Possible therapeutics for Pseudomyxoma peritonei: a rare, lethal, and the least investigated disease

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) refers to a growth disorder characterized by glycoprotein neoplasm in the peritoneum, where mucin oversecretion occurs. The tumors of the appendix region are well associated with PMP; however, ovarian, colon, stomach, pancreas, and urachus tumors have also been linked to PMP. Other mucinous tumors in the pelvis, paracolic gutters, greater omentum, retrohepatic space, and Treitz ligament can be the reason for PMP. Despite being rare and having a slow growth rate, PMP can be lethal without treatment. It is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the option of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. In the current study, we hypothesize that there may be novel gentle ways to inhibit or eliminate the mucin. Dr. David Morris has used mucolytics - such as bromelain and N-acetyl cysteine to solubilize mucin. In the present review, we aimed to study the regulation of mucin expression by promoter methylation, and drugs that can inhibit mucin, such as boldine, amiloride, naltrexone, dexamethasone, and retinoid acid receptors antagonist. This review also explored some possible pathways, such as inhibition of Na + , Ca2+ channels and induction of DNA methyltransferase along with inhibition of ten-eleven translocation enzymes, which can be good targets to control mucin. Mucins are strong adhesive molecules that play great roles in clinging to cells or cell to cell. Besides, they have been greatly involved in metastasis and also act as disease markers for cancers. Diagnostic markers may have exclusive roles in disease initiation and progression. Therefore, the present review explores various drugs to control and target mucin in various diseases, specifically cancers. (AU)

Aporphine alkaloids from Piper erecticaule and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity / Alcaloides de aporfina obtenida de Piper erecticaule y actividad inhibitoria de la acetilcolinesterasa

Chemical constituents and biological activities of the aerial parts of Piper erecticaule C.DC. have been studied for the first time. Fractionation and purification of the extracts afforded aristolactam AII (1), aristolactam BII (2), piperolactam A (3), piperolactam C (4), piperolactam D (5), together with terpenoids of ß-sitosterol, ß-sitostenone, taraxerol, and lupeol. The structures of these compounds were obtained by analysis of their spectroscopic data, as well as the comparison with that of reported data. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity revealed that compounds 1 and 3 showed strong AChE inhibitory effects with the percentage inhibition of 75.8% and 74.8%, respectively.

Se estudiaron por primera vez los constituyentes químicos y actividad biológica de las partes aéreas de Piper erecticaule C.DC. El fraccionamiento y la purificación de los extractos proporcionaron aristolactama AII (1), aristolactama BII (2), piperolactama A (3), piperolactama C (4), piperolactama D (5), junto con terpenoides de ß-sitosterol, ß-sitostenona, taraxerol, y el lupeol. Las estructuras de estos compuestos se obtuvieron mediante el análisis de sus datos espectroscópicos, así como mediante la comparación con datos ya informados. La actividad inhibidora de la acetilcolinesterasa reveló que los compuestos 1 y 3 mostraron un potente efecto inhibidor de la AChE con un porcentaje de inhibición del 75.8% y 74.8%, respectivamente.

Boldina disminuye la apoptosis miocárdica post isquemia reperfusión en la rata / Boldine decrease myocardial apoptosis post ischemic reperfusion in rats

Antecedentes: En la isquemia/reperfusión (IR) miocárdica es relevante la pérdida de cardiomiocitos por apoptosis. En estos, los hemicanales (HC) permiten el ingreso de sustancias proapoptóticas durante la IR. Boldina (B), compuesto extraído del Peumus boldus, ha demostrado ser antioxidante y bloquear los HC. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de boldina sobre la apoptosis de cardiomiocitos de ratas sometidas a IR. Métodos: Ratas macho de 200 g de peso se sometieron a ligadura reversible de la arteria coronaria izquierda por 30 minutos (I) y posterior reperfusión (R) por 24 horas post I. Un subgrupo de estos animales recibió una dosis de boldina intraventricular (IR+B, 40 mg/Kg) y luego dos dosis vía gavage (75 mg/Kg) a los 30 y 60 minutos post-R. Como controles se usaron ratas sham con operación ficticia, que recibieron igual tratamiento. Se determinaron las masas corporal (MC) y cardiaca relativa (MCR) y presión arterial sistólica (PAS). Porcentaje de cardiomiocitos apoptóticos (CMAP), otras células apoptóticas (OCAP) y total de células apoptóticas (TCAP) se determinó por TUNEL. La activación de metaloproteinasas (MMPs) 2 y 9 se determinó por zimografía y el mRNA de MCP-1 por RT-PCR. Resultados: La boldina no modificó la MC y la MCR. Sin embargo, disminuyó significativamente la PAS así como el por cientoCMAP y el por cientoTCAP en el grupo IR+B versus IR (CMAP 69 +/- 1,5 vs 44 ± 0,4, p=0,016, TCAP 71 +/- 2,4 vs 57 +/- 1,5, p=0,016). No se encontraron diferencias en el OCAP, actividad de MMPs y en los niveles de mRNA de MCP-1. Conclusiones: Boldina disminuyó la PAS y la apoptosis de cardiomiocitos post IR. Su efecto no es mediado por modificaciones en la actividad de MMPs y expresión génica de MCP-1.

Background: Ischemia / reperfusion (IR) is relevant in the myocardial loss of cardiomyocytes through apoptosis. During IR, hemi channels (HC) allow the entry of proapoptotic substances to the cell. Boldine, a compound extracted from Peumus boldus, has proven to be antioxidant and to block HC. Objective: To determine the effect of boldine on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats subjected to IR. Methods: Male rats, body weight (BW) 200 g, were subjected to reversible ligation of the left coronary artery for 30 minutes (I) and subsequent reperfusion (R) for 24 hours. A subset of these animals (IR+B) received an intraventricular dose of boldine (40mg/kg) and then two doses via gavage (75 mg/kg) at 30 and 60 minutes post-R. Sham operated rats (S) receiving the same treatment were used as controls. We determined body weight (BW), relative heart mass (RHM) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Percentage of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (CMAP), other apoptotic cells (OCAP) and total apoptotic cells (TCAP) were determined by TUNEL. Activation of metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 was determined by zymography and MCP-1 mRNA levels by RT-PCR. Results: Compared to IR alone, IR+Boldine did not change BW or RCM, but significantly decreased PAS, TCAP (71 +/- 2.4 vs 57 +/- 1.5, p=0.016) and CMAP (69 +/- 1.5 vs 44 +/- 0.4, p=0.016). No difference was observed in the OCAP, MMPs activity and MCP-1 mRNA levels. Conclusions: Boldine decreased SBP and post-IR cardiomyocyte apoptosis without effect on other cells. This effect was not mediated by MMPs activity or MCP-1 gene expression.