We observed a 100% of the sample are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin D, and similar percentages were obtained for calcium and vitamin E, ranging from 92.9 to 100% and 85.5 to 99.2% respectively. A lower risk of inadequate intake was observed for niacin, thiamin, folate, iron and selenium. Food fortificationmakes an important contribution to folate, thiamin, iron and niacin intake. Despite the efforts that have been made to ensure adequate micronutrient intake in Costa Rica, the intake of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin E is still very low, especially among women and people over 50 are the most affected. Based on the above, it is recommended to promote a healthy diet through nutritional education as part of public health policies, in order to facilitates compliance to nutritional requirement(AU)

Recomendaciones de micronutrientes para grupos vulnerables en contexto de desnutrición, durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Latinoamérica / Micronutrient recommendations for vulnerable groups in context of undernutrition, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America

La crisis por COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) puede convertirse en una catástrofe alimentaria para Latinoamérica, aumentando las personas que padecen hambre de 135 a 265 millones, especialmente en Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haití y El Salvador, que ya enfrentaban crisis económicas y sanitarias. Este manuscrito presenta la posición de un grupo de expertos latinoamericanos sobre las recomendaciones de consumo y/o suplementación con vitamina A, C, D, zinc, hierro, folatos y micronutrientes múltiples, en contextos de desnutrición, para grupos vulnerables: mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, niñas y niños menores de 5 años y adultos mayores. Las recomendaciones buscan disminuir el impacto potencial que tendrá COVID-19 en el estado nutricional, durante la pandemia. La posición surge de la discusión de dichos expertos con base a la revisión de evidencia científica actual para estos grupos vulnerables. Está dirigida a tomadores de decisiones, encargados de políticas públicas, personal de salud y organismos de la sociedad civil. Después de la lactancia materna y una dieta suficiente en cantidad y calidad, la suplementación con los micronutrientes presentados, puede contribuir a prevenir y tratar enfermedades virales, reforzar el sistema inmune y reducir complicaciones. La lactancia materna con medidas de higiene respiratoria, el suministro de múltiples micronutrientes en polvo para niños desde los 6 meses hasta los 5 años y el aporte de hierro y folatos o micronutrientes múltiples para la embarazada, son estrategias comprobadas y eficaces que deben seguirse implementando en tiempos de COVID-19. Para los adultos mayores la suplementación con vitamina C, D y zinc puede estar indicada(AU)

The COVID-19 crisis (SARS-CoV-2) might transform into a food catastrophe in Latin America and would increase the number of people suffering from hunger from 135 to 265 million, particularly in Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti and El Salvador, already facing economic and health crises. This manuscript presents the position of a group of Latin American experts in nutrition for establishing the recommendations for consumption and / or supplementation with vitamin A, C, D, zinc, iron, folates and multiple micronutrients, in undernutrition contexts, for vulnerable population of pregnant and lactating women, children under 5 years and the elderly. The recommendations seek to decrease the potential impact that COVID-19 will have on nutritional status during the pandemic. The position arises from the discussion of the experts based on the review of current scientific evidence for these vulnerable groups. It aims to reach stakeholders, public policy makers, health personnel and civil society organizations. Only after breastfeeding and a sufficient diet in terms of quantity and quality, a supplementation with the micronutrients mentioned above can help prevent and treat viral diseases, strengthen the immune system and even reduce complications. Breastfeeding with respiratory hygiene measures, the provision of multiple micronutrients powders for children from 6 moths to 5 years of age and the supply of iron and folates or multiple micronutrients tablets for pregnant women are proven and effective strategies that must continue to be implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. For older adults, supplementation with vitamin C, D and zinc might be indicated(AU)

Relación entre niveles de vitamina D y perfil lipídico en embarazadas de alto riesgo / Relationship between level of vitamin D and lipid profile in high risk pregnant women

En la Argentina, las embarazadas presentan alta prevalencia (80%) de hipovitaminosis D y de sobrepeso u obesidad (27,4%). Ambas condiciones pueden aumentar la morbimortalidad materno-fetal. Bajos niveles de vitamina D se han relacionado con aumento del colesterol total, LDL, triglicéridos (Tg) y descenso de HDL. Objetivo: evaluar los niveles de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25OHD) y su relación con el perfil lipídico en pacientes embarazadas de alto riesgo. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal entre septiembre de 2016 y abril de 2017. Se excluyeron pacientes que recibieron suplementos de vitamina D, con disfunción tiroidea no compensada, malabsorción, insuficiencia cardíaca, renal o hepática y dislipidemia familiar. Niveles circulantes de 25OHD < 30 ng/ml se consideraron hipovitaminosis. Resultados: se evaluaron 86 embarazadas de 29,3 ± 7,1 años durante la semana 28 ± 6,5. El IMC pregestacional fue 28,3 ± 6,5 kg/m2 y la ganancia de peso 7 ± 4,3 kg. Perfil lipídico: colesterol total 240 ± 54 mg/dl; LDL 156 ± 54 mg/dl; HDL 66 ± 15 mg/dl; Tg 204 ± 80 mg/dl. La media de 25OHD fue de 23,8 ± 9 ng/ml, con una prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D de 77,9 %. Las pacientes con hipovitaminosis D presentaron mayores valores de colesterol total y LDL (p < 0,05), con tendencia no significativa a presentar mayores valores de Tg. Conclusión: en embarazadas de alto riesgo se observó una alta prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D, asociada con mayores concentraciones de colesterol total y LDL. (AU)

In Argentina, pregnant women have a high prevalence (80 %) of hypovitaminosis D and verweight/obesity (27.4%), conditions that can increase maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) have been linked to an increase in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. Objective: to evaluate the levels of vitamin D and its relationship with the lipid profile in high risk pregnant patients. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study between September 2016 and April 2017. Patients who received vitamin D supplements or had non-compensated thyroid dysfunction, malabsorption, heart failure, renal or hepatic failure, or familial dyslipidemia were excluded. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a circulating level of 25OHD < 30 ng/ml. Results: We assessed 86 women of 29.3 ± 7.1 years during pregnancy week 28 ± 6.5. Pre-gestational BMI was 28.3 ± 6.5 kg/m2. Their weight gain was 7 ± 4.3 kg. Lipid profile: total cholesterol 240 ± 54 mg/dl; LDL cholesterol 156 ± 54 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol 66 ± 15 mg/dL; TG 204 ± 80 mg/dl. The mean 25OHD level was 23.8 ± 9 ng/ml, with a 77.9 % prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. Patients with hypovitaminosis D had higher values of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (p<0.05), and a non-significant trend toward higher triglyceridemia. Conclusion: A high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, associated with high total and LDL cholesterol was found in high risk pregnant women. (AU)

Increased Left Atrial Volume and Its Relationship to Vitamin D in Primary Care

The study is based on the fact that left atrial (LA) volume measurement is a marker of the presence of diastolic dysfunction and that Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with ventricular remodeling, worsening of left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic function, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Objective: To evaluate whether LAV changes are related to vitamin D deficiency. Method: A cross-sectional, population-based, unicentric study in which 640 patients over 45 years of age enrolled in the Niterói's Médico de Família program, RJ, were evaluated. Patients were submitted to tissue Doppler echocardiography to evaluate the parameters of diastolic and systolic function and vitamin D dosage. The presence or absence of hypovitaminosis D associated with structural and functional cardiac changes was compared between each group. A p < 0.05 value was considered as an indicator of statistical significance. Results: Of the 640 individuals analyzed, hypovitaminosis D was confirmed in 39.2% of the patients, of whom 34.8% had diastolic dysfunction. The most relevant echocardiographic parameters that were statistically significant were non-indexed AEDs and LAV, E'/A' and E wave deceleration time, which were associated with the presence of hypovitaminosis D (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study of the association of hypovitaminosis D and the appearance of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities may contribute to the discussion of the adoption of one more criterion to select individuals at risk of developing clinical cardiac insufficiency in primary care since, with the use of echocardiography, the subclinical condition of cardiac involvement, with prognostic and treatment implications for the referred patients with hypovitaminosis D, can be identified early

Severe malnutrition after bariatric surgery and clinic manifestations of infection

SUMMARY This report describes the post-bariatric-surgery evolution of an obese patient who had low adherence to the diet and micronutrient supplementation. Four years after two bariatric surgeries, the patient was admitted due to transient loss of consciousness, slow thinking, anasarca, severe hypoalbuminemia, in addition to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. She had subcutaneous foot abscess but did not present fever. Received antibiotics, vitamins A, D, B12, thiamine, calcium, and parenteral nutrition. After hospitalization (twenty-eight days), there was a significant body weight reduction probably due to the disappearance of clinical anasarca. Parenteral nutrition was suspended after twenty-five days, and the oral diet was kept fractional. After hospitalization (weekly outpatient care), there was a gradual laboratory data improvement, which was now close to the reference values. Such outcome shows the need for specialized care in preventing and treating nutritional complications after bariatric surgeries as well as clinical manifestations of infection in previously undernourished patients.

RESUMO Este relato descreve a evolução pós-cirurgia bariátrica de uma paciente obesa que apresentou baixa adesão à dieta e suplementação de micronutrientes. Quatro anos após duas cirurgias bariátricas, a paciente foi internada por perda transitória de consciência, raciocínio lento, anasarca, hipoalbuminemia grave, além de deficiências vitamínicas e minerais. Apresentava abscesso subcutâneo no pé, mas não apresentava febre. Recebeu antibióticos, vitaminas A, D, B12, tiamina, cálcio e nutrição parenteral. Após a internação (28 dias) houve redução significativa do peso corporal, provavelmente devido ao desaparecimento clínico da anasarca. A nutrição parenteral foi suspensa após 25 dias e a dieta oral foi mantida fracionada. Após a internação (atendimento ambulatorial semanal) houve uma melhora gradativa dos dados laboratoriais, que estavam próximos dos valores de referência. Tal desfecho mostra a necessidade de cuidados especializados na prevenção e tratamento de complicações nutricionais após cirurgias bariátricas, bem como manifestações clínicas de infecção em pacientes previamente desnutridos.

El hambre oculta y la fibromialgia: Una revisión sistemática / The hidden hunger and fibromyalgia: A systematic review

RESUMEN Recientemente há sido discutida la posibilidad de una relación causal entre la fibromialgia (FM) y la deficiencia de micronutrientes, un tipo de deficiencia nutricional conocida como "hambre oculta". Sin embargo, los estudios son pocos y los resultados controversiales, lo que genera debates sobre la influencia real del "hambre oculta" en el proceso de la enfermedad en las personas con fibromialgia. En está revisión se presentan y discuten evidencias científicas relacionadas con la deficiencia de micronutrientes y FM, destacando los principales micronutrientes relacionados. El levantamiento de información fue realizado en los bases de datos de PubMed y Science Direct en estudios observacionales publicados entre los años 2000 y 2017. Fueron seleccionados 14 estudios, ocho dirigidos a la asociación de la deficiencia de vitamina D y la presencia de FM y seis enfocados en la asociación de la deficiencia de minerales con FM. Se sugiere una relación entre la deficiencia de vitamina D y el aumento de la sensibilidad al dolor en la FM. Aunque esa insuficiencia también está asociada a otras enfermedades muscoesqueléticas crónicas. Además, parece que la deficiencia mineral (p.ej.o., hierro, magnesio, zinc y calcio) también desempeña un papel importante en el inicio de la FM y sus principales síntomas.

ABSTRACT Recently the possibility of a causal link between fibromyalgia (FM) and micronutrient deficiency, a type of malnutrition known as "hidden hunger", has been suggested. However, the results are controversial, which raises questions and debates on the actual influence of "hidden hunger" on the development of FM. In this review, we present and discuss scientific evidence related to micronutrient deficiencies and FM, highlighting key micronutrients involved. We searched PubMed and Science Direct databases for all observational studies published between 2000 to March 2017. We selected fourteen observational studies, eight studies aimed at linking vitamin D deficiency to the presence of FM and six studies focused on the association of mineral deficiency with FM. The association between vitamin D deficiency and increased pain sensitivity in FM is suggested, although such insufficiency is also associated with other chronic musculoskeletal disorders. It appears that mineral deficiency (e.g., iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc and calcium) plays an important role in the onset of FM and its main symptoms.

Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy: Is it a public health issue? / Hipovitaminose D na gestação: um problema de saúde pública?

Abstract Objectives: to measure the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in healthy pregnant women and to analyze the association among some variables and the levels of vitamin D. Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study. 174 healthy pregnant women were selected from four basic health units in São Luís, Brazil, from January to February 2017. The participants answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic and obstetric data. A blood sample was collected to evaluate the plasmatic level of vitamin D. The association between independent variables and the outcome was evaluated by using the Student's t-test and Chisquare test. Results: the mean of vitamin D concentration was 24.9±6.6ng/ml. Forty women (23.0%) presented vitamin D sufficiency, 93 (53.4%) insufficient, and 41 (23.6%) with deficiency. There was a difference in the vitamin D concentration between evangelical (23.1 ng/ml) and non-evangelical (25.5 ng/ml) (p=0.02) and between primigravida (23.8 ng/ml) and non-primigravida (25.7 ng/ml) (p=0.03). There was a difference in the hypovitaminosis D between adolescents (89.7%) and non-adolescents (72.6%) (p=0.02) and between primigravida (85.0%) and non-primigravida (69.2%) (p=0.01). Low monthly income per capita was associated with a higher frequency of vitamin D sufficiency. Conclusions: Due to the impact of inadequate levels of vitamin D in pregnant women and their babies' health, even in an equatorial city, hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women is an important public health issue.

Resumo Objetivos: medir a prevalência de hipovitaminose D em gestantes saudáveis e analisar a associação entre variáveis e níveis de vitamina D. Métodos: estudo analítico transversal. 174 gestantes saudáveis selecionadas em quatro unidades básicas de saúde em São Luís, Brasil, em janeiro/fevereiro/2017. As participantes responderam um questionário contendo dados sociodemográficos e obstétricos. Coletou-se uma amostra de sangue para avaliar o nível plasmático de vitamina D. A associação entre as variáveis independentes e o desfecho foi avaliada pelos testes t de Student e Qui-quadrado. Resultados: a concentração média de vitamina D foi de 24,9±6,6 ng/mL. Quarenta mulheres (23,0%) apresentaram suficiência de vitamina D, 93 (53,4%) insuficiência, e 41 (23,6%) deficiência. Houve diferença na concentração de vitamina D entre evangélicas (23,1 ng/mL) e não-evangélicas (25,5 ng/mL) (p=0,02), e entre primigrávidas (23,8 ng/mL) e não-primigrávidas (25,7ng/mL) (p=0,03). Houve diferença na hipovitaminose D entre adolescentes (89,7%) e não-adolescentes (72,6%) (p=0,02) e entre primigrávidas (85,0%) e não-primigrávidas (69,2%) (p=0,01). Menor renda mensal per capita associou-se a uma maior frequência de suficiência de vitamina D. Conclusões: Devido ao impacto dos níveis inadequados de vitamina D na saúde das gestantes e dos seus recém-nascidos, mesmo em uma cidade equatorial, a hipovitaminose D em gestantes é um importante problema de saúde pública.

Influencia de la estación del año en los niveles de vitamina D de una población pediátrica / Influence of the season of the year in vitamin D levels in a pediatric population

Introducción: El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es determinar los niveles séricos de 25 (OH) vitamina D en una población pediátrica de la Ciudad de Rosario y sus alrededores y la influencia de las diferentes estaciones del año sobrelos mismos.Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional en el que se dosó el nivel de vitamina D en niños de ambossexos menores de 15 años de edad. El plazo de medición fue de un año calendario para posteriormente y analizarsus niveles según las cuatro estaciones del año. Todos los análisis de vitamina D fueron realizados por el mismolaboratorio y el mismo equipo de medición.Resultados: Se incluyeron 128 pacientes de ambos sexos. Del total de mediciones se encontraron niveles inferioresa 30 ng/ml en el 61,7% (n=79). Las medias de los niveles de Vitamina D fueron en otoño 32,6 ng/ml (±12,3);invierno 24,4 ng/ml (±8,7); primavera 24,1 ng/ml (±7,2) y en verano 27,8 ng/ml (±10,8). Existieron diferenciassignificativas entre las estaciones de otoño y primavera (p< 0,001) y entre otoño e invierno (p<0,004). Otoño fue laúnica estación que presentó niveles superiores a 30 ng/ml (media: 32,6).Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de niveles bajos de vitamina D (según lo publicado en la literatura a nivelinternacional). Recomendamos su dosaje especialmente en las estaciones de invierno, primavera y verano (AU)

Introduction: The purpose of our work is to determine the serum levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D in a pediatric populationof the City of Rosario and surrounding areas, and the influence of the different seasons of the year on them.Material and methods: A prospective observational study in which the level of vitamin D was measured in children ofboth sexes under 15 years of age. The measurement period was one calendar year to be subsequently analyzed accordingto the four seasons of the year. All vitamin D tests were performed by the same laboratory and the same measurementequipment. Results: 128 patients of both sexes were included. Of the total measurements, levels lower than 30 ng / ml were found in61.7% (n = 79). The averages of Vitamin D levels were: in autumn 32.6 ng / ml (±12,3); winter 24.4 ng / ml (±8,7);spring 24.1 ng / ml (±7,2) and summer 27.8 ng / ml (±10,8). There were significant differences between the autumn andspring seasons (p <0.001) and between autumn and winter (p <0.004). Autumn was the only station that presented levelshigher than 30 ng / ml (mean: 32.6).Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of low levels of vitamin D (as published in the international literature). We recommend its dosing especially in the winter, spring and summer seasons (AU)

Prevalence of low folate deficiency after wheat flour supplementation - should we still measure serum folate?

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the frequency of folic acid deficiency in consecutive serum folate determinations and to determine whether there was a significant decrease in serum folate deficiency after folate was added to wheat flour. Methods: A retrospective descriptive observational study was performed of consecutive folate measurements at the Hospital Privado Universitario, Cordoba, Argentina. Results: Two cohorts were analyzed: 1197 folate measurements between 2001 and 2008 (before supplementation) and 3335 folate measurements from 2009 to 2014 (after supplementation). Folate deficiency was found in 84/1197 (7%) subjects in the pre-supplementation group and in 58/3335 (1.73%) after supplementation. The prevalence of folate deficiency was 12% between 2001 and 2003 when folate was not added to flour compared to 4% in 2004-2007 (p-value < 0.0001) when folate was added to the flour but no widespread use was documented. Conclusions: In the studied population, the prevalence of serum folic acid deficiency after folate supplementation was low at 1.73%. There was a significant decrease in folate deficiency after folate was added to wheat flour. Given the low prevalence of folic acid deficiency observed in this and similar studies, and the observed change with supplementation, we conclude that routine measurement of serum folate is of limited clinical use.

Deficiência da Vitamina D e doenças cardiovasculares / Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases

A vitamina D é considerada um hormônio esteroide com amplo espectro de atuação no organismo humano. Sua ação ocorre a partir da ligação do seu metabólito ativo (1α, 25-di-hidroxivitamina D) com seu receptor (VDR) que se encontra presente em todo o organismo, inclusive nas células musculares lisas vasculares e nos cardiomiócitos. Inicialmente, a deficiência de vitamina D havia sido relacionada apenas com alterações no sistema musculoesquelético. Porém, nos últimos anos, pesquisadores têm demonstrado sua relação com diversas patologias pertencentes a outros sistemas, tais como as doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a fisiopatologia da vitamina D, descrever sua relação com as doenças cardiovasculares com base nas publicações mais recentes e destacar os resultados da suplementação vitamínica na prevenção de tais patologias

Estado nutricional de vitamina A na gravidez e associação com desfechos materno-infantis no estudo MINA-Brasil / Vitamin A status during pregnancy and its association with mother-infant outcomes in the MINA-Brazil study

Introdução - Exposições adversas relacionadas ao estado nutricional na gestação têm sido associadas a desfechos desfavoráveis para a saúde materno-infantil. Nesse contexto, a deficiência de vitamina A (VA) é uma das carências nutricionais mais relevantes para a saúde dessa parcela da população, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos - a) investigar preditores da concentração de retinol sérico no início do terceiro trimestre de gestação (Artigo 1), b) investigar a associação entre estado nutricional de VA durante a gestação e anemia materna no parto e peso ao nascer (Artigo 2) e c) investigar a prevalência e fatores associados com a cegueira noturna gestacional (XN) e anemia materna no parto (Artigo 3) em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos - Trata-se de estudo de coorte de nascimentos (MINA-Brasil: Saúde e Nutrição Materno-Infantil no Acre), a partir do recrutamento de gestantes do município. Entre fevereiro/2015 e maio/2016, gestantes inscritas no prénatal da área urbana foram rastreadas (n = 587) e dois inquéritos realizados: 1ª avaliação com 16-20 semanas de gravidez e a 2ª avaliação com 27-30 semanas de gestação. Informações sobre condições sociodemográficas, ambientais, histórico de saúde e estilo de vida, medidas antropométricas, coleta de sangue em jejum e exame de ultrassonografia foram obtidas pela equipe de pesquisa. Posteriormente, entre julho/2015 e junho/2016, foi realizado registro diário das internações para parto na única maternidade do município com coleta de informações sobre desfechos de interesse para o presente estudo. Modelos de regressão múltiplos de Poisson e lineares foram utilizados nas análises estatísticas, ao nível de significância P<0,05. Resultados - No Artigo 1 (n = 422), a presença de fumante no domicílio foi inversamente associado às concentrações de retinol sérico na gravidez (ß: -0,087; IC 95%: -0,166, -0,009); por outro lado, a sazonalidade (inverno amazônico - ß: 0,134; IC 95%: 0,063, 0,206), o consumo semanal de frutos amazônicos (ricos em carotenoides - ß: 0,087; IC 95%: 0,012, 0,162) e a concentração de retinol entre 16-20 semanas de gestação (ß: 0,045; IC 95%: 0,016, 0,074) foram positivamente associados à concentração de retinol sérico no início do terceiro trimestre gestacional. No Artigo 2 (n = 488), independente do momento avaliado na gestação, a deficiência de VA foi associada ao risco para anemia materna (RP: 1,39; IC 95%: 1,05, 1,84) e inversamente associada com as concentrações de hemoglobina materna no parto (ß: -3,34; IC 95%: -6,48, -0,20), após ajuste para covariáveis. No mesmo sentido, associação inversa também foi observada para o peso ao nascer (ß: -0,10; IC 95%: -0,20, -0,00), contudo, perdendo a significância estatística após ajuste para concentrações de ferritina plasmática. No Artigo 3 (n = 1.525), altas prevalências de cegueira noturna gestacional (11,54%) e anemia materna no parto (39,38%) foram encontradas nesta população. Os fatores associados à cegueira noturna foram o número de pessoas no domicílio (cinco ou mais- RP: 2,06; IC 95%: 1,24, 3,41), fumo na gestação (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,15, 2,78) e ter realizado menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RP: 1,61; IC 95%: 1,08, 2,40). Os fatores associados à anemia materna foram: ser adolescente (< 19 anos - RP: 1,18; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,38), malária na gestação (RP: 1,22; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,49), não ter usado suplementos na gestação (RP: 1,27; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,62) e o número de consultas de pré-natal (< 6 consultas - RP: 1,40; IC 95%: 1,15, 1,70) Conclusão - Em município da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira, a carência de VA associou-se ao risco para anemia no parto e foi inversamente associada à hemoglobina materna e o peso ao nascer do bebê. Estratégias e ações para promoção da alimentação saudável e nutrição da mulher no pré-natal precisam ser reavaliadas visando redução dos efeitos adversos da carência de VA para o binômio mãe-filho

Introduction - Adverse exposures related to antenatal nutrition care have been associated with poor maternal and child outcomes. In this sense, vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a relevant public health issue for this vulnerable population, especially in developing countries. Objectives - a) to investigate the predictors of serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy (Article 1), b) to investigate associations between the VA status during pregnancy with the occurrence of maternal anemia and birth weight (Article 2), and c) to investigate the prevalence, as well as the associated factors with gestational night blindness and maternal anemia (Article 3) in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State, Western Brazilian Amazon. Methods - Prospective birth cohort study (MINA-Brazil: Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre State), starting with recruitment of pregnant women. Between February/2015 and May/2016, pregnant women registered in antenatal clinics in the urban area of Cruzeiro do Sul were screened (n = 587) and two follow-up surveys were performed: the 1st one between 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy and the 2nd one between 27 to 30 weeks of pregnancy. Socioeconomic, environmental, health history and lifestyle, anthropometric measures, blood samples, and ultrasounds data were gathered by the research team. Subsequently, between July/2015 and June/2016, daily visits to the municipal maternity hospital were performed in order to register all births and the outcomes of interest for this study. Multiple Poisson and linear regression models were used for statistical analysis, at P <0.05. Results - In the Article 1 (n = 422), having a smoker in the household was inversely associated with serum retinol in pregnancy (ß: -0.087; 95% CI: -0.166, - 0.009); on the other hand, the seasonality (Amazonian winter - ß: 0.134; 95% CI: 0.063, 0.206), the weekly consumption of Amazonian carotenoid-rich fruits (ß: 0.087; 95% CI: 0.012, 0.162), and serum retinol in the first assessment (ß: 0.045; 95% CI: 0.016, 0.074) were positively associated with serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. In the Article 2 (n = 488), regardless the period assessed, VA deficiency was associated with the risk for maternal anemia (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), as well as it was inversely associated with maternal serum hemoglobin (ß: -3.34; 95% CI: -6.48, - 0.20), after adjustment for covariates. Similarly, inverse association was observed for the birth weight (ß: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.00), even though it was no longer associated after adjustment for plasma ferritin. In the Article 3 (n = 1,525), high prevalence rate of gestational night blindness (11.5%) and maternal anemia (39.4%) were observed. Associated factors with gestational night blindness were the number of people in the household (five or more- PR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.24, 3.41), smoking during pregnancy (PR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.78), and the completeness of less than six antenatal care visits (PR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.40). Associated factors with maternal anemia were being teenage (< 19 years - PR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.38), gestational malaria (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49), did not use any supplementation during pregnancy (PR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.62), and the number of antenatal care visits (< 6 visits - PR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.70). Conclusion - In a city in the Western Brazilian Amazon, the VA deficiency was associated with the risk for maternal anemia and was inversely associated with maternal serum hemoglobin and the birth weight. The current strategies and interventions targeting antenatal nutrition care must be reviewed in order to reduce the adverse effects for mother-child binomial caused by VA deficiency.

Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Vitamina A no Brasil: um estudo de avaliabilidade / Vitamin A Supplementation Program in Brazil: evaluability assessment / Programa Nacional de Suplementación de Vitamina A en Brasil: un estudio de evaluación

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as etapas do estudo de avaliabilidade do Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Vitamina A (PNSVA) no Brasil. Métodos Estudo com abordagem qualitativa que adotou como referencial o sistema de sete elementos proposto por Thurston e Ramaliu. Foram realizados análise de documentos, revisão teórica sobre o PNSVA e encontros com referências técnicas para a elaboração da linha do tempo e modelos teórico e lógico do Programa. O modelo lógico subsidiou a elaboração de dois questionários a serem utilizados para avaliar a implantação do PNSVA. Foi realizada a validação de conteúdo das perguntas avaliativas dos questionários por meio da técnica Delphi. Resultados O estudo possibilitou compreender a evolução das estratégias para prevenção e controle da deficiência de vitamina A no país, além do funcionamento do PNSVA e seu contexto externo. O modelo lógico revelou-se uma ferramenta valiosa para identificar áreas específicas que devem ser priorizadas em avaliações futuras. A validação dos questionários indicou que esses instrumentos abordam questões necessárias para a avaliação da implantação do Programa em municípios. A etapa da técnica Delphi foi de grande importância para guiar ajustes pertinentes quanto ao conteúdo e à forma de apresentação de algumas questões, o que certamente aumentará o poder analítico da ferramenta. Conclusão O estudo de avaliabilidade apontou a possibilidade de avaliações posteriores do PNSVA. Espera-se que os resultados desta investigação auxiliem futuras avaliações em países que adotam ações semelhantes às do Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the steps of the Brazilian Vitamin A Supplementation Program (PNSVA) evaluability assessment. Method The present qualitative study employed the seven-element system proposed by Thurston and Ramaliu. The study involved document analysis, conceptual review of PNSVA, and meetings with technical experts to assemble a time line and the Program's theoretical and logical frameworks. The logical framework supported the elaboration of two questionnaires to be used for PNSVA evaluation. The questionnaires were validated using the Delphi method. Results The analysis revealed the evolution of vitamin A control and prevention strategies in the country, and provided information on the functioning of PNSVA and on its external context. The logical framework was found to be an invaluable tool for detecting specific priority areas for future assessments. The validation of the questionnaires indicated that they did in fact cover topics that are necessary to evaluate the implementation of PNSVA in municipalities. The Delphi step was essential to guide adjustments regarding question content and format, which served to increase the analytic power of the instruments. Conclusion The evaluability assessment indicated that future PNSVA evaluations will be possible. It is expected that the present results may be useful in countries developing similar initiatives as the one described in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las etapas del estudio de evaluación del Programa Nacional de Suplementación de Vitamina A (PNSVA) en Brasil. Métodos Estudio con enfoque cualitativo que adoptó como marco de referencia el sistema de siete elementos propuesto por Thurston y Ramaliu. Se realizó análisis de documentos, revisión teórica del PNSVA y reuniones con expertos técnicos para la elaboración del cronograma y los marcos teórico y lógico del Programa. El modelo lógico ayudó a elaborar dos cuestionarios para ser utilizados en la evaluación del PNSVA. Los cuestionarios fueron validados utilizando el método Delphi. Resultados El estudio permitió comprender la evolución de las estrategias para prevenir y controlar la deficiencia de vitamina A en el país, además del funcionamiento del PNSVA y su contexto externo. El modelo lógico representó una herramienta valiosa para identificar áreas específicas que deben ser priorizadas en evaluaciones futuras. La validación de los cuestionarios indicó que estos instrumentos abordan temas necesarios para la evaluación de la implantación del Programa en los municipios. La aplicación del método Delphi fue muy importante para guiar los ajustes pertinentes en cuanto al contenido y la forma de presentación de algunos temas, lo que con certeza aumentará el poder analítico de la herramienta. Conclusión El estudio de evaluación señaló la posibilidad de evaluaciones futuras del PNSVA. Se espera que los resultados de esta investigación ayuden a futuras evaluaciones en países que adopten acciones similares a las de Brasil.

Concentrações séricas de 25 hidroxivitamina D em mulheres acima de 35 anos: prevalência de valores considerados como normais e fatores associados / Serum concentrations of 25 hydroxyvitamin D in women over 35 years: prevalence of measures considered as normal and associated factors

Introdução: Atualmente o estudo da vitamina D é motivo de especial atenção pelos profissionais da área da saúde, não só pelos já consagrados benefícios à saúde óssea, mas também por inúmeros outros, como a melhora da função cognitiva, imunológica, depressão e até redução no risco de doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Ademais, com o aumento da longevidade, a hipovitaminose D - de alta prevalência em idosos e mulheres após a menopausa - ganha importância na saúde pública. Diante deste cenário, torna-se necessário a realização de estudos que avaliem a prevalência de hipovitaminose D e os fatores a ela associados. Objetivo: estimar, em mulheres acima de 35 anos residentes em Pindamonhangaba, SP, as concentrações séricas de 25 hidroxivitamina D e segmentar as prevalências em dois valores: acima de 20 e acima de 30 ng/mL; identificar os possíveis fatores associados a esses dois limites propostos. Método: Em amostragem aleatória estratificada foram selecionadas 1200 mulheres de 35 a 74 anos, cadastradas no Programa de Saúde da Família da cidade de Pindamonhangaba; em 681 delas foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas para determinação da vitamina D. A variável dependente estudada foi a concentração sérica de 25(OH)D e, as independentes foram pressão arterial, circunferência abdominal e IMC depressão, ansiedade, estresse, insônia, hábito de tonar sol e suplementação de vitamina D referidos, além da determinação das concentrações séricas de cortisol, glicose, colesterol total/frações e triglicerídeos. Resultados: Da população estudada, 73,4% tinham concentrações de 25(OH)D >=20ng/mL e 34,8%, >=30ng/mL. O uso suplementos de vitamina D e o habito de tomar sol associaram-se positivamente às concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D >=30ng/mL (OR=1,58, IC95%: 1,08-2,33 e OR=1,28, IC95%: 1,03-1,58, respectivamente), mas apenas o uso de suplementos de vitamina D mostrou associação com as medidas >=20ng/mL (OR=1,20, IC95%: 1,02-1,40). Ter depressão leve associou-se positivamente a 25(OH)D >=30ng/mL (OR=1,41, IC95%: 1,12-1,79), mas nenhuma associação foi notada com medidas >=20ng/mL. As medidas de 25(OH)D >=30 e 20ng/mL associaram-se negativamente às medidas séricas de glicose >=100 mg/dL (OR=0,72, IC95% 0,58- 0,90 e OR=0,90, IC95% 0,82-0,99, respectivamente). As medidas séricas de HDL <=50mg/dL e triglicérides >=150mg/dL associaram-se negativamente às medidas de 25(OH)D >=30ng/mL (OR=0,79, IC95% 0,63-0,99 e OR=0,77, IC95% 0,62-0,97, respectivamente). Houve associação negativa entre as medidas >=30ng/mL e o diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica, tanto pelo ATPIII (OR 0,72, IC95%: 0,58-0,90) quanto pelo IDF (OR=0,73, IC95%: 0,60-0,91), mas nenhuma associação com as medidas >=20ng/mL. Conclusão: A hipovitaminose D é altamente prevalente na população de mulheres acima de 35 anos de idade. As medidas séricas >=20ng/mL associaram-se negativamente a glicemia >=100mg/dL. As medidas >=30mg/dL associaram-se negativamente a glicemia >=100mg/dL, triglicérides >=150mg/dL, HDL <= 50mg/dL e diagnostico de síndrome metabólica e, positivamente à depressão.

Introduction: Currently the study of vitamin D is a special concern of the health professionals, not only for the already established benefits to bone health, but also for innumerable others, such as the improvement of cognitive, immunological function, depression and even reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Moreover, with increasing longevity, vitamin D deficiency - highly prevalent in the elderly and postmenopausal women - gains importance in public health. In view of the aforementioned reasons, it is necessary to conduct studies that evaluate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its associated factors. Objective: to estimate the prevalence of having 25hidroxivitamino D over 20 and 30 ng/mL and identify its associated factors in climacteric women resident in Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil. Method: In randomized stratified sampling, 1,200 women aged 35-74 years enrolled in the Pindamonhangaba's Family Health Program were selected; in 681 of them, blood samples were taken for clinical analysis. The dependent variable studied was the serum concentration of 25(OH)D and the independent variables were blood pressure, waist circumference and BMI depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, sunbathing and vitamin D supplementation, as well as determination of serum cortisol, glucose, total cholesterol and fractions and triglycerides levels. Results: Of the study population, 73.4% had 25(OH)D >=20ng/mL and 34.8% >=30ng/ml. Vitamin D supplements use and sunbathing were both positively associated with 25(OH)D >= 30ng/mL (OR=1.58; 95%CI:1.08-2.33 and OR =1.28; 95%CI:1.03-1.58, respectively), but only in the use of vitamin D supplements the association with 25(OH)D >=20ng/ml was found (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.02- 1.40). Mild depression was positively associated with 25(OH)D >=30ng/mL (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.12-1.79), but no association was noted with measurements >=20ng/mL. Both 25(OH)D >=30 and >=20ng/mL were negatively associated with blood glucose >=100mg/dL (OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.58-0.90 and OR=0.90, 95%CI 0.82-0.99, respectively). Serum HDL <= 50mg/dL and triglycerides >=150mg/dL were negatively associated with 25(OH)D >=30ng/mL (OR=0.79, 95%CI 0.63-0.99 and OR=0.77, 95%CI 0.62-0.97, respectively). A negative association was present between 25(OH)D >=30 ng/mL and metabolic syndrome by ATPIII (OR= 0.72, 95%CI: 0.58-0.90) and IDF criteria (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.60-0.91), but there was no association with 25(OH)D >=20ng/mL. Conclusion: Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent in study population. Serum 25(OH)D >=20mg/dL was negatively associated with glycemia >=100mg/dL, and the 30mg/dL limit was negatively associated with glycemia >=100mg/dL, triglycerides >=150mg/dL, HDL <=50mg/dL and metabolic syndrome and positively associated to depression. Serum measurements >=20ng/mL were not significantly associated with the investigated factors.