Antitrombóticos en las prótesis valvulares biológicas: ¿cuál es el mejor camino a seguir? / Antithrombotics in biological valve prostheses: what is the best way forward? / Antitrombóticos em próteses de válvulas biológicas: qual é o melhor caminho a seguir?

La enfermedad valvular cardíaca es una condición muy frecuente en la población general y un porcentaje considerable de estos pacientes requieren un tratamiento intervencionista sobre su valvulopatía para lograr atenuar su evolución natural. En este contexto, en la actualidad ha aumentado el uso de las prótesis valvulares biológicas para su tratamiento y, con ello, surge el dilema del manejo antitrombótico en estos pacientes en términos de prevención de tromboembolias y eventos hemorrágicos. ¿Cuál es el fármaco más efectivo y seguro en el período posoperatorio temprano? ¿Qué antitrombóticos podemos utilizar en el período posoperatorio tardío? ¿Qué estrategia seguimos cuando el paciente presenta otras indicaciones de anticoagulación? El objetivo de esta revisión es valorar la evidencia actual respecto al tratamiento antitrombótico en pacientes portadores de prótesis valvulares biológicas con y sin indicaciones adicionales de anticoagulación.

Heart valve disease is a very common condition in the general population and a considerable percentage of these patients require interventional treatment for their valve disease to mitigate its natural evolution. In this context, the use of biological prosthetic valves for their treatment has now increased, and with this, the dilemma of antithrombotic management in these patients arises, in terms of prevention of thromboembolism and hemorrhagic events. What is the most effective and safe drug in the early postoperative period? What antithrombotics can we use in the late postoperative period? What strategy do we follow when the patient presents other indications for anticoagulation? The objective of this review is to assess the current evidence regarding antithrombotic treatment in patients with biological prosthetic valves with and without additional indications for anticoagulation.

A valvopatia é uma condição muito comum na população geral e uma porcentagem considerável desses pacientes necessita de tratamento intervencionista para sua valvopatia para amenizar sua evolução natural. Nesse contexto, o uso de próteses valvares biológicas para seu tratamento tem aumentado, e com isso surge o dilema do manejo antitrombótico nesses pacientes em termos de prevenção de tromboembolismo e eventos hemorrágicos. Qual é o fármaco mais eficaz e seguro no pós-operatório imediato? Que antitrombóticos podemos usar no pós-operatório tardio? Que estratégia seguimos quando o paciente apresenta outras indicações de anticoagulação? O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar as evidências atuais sobre o tratamento antitrombótico em pacientes com próteses valvares biológicas com e sem indicações adicionais de anticoagulação.

Manejo de hemorragia posamigdalectomía en Chile / Treatment of post tonsillectomy bleeding in Chile

Resumen Introducción: La amigdalectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuentes en la población pediátrica. Aunque se considera una cirugía sencilla y segura, no está exenta de riesgos, siendo el principal la hemorragia posoperatoria. Objetivo: Evaluar el manejo de la hemorragia posamigdalectomía en otorrinolaringólogos en Chile. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo sobre la experiencia y manejo de hemorragias posamigdalectomía mediante una encuesta difundida a socios activos de la Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SOCHIORL). Resultados: Se recopilaron respuestas de 102 de los 348 socios. El 97% ha presentado esta complicación. La medida inicial ante una hemorragia tardía fuera de una unidad de otorrinolaringología es derivar al servicio de urgencias en el 88% de los casos. En urgencia, la indicación más frecuente es administrar ácido tranexámico endovenoso en un 80%. En el caso de hemorragia sin estigmas de sangrado actual, un 68% indica alta con control precoz. Si se evidencian coágulos en la fosa amigdalina, el 72% indica hospitalización para observación. Si se evidencia sangrado activo, el 94% indica hospitalización y revisión de hemostasia en pabellón. Conclusión: Los resultados a nivel nacional, según este estudio, son concordantes con la literatura mundial. El manejo en el servicio de urgencia se basa en la experiencia del tratante. Respecto a los distintos escenarios clínicos, se recomienda hospitalización en caso de evidenciar coágulos y manejo en pabellón en la presencia de sangrado activo. El manejo es variable en pacientes sin hallazgos al examen físico.

Abstract Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the pediatric population. Although it is considered a simple and safe surgery, it has associated risks, the main one being postoperative bleeding. Aim: Evaluate the management of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in otorhinolaryngologists practicing in Chile. Material and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the experience and management of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage through a survey distributed to active members of the Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SOCHIORL). Results: Responses were collected from 102 out of 348 active members, of which 97% have presented this complication. The initial measure in a late hemorrhage occurring outside of an otolaryngology unit is referral to the emergency department in 88% of cases. In the emergency room, the most frequent management is to administer intravenous tranexamic acid in 80%. In the case of hemorrhage without trace of current bleeding, 68% discharge with early control. If clots are evident in the tonsillar fossa, 72% admit for observation. If there is evidence of active bleeding, 94% admit and perform revision surgery. Conclusion: Results of this study are consistent with international literature. Management in the emergency department is based on the experience of the treating physician and different clinical scenarios. Hospitalization is recommended when clots are observed, revision surgery when evidence of active bleeding and, in patients with no findings at the moment of the evaluation, management is variable.

Factors associated with reoperation due to bleeding and outcomes after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study / Factores asociados con la reintervención por sangrado y desenlaces después de cirugía cardiaca: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo / Fatores associados à reoperação por sangramento e desfechos após cirurgia cardíaca: estudo de coorte prospectivo

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the incidence and factors associated with reoperation due to bleeding in the postoperative of a cardiac surgery, in addition to the clinical outcomes of patients. Method: Prospective cohort study, conducted in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), with adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients diagnosed with coagulopathies were excluded. The patients were followed up from hospitalization to hospital discharge. Results: A total of 682 patients were included, and the incidence of reoperation was 3.4%. The factors associated with reoperation were history of renal failure (p = 0.005), previous use of anticoagulant (p = 0.036), higher intraoperative heart rate (p = 0.015), need for transfusion of blood component during intraoperative (p = 0.040), and higher SAPS 3 score (p < 0.001). The outcomes associated with reoperation were stroke and cardiac arrest. Conclusão: Reoperation was an event associated with greater severity, organic dysfunction, and worse clinical outcomes, but there was no difference in mortality between the groups.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la incidencia y los factores asociados con la reintervención por sangrado en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca, además de los resultados clínicos de los pacientes. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, con pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardiaca. Se excluyeron a los pacientes con diagnóstico de coagulopatías. Los pacientes tuvieron un seguimiento efectuado desde el ingreso hasta el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron a 682 pacientes, y la incidencia de reintervención fue del 3,4%. Los factores asociados a la reintervención fueron antecedentes de insuficiencia renal (p = 0,005), uso previo de anticoagulante (p = 0,036), mayor frecuencia cardiaca intraoperatoria (p = 0,015), necesidad de transfusión de hemocomponentes en el intraoperatorio (p = 0,040) y mayor puntaje en SAPS 3 (p < 0,001). Los desenlaces asociados con la reintervención fueron accidente cerebrovascular y paro cardiorrespiratorio. Conclusión: La reintervención fue un evento asociado con mayor gravedad, disfunción orgánica y peores desenlaces clínicos, pero no hubo diferencia en la mortalidad entre los grupos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a incidência e os fatores associados à reoperação devido sangramento no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, além dos desfechos clínicos dos pacientes. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), com pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Foram excluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de coagulopatias. Os pacientes foram acompanhados desde a internação até a saída hospitalar. Resultados: Foram incluídos 682 pacientes e a incidência de reoperação foi 3,4 %. Os fatores associados à reoperação foram: histórico de insuficiência renal (p = 0,005), uso prévio de anticoagulante (p = 0,036), maior frequência cardíaca intraoperatória (p = 0,015), necessidade de transfusão de hemocomponentes no intraoperatório (p = 0,040) e maior pontuação no SAPS 3 (p < 0,001). Os desfechos associados a reoperação foram: acidente vascular encefálico e parada cardiorrespiratória. Conclusão: A reoperação foi um evento associado a maior gravidade, disfunção orgânica, e piores desfechos clínicos, porém não houve diferença de mortalidade entre os grupos.

Incidência e fatores associados a complicações em feridas operatórias de mulheres mastectomizadas / Incidence and factors associated with complications in surgical wounds of women after mastectomy / Incidencia y factores asociados a complicaciones en heridas quirúrgicas de mujeres mastectomizadas

Objetivo: descrever a incidência de complicações em feridas operatórias de mastectomia e identificar fatores associados. Método: estudo retrospectivo desenvolvido em uma coorte hospitalar de 545 mulheres mastectomizadas por câncer de mama no ano 2018 em um centro de assistência de alta complexidade em oncologia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, após aprovação por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos prontuários, permitindo cálculos da taxa de incidência e da razão da taxa de incidência para cada complicação. Resultados: a complicação que apresentou maior taxa de incidência foi o sangramento (57,14/100 mastectomias-dia), tendo como fatores associados a raça/cor da pele não branca (Razão da Taxa de Incidência: 3,11) e a diabetes mellitus (Razão da Taxa de Incidência: 0,48). Conclusão: os fatores associados ao sangramento da ferida operatória apontam para a necessidade de novas práticas no cuidado ao pós-operatório de mulheres mastectomizadas.

Objective: to describe the incidence of complications in mastectomy surgical wounds and to identify associated factors. Method: this retrospective study was conducted in a hospital cohort of 545 women mastectomized for breast cancer in 2018 at a high-complexity cancer care center Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil, after approval by the research ethics committee. Data were collected from medical records, allowing incidence rate and incidence rate ratio to be calculated for each complication. Results: the complication with the highest incidence rate was bleeding (57.14/100 mastectomies-day), associated factors being non-white race/skin color (incidence rate ratio 3.11) and diabetes mellitus (incidence rate ratio 0.48). Conclusion: the factors associated with bleeding from the surgical wound point to the need for new practices in post-operative care for women with mastectomies.

Objetivo: describir la incidencia de complicaciones en heridas quirúrgicas de mastectomía e identificar factores asociados. Método: estudio retrospectivo desarrollado en una cohorte hospitalaria de 545 mujeres mastectomizadas por cáncer de mama en 2018 en un centro de atención de alta complejidad en oncología de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, previa aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas, lo que permitió calcular la tasa de incidencia y el cociente de la tasa de incidencia para cada complicación. Resultados: la complicación que presentó mayor tasa de incidencia fue el sangrado (57,14 / 100 mastectomías-día), con factores asociados a la raza / color de piel no blanca (índice de tasa de incidencia: 3,11) y diabetes mellitus (índice de tasa de incidencia: 0,48). Conclusión: los factores asociados al sangrado de la herida quirúrgica apuntan a la necesidad de nuevas prácticas en el cuidado al postoperatorio de las mujeres con mastectomía.

The risk of post-polypectomy bleeding among patients receiving antithrombotic agents: A prospective observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In July 2012, the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society updated their guidelines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. Colonoscopic polypectomy procedures are associated with a high risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated the safety of colonoscopic polypectomy procedures in terms of bleeding, among patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary-level public cardiovascular hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS: Colonoscopic polypectomies carried out in a single endoscopy unit between July 2018 and July 2019 were evaluated prospectively. The patients' data, including age, gender, comorbidities, whether antithrombotic drug use was ceased or whether patients were switched to bridging therapy, polyp size, polyp type, polyp location, histopathology, resection methods (hot snare, cold snare or forceps) and complications relating to the procedures were recorded. RESULTS: The study was completed with 94 patients who underwent a total of 167 polypectomy procedures. As per the advice of the physicians who prescribed antithrombotic medications, 108 polypectomy procedures were performed on 60 patients without discontinuing medication and 59 polypectomy procedures were performed on 34 patients after discontinuing medication. The age, gender distribution and rate of bleeding did not differ significantly between the patients whose medication was discontinued and those whose medication was continued (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found that the colonoscopic polypectomy procedure without discontinuation of antithrombotic medication did not increase the risk of bleeding. This procedure can be safely performed by experienced endoscopists in patients with an international normalized ratio (INR) below 2.5.

Experiencia en trasplante pulmonar pediátrico en Chile / Experience with pediatric lung transplantation in Chile

El trasplante de pulmón (TP) es una opción para pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades pulmonares terminales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos trasplantados de pulmón. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de pacientes TP ≤ 15 años de Clínica Las Condes. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Nueve pacientes < 15 años de edad se han trasplantado. La edad promedio fue 12,7 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística (7 pacientes). El IMC promedio fue de 17,6 y todos estaban con oxígeno domiciliario. El 77% utilizó soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. Las principales complicaciones precoces fueron hemorragia y la disfunción primaria de injerto mientras que las tardías fueron principalmente las infecciones y la disfunción crónica de injerto. Cuatro pacientes han fallecido y la sobrevida a dos años fue de 85%. El trasplante les permitió una reinserción escolar y 3 lograron completar estudios universitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa para niños con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida.

Lung transplantation (TP) is a treatment option in children with terminal lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and survival of pediatrics lung transplant patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of lung transplantation of patients ≤ 15 years from Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post transplant lung function, early and late complications and survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients ≤ 15 years-old were transplanted. The average age at transplant was 12.7 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis (7 patients). The average BMI was 17.6 and all the patients were with home oxygen therapy. 77% used extracorporeal intraoperative support. Average baseline FEV1 was 25.2% with progressive improvement in FEV1 of 77% in the first year. The main early complications were hemorrhage and primary graft dysfunction, while late complications were infections and chronic graft dysfunction. Four patients have died and the estimated 2 years survival was 85%. They achieved school reinsertion and three managed to complete university studies. CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children with advanced lung diseases improving their survival and quality of life.

Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in cardiac surgery adults and association with mortality in a Mexican Cardiovascular Critical Care Unit / Definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio en cirugía cardiaca adultos y asociación con mortalidad en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular de México

Abstract Background: Bleeding as a complication is associated with poorer results in cardiac surgery. There is increasing evidence that the use of blood products is an independent factor of increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs. Dyke et al. established the universal definition of perioperative bleeding (UDPB). This classification is more precise defining mortality in relation to the degree of bleeding. Methods: A descriptive and analytical retrospective study of a database of patients underwent cardiac surgery from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017, was performed. The primary objective of the study was to look at mortality associated with the degree of bleeding using the UDPB. Results: A total of 918 patients who went to cardiac surgery were obtained. Most of the population was classified as insignificant bleeding class (n = 666, 72.9%), and for massive bleeding the lowest proportion (n = 25, 2.7%). For the primary outcome of 30-day mortality, a significant difference was found between the groups, observing that it increased to a higher degree of bleeding. This was corroborated by multivariate logistic regression analysis that was adjusted to EuroScore II and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration, finding an independent association of the bleeding class with 30-day mortality (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusions: We found that the higher the degree in UDPB was associated with higher mortality independently to EuroScore II and CPB duration for adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Resumen Antecedentes: El sangrado como complicación está asociado a peores resultados en cirugía cardiaca. Existe una evidencia cada vez mayor que la transfusión de productos sanguíneos por si solo es un factor independiente de incremento en la morbilidad, mortalidad, y costos hospitalarios. Dyke y colaboradores establecieron la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Esta clasificación es más precisa en definir mortalidad en relación con el grado de sangrado. Material y métodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo y analítico de tipo retrospectivo de una base de datos de pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca del 1 enero del 2016 al 31 de diciembre del 2017. El objetivo primario del estudio fue observar la mortalidad asociada con el grado de sangrado utilizando la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 918 pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca. La mayor parte de la población fue clasificada como clase de sangrado insignificante (n = 666, 72.9%), y para sangrado masivo la menor proporción (n = 25, 2.7%). En el desenlace primario de mortalidad a 30 días se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, observando que aumentada a mayor clase de sangrado. Esto fue corroborado mediante un análisis multivariado regresión logística que fue ajustado a con EuroScore II y el tiempo de bomba de circulación extracorpórea, encontrando una asociación independiente de la clase de sangrado con mortalidad a 30 días (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Encontramos que cuanto mayor era el grado en la UDPB se asociaba con una mayor mortalidad independientemente de EuroScore II y la duración del bypass cardiopulmonar para pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca.

Comparison of two doses of intra-articular tranexamic acid on postoperative bleeding in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre duas doses de ácido tranexâmico intra-articular no sangramento pós-operatório de artroplastia total do joelho: estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction: Tranexamic Acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic that inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin is used to decrease perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in orthopedic surgery. The aim of our study was to compare postoperative bleeding in two intra-articular doses (1 g and 2 g) of tranexamic acid in adult patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement. Method: We conducted a single-operator, randomized, and controlled, double-blind study in two groups. The G1 group received 1 g of intra-articular TXA and the G2 group 2 g of intra-articular TXA. Both groups received 15 mg kg-1 IV before the surgical incision (TXA induction dose) and then 10 mg kg-1, orally, 6 and 12 hours after the induction dose of TXA.The primary endpoint was bleeding measured by blood loss in postoperative drainage. Secondary outcomes were change in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels on the first and third postoperative days, and the need for transfusion during hospitalization. Results: In total, 100 patients were randomized, and 100 were included in the analysis. Blood loss in postoperative drainage was similar in both groups (200 ± 50 vs. 250 ± 50 mL, G1 and G2 groups respectively). Change in hematocrit and hemoglobin values (% of change) between preoperative and day 3 were not statically significant between groups G1 and G2 (18 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 4; 21 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 5 respectively). No patients received blood transfusion. Conclusions: Our study did not show superiority of 2 g of intra-articular tranexamic acid compared to 1 g.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04085575

Resumo Introdução: O Ácido Tranexâmico (TXA), agente antifibrinolítico que inibe a atividade fibrinolítica da plasmina, é usado para reduzir a perda sanguínea perioperatória e a necessidade de transfusão em cirurgia ortopédica. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito de duas doses intra-articulares (1 g e 2 g) de ácido tranexâmico no sangramento pós-operatório de pacientes adultos submetidos a prótese total unilateral de joelho. Método: Realizamos estudo com operador único, randomizado, controlado e duplo-cego em dois grupos. O grupo G1 recebeu 1 g de TXA intra-articular e o grupo G2, 2 g de TXA intra-articular. Os dois grupos receberam 15 mg.kg-1 IV antes da incisão cirúrgica (dose de indução de TXA) e 10 mg.kg-1 por via oral, 6 e 12 horas após a dose de indução de TXA. O desfecho primário foi o sangramento medido pela perda sanguínea na drenagem pós-operatória. Os desfechos secundários foram alteração nos níveis de hemoglobina e hematócrito no primeiro e terceiro dias de pós-operatório e necessidade de transfusão durante a hospitalização. Resultados: Cem pacientes foram randomizados e 100 foram incluídos na análise. A perda sanguínea pela drenagem pós-operatória foi semelhante nos dois grupos (200 ± 50 mL vs. 250 ± 50 mL, grupos G1 e G2, respectivamente). A variação nos valores de hematócrito e hemoglobina (% de variação) entre o pré-operatório e o dia 3 não foi estatisticamente significante entre os grupos G1 e G2 (18 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 4; 21 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 5, respectivamente). Nenhum paciente recebeu transfusão de sangue. Conclusões: O estudo não mostrou superioridade na dose de 2 g de ácido tranexâmico intra-articular em comparação à dose de 1 g. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04085575.

Efficacy of different doses and timing of tranexamic acid in major orthopedic surgeries: a randomized trial / Eficácia de diferentes doses e esquemas de administração de ácido tranexâmico em cirurgias ortopédicas de grande porte: estudo randomizado

Abstract Background: Tranexamic acid was studied in four different dosage regimens and their efficacy was compared for perioperative blood loss reduction, blood transfusion requirements and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) complication. Methods: Two hundred patients undergoing major orthopedic procedures were divided into five groups containing 40 patients each: Placebo, low dose (bolus 10 mg kg-1), low dose + maintenance (bolus 10 mg kg-1 + maintenance 1 mg kg-1 hr-1), high dose (bolus 30 mg kg-1) and high dose + maintenance (bolus 30 mg kg-1 + maintenance 3 mg kg-1 hr-1). Surgical blood loss was measured intraoperatively and drains collection in the first 24 hours postoperatively. Blood transfusion was done when hematocrit falls less than 25%. DVT screening was done in the postoperative period. Results: The intraoperative blood loss was 440 ± 207.54 mL in the placebo group, 412.5 ± 208.21 mL in the low dose group, 290 ± 149.6 ml in the low dose plus maintenance group, 332.5 ± 162.33 mL in the high dose group and 240.7 ± 88.15 mL in the high dose maintenance group (p < 0.001). The reduction in postoperative blood loss in the drain for first 24 hours was 80 ± 44.44 mL in the placebo group, 89.88 ± 44.87 mL in the low dose group, 56.7 ± 29.12 mL in the low dose plus maintenance group, 77.9 ± 35.74 mL in the high dose group and 46.7 ± 19.9 mL in the high dose maintenance group (p < 0.001). DVT was not encountered in any patient. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid was most effective in reducing surgical blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in a low dose + maintenance group.

Resumo Justificativa: O ácido tranexâmico foi avaliado em quatro esquemas com diferentes posologias, comparando-se a eficácia de cada esquema quanto a redução na perda sanguínea perioperatória, necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e ocorrência de Trombose Venosa Profunda (TVP). Método: Duzentos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos ortopédicos de grande porte foram divididos em cinco grupos de 40 pacientes de acordo com o esquema de administração de ácido tranexâmico: grupo placebo, grupo baixa dose (bolus de 10 mg.kg-1, grupo baixa dose e manutenção (bolus de 10 mg.kg-1 + manutenção de 1 mg.kg-1.h-1), grupo alta dose (bolus de 30 mg.kg-1), e grupo alta dose e manutenção (bolus de 30 mg.kg-1 + manutenção de 3 mg.kg-1.h-1). A perda sanguínea cirúrgica foi medida no intraoperatório. Além disso, nas primeiras 24 horas pós-operatórias, foi medido o volume de sangue coletado no dreno. Era realizada transfusão de sangue se o valor do hematócrito fosse inferior a 25%. Foi realizada avaliação quanto à ocorrência de TVP no pós-operatório. Resultados: A perda sanguínea intraoperatória foi de 440 ± 207,54 mL no grupo placebo, 412,5 ± 208,21 mL no grupo baixa dose, 290 ± 149,6 mL no grupo baixa dose e manutenção, 332,5 ± 162,33 mL no grupo alta dose, e 240,7 ± 88,15 mL no grupo alta dose e manutenção (p < 0,001). A redução na perda sanguínea pós-operatória pelo dreno nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 80 ± 44,44 mL no grupo placebo; 89,88 ± 44,87 mL no grupo baixa dose, 56,7 ± 29,12 mL no grupo baixa dose e dose de manutenção, 77,9 ± 35,74 mL no grupo alta dose e 46,7 ± 19,9 mL no grupo alta dose e manutenção (p < 0,001). TVP não foi observada em nenhum paciente. Conclusão: O ácido tranexâmico administrado em baixa dose combinado à manutenção foi mais eficaz em reduzir a perda sanguínea cirúrgica e a necessidade de transfusão de sangue.

Comparison of postoperative morbidity between conventional cold dissection and bipolar electrocautery tonsillectomy: which technique is better? / Comparação da morbidade pós-operatória entre tonsilectomia por dissecção a friotradicional e por eletrocautério bipolar: qual técnica é a melhor?

Abstract Introduction Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries in the head and neck worldwide. This operation is carried out by different methods, the most frequent of which are the cold dissection and bipolar electrocautery techniques. Objective This study was conducted to assess and compare postoperative morbidity between cold dissection and bipolar electrocautery. Methods This prospective randomized clinical trial was performed on 534 patients who underwent tonsillectomy in Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Birjand, east of Iran from October, 2013 to October, 2015. The patients were systematically selected for cold dissection technique or bipolar electrocautery technique groups. Time of surgery, amount of intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hemorrhage, the intensity of local pain 4 and 24 hours after operation and nausea and/or vomiting were recorded and compared in the two groups to decide which technique is better. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (ver-22). The p-value less than 0.5 was considered significant. Results In this study, 51.7% of the cold dissection technique patients and 50.6% of the bipolar electrocautery technique participants were male. Compared to the cold dissection technique, the average intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the bipolar electrocautery technique group, while the intensity of local pain 4 and 24 hours after the operation was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Other variables showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present investigation, the bipolar electrocautery technique is suggested for tonsillectomy in children, while the cold dissection technique is preferred for adult patients.

Resumo Introdução A tonsilectomia é uma das cirurgias mais comuns de cabeça e pescoço em todo o mundo. Essa cirurgia é feita por diferentes métodos, os mais frequentes são a dissecção a frio e por eletrocauterização bipolar. Objetivo Este estudo foi feito para avaliar e comparar a morbidade pós-operatória na dissecção a frio e eletrocauterização bipolar. Método Este ensaio clínico prospectivo e randomizado foi feito em 534 pacientes submetidos a tonsilectomia no Vali-e-Asr Hospital de Birjand, no leste do Irã, de outubro de 2013 a outubro de 2015. Os pacientes foram selecionados de forma sistemática para o grupo submetido à técnica de dissecção a frio ou para o grupo com uso da técnica de eletrocauterização bipolar. Para a avaliação acerca da melhor técnica, os seguintes parâmetros foram registrados e comparados entre os dois grupos: tempo de cirurgia, quantidade de perda sanguínea intraoperatória, hemorragia pós-operatória, intensidade da dor local 4 e 24 horas após a cirurgia e ocorrência de náuseas e/ou vômitos. Os dados foram analisados no software SPSS (versão 22). O valor de p inferior a 0,5 foi considerado significante. Resultados Neste estudo, 51,7% dos participantes do grupo técnica de dissecção a frio e 50,6% do grupo técnica de eletrocauterização bipolar eram do sexo masculino. No grupo operado pela técnica de eletrocauterização bipolar a média de perda sanguínea intraoperatória foi significantemente menor (p < 0,001) em comparação à técnica de dissecção a frio, enquanto a intensidade da dor local 4 e 24 horas após a cirurgia foi significativamente maior (p < 0,001). As outras variáveis não apresentaram diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos. Conclusão Com base nos achados da presente investigação, para a tonsilectomia em crianças sugere-se o uso da técnica de eletrocauterização bipolar, enquanto a técnica de dissecção a frio é recomendada para pacientes adultos.

Effect of infiltrating nasal packing with local anesthetics in postoperative pain and anxiety following sinonasal surgeries: a systemic review and meta-analysis / Efeito do tamponamento nasal infiltrado com anestésicos locais na dor e ansiedade pós-operatórias após cirurgias nasosinusais: revisão sistêmica e metanálise

Abstract Introduction: Packing of the nasal cavity has traditionally been used for postoperative bleeding control and decreasing synechia formation in patients undergoing nasal surgeries. Although absorbable nasal packing has been gaining popularity in the recent years, nonabsorbable nasal packing is still often used in nasal surgeries in various parts of the world. It is known to be associated with pain and discomfort especially upon and during removal, and previous reviews have only evaluated the effects of local anesthetic infiltration of nasal packing in septal surgeries. Objective: To evaluate the effect of infiltrating nasal packing with local anesthetics in postoperative pain and anxiety following sinonasal surgeries Materials and methods: We searched the PubMed and Embase databases from their earliest record to April 27, 2019, randomized controlled trials and prospective controlled trials for review, and included only randomized controlled trials for data analysis. We included studies using topical anesthetics-infiltrated nasal packing following sinonasal surgeries and evaluated the effectiveness compared to placebo packing in pain reduction during postoperative follow up, as well as the effectiveness in anxiety reduction. Results: Among 15 studies included for review, 9 studies involving 765 participants contributed to the meta-analysis. In terms of pain reduction, our analysis showed significant standard mean differences regarding effectiveness at postoperative 1, 12, 24 h interval for all surgical groups combined, in the sinus surgery group, as well as during nasal packing removal. There was no consistent evidence to support the effectiveness in anxiety reduction. Conclusions: Our study supports anesthetics infiltration of nasal packing as an effective method in managing pain in patients with nasal packing after sinonasal surgeries. However, the level of evidence is low. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to establish its effectiveness in reducing anxiety. We believe this review is of great clinical significance due to the vast patient population undergoing sinonasal surgeries. Postoperative local hemorrhage remains the greatest concern for ear nose and throat surgeons due to the rich vasculature of the nose and sinuses. Sinonasal packing provides structural support and serves as an important measure for hemostasis and synechia formation. Although absorbable packing has been gaining popularity in the recent years, nonabsorable packing materials are still used in many countries due to lower cost. Infiltration of nasal packing with local anesthetic provides a solution to the discomfort, nasal pressure and nasal pain experienced commonly by the patients as evidenced by our analysis.

Resumo Introdução: O tamponamento da cavidade nasal tem sido usado tradicionalmente para controle do sangramento pós-operatório e diminuição da formação de sinéquia em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias nasais. Embora o tamponamento nasal absorvível tenha ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos, o tampão nasal não absorvível ainda é frequentemente usado em várias partes do mundo. Sabe-se que o tamponamento está associado a dor e desconforto, especialmente na sua remoção, e revisões anteriores avaliaram apenas os efeitos do tampão com anestésico local em cirurgias do septo nasal. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do tamponamento nasal infiltrado com anestésicos locais na dor e ansiedade pós-operatórias após cirurgias nasosinusais. Material e métodos: Para a revisão, pesquisamos nos bancos de dados PubMed e Embase desde o registro mais antigo até 27 de abril de 2019, incluímos ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, a ensaios clínicos prospectivos controlados e apenas ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados para análise de dados. Incluímos estudos que usaram tamponamento nasal infiltrado com anestésicos tópicos após cirurgias nasosinusais e avaliamos a eficácia em comparação com o tamponamento com placebo na redução da dor durante o acompanhamento pós-operatório, bem como os efeitos na redução da ansiedade. Resultados: Entre os 15 estudos incluídos, 9, que envolveram 765 participantes, contribuíram para a metanálise. Em termos de redução da dor, nossa análise mostrou diferenças médias padrão significantes em relação à eficácia no pós-operatório nos intervalos de 1, 12, 24 horas para todos os grupos cirúrgicos combinados, no grupo da cirurgia sinusal e durante a remoção do tamponamento nasal. Não houve evidências consistentes para apoiar a eficácia na redução da ansiedade. Conclusões: Nosso estudo apoia o uso de tamponamentos nasais infiltrados com anestésicos locais como um método eficaz no tratamento da dor em pacientes após cirurgias nasosinusais. No entanto, o nível de evidência é baixo. São necessários mais ensaios clínicos randomizados de alta qualidade para estabelecer sua eficácia na redução da ansiedade. Acreditamos que esta revisão seja de grande significado clínico devido à vasta população submetida a cirurgias nasosinusais. A hemorragia local pós-operatória continua a ser a maior preocupação para os cirurgiões otorrinolaringológicos devido à rica vasculatura do nariz e seios nasais. O tamponamento nasosinusal fornece suporte estrutural e serve como uma medida importante para a hemostasia e formação de sinéquias. Embora o tamponamento absorvível tenha ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos, os materiais de tamponamento não absorvíveis ainda são usados em muitos países devido ao menor custo. A infiltração do tamponamento nasal com anestésicos locais fornece uma solução para desconforto, pressão e dor nasal comumente referida pelos pacientes, como evidenciado por nossa análise.

A Retrospective Study on Unfractionated Bovine Heparin Safety in On-Pump Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Background: Heparin decreases the risks of thrombotic phenomena in extracorporeal circulation. However, it must present a robust safety profile itself, especially for bleeding. Contamination of porcine heparin demands an alternative source and consequent assessment of safety. Objective: To evaluate the safety of unfractionated bovine heparin during on-pump cardiac surgery. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study, evaluating medical records from all patients who had on-pump cardiac surgery over four years. We observed the occurrence of bleeding, thrombocytopenia, postoperative vasoplegia, activated clotting time values and any other coagulation phenomena as safety profile parameters. Results: We evaluated 204 medical records reporting the use of unfractionated bovine heparin. 66.18% of the patients presented thrombocytopenia, 1.04% presented bleeding of more than 2000 mL in the first 24 hours of the postoperative period. One patient presented clots in the surgical field. Median activated clotting time was 137 seconds at baseline, 803 seconds after the first dose of heparin and, after protamine, it returns to similar baseline values, that is, 149.5 seconds. Conclusion: Unfractionated bovine heparin did not present unusual adverse effects and can be considered safe for on-pump cardiac surgery.

Incidencia de complicaciones post quirúrgicas en cirugía bucal / Incidence of post-surgical complications in oral surgery

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia de complicaciones post cirugía bucal. METODOLOGÍA: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo, con el uso del registro prospectivo de la totalidad de pacientes ingresados para cirugía bucal del Complejo Hospitalario San Borja-Arriarán durante doce meses de observación (abril 2017 a marzo 2018). RESULTADOS: La muestra estuvo conformada por 532 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos de cirugía bucal y 29 casos de complicación postquirúrgica. La incidencia de complicaciones alcanzó un 5,5% y se observó de manera predominante en intervenciones de tipo exodoncia. La complicación mayormente observada fue la alveolitis alcanzando un 2,5% de las cirugías de terceros molares y un 3,7% de las exodoncias de otros dientes. Las hemorragias postoperatorias se observaron en un 1,1% de las cirugías de terceros molares. Otras complicaciones postquirúrgicas fueron abscesos de espacios faciales, parestesia del nervio alveolar inferior, hematomas, equimosis y periostitis. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados fueron similares a los reportados en la literatura tanto en su frecuencia como en el tipo de complicación.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this investigation was to determine the incidence of postoperative complications in oral surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and descriptive study was developed with the use of the prospective registry of the patients admitted for oral surgery in the San Borja Arriarán Hospital Complex for a twelve-month period of observation (April 2017 to March 2018). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 532 patients undergoing surgical procedures of oral surgery and 29 cases of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications reached 5,5% and it was observed predominantly in interventions of tooth extraction. The most commonly observed complication was dry socket, reaching 2,5% of third molar surgeries and 3,7% of extractions of other teeth. Postoperative hemorrhages were observed in 1,1% of third molar surgeries. Other postoperative complications were facial spaces abscesses, paresthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve, bruising, ecchymosis and periostitis. CONCLUSIONS: The results were similar to those reported in the literature both in their frequency and in the type of complication.

¿Cúan segura es la dermatología quirúrgica?. Trabajo de investigación prospectivo sobre sus complicaciones realizado en una sala de procedimientos / How safe is dermatologic surgery? Prospective reserach work on complications in dermatologic surgery located in an office-based setting

Antecedentes: Aunque las complicaciones globales en la dermatología quirúrgica referidas en la bibliografía mundial son bajas (1,64- 4,58%), las publicaciones regionales con datos prospectivos sobre ellas son escasas y, a nivel nacional, inexistentes. Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia de complicaciones intraquirúrgicas (CI) y posquirúrgicas (CP) en los procedimientos de cirugía dermatológica y caracterizarlas en el ámbito de una sala de procedimientos de un hospital de referencia de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Diseño: Trabajo de investigación descriptivo, prospectivo, observacional y longitudinal. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectó información demográfica del paciente y operativa en el momento del procedimiento quirúrgico. Se clasificaron las complicaciones quirúrgicas que se presentaron hasta un mes posterior al procedimiento en los pacientes intervenidos en la sección de Dermatología Quirúrgica del Hospital F. J. Muñiz, en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2015 y marzo de 2018. Resultados: Se halló una incidencia de 0% (IC 95%: 0 a 0,4) para las CI y de 4,4% (IC 95%: 3,2 a 5,9) para las CP en una serie de 765 pacientes (937 procedimientos). La CP más frecuente fue dehiscencia (68%), seguida de infección (16%), variantes de sangrado (9%) y necrosis (7%). Ninguna fue grave ni incluyó muerte, hospitalización o secuelas permanentes. Conclusiones: La dermatología quirúrgica en el ámbito de una sala de procedimientos es segura y el porcentaje de complicaciones es bajo comparable con lo publicado en la bibliografía internacional. (AU)

Background: Although the global complications in surgical dermatology referred to in the worldwide literature are low (1.64- 4.58%), regional publications with prospective data on them are scarce and nationally non-existent. Objectives: Estimate the incidence of intra-surgical complications (IC) and post-surgical complications (PC) in dermatological surgery procedures and characterize them within the scope of a reference hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Design: Descriptive, prospective, observational and longitudinal research work. Materials and methods: Demographic information of the patient and operative data were collected at the time of the surgical procedure. Surgical complications that occurred up to one month after the procedure on patients undergoing surgery in the surgical dermatology section of the F. J. Muñiz Hospital between February 2015 to March 2018 were classified. Results: The incidence found was 0% (95% CI 0-0.4) for IC and 4.4% (95% CI 3.2-5.9) for PC in a series of 765 patients (937 procedures). The most frequent PC was dehiscence (68%), followed by infection (16%), bleeding variants (9%) and necrosis (7%). Neither the PC were severe, not included death, hospitalization or permanent sequelae. Conclusions: Office based dermatologic surgery is safe and the percentage of complications is low, comparable to that published in the international literature. (AU)

A Retrospective Analysis of Peroperative Risk Factors Associated with Posttonsillectomy Reactionary Hemorrhage in a Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngology procedures performed worldwide. It is also one of the first procedures learnt by residents during their training period. Although tonsillectomy is viewed relatively as a low-risk procedure, it can be potentially harmful because of the chance of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Objective: The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of peroperative factors and experience of the surgeon on the incidence and pattern of posttonsillectomy reactionary hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective review of medical charts was performed from 2014 to 2017 in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 1,284 patients who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were included in the study. The parameters assessed were experience of the surgeon, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate. Results: A total of 23 (1.79%) out of the 1,284 patients had reactionary hemorrhage. Out of those 23, 16 (69.5%) patients had been operated on by trainees, while 7 (30.5%) had been operated on by consultants (p = 0.033, odds ratio [OR] = 0.04). Operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in MAP and pulse rate were significantly higher in the reactionary hemorrhage group, and showed a positive association with risk of hemorrhage (p < 0.05; OR >1). Re-exploration to control the bleeding was required in 10 (76.9%) out of the 23 cases. Conclusion: The experience of the surgeon experience and peroperative factors have an association with posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Close surveillance and monitoring of the aforementioned peroperative factors will help in the identification of patients at risk of hemorrhage (AU)

The influence of standardized dry ivy leaf extract on the proportion of nasal secretion after post-septoplasty nasal packing removal / A influência do extrato de folha de hera seca na secreção nasal após remoção de tampão nasal pós-septoplastia

Abstract Introduction: After post-septoplasty nasal packing removal, a certain proportion of nasal secretion occurs, leading to local and sometimes systemic infections. Objective: The aim was to determine if standardized dry ivy leaf extract application after nasal packing removal influences the reduction of nasal secretion and diminish the occurrence of local infections. Methods: The study included 70 post-septoplasty patients (divided into two equal groups) whose nasal packing was removed on the third day after the procedure. Group I was treated with standardized dry ivy leaf extract syrup along with regular nasal irrigation for the five days after the nasal packing removal whereas the Group II had only nasal lavage. On the sixth day after nasal packing removal, the quantity of nasal secretion was determined using a visual analog scale and nasal endoscopic examination. Results: The group treated with standardized dry ivy leaf extract syrup had significantly lesser nasal secretion both by subjective patients' assessment (p < 0.001) and by nasal endoscopic examination (p = 0.003). The post-surgical follow up examination on the sixth day after nasal packing removal showed no development of local infection in the Group I, while in the Group II a local infection was evident in five patients (14.29%) and antibiotic therapy was required. Conclusion: The use of the standardized dry ivy leaf extract after nasal packing removal significantly lowers the proportion of nasal secretion.

Resumo Introdução: Após a remoção do tampão nasal pós-septoplastia, ocorre produção de secreção nasal, predispondo infecções locais e, por vezes, sistêmicas. Objetivo: O objetivo foi determinar se a aplicação do extrato padronizado de folhas de hera seca após a remoção do tampão nasal influencia a redução da secreção nasal e diminui a ocorrência de infecções locais. Método: O estudo incluiu 70 pacientes pós-septoplastia (divididos em dois grupos iguais) cujo tampão nasal foi retirado no terceiro dia após o procedimento. O grupo I foi tratado com xarope padronizado de extrato de folha seca de hera juntamente com irrigação nasal regular por cinco dias após a remoção do tamponamento nasal, enquanto ao grupo II foi recomendado apenas lavagem nasal. No sexto dia após a remoção do tampão nasal, a quantidade de secreção nasal foi determinada pela escala EVA (escala visual analógica) e pelo exame endoscópico nasal. Resultados: O grupo tratado com xarope de extrato seco de folhas de hera apresentou secreção nasal significativamente menor tanto pela avaliação subjetiva dos pacientes (p < 0,001) quanto pelo exame endoscópico nasal (p = 0,003). O exame de acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico no sexto dia após a remoção do tampão nasal não mostrou desenvolvimento de infecção local nos pacientes do grupo I, enquanto que no grupo II, cinco apresentaram sinais de infecção local (14,29%) com necessidade de antibioticoterapia. Conclusão: O uso do extrato padronizado de folhas secas de hera após a remoção do tampão nasal reduz significativamente a produção de secreção nasal.

Comparison of sharp dissection, electrocautery, and ultrasonic activated scalpel with regard to endothelial damage, preparation time, and postoperative bleeding during radial artery harvesting

Abstract Objective: To examine the effects of classical technique, electrocautery, and ultrasonic dissection on endothelial integrity, function, and preparation time for harvesting the radial artery (RA) during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: Forty-five patients who underwent isolated CABG and whose RA was suitable for use were studied and divided into three groups: Group 1, classical method (using sharp dissection); Group 2, electrocautery; and Group 3, ultrasonic cautery. Levels of prostacyclin and nitric oxide derivatives were examined biochemically; vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) values were assessed using immunohistochemical staining. RA preparation time, RA length/harvesting time ratio, and drainage amounts at the site of RA removal were compared. Results: Differences in RA preparation time (Group 1: 25±6 min, Group 2: 18±3 min, Group 3: 16±3 min, P<0.001) and length/harvesting time ratio (Group 1: 0.76±0.19 cm/min, Group 2: 0.98±0.16 cm/min, Group 3: 1.13±0.09 cm/min, P<0.001) were statistically significant among the groups. Levels of prostacyclin and nitric oxide derivatives were not statistically significant different, VCAM-1 and eNOS expressions were observed to be similar among the groups, and endothelial damage was detected in only one patient per group. Conclusion: Use of ultrasonic cautery during RA preparation considerably reduces the preparation time and postoperative drainage amount. However, the superiority of one method over the others could not be demonstrated when the presence of endothelial damage with both biochemical and histopathological evaluations was considered.

Uso de ácido tranexámico en la artroplastía total primaria de rodilla / Use of tranexamic acid in primary total knee arthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La reducción de la pérdida sanguínea y de las transfusiones en pacientes operados de artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR) primaria se asocia a un mejor resultado clínico y funcional. El uso de ácido tranexámico (ATX) es uno de los métodos utilizados para disminuir ese sangrado. Material y métodos: Se compararon los resultados en hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Hto), tasa de sangrado y de transfusión, tiempo quirúrgico y dolor entre los grupos A (con ATX) y grupo B (sin ATX) posterior a la ATR. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la disminución del sangrado transquirúrgico y periquirúrgico global, en la disminución de la Hb a las 24 horas, en la tasa de transfusión, en el tiempo quirúrgico y en el dolor a la deambulación a favor del grupo A. Discusión: En México no hay literatura publicada sobre el uso de ATX en pacientes operados de ATR. A pesar del uso cada vez más común del ATX, la mejor dosis y vía de administración sigue siendo un tema controversial. Conclusión: El uso de ATX en el esquema propuesto es un método seguro y eficaz para disminuir la tasa de sangrado y de transfusiones en los pacientes operados de ATR.

Abstract: Background: Reducing blood loss and transfusions in patients operated on primary TKR is associated with a better clinical and functional outcome. The use of Tranexamic Acid (ATX) is one of the methods used to decrease that bleeding. Material and methods: Results in Hb, Hto, rate of bleeding and transfusion, surgical time and pain between groups A (with ATX) and group B (without tranexamic acid) after TKR are compared. Results: Statistically significant differences were found during surgery and perisurgical bleeding, in the decrease of Hb at 24 hours, transfusion rate, surgical time and pain to wandering in favor of group A. Discussion: There are no published studies in Mexico on the use of ATX in patients operated on TKR. We consider its use to be increasingly common, the optimal dose and route of administration remains a controversial topic. Conclusion: The use of ATX in the proposed scheme is safe and effective in reducing the rate of bleeding and transfusions in patients operated on ATR.