Fluoride in Bottled Waters Consumed in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the fluoride concentration of bottled waters from municipalities in northeastern Brazil. Material and Methods: Bottled mineral waters were purchased in two periods at different commercial places of four large municipalities (João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, and Cajazeiras) in the Paraíba state. The municipalities selected to present the following annual average temperature: João Pessoa 26.5 °C, Campina Grande 23.3 °C, Patos and Cajazeiras 27.5 °C. Fluoride concentration was determined using a combined ion-specific electrode. Readings (in mV) were conducted in triplicates for each standard solution and converted into fluoride concentration (mg F/L) using the Excel® software. Results: A total of 72 samples from six brands of bottled water were analyzed. The fluoride concentrations of all samples were low (0.11-0.21mg/L) but higher than those reported on the label and varied among different batches of the same brand. Conclusion: The fluoride levels in bottled water vary among brands, and these actual values are not stated in the labels.

Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan / Qualidade de água potável de váris fontes dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat e Swat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review / Consumo de agua en lactantes sanos de cero a seis meses y factores efectivos: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: Early introduction of fluids and water affects the duration of breastfeeding, the infant immune system, and possibly causes infants to consume less breast milk, which may, in turn, affect their nutritional and immune status. Objective: This study was carried out to determine water consumption in 0-6-month-old infants and the factors affecting this consumption. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in seven electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and TÜBITAK) for studies published until April 25, 2022, using the keywords: drinking water, infant, and breastfeeding. Results: The systematic review included 13 studies. Five studies were crosssectional, three were descriptive and quasi-experimental, and the others were case-control and cohort studies. It was reported in the examined studies that 86.2% of the infants were around 6 weeks old, 44 % of the infants were 1 month old, 77% were 3 months old, 2.5% were 4 months old, and 2.5 to 85% of the infants were around 6 months old when they first consumed water. The prominent reasons for making the infants drink water are the thought that they need it and cultural reasons. Conclusions: The exclusive breastfeeding of 0-6-month-old infants is the recommendation of reliable health authorities. Nurses play a key role in implementing this practice. In this systematic review, it was seen that families gave their infants water at varying rates in the 0-6-month period, and the factors affecting this situation were revealed. If nurses determine which factors affect families in terms of the early introduction of fluids, they could be able to plan the necessary education and interventions.

Introducción. La introducción temprana de líquidos y agua afecta la duración de la lactancia, el sistema inmune del lactante y posiblemente hace que los lactantes consuman menos leche materna, lo que a su vez puede afectar su estado nutricional e inmunitario. Objetivo. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el consumo de agua en bebés de cero a seis meses y los factores que inciden en este consumo. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura en siete bases de dato electrónicas (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library y TÜBITAK) para estudios publicados hasta el 25 de abril de 2022, utilizando las palabras clave: agua potable, lactante y lactancia. Resultados. La revisión sistemática incluyó 13 estudios. Cinco fueron estudios transversales, tres fueron descriptivos, cuasiexperimentales y los restantes fueron estudios de casos y controles, y de cohortes. En los estudios examinados se informó que le dieron agua al 86,2 % de los lactantes de seis semanas, al 44 % de los lactantes de un mes, al 77 % de los lactantes de tres meses, al 2,5 % de los lactantes de cuatro meses y al 2,5 % a 85 % de los lactantes de seis meses. Las razones principales para dar agua a los bebés son la idea de que los bebés necesitan agua y razones culturales. Conclusiones. La lactancia materna exclusiva es la recomendación de las autoridades sanitarias para los bebés de cero a seis meses. Las enfermeras juegan un papel clave en la implementación de esta práctica. En esta revisión sistemática se observó que las familias daban agua a sus bebés en proporciones variables durante el período de cero a seis meses y se revelaron los factores que inciden en esta situación. Si las enfermeras determinan qué factores afectan a las familias en cuanto a la introducción temprana de líquidos, podrían planificar las medidas educativas y las intervenciones necesarias.

Endemic dental fluorosis in children from a brazilian slave-descendent community: a cross-sectional study / Fluorose dentária endêmica em crianças de uma comunidade quilombola brasileira: um estudo transversal

Although fluoride (F) is required for the normal growth and development of several human organs and tissues, excessive exposure to it may be potentially toxic. Groundwater may present ranging levels of F; however, the appearance, taste, and smell are not altered. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate dental fluorosis in children from a Brazilian slave-descendent community, as well as to assess F levels in the drinking water supplies available in that area. For that, 21 children aged from 6 to 14 years living in Rincão dos Martimianos were invited to participate. Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (a 0­9 scale) was used to assess dental fluorosis on permanent teeth. Furthermore, the F concentration of two water samples (from the artesian well and a tank) was determined by using a potentiometric method. All children presented dental fluorosis to some degree, ranging from score 2 to 9. About 81% of them had dental fluorosis scores equal to or over 5. Scores lower than 5 were observed only in children younger than 8 years; on the other hand, all children older than 8 years presented scores higher than 5. Moreover, artesian well water had an F concentration of 5 mg/L and tank water 0.8 mg/L. It is suggested that the F-rich groundwater supply was most probably responsible for dental fluorosis in that area. Brazilian slave-descendent communities, therefore, should receive constant attention from their local authorities in order to guarantee a proper water supply for consumption, as well as to provide public health education(AU)

Embora o flúor (F) seja necessário para o crescimento e desenvolvimento normal de vários órgãos e tecidos humanos, a exposição excessiva pode ser potencialmente tóxica. As águas subterrâneas podem apresentar níveis variados de F; no entanto, a aparência, o sabor e o cheiro não são alterados. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a fluorose dentária em crianças de uma comunidade brasileira descendente de escravos, bem como avaliar os níveis de F na água potável disponível nessa área. Para isso, 21 crianças de 6 a 14 anos residentes no Rincão dos Martimianos foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa. O índice de Thylstrup e Fejerskov (uma escala de 0 a 9) foi usado para avaliar a fluorose dentária em dentes permanentes. Além disso, a concentração de F de duas amostras de água (do poço artesiano e de um tanque) foi determinada pelo método potenciométrico. Todas as crianças apresentaram algum grau de fluorose dentária, variando de 2 a 9. Cerca de 81% delas apresentaram escores de fluorose dentária iguais ou superiores a 5. Escores inferiores a 5 foram observados apenas em crianças menores de 8 anos; por outro lado, todas as crianças maiores de 8 anos apresentaram escores superiores a 5. Além disso, a água do poço artesiano tinha concentração de F de 5 mg/L e a água do tanque 0,8 mg/L. Desta forma, acredita-se que a fonte de água subterrânea rica em F foi provavelmente responsável pela fluorose dentária na região avaliada. As comunidades quilombolas brasileiras, portanto, devem receber atenção constante de suas autoridades locais, a fim de garantir o abastecimento adequado de água para consumo, bem como proporcionar educação em saúde pública(AU)

Processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI) / Construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands (PNATI) / Proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas (PNATI)

Objetivo: compreender o processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI), por meio de fatores socioepidemiológicos que impulsionaram sua institucionalização. Método: estudo descritivo e socioepidemiológico, baseado em dados secundários da Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI), com recorte temporal pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Aanálise dos dados seguiu os fundamentos da teoria do sistema político de David Easton. Resultados: o processo de construção do programa considerou o volume de notificações de doenças de veiculação hídrica, o baixo acesso à água potável e a dificuldade no controle da qualidade desta nas aldeias atendidas pela SESAI. Após a construção do PNATI, verificou-se a importância desse instrumento para planejamento, gerência e controle social na garantia do abastecimento de água potável nas terras indígenas e mudanças na realidade sanitária dos povos indígenas do Brasil.Conclusão: o PNATI preenche uma lacuna existente quanto ao amparo legal, com a oportunidade de reverter o panorama de insuficiências de saneamento ambiental, com vistas a universalizar o acesso à água, em quantidade e qualidade nas comunidades indígenas, e contribuir para a melhoria da saúde dessa população.

Objective:to understand the construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands, through socio-epidemiological factors that drove its institutionalization. Method:descriptive and socioepidemiological study, based on secondary data from the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI), with a pre-pandemic and pandemic time frame. Data analysis followed the foundations of David Easton's political system theory. Results:the program's construction process considered the volume of notifications of waterborne diseases, the low access to potable water and the difficulty in controlling its quality in the villages served by SESAI. After the construction of the PNATI, the importance of this instrument for planning, management and social control in guaranteeing the supply of potable water in indigenous lands and changes in the health reality of the indigenous peoples of Brazil was verified. Conclusion:PNATI fills an existing gap in terms of legal support, with the opportunity to reverse the scenario of insufficient environmental sanitation, with a view to universalizing access to water, in quantity and quality in indigenous communities, and contributing to the improvement of the health of this population.

Objetivo:comprender el proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas, a través de los factores socioepidemiológicos que impulsaron su institucionalización. Método:estudio descriptivo y socioepidemiológico, con base en datos secundarios de la Secretaría Especial de Salud Indígena (SESAI), con marco temporal antes y durante la pandemia. El análisis de datos siguió los fundamentos de la teoría del sistema político de David Easton. Resultados:el proceso de construcción del programa consideró el volumen de notificaciones de enfermedades hídricas, el bajo acceso al agua potable y la dificultad para controlar su calidad en las localidades atendidas por SESAI. Luego de la construcción del PNATI, se constató la importancia de este instrumento de planificación, gestión y control social en la garantía del abastecimiento de agua potable en tierras indígenas y cambios en la realidad sanitaria de los pueblos indígenas de Brasil. Conclusión:el PNATI llena un vacío existente en materia de respaldo legal, con la oportunidad de revertir el escenario de insuficiente saneamiento ambiental, con miras a universalizar el acceso al agua, en cantidad y calidad en las comunidades indígenas, y contribuir al mejoramiento de la salud de estas población.

Fluoruros en agua de consumo al norte y occidente de México / Fluorides in water for consumption in northern and western Mexico

La cantidad de fluoruros en el agua en algunas regiones de México representa un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios originales que reportaran niveles de fluoruros en agua corriente y embotellada de la región norte y occidente de México. Esta revisión sistemática se elaboró utilizando el sistema PRISMA en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic y Scielo. Se implementaron las palabras clave de fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico, y se incluyeron y excluyeron registros de acuerdo con los criterios previamente establecidos. Fueron revisados aquellos artículos publicados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 30 de marzo del 2021. Se identificaron 36 registros en total. La mayoría mostraban datos encontrados en la región occidente del país (n = 23) mientras que los restantes fueron realizados al norte. Ambas regiones se mostraron con rangos máximos y medias muestrales por encima de lo sugerido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los organismos reguladores nacionales. De acuerdo con los estudios aquí analizados en México, las regiones Norte y Occidente del país muestran una situación preocupante por los elevados niveles de fluoruros que reportan los autores en agua corriente y embotellada, los niveles se encuentran casi en su totalidad por encima de los recomendados a nivel nacional e internacional lo cual significa un problema de salud pública que requiere de atención.

The amount of fluoride in water in some regions of Mexico represents a public health problem. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of original studies that report fluoride levels in tap and bottled water from the northern and western regions of Mexico. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method in PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic and Scielo databases. The keywords fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico were used for the search and the records found were included and excluded according to the previous established criteria. We reviewed data in articles published between January 1st, 2010 and March 30th, 2021. We identified a total of 36 records. Most showed data found in the western region (n = 23), while the rest reported data found in the north. Both regions reported maximum and mean sample ranges above those suggested by the World Health Organization and national regulations. According to the analyzed data, in Mexico, the northern and western regions of the country show a concerning situation due to the high levels of fluoride reported by many authors in tap and bottled water. Almost all authors reported data above those recommended for national and international regulations, which represent an important public health problem that requires attention.

Survival capacity of Arcobacter butzleri at different incubation temperatures in drinking water

Arcobacter represents a zoonotic emerging pathogen with increasing importance for public health and drinking water has been cited as a major risk factor for its dissemination. The aim of this work was to evaluate the survival capacity of Arcobacter in different water matrixes stored at different temperatures. Three different water matrixes were used, including potable water with a chlorine concentration of 0,5 mg/mL, non-chlorinated water and non-chlorinated water added with an 11% of organic matter. Each matrix was inoculated in a 1/10 proportion with 103 and 105 Arcobacter pools, divided into 4 different subsamples, in order to be incubated at 0°C, 5°C, 12 °C and 25°C by up to 15 days. The presence of Arcobacter in each matrix was determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15. Results obtained show that this bacterium can survive in all the water matrixes evaluated, regardless of the presence or not of residual disinfecting agent. Also, the amount of CFU/mL inoculated in water correlates with the number of bacteria that can survive on it, and that incubation temperature has a significant effect over the bacterial survival.

Moringa oleifera Plant as potent alternate to Chemical Coagulant in Water Purification

Abstract Quality of groundwater is threatened due to pollution by industrial, domestic and agricultural waste. A large number of populations are residing in rural areas which are unable to afford high cost water purifiers due to their low income as well as limited awareness. However, limited availability of fresh water has become a critical issue in developing countries. Around 1.2 billion population is deprived of affordable and safe water for their domestic need. Additionally, chemical coagulants which are nowadays being used for water purification pose severe and numerous health hazards to human. Thus utilization of easily accessible natural coagulant for water purification might offer a sustainable, practical and cost effective solution to the current alarming situation in developing countries. Several experimental findings have shown strong efficiency of Moringa oleifera plant extracts obtained from different solvents in the improvement of water quality parameters including physicochemical (such as pH, hardness, turbidity, metallic impurities, total dissolved solid) and biological (E.coli count) parameter. We have also highlighted the limitations and advantages of chemical coagulation in water purification. Altogether, this review summarizes one such miracle tree which has shown significant potential as a natural coagulant and its associated underlying mechanism in water purification process.

Vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano: scoping review / Access to medicines by the Brazilian population: data from the 2019 national health survey

A água para consumo humano é um bem indispensável à vida, reconhecida pela Organização das Nações Unidas como direito humano fundamental, figura como metas dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, ao orientar o acesso a água segura para todos e a eliminação de doenças transmitidas pela água até 2030. A qualidade da água é um fator de proteção à saúde e é dada mediante requisitos essenciais orientados pelos países, ou baseados nas diretrizes publicadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, traduzidos no padrão de qualidade e potabilidade. É recomendado que a água para consumo humano seja objeto de ações de vigilância e com isso, torna-se relevante mapear como estas ações vem sendo desenvolvidas no cenário mundial. O objetivo da tese é mapear as ações de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano desenvolvidas por órgãos governamentais ou serviços de saúde pública. Como objetivos específicos: a) Propor um protocolo de scoping review para identificar e mapear ações e iniciativas mundiais de vigilância da qualidade da água potável implementadas por órgãos governamentais ou serviços de saúde pública; b) Identificar ações e iniciativas de vigilância da qualidade da água potável implementadas por órgãos governamentais ou serviços públicos de saúde. Trata-se de uma scoping review, baseada nas recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute. Foram seguidas as 9 etapas: definição e alinhamento dos objetivos e questões da pesquisa; desenvolvimento e alinhamento de critérios de inclusão; descrição da seleção de evidências; busca de evidências; seleção de evidências; extração de evidências; análise de evidências; apresentação de resultados; resumo das evidências, conclusões e implicações dos achados. Foi feita a consulta aos stakeholders, para socialização dos resultados da revisão. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes. Os resultados subsidiaram a escrita de dois artigos, sendo (1) "Vigilância da qualidade da água potável em todo o mundo: protocolo de revisão de escopo" e (2) "Ações e iniciativas de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano em todo o mundo: Scoping review. O protocolo de estudo destacou as características e etapas metodológicas que orientaram a revisão, favorecendo a replicabilidade, confiabilidade do processo de pesquisa, conferindo rigor científico ao trabalho. A scoping review, identificou e mapeou as ações de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano desenvolvidas, seus impactos e resultados, produzindo quatro classes: (1) avaliação da cobertura, acessibilidade, quantidade e qualidade da água para consumo humano em situações de rotina e emergências; (2) análise dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos em redes de abastecimento público e soluções alternativas de abastecimento de água; (3) Identificação de contaminação domiciliar da água, comunicação e educação com a comunidade e (4) Investigação de surtos de doenças transmitidas pela água, que detalharam importantes ações e resultados nos países, permitindo a comparabilidade e identificação dos principais desafios objetos destas ações. O estudo identificou temas importantes que precisam ser analisados para que as ações de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano possam contribuir para o acesso seguro a água (AU).

Drinking water is indispensable for life, recognized by the United Nations as a fundamental human right, it is one of the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals, as it guides access to safe water for all and the elimination of water-borne diseases until 2030. Water quality is a health protection factor and is given through essential requirements oriented by countries, or based on guidelines published by the World Health Organization, translated into the standard of quality and potability. It is recommended that drinking water be the object of surveillance actions and with that, it becomes relevant to analyze how these actions have been developed on the world stage. The objective of this thesis is to map the actions of surveillance of the drinking water quality developed by government agencies or public health services. As specific objectives: a) Propose a scoping review protocol to identify and map global actions and initiatives to monitor the quality of drinking water implemented by government agencies or public health services; b) Identify drinking water quality surveillance actions and initiatives implemented by government agencies or public health services. This is a scoping review, based on recommendations from the Joanna Briggs Institute. The 9 steps were followed: definition and alignment of research objectives and questions; development and alignment of inclusion criteria; description of evidence selection; search for evidence; evidence selection; evidence extraction; evidence analysis; results presentation; summary of evidence, conclusions and implications of findings. Stakeholders were consulted to share the results of the review. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes. The results supported the writing of two articles, being (1) "Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality Worldwide: Scoping Review Protocol" and (2) "Worldwide surveillance actions and initiatives of drinking water quality: a scoping review". The study protocol highlighted the characteristics and methodological steps that guided the review, favoring replicability and reliability of the research process, providing scientific rigor to the work. The scoping review identified and mapped the drinking water quality surveillance actions developed, their impacts and results, producing four classes: (1) evaluation of coverage, accessibility, quantity and quality of water for human consumption in situations routine and emergencies; (2) analysis of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters in public supply networks and alternative water supply solutions; (3) Identification of household water contamination, communication and education with the community and (4) Investigation of outbreaks of water-borne diseases, which detailed important actions and results in the countries, allowing the comparability and identification of the main challenges object of these actions. The study identified important issues that need to be analyzed so that drinking water quality surveillance actions can contribute to safe access to water (AU).

La concentración de fluoruro en agua potable y la fluorosis dental en niños / Fluoride concentration in drinking water in relation to dental fluorosis in children

Dental treatment is a highly sought-after but costly procedure in the world, so it is important to consider measures to prevent dental disease. Among the ways of prevention, drinking water fluoridation, which involves adding relevant amounts of fluoride to the water supply reaching communities, stands out. However, it is not clear whether there are enough researchers who have addressed the issue, or that their methodology has been adequate to provide alternatives to solve some conditions, such as dental fluorosis, which, in contrast, is manifested by excessive fluoride intake. The main objective was to explore and analyse the academic production on the concentration of fluoride present in drinking water in order to find a relationship with dental fluorosis in children. To this end, the PRISMA model was used as a starting point in order to carry out a systematic review of academic articles chosen according to selection criteria. These will be extracted from five databases, using a documentary-type methodology, whose data collection will be carried out in virtual environments. From this, it was concluded that the academic production includes the concentration of fluoride in drinking water as a means of prevention for dental pathologies; however, the levels of fluoride allowed in children should be known, as the excess of fluoride in the teeth causes dental fluorosis, which turns out to be the cause of psychological complexes in children due to an aesthetic issue.

El tratamiento dental es un procedimiento muy solicitado en el mundo, pero costoso de realizar; por lo que, es importante considerar medidas para prevenir enfermedades dentarias. Entre las formas de prevención, destaca la fluoración del agua potable, que implica añadir cantidades pertinentes de flúor al suministro de agua que llega a las comunidades. Sin embargo, no se precisa si existen suficientes investigadores que hayan abordado el tema, o que su metodología empleada haya sido la adecuada como para brindar alternativas para solucionar algunas afecciones, tales como la fluorosis dental que; en contraste, se manifiesta por la excesiva ingesta de flúor. El objetivo principal, realizar una exploración y análisis de la producción académica sobre la concentración de flúor presente en el agua potable con el fin de encontrar una relación con la fluorosis dental en niños. Para ello, se partió del modelo PRISMA con el fin de proceder una revisión sistemática de artículos académicos escogidos mediante criterios de selección. Estos serán extraídos de cinco bases de datos, valiéndose entonces, de una metodología de tipo documental, cuya recolección de datos se efectuará en entornos virtuales. A partir de ello, se concluyó que la producción académica incluye a la concentración del flúor en agua potable como un modo de prevención para patologías dentales; no obstante, se debe conocer los niveles de flúor permitido en los niños, pues el exceso de flúor en los dientes origina fluorosis dental, la cual resulta ser causante de complejos psicológicos en los niños debido a un tema estético.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre salud ambiental en estudiantes universitarios / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on environmental health in university students

La crisis ambiental es la primera crisis global generada por el desconocimiento, es por ello, que la educación respecto a la salud ambiental es el punto de partida para reemplatear la actitud de las relaciones del ser humano con su entorno. Por tal razón, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre salud ambiental en estudiantes ecuatorianos de la sede Huancayo de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes. La investigación fue descriptiva-transversal cuya muestra estuvo conformada por 147 estudiantes ecuatorianos matriculados en el segundo semestre 2021 de medicina y enfermería. Como instrumento se aplicó la encuesta CAP relacionadas con sostenibilidad de tres modulos y 18 ítems. Para el análisis de los datos, se calcularon proporciones y medidas de resumen, correlaciones de Spearman, prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors. Como resultado se encontró que el nivel de conocimiento fue "Excelente" respecto conocimiento del significado de salud ambiental (x: 3,62), "Deficiente" en participación en acción de mejoramiento ambiental en la comunidad (x: 2,35) y "Malo" en participación de programas de educación ambiental (x: 1,27), así mismo, la clasificación porcentual y puntajes de las dimensiones pesquisadas fue "Deficiente" en el nivel de conocimiento (x: 52,01), "Deficiente" en actitudes (x: 53,23) y "Malo" en prácticas (x: 34,08). Es necesario implementar estrategias de abordaje integral en la formación de profesionales enfocados en el conocimiento de temas ambientales y el desarrollo de una conducta ambiental que repercutan en el mejoramiento de la salud publica(AU)

The environmental crisis is the first global crisis generated by ignorance, which is why education regarding environmental health is the starting point to replace the attitude of human relations with their environment. For this reason, this research aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on environmental health in Ecuadorian students from the Huancayo campus of the Universidad Peruana Los Andes. The research was descriptive-cross-sectional, whose sample consisted of 147 Ecuadorian students enrolled in the second semester of 2021 in medicine and nursing. As an instrument, the CAP survey related to sustainability of three modules and 18 items was applied. For data analysis, proportions and summary measures, Spearman correlations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction were calculated. As a result, it was found that the level of knowledge was "Excellent" regarding knowledge of the meaning of environmental health (x: 3.62), "Poor" in participation in environmental improvement action in the community (x: 2.35) and " Bad" in participation in environmental education programs (x: 1.27), likewise, the percentage classification and scores of the dimensions investigated was "Poor" in the level of knowledge (x: 52.01), "Poor" in attitudes (x: 53.23) and "Bad" in practices (x: 34.08). It is necessary to implement comprehensive approach strategies in the training of professionals focused on the knowledge of environmental issues and the development of an environmental behavior that has repercussions on the improvement of public health(AU)

Efecto de las membranas con Cu(II) sobre el proceso de filtración y capacidad de biocida contra Escherichia coli / Effect of Cu(II) membranes on the filtration process and biocide capacity against Escherichia coli

Esta investigación estudió la preparación de membranas compuestas de celulosa y quitosano entrecruzadas con Cu(II) para determinar su efecto biocida y eficiencia en la remoción deEscherichia coli. Las membranas de quitosano se obtuvieron por medio de la técnica de evaporación del solvente. Propiedades de absorción de agua, degradación térmica y mecánicas de las membranas fueron evaluadas con el propósito de modificar la estructura química, la superficie y estudiar su impacto como agente biocida. Los resultados muestran que el Cu(II) interactúa con los grupos iónicos de las membranas que inducen un cambio estructural produciendo un aumento de 190% en el módulo G*. Además, el catión provee estabilidad térmica a temperaturas menores de 200 ºC y produce cambios superficiales a la membrana, especialmente a la membrana de celulosa. Adicionalmente, la membrana de celulosa-Cu(II) aumentó su efecto biocida contraE. colihasta un 96%. El proceso de remoción por medio de la filtración aumentó 41% con la incorporación del catión. Esta investigación muestra el efecto de la interacción del catión con grupos iónicos en la membrana que mejoran las propiedades de filtración y efecto biocida contra esta enterobacteria que puede llegar a ser patógena para el ser humano.

This research studied the membrane preparation of Cu(II) crosslinked membranes composed of cellulose and chitosan to determine its biocidal effect and efficiency to remove Escherichia coli. Water absorption, thermal degradation, and G* modulus evaluated the Cu(II) impact on the equilibrium, thermal and mechanical properties. These results showed that Cu(II) incorporation interacts with the ionic groups, inducing a structural change increasing the G* modulus by 190%. Moreover, the cation provides thermal stability at temperatures below 200 ºC and produced surface changes to the membrane, especially to the cellulose mekkmbrane. Additionally, the cellulose-Cu(II) membranes increased 96% their biocidal effect against E. coli. Enterobacter filtration process increased 41% with the cation incorporation into the cellulose membrane. Therefore, this research showed the cation effect on the ionic groups in the membrane that improve the filtration properties and biocidal effect against harmful enterobacteria to humans.

Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua): avaliação da completitude dos dados sobre cobertura de abastecimento, 2014-2020 / Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (Sisagua): evaluación de la finalización de los datos de cobertura del abastecimiento de agua, Brasil, 2014-2020 / Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA): evaluation of data completeness on water supply coverage, Brazil, 2014-2020

Objetivo: Avaliar a completitude do conjunto de dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua) referente às informações sobre a cobertura de abastecimento de água para consumo humano no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, sobre dados de 2014 a 2020. Foi calculada distribuição de frequência relativa de 35 variáveis. A completitude foi mensurada como excelente (≥ 95%), boa (90% a 94%), regular (70% a 89%), ruim (50% a 69%) e muito ruim (≤ 49%). Resultados: No período, foram identificados 861.250 registros de formas de abastecimento. O Sisagua, quanto à completitude dos dados, obteve uma classificação excelente para 25 variáveis, boa para duas, regular para três, ruim para uma e muito ruim para quatro. Conclusão: O sistema apresentou, em grande parte das variáveis, excelente completitude dos dados. Estudos dessa natureza contribuem para o aperfeiçoamento contínuo do Sisagua e possibilitam a identificação de inconsistências e fragilidades.

Objetivo: Evaluar la completitud del conjunto de datos del Sistema de Información para la Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (Sisagua), con relación a la información sobre la cobertura de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo referido a datos de 2014 a 2020. Se calcularon distribuciones de frecuencias relativas de 35 variables. La completitud se midió como excelente (≥ 95%), buena (90% a 94%), regular (70% a 89%), mala (50% a 69%) y muy mala (≤ 49%). Resultados: En el período, hubo 861.250 registros de formas de suministro. Sisagua, en cuanto a la completitud de los datos, obtuvo una clasificación excelente para 25 variables, buena para dos, regular para tres, mala para una y muy mala para cuatro variables. Conclusión: El sistema presentó en la mayoría de las variables una excelente completitud de los datos. Estudios de esta naturaleza contribuyen a la mejoría continua de Sisagua y permiten identificar inconsistencias y debilidades.

Objective: To evaluate the completeness of dataset of the Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA) regarding information on the coverage of water supply for human consumption in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study on data between 2014 and 2020. A relative frequency distribution of 35 variables was calculated. Completeness was categorized as excellent (≥ 95%), good (90% to 94%), regular (70% to 89%), poor (50% to 69%) and very poor (≤ 49%). Results: In the period, there were 861,250 records of forms of water supply. With regard to data completeness, SISAGUA obtained an excellent classification for 25 variables, good for two, regular for three, poor for one and very poor for four variables. Conclusion: The system showed excellent data completeness for most of the variables. This type of study contributes to the continuous improvement of SISAGUA and enables the identification of inconsistencies and weaknesses.

Os desafios do abastecimento de água potável no contexto da Covid-19: um estudo de caso em aglomerados subnormais na cidade de São Paulo / The challenges of potable water supply during Covid-19 outbreak: a case study in subnormal clusters of São Paulo city

O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar oportunidades e propor melhorias para as diretrizes de atendimento emergencial do Plano Crise Hídrica, Estratégia e Soluções da SABESP - CHESS, prestadora de serviços de abastecimento de água potável e esgotamento sanitário na região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), à luz da Covid-19, que gerou uma nova conjuntura emergencial a ser enfrentada pela população mundial. Os objetivos específicos visam mapear quais práticas de gestão já são utilizadas pela operadora em situação de crise sanitária e quais impactos acometeram os aglomerados subnormais do estudo de caso. O fluxo metodológico seguiu por 6 fases, iniciando com: (1) o levantamento bibliográfico, usando inclusive uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática (RBS); seguido de (2) uma revisão de documentos técnicos, como o plano de contingência elaborado pelo comitê de crise hídrica (CCH), o plano CHESS, e os relatórios de sustentabilidade da operadora; o (3) estudo de caso, com (4) análise estratégica dos dados coletados, usando a ferramenta 5W2H; (5) organização dos dados obtidos com a aplicação das metodologias anteriores em um mapa mental para compor o produto final (6) com sua validação de equipe do núcleo de pesquisa e extensão em sustentabilidade e saneamento da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (NUPS-EESC-USP) em oficina criativa, chegando a uma proposta de oportunidades de melhoria às diretrizes contingenciais de enfrentamento às crises sanitárias. Esse projeto gerou, como produto, um Canvas Business Management (Canvas BM), como sugestão de revisão do plano de contingência da prestadora de serviços de abastecimento de água potável na RMSP, concluindo que há possibilidades de definir ações e responsabilidades para melhor atender a população vulnerável moradora de aglomerados subnormais.

The objective of this dissertation is to identify and propose improvement opportunities on the guidelines of the Water Crisis, Strategy and Solutions Plan of SABESP (CHESS plan), developed by the company that supplies the services of potable water and sewage treatment in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (RMSP), in the light of Covid-19, which generated a new emergency conjuncture to be faced by the world population. The specific objectives aim to map which management practices are already in place, used by the operator in a situation of sanitary crisis and which impacts have affected the subnormal clusters of the case study. The methodological flow followed for 6 phases, starting with (1) the bibliographic systematic review (RBS); followed by (2) a technical document review, such as the contingency plan prepared by the Water Crisis Committee (CCH), the CHESS plan, and the operator's sustainability reports; succeeded by (3) a case study, with (4) strategic analysis of the collected data, using the 5W2H tool, (5) organizing the data obtained by the application of the previous methodologies through a Mind Map to compose the final product (6) and validate it by researchers of the Research and Extension Center in Sustainability and Sanitation of the School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (NUPS-EESC-USP) in a creative workshop, reaching a proposal of improvement opportunities to the current contingency plan - CHES. This project generated as a product a Canvas Business Management (Canvas BM) as a suggestion to review the contingency plan of the operator of potable water supply service in the RMSP, concluding that there are possibilities to define actions and responsibilities to better serve the vulnerable population living in subnormal clusters.

"El problema del agua no es solo el agua": reflexiones sobre el diálogo desde una experiencia educativa con poblaciones sin acceso al agua potable, en Turbo (Colombia) entre 2015 y 2016 / "The problem of water is not only water": reflections about dialogue around an educational experience in communities without access to potable water, Turbo (Colombia) 2015-2016

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta una reflexión sobre una experiencia educativa con comunidades ubicadas en el casco urbano del municipio de Turbo (Colombia), que no tienen acceso al agua potable. Los participantes son 18 líderes comunitarios, 149 familias de tres barrios y profesionales de dentro y fuera de la región. Este proceso tuvo como objetivo el fortalecimiento de las prácticas del uso cotidiano y conservación del agua en las comunidades, y es respuesta a una investigación previa que analizó algunos retos que enfrentan las personas para acceder a fuentes de agua suficientes y adecuadas para suplir sus necesidades. En esta experiencia se privilegia el diálogo como posibilidad para el reconocimiento de las condiciones de acceso al agua potable y la construcción de acciones para la gestión y defensa del derecho al agua.

Abstract This paper presents a reflection on an educational experience with communities located in the urban area of the municipality of Turbo (Colombia), which do not have access to potable water. The participants are eighteen community leaders, one hundred and forty-nine families from three neighborhoods and professionals from inside and outside the territory. The main objective was to strengthen the practices of daily use and conservation of water in the communities. This process is related to a previous research that analyzed the challenges faced by people to access to sufficient and adequate water sources to meet their needs, among others. In this experience, dialogue was the possibility to recognize the conditions to have access to potable water, and to define collective actions for the management and defense of the right to water.

Manual de organización y funciones del Comité Nacional de Calidad del Agua / Manual de organización y funciones del Comité Nacional de Calidad del Agua

Con la finalidad de establecer los mecanismos de coordinación para resolver los problemas de calidad del agua en forma eficiente y oportuna, se creó el Comité Nacional de Calidad del Agua, conforme el Acuerdo Ejecutivo n.° 1880 de fecha 5 de noviembre de 2020, con participación de técnicos del MINSAL y ANDA a Nivel Nacional. El presente manual describe la integración y funciones del comité, con el objetivo de garantizar que el agua de consumo humano cumpla con los requisitos establecidos en 10 el Reglamento Técnico mencionado anteriormente y demás disposiciones legales relacionada

In order to establish coordination mechanisms to solve water quality problems in an efficient and timely manner, the National Water Quality Committee was created, in accordance with Executive Agreement No. 1880 dated November 5, 2020, with participation of technicians from MINSAL and ANDA at the national level. This manual describes the composition and functions of the committee, with the aim of guaranteeing that water for human consumption complies with the requirements established in the aforementioned Technical Regulations and other related legal provisions

Blastocystis: estudio coproparasitológico, clínico-epidemiológico y de prevalencia de subtipo 3 en pacientes de hospitales de Bahía Blanca, Argentina / Blastocystis: coproparasitological, clinical-epidemiological and prevalence study of subtype 3 in patients from hospitals in Bahía Blanca, Argentina

Resumen Blastocystis es el parásito unicelular del intestino del hombre y de otros animales más prevalente en seres humanos. Presenta gran variedad genética con múltiples subtipos (ST). Aunque se ha asociado a desórdenes intestinales y extraintestinales, su patogenicidad es discutida. Se analizaron 461 muestras de materia fecal de pacientes sintomáticos (n=380) y asintomáticos (n=81) de hospitales de Bahía Blanca, Argentina; se solicitó consentimiento informado y se completó una ficha epidemiológica. Se realizaron análisis coproparasitológicos, morfometría, recuento y tipificación de Blastocystis ST3 por PCR. La población fue: 57,3% de sexo femenino y 42,7% masculino. La prevalencia de Blastocystis fue de 31% y de Blastocystis ST3 62%. Se hallaron formas vacuolares, granulares y quísticas; las vacuolares fueron las más frecuentes. En el 64,8% de las muestras los Blastocystis fueron pequeños y escasos. El 88,4% de los pacientes sintomáticos presentó trastornos gastrointestinales, el 4% urticaria y el 7,6% fiebre, anemia y bajo peso. El 66,7% de los pacientes con urticaria presentó Blastocystis. La presencia de síntomas se asoció significativamente con Blastocystis (p<0,002). No se hallaron asociaciones estadísticas entre Blastocystis, la edad, el sexo, la disponibilidad de agua potable, de cloacas y el contacto con animales. Dentro de los síntomas sólo se encontró asociación estadística de Blastocystis con urticaria (p<0,007). No hubo asociación entre Blastocystis ST3 y sintomatología. Los resultados destacan la alta prevalencia de Blastocystis y de Blastocystis ST3, la necesidad de hacer un coproparasitológico minucioso, su asociación estadística con urticaria y la importancia de no ignorarlo en el proceso salud-enfermedad.

Abstract Blastocystis is the unicellular parasite of the intestine of man and other animals,most prevalent in humans. It has a great genetic variety with multiple subtypes (ST). Although it has been associated with intestinal and extraintestinal disorders, its pathogenicity remains unclear. Four hundred and sixty one stool samples from symptomatic (n=380) and asymptomatic(n=81) patients from hospitals in Bahía Blanca, Argentina were analysed; informed consent was requested and an epidemiological file was completed. Coproparasitological analysis, morphometry, counting and typing of Blastocystis ST3 were performed by PCR. The population was: 57.3% female and 42.7% male.The prevalence of Blastocystis was 31.0% and that of Blastocystis ST3 62%. Vacuolar, granular and cystic forms were found, with vacuolar forms being the most frequent. Blastocystis were small and scarce in 64.8% of the samples. Most of the symptomatic patients (88.4%) presented gastrointestinal disorders, urticaria 4% and fever, anemia and low weight 7.6%; 66.7% of the urticaria patients presented Blastocystis. The presence of symptoms was significantly associated with Blastocystis (p<0.002). No statistical associations were found between Blastocystis, age, sex, availability of drinking water, sewage, and contact with animals. Within the symptoms, only statistical association of Blastocystis with urticaria was found (p<0.007). There was no association between Blastocystis ST3 and symptomatology. The results highlight the high prevalenceof Blastocystis and Blastocystis ST3, the need for a thorough coproparasitology, their statistical association with urticaria and the importance of not ignoring it in the health-disease process.

Resumo Blastocystis é o parasita unicelular do intestino do homem e outros animais, mais prevalente em seres humanos. Apresenta grande variedade genética com múltiplos subtipos (ST). Embora tenha sido associada a distúrbios intestinais e extraintestinais, sua patogenicidade é debatida. Foram analisadas 461 amostras de fezes de pacientes sintomáticos (n=380) e assintomáticos (n= 81) de hospitais de Bahía Blanca, Argentina; foi solicitado consentimento informado e preenchida uma ficha epidemiológica. Foram realizadas análises coproparasitológicas, morfometria, contagem e tipificação de Blastocystis ST3 por PCR. A população era: 57,3% sexo feminino e 42,7% masculino. A prevalência de Blastocystis foi de 31,0% e de Blastocystis ST3 62%. Foram encontradas formas vacuolares, granulares e císticas, sendo as vacuolares as mais frequentes. Em 64,8% das amostras, os Blastocystis foram pequenos e escassos; 88,4% dos pacientes sintomáticos apresentaram distúrbios gastrointestinais, 4% urticária e 7,6% febre, anemia e baixo peso; 66,7% dos pacientes com urticária apresentaram Blastocystis. A presença de sintomas foi associada significativamente com Blastocystis (p˂0,002). Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas entre Blastocystis, a idade, sexo, a disponibilidade de água potável, de esgoto e o contato com animais. Dentro dos sintomas, só foi encontrada associação estatística de Blastocystis com urticária (p˂0,007). Não houve associação entre Blastocystis ST3 e sintomatologia. Os resultados destacam a alta prevalência de Blastocystis e Blastocystis ST3, a necessidade de fazer um coproparasitologico minucioso, sua associação estatística com urticária e a importância de não ignorá-lo no processo saúde-doença.

Cost-benefit analysis of drinking water fluoridation in 12-year-old children in the Biobío region, Chile / Análisis costo-ceneficio de la fluoración del agua potable en niños de12 años de la región del Biobío, Chile

Fluoridation has been shown to be an effective measure against caries in children. The present study evaluates the cost-benefit of the fluoridated water program for the reduction of dental caries in 12-year-old children in the Biobío Region, the only region in Chile that has not implemented this program. An economic cost-benefit evaluation was carried out, comparing two alternative interventions: non-fluoridated drinking water versus fluoridated drinking water. The prevalence of caries, direct and indirect costs of the treatments, the cost of implementing the programs and the benefits of both interventions were estimated. From this study it is concluded that the savings in oral health costs in 12-year-old children when using fluoridating drinking water in the Biobío region is significantly higher than the cost involved in implementing the water fluoridation program, resulting in total savings for the Chilean state of $129,861,645 (USD$ 152,833) as well as an estimated reduction of 15% in the history of caries in the study population.

Se ha demostrado que la fluoración es una medida efectiva contra disminución de la caries en la población infantil. La presente investigación buscó evaluar cual es el costo-beneficio del programa del agua fluorada para la disminución de caries dental en niños de 12 años de la Región del Biobío, única región de Chile que no adhiere a este programa. Se realizó una evaluación económica de costo-beneficio, comparando dos intervenciones alternativas: agua potable no fluorada versus agua potable fluorada. Para tal fin se estimó la prevalencia de caries, costos directos e indirectos de los tratamientos, el costo de implementación de los programas y el beneficio de ambas intervenciones. De este estudio se concluye que el ahorro en costos de salud bucal en niños de 12 años al fluorar el agua potable en la región del Biobío, es significativamente mayor al costo que implica la implementación del programa de fluoración de aguas, lográndose un ahorro total para el Estado de $129.861.645 (USD $152.833) así como una estimación de reducción del 15% en la historia de caries en la población de estudio.

Evaluation of salivary protein patterns among a rural population exposed and non-exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water in areas of Tucumán (Argentina): a pilot study

Abstract Arsenic contamination in the environment and groundwater is a major global public health problem. Several researchers suggest that the toxicity of arsenic could be related to oral cancer development, usually resulting from potentially malignant lesions. During pathological processes, salivary proteins suffer modifications, which could lead to the discovery of new biomarkers. Objective To analyze the protein profile in human saliva samples from a rural population exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water and its association with potentially malignant lesions. Methodology This observational, analytic and cross-sectional design included 121 patients from the state of Graneros (Tucumán, Argentina). Arsenic concentration in drinking water was determined and, according to the values obtained, individuals were divided into 2 groups: exposed group and non-exposed group. Saliva samples were obtained, and total protein concentration was measured by Bradford method. Finally, Laemmli SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was conducted to obtain the protein profile. Results Total protein concentration in saliva was lower in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group. Average areas of 20 and 42 KDa bands were significantly lower in exposed group than non-exposed group. Conclusion Chronic intake of high arsenic concentrations in drinking water produces changes in the salivary protein profile, which is associated with the presence of potentially malignant lesions.

Microbiological quality of water from public drinking fountains in northwestern São Paulo, Brazil / Qualidade microbiológica da água de bebedouros públicos no noroeste de São Paulo, Brasil

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water and the maintenance and physical structure of public drinking fountains located in the city of Araçatuba ­ SP. Methods: To assess the presence or absence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in the drinking water 41 samples were randomly collected. Thirteen samples were collected in the year 2018 and 28 samples in 2019. Results: All samples collected in the year 2018 showed no total coliforms and E. coli. However, the samples collected in the year 2019 showed coliforms in 10% (3/28). All the drinking fountains analyzed demonstrated to be inadequate in at least one of the qualitative criteria considered. Conclusion: Our results indicate that are necessary periodic maintenance of the public drinking fountains and the monitoring of its water since these parameters serve as indicators of the integrity of the drinking water distribution system.

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água, a manutenção e estrutura física de bebedouros públicos localizados no município de Araçatuba - SP. Métodos: Para avaliar a presença ou ausência de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais na água de consumo, 41 amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente. Treze amostras foram coletadas no ano de 2018 e 28 amostras em 2019. Resultados: Todas as amostras coletadas no ano de 2018 não apresentaram coliformes totais e E. coli. Porém, as amostras coletadas no ano de 2019 apresentaram coliformes em 10% (3/28). Todos os bebedouros analisados demonstraram ser inadequados em pelo menos um dos critérios qualitativos considerados. Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que são necessários a manutenção periódica dos bebedouros públicos e o monitoramento de sua água, visto que esses parâmetros servem como indicadores da integridade do sistema de distribuição de água potável.