Uso de la tomografía corporal total en pacientes con heridas de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables: ¿Rompiendo paradigmas de atención inicial? / Whole-body computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable patients with gunshot wounds: A paradigm shift in trauma management?

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto del uso de la tomografía corporal total en la evaluación de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables atendidos en un centro de referencia de trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, con base en un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma ­ Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego atendidos entre 2018 y 2021. Se excluyeron los pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo, trauma leve y en condición in extremis. Resultados. Doscientos pacientes cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, 115 fueron estudiados con tomografía corporal total y se compararon con 85 controles. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el grupo de tomografía fue de 4/115 (3,5 %) vs 10/85 (12 %) en el grupo control. En el análisis multivariado se identificó que la tomografía no tenía asociación significativa con la mortalidad (aOR=0,46; IC95% 0,10-1,94). El grupo de tomografía tuvo una reducción relativa del 39 % en la frecuencia de cirugías mayores, con un efecto asociado en la disminución de la necesidad de cirugía (aOR=0,47; IC95% 0,22-0,98). Conclusiones. La tomografía corporal total fue empleada en el abordaje inicial de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables. Su uso no se asoció con una mayor mortalidad, pero sí con una menor frecuencia de cirugías mayores.

Introduction. This study aims to assess the impact of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in the evaluation of patients with penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) who are hemodynamically unstable and treated at a trauma referral center. Methods. An analytical, retrospective study was conducted based on a subanalysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society-FVL registry. Patients with GSW treated between 2018 and 2021 were included. Patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma, minor trauma, and those in extremis were excluded. Patients with and without WBCT were compared. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the frequency of major surgeries (thoracotomy, sternotomy, cervicotomy, and/or laparotomy) during initial care. Results. Two hundred eligible patients were included, with 115 undergoing WBCT and compared to 85 controls. In-hospital mortality in the WBCT group was 4/115 (3.5%) compared to 10/85 (12%) in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that WBCT was not significantly associated to mortality (aOR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.10-1.94). The WBCT group had a relative reduction of 39% in the frequency of major surgeries, with an associated effect on reducing the need for surgery (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98). Conclusions. Whole-body computed tomography was employed in the initial management of patients with penetrating firearm projectile injuries and hemodynamic instability. The use of WBCT was not associated with mortality but rather with a reduction in the frequency of major surgery.

Predictores de mortalidad precoz en pacientes con trauma complejo hemorrágico / Early mortality predictors in patients with complex hemorrhagic trauma

RESUMEN Fundamento: El trauma complejo es un problema de salud a nivel mundial y cuando es de tipo hemorrágico la mortalidad es superior a los otros tipos de traumas complejos. Objetivo: Determinar las variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma complejo hemorrágico en una institución hospitalaria del segundo nivel de atención en Cuba. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus, durante 6 años. Se incluyeron 207 pacientes. Las variables se agruparon en sociodemográficas, enfermedades crónicas asociadas, mecanismo lesional, tipo de trauma, localización topográfica, tiempo entre admisión hospitalaria, diagnóstico y tratamiento, complicaciones precoces, tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, y mortalidad precoz. Se elaboró un árbol de decisión mediante el método Chaid exhaustivo, la variable dependiente fue la mortalidad por trauma complejo hemorrágico. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (85 %), con 60 años y menos (83 %), con trauma contuso (57.5 %) y politraumatizados (42.5 %). Predominaron también los que presentaron acidosis metabólica (66.7 %), coagulopatía aguda (44.4 %), hipotermia (41.5 %). El 30 % de los pacientes falleció precozmente. El árbol de decisión tuvo una sensibilidad de 82.3 %, una especificidad de 97.2 % y un porcentaje global de pronóstico correcto del 92.8 %. Se identificaron 4 variables predictores de mortalidad: hipotermia, acidosis metabólica, coagulopatía aguda y trauma penetrante. Conclusiones: La probabilidad más alta de fallecer precozmente durante un trauma complejo hemorrágico se da entre pacientes con hipotermia, acidosis metabólica, coagulopatía aguda y trauma penetrante.

ABSTRACT Background: Complex trauma is a worldwide health problem and when hemorrhagic, mortality is higher than other types of complex trauma. Objective: To determine predictive variables of early mortality in hospitalized patients with complex hemorrhagic trauma in a second care level hospital in Cuba. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial General Hospital in Sancti Spíritus, for 6 years. 207 patients were included. The variables were grouped into sociodemographic, associated chronic diseases, injury mechanism, type of trauma, topographic location, time between hospital admission, diagnosis and treatment, early complications, medical and surgical treatment, and early mortality. A decision tree was developed using the exhaustive Chaid method, the dependent variable was mortality due to complex hemorrhagic trauma. Results: Male patients (85 %), 60 years and younger (83 %), with blunt trauma (57.5 %) and polytraumatized patients (42.5 %) predominated. Those who presented metabolic acidosis (66.7 %), acute coagulopathy (44.4 %), and hypothermia (41.5 %) also predominated. 30 % of patients died early. The decision tree had a sensitivity of 82.3 %, a specificity of 97.2 % and an overall percentage of correct forecast of 92.8 %. Four variables that predicted mortality were identified: hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, acute coagulopathy, and penetrating trauma. Conclusions: The highest probability of early dying during a complex hemorrhagic trauma occurs among patients with hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, acute coagulopathy and penetrating trauma.

Déficit de base, lactato e índice de shock como predictores de mortalidad en lesionados múltiples / Base Deficit, Lactate and Shock Index as Mortality Predictors in Trauma Patients

Introducción: Las respuestas fisiológicas a la hemorragia, como hipotensión y taquicardia, no siempre son proporcionales al estado de choque, lo cual ha llevado a la necesidad de usar otros predictores. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento del déficit de base, lactato e índice de shock severo como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes lesionados múltiples. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional y retrospectivo en el Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", entre agosto de 2018 y agosto de 2020. La muestra fue de 50 pacientes, según criterio de selección no probabilístico del investigador. Resultados: Los pacientes que sufrieron trauma craneal tuvieron siete veces más riesgo de morir. El índice de shock severo, a las tres horas triplicó el riesgo de morir. El lactato y el déficit de base se correlacionaron con un índice de shock mayor de uno, de forma significativa. La transfusión sanguínea duplicó el riesgo de morir, mientras que los requerimientos de aminas, no mostraron ser factores de mal pronóstico. Dentro de las complicaciones la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica mostró tener nueve veces mayor riesgo de morir y la disfunción múltiple de órgano siete veces, pero la presencia de neumonía no influyó en la muerte. Conclusiones: El índice de shock severo se consideró un factor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes politraumatizados al triplicar el riesgo de morir y guardó relación con el lactato elevado y la alteración de los valores del déficit de bases(AU)

Introduction: Physiological responses to hemorrhage, such as hypotension and tachycardia, are not always proportional to the state of shock, which has led to the need to use other predictors. Objective: To analyze the characteristics of base deficit, lactate and severe shock index as predictors of mortality in multiply injured patients. Methods: An analytical, observational and retrospective study was carried out in the anesthesiology and resuscitation service of General Calixto García University Hospital, between August 2018 and August 2020. The sample was made up of 50 patients, according to nonprobabilistic selection criteria of the researcher. Results: Patients who suffered cranial trauma were seven times more likely to die. The index of severe shock at three hours tripled the risk of death. Lactate and baseline deficit correlated significantly with shock index greater than one. Blood transfusion doubled the risk of death, while amine requirements were not shown to be poor prognostic factors. Among complications, systemic inflammatory response was shown to have nine times higher risk of dying and multiple organ dysfunction seven times, but the presence of pneumonia did not influence death. Conclusions: The severe shock index was considered a prognostic factor for mortality in polytraumatized patients, as far as it tripled the risk of dying and was related to elevated lactate and altered base deficit values(AU)

Aspecto médico veterinário legal das lesões em aves silvestres promovidas por colisões com aeronaves / Medico-legal veterinary aspect of lesions in bird strike

The objective of this study was to describe lesions in four birds, victims of collisions with aircraft, coming from the International Airport of Recife/Guararapes Gilberto Freyre, Pernambuco, Brazil. Contused wounds were predominant in birds in this study, characterized by the presence of fractures, bruises and hematomas and justified by the blunt action promoted by the type of vulnerant agent involved (aircraft). The analysis under medico-legal veterinary aspect of lesions in bird strike is essential, because in addition to the attempt to establish a standard for differentiating the aircraft lesions, it can guide the bird strike hazard management programs at airports, since the necropsy allows the identification of the species involved or at least facilitates the obtaining biological material for identification.(AU)

Do traumático ao trauma: a lógica do presente permanente / From traumatic to trauma: the permanent present logic / De lo traumático al trauma: la lógica del presente permanente

A partir do atendimento psicanalítico de pacientes portadores de lesões cerebrais, foi possível formular a hipótese de que, em muitos casos, o quadro psicopatológico que se instala após a percepção e a experiência das sequelas de adoecimentos neurológicos pode ser localizado em algum ponto entre a neurose traumática e as patologias narcísico-identitárias. Para fundamentar e ilustrar o desenvolvimento teórico dessa hipótese, apresentaremos um caso clínico no qual a compulsão à repetição é convocada como mecanismo de defesa: a experiência subjetiva de adoecimento neurológico é vivida como um golpe traumático que divide a vida entre um antes e um depois. A consequência disso é que os recursos para a elaboração psíquica são roubados, criando ou intensificando zonas psíquicas não integradas. Desse modo, é instalada uma temporalidade baseada em um presente permanente, isto é, num tempo que não fica para trás e tampouco fornece uma abertura para o que está por vir

Based on the psychoanalytic treatment of patients with brain injury, it was possible to formulate the hypothesis that, in many cases, the psychopathological condition that sets in after the perception and experience of Sequelae from neurological illnesses can be centralized in a place between traumatic neurosis and the narcissistic-identity disorders. To support and illustrate the theoretical development of this hypothesis, we present a case in which the repetition compulsion is conveyed as a defense mechanism: the subjective experience of neurological illness is experienced as a traumatic blow that divides life between before and and after. The consequence of this is that resources for mental development are diverted, creating or intensifying non-integrated psychic areas. Therefore it is installed a temporality based on a permanent present, that is, in a time that does not fall behind nor provides a foot hold for what is to come

El tratamiento psicoanalítico de pacientes con lesiones cerebrales ha permitido formular la hipótesis de que, en muchos casos, la condición psicopatológica que se instala después de la percepción y la experiencia de las secuelas de daños neurológicos puede ser localizado en algún punto entre la neurosis traumática y las patologías de identidad narcisista. Para fundamentar e ilustrar el desarrollo teórico de esta hipótesis, se presenta un caso clínico en el cual la compulsión a la repetición fue convocada como un mecanismo de defensa: la experiencia subjetiva de la enfermedad neurológica se experimenta como un golpe traumático que divide la vida entre un antes y un después. La consecuencia de esto es que los recursos para la elaboración psíquica son robados, creando o intensificando zonas psíquicas no integradas. Por lo tanto, se instala una temporalidad en base a un presente permanente, es decir, un tiempo que no vuelve atrás ni ofrece una apertura para lo que está por venir

Tratamiento integral del paciente gran quemado / Comprehensive treatment of severe burnt patient

Paciente masculino de 47 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial. En mayo de 2009 sufrió un accidente en su hogar con gasolina inflamada, lo que le produjo lesiones en cara, cuello anterior, tronco y extremidades. Estas alcanzaron el 67,7 % de la superficie corporal total, de ellas el 51,3 % fueron quemaduras hipodérmicas y el 16,4 % dérmicas AB, para un índice de gravedad de 59,5 y pronóstico de vida de crítico extremo. Se decide ingreso en régimen de terapia intensiva del Servicio de Caumatología del Hospital Militar Central “Dr. Luis Díaz Soto”, donde se le realizaron varios tratamientos quirúrgicos. Tuvo una estadía hospitalaria de 98 días. Al alta quedaron como secuelas posquemaduras, múltiples cicatrices hipertróficas y queloideas en todo su cuerpo, sindactilia en mano izquierda y microstoma. Regresó a nuestro servicio a los 2 años y 6 meses para tratamiento reconstructivo de cicatriz queloidea que interesaba mentón y labio superior, así como del microstoma. Se realizó la reconstrucción de la zona afectada mediante la combinación de plastias locales y a distancia. Se obtuvo satisfactorios resultados estéticos y funcionales, lo que demuestra que el tratamiento integral del paciente quemado garantiza la sobrevida, el control de la sepsis, la mejoría estética, funcional y de la esfera psíquica.

A 47 year-old male patient with a history of hypertension suffered an inflamed gasoline accident at home in May 2009. This accident produced lesions on his face, anterior neck, trunk and limps. These burns reached 67.7 % of the total body surface area, out of which 51.3 % were hypodermic burns, and 16.4 % dermal AB, for a 59.5 severity index and prognosis of extremely critical. His admission is decided in intensive care regimen of the Burn Therapy Service at the Central Military Hospital where various surgical treatments were performed. He had a hospital stay of 98 days. At discharge sequelae were left as post burns, multiple keloids and hypertrophic scars all over his body, syndactyly microstoma in his left hand. The patient returned to our service at 2 years and 6 months for reconstructive treatment of keloid scar affecting his chin and upper lip, and the microstoma. Reconstruction of the affected area was performed by combining local and distance plasty. Satisfactory aesthetic and functional results were obtained, demonstrating that comprehensive treatment of burn patients guarantees survival, sepsis control, aesthetic, functional and psychic sphere improvement.

Perfil sociodemográfico e etiológico de pacientes internados em um centro de referência para tratamento de queimados em Mato Grosso do Sul / Demographic and etiologic profiles of patients hospitalized in a reference center for burn treatment in Mato Grosso do Sul

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo abordou a questão da hospitalização de 13 pacientes, crianças e adolescentes, enfocando especificamente o paciente queimado internado em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimaduras. O objetivo foi o de observar e analisar a percepção dos envolvidos no processo de tratamento, para compreender a relação desse paciente com a dor, com o processo de tratamento, com a qualidade de vida no ambiente hospitalar e com sua autoimagem. Levantar informações que revelem a importância de um trabalho profilático do trauma térmico. MÉTODO: Para atender os objetivos da pesquisa, foi utilizado o método de investigação de Estudo de Caso com abordagem qualitativa. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram uma maioria dos pacientes do sexo masculino. O agente etiológico predominante foi o etanol. Os acidentes causaram queimaduras de gravidades diversas, sendo 1 de 1º e 2º graus, 7 de 2º e 3º graus e 5 de 3º grau. O tempo de internação variou de 15 a 75 dias. As idades dos pacientes variaram entre 1 ano e oito meses a 18 anos. Quanto à escolarização, com exceção do paciente mais novo, todos frequentavam a rede de ensino. Quanto ao nível socioeconômico, a maioria tem uma renda familiar de até dois salários mínimos, que não são suficientes. De modo geral, encontra-se apenas uma pessoa trabalhando, por família. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados pesquisados demonstram a necessidade de orientação aos pais, com programas educativos e campanhas de prevenção.

INTRODUCTION: The present study addressed the issue of hospitalization in 13 patients, children and adolescents, specifically focusing on burn patients admitted to a center for burn treatment. The objective of this study was to observe and analyze the perception of those involved in the treatment process in order to understand the relationship of the patient with pain and the treatment process with the quality of life in the hospital environment and with their self-image, and to collect information on the importance of prophylactic treatment on thermal trauma. METHODS: To meet the objectives of the research, we used the case study method with a qualitative approach. RESULTS: The results showed that most of the patients were male. The predominant etiologic agent was ethanol. The accidents caused burns of various severities, first- and second-degree burns in 1 patient, second- and third-degree burns in 7 patients, and third-degree burns in 5 patients. The length of hospitalization ranged from 15 to 75 days. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 year 8 months to 18 years. As to education, with the exception of the youngest patient, all attended the school network. Regarding socioeconomic level, most had a family income of up to 2 minimum wages, which was not sufficient. In general, only one person worked per family. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the need to provide guidance to parents, with educational programs and campaigns.

El impacto de la inclusión de médicos en la atención prehospitalaria en el cuarto de shock del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, Cuenca 2011-2012 / The impact of the inclusion of doctors in the pre-hospital care in the shock room of Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, Cuenca 2011-2012

Objetivo: Conocer el impacto de la inclu-sión de médicos en la atención pre hospitalaria en el cuarto de shock del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso (HVCM).Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, la muestra fue de 288 pacien-tes atendidos en el cuarto de shock del HVCM durante seis meses en el 2011 (atención por personal de la Cruz Roja, Bomberos, etc.) y seis meses del 2012 (atención por parte de médicos del ECU911). El criterio de inclusión fue todo paciente con patología quirúrgica. Se analizaron las variables utilizando las frecuencias, porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se empleó el programa SPSS versión 18 y Epidat 3.1.Resultados: La mortalidad del centro de trauma fue de 17%; el 14,6% falleció dentro de las primeras 24 horas. El mecanismo de trauma más frecuente fue accidentes de tránsito con el 42%. Las causas de atención fueron: TEC (trauma encéfalo craneal) con el 45,14%; trauma abdominal (8,33%); trauma de tórax (7,29%); otros con el 39,24% (politraumatizado, policontusión, abdomen agudo oclusivo, fracturas óseas, etc.). El 43,1% de los pacientes fueron atendidos en el año 2011 y el 56,9% en el 2012, observándose un incremento del 13,8% en relación al año 2012, tiempo en el que se implanto la atención pre hospitalaria medicalizada. La atención pre hospitalaria medicalizada no influyó de forma significativa en la mortalidad del centro de trauma con una p=0,5, aunque existió una disminución del 3%; no obstante, existe correlación con disminución en el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en el cuarto de shock y su tratamiento resolutivo que se llevó a cabo con una p< 0,05.Conclusión: Ha disminuido el tiempo de estancia de los pacientes en el cuarto de shock y su tratamiento resolutivo al implementarse la atención pre hospitalaria por parte de médicos; no obstante, no se observó una disminución significativa de la mortalidad del cuarto de shock aunque ha existido una disminución del 3%.

Objective: To determine the impact of the physicians inclusion in the pre hospital care in the shock room in the Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital (VCMH).Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was made, the sample consisted of 288 pa-tients treated at the shock of VCMH room for six months in 2011 (emergency medi-cal services, Fire department, etc.) and six months of 2012 (attention from ECU911doc-tors). The inclusion criterion was any patient with surgical pathology. The variables were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and chi square. SPSS version 18 and Epidat 3.1were used.Results: The mortality of trauma center was 17%; 14.6% died within the first 24 hours. The most common mechanism of trauma was traffic accidents with 42%. The cau-ses of attention were: CBT (cranial brain trauma) with 45.14%; abdominal trauma (8.33%); chest trauma (7.29%); others with the 39.24% (polytrauma, polycontusion, occlusive acute abdomen, bone fractures, etc.).The 43.1% of patients were treated in 2011 and 56.9% in 2012, with an increase of 13.8% compared to 2012, in that time the pre hos-pital care was inserted. The pre hospital care did not influence signi-ficantly in the mortality trauma center with a p = 0.5, although there was a decrease of 3%; however, there is correlation with a decrease in the length of hospital stay in the shock room and its operative treatment which was conducted with p <0.05.Conclusion: Decreased length of stay of patients in the shock room and operative treatment when the pre hospital care was implemented by physicians; however, a significant decrease in the mortality of the shock room was observed although there has been a decrease of 3%.

Modalidades de respuesta frente a lo traumático: aportes de la segunda tópica freudiana / Method of response to traumatic: contributions of the second freudian topic

El siguiente artículo se inscribe en el Proyecto de Investigación UBACyT: “La clínica de la segunda tópica freudiana” Programación científica 2011-2014. Dentro del marco de dicha Investigación, este artículo indaga los distintos modos de respuesta frente a lo traumático teorizados por Freud. Para ello recorreremos las diversas conceptualizaciones freudianas de lo traumático, y fundamentalmente, destacaremos las modalidades de respuesta frente a lo traumático que están por fuera de la operatoria de la represión. Es decir, aquellas respuestas subjetivas que el aparato psíquico presenta en los momentos denominados tempranos, previos lógicamente al Edipo. Precisaremos los diferentes articuladores conceptuales y referentes clínicos que nos permitan ilustrar estas nociones. En primer lugar, situaremos los desarrollos freudianos respecto de la represión, el síntoma y el valor de las fantasías, y luego nos dedicaremos a ubicar los distintos modos de defensa que exceden la operación de la represión: los diques pulsionales, los dos destinos de pulsión previos a la represión, la compulsión de repetición y la angustia como contrainvestidura...

La curación de las heridas de gran superficie y la medicina regenerativa / Wound healing of large surface and regenerative medicine

La medicina regenerativa, con los conocimientos de la biología celular y molecular, llegó a las especialidades quirúrgicas y así a la atención del paciente. Se describen los fundamentos teóricos de un nuevo concepto de curación de las superficies cruentas. Se explica un nuevo procedimiento de curación de las heridas no infectadas a través del uso de un epitelio transitorio que al evitar la evaporación protege a las señales electromagnéticas de información entre célula y célula, así como la regeneración de un nuevo tejido mediante el uso de ADM. Se presentan cinco pacientes críticos, cuatro de ellos con indicación de amputación por la gravedad del traumatismo.

Regenerative medicine with knowledge of cell and molecular biology, reached the surgical specialities and thereby patient care. It describes the theoretical basis of a new concept of wound healing and a new procedure for healing of uninfected wounds through the use of a transitional epithelium to prevent evaporation that protects information of the electromagnetic signals between the cells, and regeneration of a new tissue using ADM. We present five critical patients, four of them with an indication of amputation due to the severity of the injury.

Shock, diaschisis and von Monakow / Choque, diasquise e von Monakow

The concept of shock apparently emerged in the middle of the 18th century (Whyett) as an occurrence observed experimentally after spinal cord transection, and identified as "shock" phenomenon one century later (Hall). The concept was extended (Brown-Séquard) and it was suggested that brain lesions caused functional rupture in regions distant from the injured one ("action à distance"). The term "diaschisis" (von Monakow), proposed as a new modality of shock, had its concept broadened, underpinned by observations of patients, aiming at distinguishing between symptoms of focal brain lesions and transitory effects they produced, attributable to depression of distant parts of the brain connected to the injured area. Presently, diaschisis is related mainly to cerebrovascular lesions and classified according to the connection fibers involved, as proposed by von Monakow. Depression of metabolism and blood flow in regions anatomically separated, but related by connections with the lesion, allows observing diaschisis with neuroimaging.

O conceito de choque aparentemente surgiu em meados do século 18 (Whyett), como ocorrência observada experimentalmente após seção transversa da medula, e foi identificado como fenômeno de "choque" um século mais tarde (Hall). O conceito foi estendido (Brown-Séquard) e sugeriu-se que lesões cerebrais produziam ruptura funcional em regiões distantes à da lesão ("action à distance"). O termo "diásquise" (von Monakow), proposto como nova modalidade de choque, teve seu conceito ampliado, fundamentado em observações em pacientes. Visava distinguir sintomas de lesões cerebrais focais de efeitos transitórios que produziam, atribuíveis à depressão de partes distantes do cérebro conectadas à área lesada. Atualmente, diásquise é relacionada principalmente a lesões cerebrovasculares e classificada de acordo com as fibras de conexão envolvidas, como proposto por von Monakow. Depressão do metabolismo e fluxo sanguíneo em regiões anatomicamente separadas, mas relacionadas por conexões à lesão, permitem observar diásquise por meio de neuroimagem.

Trauma precoce e transtornos de humor em jovens / Early trauma and mood disorders in youngsters

OBJETIVO: Verificar vivências precoces de abuso e negligência na infância entre jovens com transtorno bipolar (TB), transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e controles populacionais. MÉTODO: Estudo de caso-controle aninhado a um estudo transversal de base populacional. A confirmação do diagnóstico foi realizada por meio de entrevista clínica estruturada para transtornos de eixo I do DSM-IV (SCID) e os eventos traumáticos foram verificados pelo Questionário sobre traumas na infância (CTQ). RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 231 jovens, sendo 95 indivíduos no grupo controle, 82 com TDM e 54 com TB (32 do tipo I e 22 do tipo II). A prevalência de trauma na infância foi de 42,2%, sendo 54,7% entre aqueles com TB, 62,2% entre os jovens com TDM e 18,1% entre o grupo controle. Os jovens com TB ou TDM apresentaram maiores médias no CTQ total e entre seus componentes quando comparados aos jovens do grupo controle, exceto o componente abuso sexual, em que se observou diferença estatística apenas entre o grupo controle e o grupo de jovens com transtorno bipolar. CONCLUSÃO: O relato de vivências traumáticas precoces foi mais presente entre os jovens com transtornos de humor do que na população geral, confirmando o que a literatura traz sobre o tema. Nesse sentido, as vivências de trauma na infância parecem contribuir para o aparecimento dos transtornos de humor.

OBJECTIVE: To verify early experiences of childhood abuse and neglect among young with bipolar disorder (BD), major depression (MDD), and controls. METHOD: Case-control study nested to a population-based cross-sectional study. The diagnosis was performed via the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID). Traumatic events were analyzed using the Portuguese version - Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (CTQ) - based on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS: The sample comprised 231 adolescents with 95 individuals in the control group, 82 with MDD and 54 with BD (32 of type I and 22 type II). The prevalence of trauma or violence in childhood was 42.2%; among those, 54.7% had BD, 62.2% had MDD and 18.1% were in the control group. Young people with BD or MDD obtained higher means in total CTQ and among their components when compared with those in the control group. DISCUSSION: Reports on early traumatic experiences were more frequent among young people with mood disorders than in the general population, corroborating the literature on the subject. In this sense, the traumatic experiences during childhood seemed to contribute to the onset of the disorder.

A clínica social em situações extremas: o trauma na dimensão coletiva / Social clinic in extreme situations: the trauma in collective dimension

Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever o traumático na clínica enquanto realidade psíquica epsicopatológica, suas dimensões subjetiva e social. A realidade psíquica de um sujeito enquanto asoma de traços deixados por suas experiências relacionais, que nos dirá sobre as consequênciaspatológicas ou não de um acontecimento potencialmente traumático: uma ruptura violenta na marchados eventos cotidianos e sociais. A compreensão psicanalítica do traumatismo lança luz sobre o fatode que ele não é constituído unicamente do choque provocado pelo agente exterior, mas tanto quantopelas possibilidades de reação da pessoa que o suporta. Esse é o fundamento do tratamentopsicoterápico do traumatismo. Estas aproximações de uma clínica em situações extremas partem dopressuposto de que não há uma natureza única do trauma nem das defesas mobilizadas em seuenfrentamento. O enfoque clínico do social nos mostra a importância da plasticidade cultural quandose participa com as equipes de intervenções locais e no desenho das estratégias a seremimplementadas. A clínica do sujeito nos revela que mesmo que o psiquismo estenda os meios deproteção e de autoproteção para se preservar dos traumas, sua reorganização tem um custo psíquicoque pode tanto favorecer quanto impedir o trabalho terapêutico

This article describes clinical treatment after traumatic situations, as being understood as psychic andpsychopathological events with subjective and social dimensions. The subject s psychic realityrepresented by the sum of the traces left by his or her relational experiences tells about theconsequences, pathological or otherwise, of a potentially traumatic event: a violent break in thecontinuity of the subject s everyday life. Psychoanalysis understands traumatism as consisting notonly by the shock caused by an outside agent but as also closely related to the individual s specificability to react. This would be the basis of the psychotherapeutic treatment of traumatism. Suchclinical approaches to extreme situations are based on the supposition that there would be a singlenature of neither the traumatic experiences nor the defenses mobilized to cope with them. The clinicalfocus of social realities shows the importance of cultural flexibility when participating in localintervention teams and designing strategies to be implemented. Clinical practice which is based on thesubject shows that even if the mental apparatus is able to expand its ability to protect itself by wardingoff traumas, the consequent reorganization has psychic costs that can either favor or block therapeuticwork

Rabbit model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock and hypotensive resuscitation

Clinically relevant animal models capable of simulating traumatic hemorrhagic shock are needed. We developed a hemorrhagic shock model with male New Zealand rabbits (2200-2800 g, 60-70 days old) that simulates the pre-hospital and acute care of a penetrating trauma victim in an urban scenario using current resuscitation strategies. A laparotomy was performed to reproduce tissue trauma and an aortic injury was created using a standardized single puncture to the left side of the infrarenal aorta to induce hemorrhagic shock similar to a penetrating mechanism. A 15-min interval was used to simulate the arrival of pre-hospital care. Fluid resuscitation was then applied using two regimens: normotensive resuscitation to achieve baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, 10 animals) and hypotensive resuscitation at 60 percent of baseline MAP (10 animals). Another 10 animals were sham operated. The total time of the experiment was 85 min, reproducing scene, transport and emergency room times. Intra-abdominal blood loss was significantly greater in animals that underwent normotensive resuscitation compared to hypotensive resuscitation (17.1 ± 2.0 vs 8.0 ± 1.5 mL/kg). Antithrombin levels decreased significantly in normotensive resuscitated animals compared to baseline (102 ± 2.0 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent), sham (95 ± 2.8 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent), and hypotensive resuscitated animals (98 ± 7.8 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent). Evidence of re-bleeding was also noted in the normotensive resuscitation group. A hypotensive resuscitation regimen resulted in decreased blood loss in a clinically relevant small animal model capable of reproducing hemorrhagic shock caused by a penetrating mechanism.

Fluidoterapia de reanimación en pacientes con trauma grave: ¿Necesita cambiarse? / Resuscitation fluid therapy in patients with severe trauma: Is a change necessary?

El acceso venoso en los pacientes politraumatizados ha sido tradicionalmente una medida de suma importancia que permite la administración de líquidos, analgésicos, anestésicos y drogas reanimadoras. Convencionalmente en un paciente exanguinado, la administración vigorosa de cristaloides o coloides estuvo encaminada a restablecer de forma ®empecinada¼ los valores de tensión arterial cercanos a la normalidad, en un intento por lograr la oxigenación tisular adecuada desde el preoperatorio. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que tal estrategia de reanimación en este tipo de paciente aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad de este debido a las graves anormalidades metabólicas que provoca, entre ellas la hipotermia, la acidosis, la coagulopatía y el resangrado de las lesiones vasculares previamente autocontroladas por los mecanismos fisiológicos de la coagulación. Hacemos una revisión de la literatura que refleja los relativamente nuevos puntos de vistas en la fluidoterapia de reanimación del paciente politraumatizado exanguinado(AU)

The veined access in the patient politraumatizados has been traditionally a measure of supreme importance that allows the administration of liquids, analgesic, anesthetics and drugs reanimadoras. Conventionally in a patient exanguinado, the vigorous administration of cristaloides or colloids it was guided to reestablish in way ®empecinada¼ the near values of arterial tension to the normality, in an intent to achieve the oxygenation appropriate tisular from the preoperatorio. However, it has been demonstrated that such a reanimación strategy in patient's type increases the morbilidad and mortality of this due to the serious metabolic abnormalities that it causes, among them the hypothermia, the acidosis, the coagulopatía and the resangrado of the vascular lesions previously autocontroladas for the physiologic mechanisms of the clotting. We make a revision of the literature that reflects the relatively new points of views in the fluidoterapia of reanimación of the patient politraumatizado exanguinado(AU)

Garimpando na fronteira psicanálise-literatura / Looking for precious stones on the psychoanalysis literature boundary

O trabalho toma por base alguns dos diversos enfoques que a questão dos traumas tem recebido na literatura psicanalítica, inclusive seus vínculos com a compulsão à repetição, narcisismo, perversões e transferências, além de outros. São destacados os paradoxos da traumatofilia, em função de suas origens e desdobramentos. Algumas contribuições das neurociências são acrescentadas a certas visões psicanalíticas do problema. São comentadas as dificuldades técnicas das análises destes casos e os possíveis limites da ação terapêutica, do lado do paciente e do analista. Alguns pontos são ilustrados com vinhetas clínicas.

Considerações sobre uma experiência clínica / Clinical experience consideration

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir o impacto da experiência traumática, considerando-se os aspectos do desenvolvimento psíquico e neuro-motor observados numa criança de oito anos de idade. Pretendemos oferecer uma visão orientada por vários vértices, na interface da psicanálise com a neurociência. Serão apresentados os resultados de um trabalho de nove anos de acompanhamento, no qual procuramos adequar a técnica psicanalítica, seguindo as formulações de Anne Álvares acerca do trabalho com crianças traumatizadas nos primórdios do desenvolvimento.

Psicotrauma y estrés postraumático, su valoración como daño psicológico o moral dentro del proceso civil y penal / Psycho trauma and posttraumatic stress its valuation like psychological or moral damage within the civil and penal process

Nuestro objeto de estudio, abarca los Psicotraumas, sin importar su causa (accidente tránsito, riesgos laborales, delitos sexuales, ejercicio profesional, violencia doméstica, etc). Tampoco vamos a entrar a analizar las especificidades en las incidencias del stress postraumático: negatividad, ansiedad, agresividad, regresiones, conductas destructivas, disturbios del sueño, perdida de la autoestima, déficit de lenguaje, dismininución en las funciones intelectuales; sino que intentará buscar la reparación, imputándose el daño a la persona o personas que de alguna manera participarón en su producción. Junto a la resarcibilidad del daño patrimonial, se reconocerá además todos aquellos daños que afecten directamente el patrimonio (material o corporal) de una persona y a los cuales se le han llamado "daños morales" o bien "daños patrimoniales", como lo es el psicotrauma y el estrés postraumático. Palabras clave: Psicotrauma, resarcitorio, daño, material, corporal, daño moral, daño no patrimonial.