Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Midazolam versus Nitrous Oxide as Sedative Agents during Paediatric Dental Treatment: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and study the existing literature on the efficacy and safety of midazolam compared to inhalation of nitrous oxide in children undergoing dental treatment. Material and Methods: Electronic resources such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Lilacs, Science Direct, and SIGLE were thoroughly searched. The title scan was used to find randomised controlled trials reviewed for inclusion by reading the abstract. Studies comparing the sedative, behavioural, and anxiolytic effects and safety in children undergoing dental treatment under midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation were included. The Cochrane Reviews system software, Revman 5.4.1, was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: 11328 articles were identified by screening the electronic databases, of which 10906 were eliminated after titles were read and duplicates were removed. Ten full-text articles were examined, of which three were excluded as they did not match the eligibility criteria. Hence, a total of 7 studies were included. Midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation were not statistically different in terms of the success of treatment and behaviour modification. However, midazolam showed a deeper level of sedation and resulted in amnesia in more children when compared to nitrous oxide sedation. All of the included studies were found to have a high risk of bias. Conclusion: Though all the studies included showed an increased risk of bias, midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation seem equally effective sedative agents for controlling behaviour in children undergoing dental treatment. Midazolam shows a deeper sedation level when given orally and produces a higher rate of anterograde amnesia.

Control de síntomas al final de la vida con Dexmedetomidina: Estudio observacional de centro único / End-of-life symptom control with dexmedetomidine: A single-center observational study

Introducción: El manejo de los síntomas refractarios con dexmetomidina (DXM) es una alternativa en pacientes oncológicos en la atención al final de la vida (AFV) lo que puede convertirse en un gran desafío, ante la necesidad de iniciar sedación paliativa. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de la DXM comparado con el midazolam (MDZ) en el control de síntomas refractarios en pacientes con cáncer avanzado AFV, como parte de una estrategia asistencial de sedación paliativa. Metodología: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, se revisaron los informes médicos en las historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de cáncer avanzado terminal y síntomas refractarios (dolor, disnea y delirio), que recibieron sedación paliativa con DXM o MDZ. Se utilizaron los registros de Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas de Edmonton - revisada (ESAS-r) para intensidad de síntomas y la Escala de Sedación/Agitación de Richmond (RASS) para respuesta a la sedación. Resultados: Un total de 35 pacientes recibieron DXM y 18 MDZ. El dolor (32 %) y delirio (30 %) fueron los síntomas refractarios más identificados. Dolor intenso en 89.3 % antes del inicio de DXM. A las 72 horas, el grupo DXM presentó disminución de la intensidad del delirio a leve y moderado, mientras que la mayoría de los pacientes del grupo MDZ fallecieron antes de las 72 horas. Conclusiones: El uso clínico de la DXM permite un enfoque multimodal, ampliando su utilidad en la atención al final de la vida para el manejo del dolor y delirio, ya que permite un estado de respuesta para la interacción con los miembros de la familia, función relevante en cuidados paliativos.

Introduction: Managing refractory symptoms with dexmedetomidine (DXM) is an alternative for cancer patients in end-of-life care (EOLC), which can become a great challenge, given the need to start palliative sedation. This study aims to determine the effect of DXM compared to midazolam (MDZ) in controlling refractory symptoms in patients with advanced EOLC cancer as part of a palliative sedation care strategy. Methodology: In this observational, longitudinal study, the medical reports in the medical records of hospitalized patients diagnosed with terminal advanced cancer and refractory symptoms (pain, dyspnea, and delirium) who received palliative sedation with DXM or MDZ were reviewed. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-revised (ESAS-r) scores for symptom intensity and the Richmond Sedation/Agitation Scale (RASS) for response to sedation were used. Results: A total of 35 patients received DXM, and 18 received MDZ. Pain (32%) and delirium (30%) were the most identified refractory symptoms. Intense pain in 89.3% before DXM started; at 72 hours in 64.3%, the pain was reported as mild. Delirium was severe in 77.7%, DXM was used in 59.3%, and MDZ was used in 40.7%. At 72 hours, the DXM group presented a decrease in delirium intensity to mild and moderate, while most of the patients in the MDZ group died before 72 hours. Conclusions: The clinical use of DXM allows a multimodal approach, expanding its usefulness in end-of-life care for managing pain and delirium since it provides a state of response for interaction with family members, a function relevant in palliative care.

Comparison between oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in autism spectrum disorder: double-blind randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background: Conventional dental care is often impossible in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Non-collaborative behaviors, sometimes associated with aggressiveness, are usual justifications for premedication in this population. Thereby, this research focuses on the effects of oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in ASD. Methods: The sample included 64 persons with ASD, aged 2-59 years, scheduled for dental care under general anesthesia. The primary objective of this study was to compare degrees of sedation between two parallel, double-blinded, equally proportional groups randomized to receive oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1, maximum 15 mg) or oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1) associated with oral S(+)-ketamine (3 mg.kg−1, maximum 300 mg). The secondary outcomes were the need of physical stabilization to obtain intravenous line, awakening time, and occurrence of adverse events. Results: According to the dichotomous analysis of sedation level (Ramsay score 1 and 2 versus Ramsay ≥ 3), oral association of S(+)-ketamine and midazolam improved sedation, with increased probability of Ramsay ≥ 3, Relative Risk (RR) = 3.2 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 1.32 to 7.76) compared to midazolam alone. Combined treatment also made it easier to obtain venous access without physical stabilization, RR = 2.05 (95% CI = 1.14 to 3.68). There were no differences between groups regarding awakening time and the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusion: The association of oral S(+)-ketamine with midazolam provides better preanesthetic sedation rates than midazolam alone and facilitates intravenous line access in patients with autism.

Oral preanesthetic medication in children - comparison between midazolam alone and in combination with ketamine: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Up to 60% of pediatric surgical patients develop high levels of preoperative anxiety. This study compared the effects of oral combinations of midazolam and ketamine with oral midazolam alone for pediatric preanesthetic medication. Methods The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42020172920. A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials comparing oral combinations of midazolam and ketamine with midazolam alone as preanesthetic medication in elective surgical pediatric patients. Meta-analyses included the following outcomes: anxiety and sedation levels, child's behavior during separation from parents, face mask acceptance, and venipuncture. The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE criteria. Results Twenty studies were included. The following effects (RR (95% CI)) were observed for combinations of ketamine and midazolam relative midazolam alone: anxiolysis (1.2 (0.94-1.52); p= 0.15; I2 = 80%; GRADE = very low); satisfactory sedation (1.2 ( 1.10-1.31); p< 0.001; I2 = 71%; GRADE = very low); behavior during parental separation (1.2 (1.06-1.36); p= 0.003; I2 = 88%; GRADE = very low); facial mask acceptance (1.13 (1.04-1.24); p= 0.007; I2 = 49%; GRADE = very low); behavior during venipuncture (1.32 (1.11-1.57); p= 0.002; I2 = 66%; GRADE = very low). Conclusions While similar probabilities of obtaining anxiolysis were found, adequate sedation, calm behavior during child's separation from parents, low levels of fear during face mask adaptation, and cooperative behavior during peripheral venous cannulation were more likely with midazolam-ketamine combinations.

Child Stress and Behaviour During Restorative Treatment under Non-Pharmacological Techniques and Sedation: A Case Series

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the behaviour and stress of children undergoing restorative treatment with and without sedation. Material and Methods: Participants were 14 healthy children aged between 2.5 and 6 years and with a history of dental behavioural management problems. In the dental treatment visit, the child was treated with non-pharmacological techniques, and in the second, moderate sedation was added. The child received the same procedure performed by a paediatric dentist in both visits: composite resin restoration using local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation. In both visits, saliva was collected at the children's arrival at the dental clinic, during local anaesthesia and at the end of treatment. The visits were filmed for later analysis of behaviour according to the Ohio State University Behavioural Rating Scale. Results: About 78.5% of children improved their behaviour from the first to the second visit. The salivary cortisol curve of the first visit was maintained in the second visit for 21.4% of children but varied in the remaining participants. Conclusion: Most children presented better behaviour and less stress when sedation was added to non-pharmacological techniques during dental care.

Effect of combined sedation using multiple drugs on inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract he innate immune response plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, no drug has been proven to be beneficial in the management of ARDS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using combined sedatives on systemic inflammatory responses in patients with ARDS. A total of 90 patients with ARDS and an intubation time of > 120 h were randomly divided into the propofol group (group P), midazolam group (group M), and combined sedation group (group U). Patients in groups P and M were sedated with propofol and midazolam, respectively, whereas patients in group U were sedated with a combination of propofol, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine. The dosage of sedatives and vasoactive drugs, duration of mechanical ventilation, and incidence of sedative adverse reactions were documented. The dosage of sedatives and vasoactive drugs, as well as the incidence of sedative adverse reactions in group U, was significantly lower than those in groups P and M. Similarly, the duration of mechanical ventilation in group U was significantly shorter than that in groups P and M. Hence, inducing sedation through a combination of multiple drugs can significantly reduce their adverse effects, improve their sedative effect, inhibit systemic inflammatory responses, and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS

Comparative study between S-(+)-ketamine­midazolam and fentanyl­droperidol in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) / Estudo comparativo entre S-(+)cetamina-midazolam e fentanil-droperidol em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata)

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of two anesthetic protocols in black-tufted marmosets were compared in this study. Twenty-six marmosets underwent chemical immobilization for physical examination, blood sampling, tattooing, and microchipping. Animals were randomly treated with S-(+)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) or fentanyl (12.5 µg/kg) and droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD) given by intramuscular injection. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Sedation, antinociception, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory, and visual responses were evaluated using a scoring system. Sedation in KM was achieved faster (p < 0.001) and lasted for a shorter period of time (p = 0.0009). KM was similar to FD in its cardiorespiratory effects, auditory and visual responses. Both protocols promoted adequate sedation to allow manipulation. Animals in KM assumed lateral recumbency while animals in FD maintained a quadrupedal posture during evaluation. FD produced less intense sedation and muscle relaxation but a higher degree of antinociception compared to KM and is suitable for procedures that require analgesia in black-tufted marmosets.(AU)

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, sedativos e antinociceptivos de dois protocolos anestésicos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Vinte e seis saguis foram submetidos à contenção química para exame físico, coleta de sangue, tatuagem de identificação e microchip. Os animais foram tratados aleatoriamente com a associação de S-(+)-cetamina (10 mg/kg) e midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) ou fentanil (12,5 µg/kg) e droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD), administrados por injeção intramuscular. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, sedação, antinocicepção, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta ao estímulo auditivo e visual. A sedação em KM foi alcançada mais rapidamente (p <0,001) e teve um tempo hábil mais curto (p = 0,0009). KM foi semelhante a FD nos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, respostas auditivas e visuais. Os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada para manipulação. Os animais do grupo KM permaneceram em decúbito lateral durante a avaliação, enquanto os animais em FD mantiveram postura quadrupedal. FD resultou em sedação e relaxamento muscular de menor intensidade, porém com maior escore de antinocicepção em comparação com KM, sendo adequada para procedimentos que requerem analgesia em saguis-de-tufo-preto.(AU)

Uso de sedación endovenosa en pacientes con COVID-19 crítico en ventilación mecánica invasiva / Use of intravenous sedation in patients with critical COVID-19 in invasive mechanical ventilation

ANTECEDENTES: El objetivo del presente informe es: Describir el proceso para la elaboración de recomendaciones por el grupo de trabajo designado por el Ministerio de Salud, en adelante denominado grupo de trabajo. Trasladar las Recomendaciones efectuadas por dicho grupo de trabajo en atención al uso de sedación endovenosa en pacientes con COVID-19 crítico en ventilación mecánica invasiva, según la pregunta PICO (P: Población, I: Intervención, C: Comparador, O: Outcome o desenlaces) priorizada por el grupo de trabajo. La metodología considerada para arribar a la recomendación fue el Marco de Evidencia a la Decisión/Recomendación (EtD) desarrollado por el Grupo de Trabajo GRADE (1,2). ANALISIS: Formulación de la pregunta: En personas con COVID-19 crítico en ventilación mecánica invasiva, ¿cuál es el medicamento que debe administrarse para la sedación endovenosa? Y ¿Cuál pauta de dosificación? Identificación de la evidencia para la pregunta PICO: Se siguieron las orientaciones establecidas en el documento interno de UNAGESP: Orientaciones para el soporte metodológico otorgado al grupo de trabajo designado por el MINSA. Se describe a continuación los resultados del proceso: Se efectuó la búsqueda de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) que incluyeran recomendaciones respecto al uso de sedación endovenosa en la población de interés, con fecha de búsqueda 22 de octubre de 2021 en las siguientes plataformas: eCOVID-19 living map of recommendations (eCovid-19 RecMap), Base internacional de Guías GRADE (BIGG) , Guidelines International Network (GIN), COVID-19 Guidelines Dashboard, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence - UK (NICE) y Trip database, identificándose 7 guías de práctica clínica (Ver Anexo 1). En base a criterios como fecha de búsqueda de la evidencia, uso de metodología GRADE para evaluar la certeza de la evidencia, disponibilidad de la tabla Perfil de evidencia o Resumen de hallazgos, disponibilidad de los criterios o Tabla EtD y tipo de recomendación. Se identificaron tres guías de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y una de la Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)(3­6), sin embargo, las guías de OPS no brindan recomendaciones especificas para responder directamente a todas las alternativas de intervenciones planteadas por SOPEMI. Por otro lado, las guías de SCCM contienen recomendaciones respecto al uso de todas las alternativas de intervenciones planteadas en pacientes no COVID. La búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE/ vía PubMed, plataforma L·OVE de Epistemonikos (7) y en MedRxiv, con fecha 22 de octubre de 2021. Los criterios de selección de los estudios fueron: ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, cohortes o casos y control que evalúen la PICO planteada y reportaran al menos uno de los desenlaces de interés. La certeza de la evidencia fue realizada según el enfoque GRADE que toma en cuenta los siguientes criterios: diseño del estudio, riesgo de sesgo, inconsistencia en los resultados, ausencia de evidencia directa, imprecisión, sesgo de publicación, tamaño de efecto, gradiente dosis-respuesta, y efecto de los potenciales factores de confusión residual (los tres últimos aplicables en estudios observacionales) (8,9). Los resultados fueron presentados utilizando la Tablas de Resumen de Hallazgos (SOF, por sus siglas en inglés) construidas a partir del software en línea GRADEpro (https://gradepro.org/)(10) a partir de la adaptación de tablas SoF de la guía de SCCM (6) para pacientes no críticos. Metodología considerada para la elaboración de las recomendaciones: Marco de Evidencia a la Decisión/Recomendación (EtD: Evidence to decisión framework): Los marcos EtD (1,2) son una herramienta del Enfoque GRADE, que tiene como finalidad fomentar el uso de la evidencia de una manera estructurada y transparente para informar decisiones relacionadas al manejo clínico de una enfermedad, salud pública, políticas del sistema de salud o en situaciones como el contexto actual de pandemia acerca de acciones con repercusión socio-económica entre otras. Se aplicaron los principios del enfoque "GRADE-ADOLOPMENT" para identificar guías de práctica clínica orientadas a las preguntas PICO propuestas por el grupo de trabajo de MINSA, además que tener disponibles los perfiles de evidencia GRADE o Tablas de resumen de hallazgos y los marcos EtD. Dependiendo de la evaluación, estas pueden ser consideradas para la adaptación con contextualización o para la adopción (11). Los siguientes criterios del marco EtD fueron seleccionados para la discusión y juicio por el grupo de trabajo: Efectos deseables, Efectos indeseables, Certeza de la evidencia, Valores y preferencias de los pacientes, Balance de efectos, Recursos necesarios, Equidad, Aceptabilidad y Factibilidad. En caso de no haber consenso en la valoración del juicio, se efectuó una votación, determinándose la valoración por mayoría simple. La perspectiva fue del sistema de salud. Elaboración de las Recomendaciones: La metodología EtD considera determinar la fuerza y dirección de una recomendación (12). Ambas, como resultado del juicio acerca del balance beneficio-riesgo, calidad global de la evidencia, confianza en los valores y preferencias de los pacientes, uso de recursos, equidad en salud, aceptabilidad, y factibilidad. En este sentido, existirán recomendaciones "a favor de la intervención" o "en contra de la intervención" (a favor de la alternativa u opción). Asimismo, las recomendaciones fueron determinadas como fuertes o condicionales. Una recomendación será fuerte si existe una clara diferencia entre los efectos deseables e indeseables de la intervención, la certeza global de la evidencia alta o moderada, todos o casi todos los pacientes informados toman la misma decisión, el costo de la intervención está plenamente justificado, existe un impacto favorable en la equidad en salud, la intervención es aceptable para los usuarios interesados (pacientes y personal de salud) y la implementación de dicha intervención es viable. Una recomendación será condicional si alguna de las consideraciones siguientes está presente: Exista poca diferencia entre los efectos deseables e indeseables de la intervención, la calidad de la evidencia es baja o muy baja, existe variabilidad o incertidumbre respecto de lo que decidirán los pacientes informados o el costo de la intervención pudiera no estar justificado en algunas circunstancias. Diálogo Deliberativo para la valoración de los criterios del Marco EtD y elaboración de las recomendaciones: El Diálogo deliberativo se llevó a cabo el día 27 de octubre de 2021, reunión virtual a través de la herramienta Zoom, con la participación de: 1. Profesionales del Grupo de trabajo designado por el Ministerio de Salud: integrantes de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva y Representantes del Ministerio de Salud, en su calidad de panel de expertos, habilitados para emitir los juicios para cada criterio, votar en caso de ser necesario y elaborar la recomendación. 2. Representantes de la Unidad de Análisis y Generación de Evidencias en Salud Pública (UNAGESP) del INS, quienes efectuaron la identificación de la evidencia presentada ante los expertos, en calidad de facilitadores y conductores de los aspectos metodológicos de la reunión. RECOMENDACIÓN: Se sugiere el uso de Propofol sobre benzodiazepinas para la sedación en pacientes con COVID 19 críticos en ventilación mecánica invasiva. Recomendación condicional, basada en evidencia de muy baja calidad: Consideraciones adicionales: La sedación en pacientes COVID 19 críticos en ventilación mecánica invasiva debe ser precedida por una adecuada analgesia. En los pacientes COVID 19 críticos en ventilación mecánica invasiva que no se alcance el objetivo de sedación con las dosis adecuadas de Propofol, o se tenga efectos colaterales, se podría considerar el uso de otro sedante. No se ha establecido la seguridad de Propofol en el embarazo, porque atraviesa la barrera placentaria y puede causar depresión neonatal. Se sugiere usar dexmedetomidina sobre benzodiazepinas para la sedación en pacientes COVID 19 críticos en ventilación mecánica durante la fase de destete. Recomendación condicional, calidad de la evidencia muy baja: Consideraciones adicionales: Tener precaución sobre los efectos adversos como bradicardia e hipotensión. Evitar su uso en pacientes inestables hemodinámicamente. No se recomienda dar dosis de carga de dexmedetomidina. Se sugiere el uso de dexmedetomidina sobre Propofol para la sedación en pacientes COVID 19 críticos en ventilación mecánica durante la fase de destete.

Uma análise de custo-efetividade de propofol versus midazolam para sedação de pacientes adultos admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva / A cost-effectiveness analysis of propofol versus midazolam for the sedation of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir um modelo de custo-efetividade para comparar o uso de propofol com o de midazolam em pacientes críticos adultos sob uso de ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Foi construído um modelo de árvore decisória para pacientes críticos submetidos à ventilação mecânica, o qual foi analisado sob a perspectiva do sistema privado de saúde no Brasil. O horizonte temporal foi o da internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os desfechos foram custo-efetividade por hora de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva evitada e custo-efetividade por hora de ventilação mecânica evitada. Foram obtidos os dados do modelo a partir de metanálise prévia. Assumiu-se que o custo da medicação estava incluído nos custos da unidade de terapia intensiva. Conduziram-se análises univariada e de sensibilidade probabilística. Resultados: Pacientes mecanicamente ventilados em uso de propofol tiveram diminuição de sua permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e na duração da ventilação mecânica, respectivamente, em 47,97 horas e 21,65 horas. Com o uso de propofol, ocorreu redução média do custo de U$2.998,971 em comparação ao uso do midazolam. A custo-efetividade por hora de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva evitada e por hora de ventilação mecânica evitada foi dominante, respectivamente, em 94,40% e 80,8% do tempo. Conclusão: Ocorreu diminuição significante do custo associado ao uso de propofol, no que se refere à permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e à duração da ventilação mecânica para pacientes críticos adultos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To build a cost-effectiveness model to compare the use of propofol versus midazolam in critically ill adult patients under mechanical ventilation. Methods: We built a decision tree model for critically ill patients submitted to mechanical ventilation and analyzed it from the Brazilian private health care system perspective. The time horizon was that of intensive care unit hospitalization. The outcomes were cost-effectiveness per hour of intensive care unit stay avoided and cost-effectiveness per hour of mechanical ventilation avoided. We retrieved data for the model from a previous meta-analysis. We assumed that the cost of medication was embedded in the intensive care unit cost. We conducted univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Results: Mechanically ventilated patients using propofol had their intensive care unit stay and the duration of mechanical ventilation decreased by 47.97 hours and 21.65 hours, respectively. There was an average cost reduction of US$ 2,998.971 for propofol when compared to midazolam. The cost-effectiveness per hour of intensive care unit stay and mechanical ventilation avoided were dominant 94.40% and 80.8% of the time, respectively. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in costs associated with propofol use related to intensive care unit stay and duration of mechanical ventilation for critically ill adult patients.

Factores de riesgo de reacción paradójica asociados a sedación endovenosa con midazolam / Paradoxical reactions associated with midazolam conscious sedation

Background: Benzodiazepines are used for perioperative conscious sedation. However, its use may be associated with paradoxical reactions. The known risk factors for these reactions are age, alcohol and drug abuse and psychiatric disorders. Aim: To assess the incidence and impact of risk factors of paradoxical reactions to midazolam. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study of 218 patients aged 50 ± 16 years (51% women) scheduled for elective surgical procedures under regional anesthesia and midazolam sedation. The paradoxical reactions were classified according to their severity in three categories. Results: The incidence of paradoxical reactions to midazolam was 8.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-12.7). All were mild and only 28% of the affected patients required pharmacological treatment, none of them flumazenil. A multivariable logistic regression model showed that the variables independently associated with a paradoxical reaction to midazolam were the use of psychoactive medications (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.4 [1.1-11], p = 0.04, and the dose of midazolam (OR 1.35 [1.03-1.78], p = 0.03. Conclusions: The incidence of paradoxical reactions to midazolam was 8,3% and all were mild. Their risk factors are the use of psychoactive medications and the use of higher doses of midazolam.

Comparison of post-anesthesia recovery time in sedated patients for colonoscopy using midazolam or fentanyl associated with propofol / Comparação do tempo de recuperação pós-anestésica em pacientes sedados para colonoscopia usando midazolam ou fentanil associados a propofol

ABSTRACT Objective: Comparison of post-anesthesia recovery time in sedated patients for colonoscopy using two drug combinations: midazolam and propofol or fentanyl and propofol. Method: Fifty patients ASA I and II, from 18 to 65 years of age, candidates for elective colonoscopy under sedation administered by an anesthesiologist, were randomized in two groups: Group A (midazolam and propofol) and Group B (fentanyl and propofol). Each patient was evaluated as for the length of the exam (Exam length), length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit 1 and 2 (LSPACU1 and LSPACU2) and hospital discharge. Episodes of awakening, and of movement, drop in SpO2 < 90%, need for mechanical ventilation, propofol consumption, heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were also evaluated. Results: Patients of group B had a recovery time in LSPACU1 statistically shorter than that for those in group A. In both groups, LSPACU1 was considered inversely proportional to LSPACU2. Hospital discharge time was similar between groups. Patients of group B had a significant decrease in MBP during and at the end of the exam, when compared to the initial measurement and that during sedation. Nevertheless, this variation was lower than 20%. No adverse event was observed. All patients were discharged on the same day, with no unexpected hospitalization. Conclusions: The combined use of fentanyl and propofol for colonoscopy sedation had a post-anesthesia recovery time in LSPACU1 shorter than that with the combination of midazolam and propofol. Nevertheless hospital discharge time was similar between groups.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o tempo de recuperação pós-anestésica de pacientes sedados para colonoscopia usando duas combinações de fármacos: midazolam e propofol ou fentanil e propofol. Método: Cinquenta pacientes ASA I e II, entre 18 e 65 anos, candidatos a colonoscopia eletiva sob sedação administrada por anestesiologista, foram randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo A (midazolam e propofol) e Grupo B (fentanil e propofol). Cada paciente foi avaliado quanto ao tempo de realização do exame (TExame), tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica 1 e 2 (TSRPA 1 e TSRPA2) e a alta domiciliar. Episódios de despertar, movimentação, queda de SpO2 < 90%, necessidade de assistência ventilatória, consumo de propofol, frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial média (PAM) também foram avaliados. Resultados: Pacientes do grupo B apresentaram tempo de recuperação na SRPA1 inferior estatisticamente ao grupo A. Em ambos os grupos o TSRPA1 foi considerado inversamente proporcional ao TSRPA2. O tempo de alta domiciliar foi semelhante entre os grupos. Pacientes do grupo B apresentaram redução significativa na PAM no tempos exame e final, em relação ao inicial e sedação. Entretanto, essa variação foi inferior a 20%. Não foram observados eventos adversos. Todos os pacientes evoluíram com alta domiciliar no mesmo dia, sem ocorrência de internação não prevista. Conclusões: O uso combinado de fentanil e propofol para sedação em colonoscopia produziu tempo de recuperação pós-anestésica na SRPA1 inferior a combinação midazolam e propofol. No entanto, o tempo de alta domiciliar foi semelhante entre os grupos.

The effects of propofol and midazolam on rat spermatogenic parameters / [Efeitos do propofol e midazolam em parâmetros espermatogênicos em ratos]

There is a need for various anesthetic agents to obtain sperm in the field of human and veterinary medicine. Propofol and midazolam are among the most preferred among these agents. The aim of this study was to determine how sperm paramaters are affected according to the anesthetic agent used. Propofol (2mg/kg) and midazolam (3,5-7,5mg/kg) were administered twice a day (morning-evening) for one week. As a result of this study, there was no statistical difference in sperm density and abnormal sperm rates (respectively P=0,673, P=0,479). Sperm motility rates are similar in the control and propofol groups, while the motility rate in the midazolam group is statistically lower. (Control group %85 - Midazolam group %68.75 - Propofol group %83.75), (P<0.05). As a result of this study, the confidence interval of propofol was higher than the other anesthetic agents used for sperm retrieval.(AU)

São necessários vários agentes anestésicos para obter espermatozoides no campo da medicina humana e veterinária. Propofol e midazolam estão entre os agentes preferidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar como os parâmetros de esperma são afetados de acordo com o agente anestésico utilizado. Propofol (2mg / kg) e midazolam (3,5-7,5mg / kg) foram administrados duas vezes ao dia (manhã e noite) durante uma semana. Neste estudo, não houve diferença estatística na densidade espermática e nas taxas anormais de espermatozoides (respectivamente P = 0,673, P = 0,479). As taxas de motilidade espermática são semelhantes nos grupos controle e propofol, enquanto a taxa de motilidade no grupo midazolam é estatisticamente menor. (Grupo controle % 85 - grupo midazolam % 68,75 - grupo propofol % 83,75), (P <0,05). Neste estudo, o intervalo de confiança do propofol foi maior do que os outros agentes anestésicos utilizados na recuperação espermática.(AU)

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 29 de julho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on July 29, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referentes ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 16 artigos e 3 protocolos.

Consideraciones anestésicas en tumores neuroendocrinos: a propósito de un caso de paraganglioma / Anesthetic management of neuroendocrine tumors regarding a case of paraganglioma

Introducción: El paraganglioma es un tumor neuroendocrino poco frecuente que surge de los paraganglios autonómicos extraadrenales en diversos lugares del organismo. También se les conoce como feocromocitomas extraadrenales. Alrededor de 90 por ciento son benignos y se curan mediante la extirpación quirúrgica, el restante 10 por ciento son malignos, y pueden provocar metástasis a distancia. El diagnóstico es importante por su riesgo de malignidad, por las implicaciones de otras neoplasias asociadas y dada la posibilidad de realizar estudios genéticos para la detección de otros casos dentro de una misma familia. Objetivo: Exponer aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de esta enfermedad y las implicaciones perioperatorias concernientes a la conducta anestésica perioperatoria de estos pacientes. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 56 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial de más dos años de evolución y difícil control, diabetes mellitus e historia de cefalea, palpitaciones y sensación de calor. Diagnóstico imagenológico de una masa pararrenal sospechosa de paraganglioma que se confirmó por estudio histopatológico posterior a la exceresis. Conclusiones: La técnica anestésica para la resección de estos tumores es un desafío importante para el anestesiólogo que debe enfrentar dicha intervención quirúrgica, planteándose los riesgos de las etapas pre-, intra- y posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that emerging from the extra-adrenal autonomic paraganglia and it may occur in several parts of the body. Paraganglioma is also named extra-adrenals pheochromocytomas. Roughly 90 percent of these tumors are benign and can be excised through surgery whereas 10 percent of them are malignant and cause distant metastasis. Paragangliomas are closely linked to pheochromocytomas because they cannot be differentiated at cell level and often share the same clinical manifestations such as hypertension, episodic headache, sweating and tachycardia. The diagnosis of these tumors is important because of risk of becoming malignant, the implications of other related neoplasias and the possibility of making genetic studies to detect other cases in the same family. Objective: To expose about epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and perioperative management of these tumors by a presentation of a clinical case. Case Report: Female 56 years old, clinical history of 2 years of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, who presented with headache, palpitations and feeling of warm. She was diagnosed with a pararrenal mass suspected of paraganglioma associated with catecholamine hypersecretion, confirmed by histopathology. Conclusions: The treatment of these tumors requires a more complete surgical resection possible since the prognosis depends. Surgical management of pheochromocytoma needs special perioperative requirements. The anesthesiologist must observe this surgery, establish the risks of the phase pre-intra and postoperative(AU)

Anestesia intravenosa total: Propofol/remifentanil vs. midazolam/remifentanil en cirugía torácica / Total intravenous anesthesia: propofol/remifentanil vs midazolam/remifentanil in thoracic surgery

Introducción: Las técnicas de administración de anestesia en cirugía torácica han experimentado gran evolución y mayor fundamento científico. La anestesia intravenosa total basada en la analgesia favorece a que el período perioperatorio transcurra sin dolor y la recuperación sin complicaciones. Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad y seguridad de dos técnicas de anestesia intravenosa total en cirugía torácica electiva con remifentanilo como base analgésica. Métodos: Estudio causiexperimental, prospectivo realizado en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Dr. Salvador Allende, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2013 a enero de 2015, en 45 pacientes, programados para cirugía torácica electiva, divididos en dos grupos según hipnótico utilizado. Grupo A: Propofol/Remifentanil y Grupo B: Midazolam/Remifentanil. Se evaluaron variables hemodinámicas en diferentes momentos del período intraoperatorio. Variables de oxigenación (PaO2 y SaO2) durante la ventilación unipulmonar y los tiempos de recuperación anestésica. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes mayores de 60 años en los dos grupos, con estado físico ASA III. No hubo diferencias en la oxigenación arterial entre los grupos. Hubo disminución de la tensión arterial sistólica en el grupo A sin diferencias significativas. La recuperación de la anestesia fue significativamente más demorada en el grupo B. Conclusiones: La técnica de anestesia intravenosa total con remifentanil como base analgésica asociado a propofol resultó segura y efectiva en pacientes operados de cirugía torácica(AU)

Introduction: Anesthesia administration techniques in thoracic surgery have undergone great evolution and greater scientific foundation. Total intravenous anesthesia based on analgesia favors the perioperative period without pain and recovery without complications. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of two techniques of total intravenous anesthesia in elective thoracic surgery with remifentanil as an analgesic base. Methods: Prospective and causiexperimental study carried out at Dr. Salvador Allende Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital, in the period from January 2013 to January 2015, with 45 patients scheduled for elective thoracic surgery, who were divided into two groups according to the hypnotic drug used. Group A: propofol/remifentanil, and group B: midazolam/remifentanil. Hemodynamic variables were evaluated at different times during the intraoperative period. Oxygenation variables (PaO2 and SaO2) during unipulmonary ventilation and anesthetic recovery times. Results: Patients older than 60 years predominated in the two groups, with a physical status of ASA III. There were no differences in arterial oxygenation between the groups. There was a decrease in systolic blood pressure in group A without significant differences. The recovery of anesthesia was significantly more delayed in group B. Conclusions: The total intravenous anesthesia technique with remifentanil as an analgesic base associated with propofol was safe and effective in patients undergoing thoracic surgery(AU)

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória e de sedação da associação de dexmedetomidina-butorfanol-midazolam ou detomidina-butorfanol-midazolam em catetos (Pecari tajacu) / Cardiorespiratory and sedation evaluation of the combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam or detomidine butorphanol-midazolam in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

A presente pesquisa comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e sedativos da associação midazolam (0,41mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,31mg/kg) acrescida de detomidina (157µg/kg) (DTMB) ou dexmedetomidina (36µg/kg) (DXMB) em catetos. Catetos adultos (n=20) foram distribuídos em dois grupos, DTMB ou DXMB. As variáveis (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 e TR) foram avaliadas após aplicação dos fármacos. A sedação foi avaliada por meio de escala analógica visual, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta auditiva. Foi realizada ANOVA, seguida de teste t pareado (paramétricos) e teste de Mann-Whitney rank-sum test (não paramétricos), com P<0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos para o período de latência. Observou-se diferença significativa entre grupos para as variáveis f, PAM e SpO2, com maiores valores para DTMB, e EtCO2, com maiores valores para DXMB. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução da FC e da concentração de lactato, bem como aumento da concentração de bicarbonato. A SpO2 permaneceu abaixo de 90%, durante todo o período experimental, nos dois grupos estudados. Os animais dos dois grupos apresentaram sedação profunda e relaxamento muscular máximo. Conclui-se que os dois protocolos testados proporcionaram adequada sedação, podendo ser indicados para contenção química de catetos adultos.(AU)

The study compared the cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric and sedative effects of the combination of midazolam (0.41mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.31mg/kg) plus detomidine (157µg/kg) (DTMB) or dexmedetomidine (36µg/kg) (DXMB) in collared peccaries. Collared peccaries (n= 20) were divided into two groups, either DTMB or DXMB. The variables (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 and TR) were evaluated after application of the drugs. Sedation was assessed by visual analogue scale, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response. ANOVA followed by paired t-test (parametric) and Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (non-parametric) with P< 0.05 were performed. No statistical difference was observed for the latency period. A significant increase was observed between groups for the variables f, PAM and SpO2 with higher values for DTMB and EtCO2 with higher values for DXMB. The two groups presented a reduction in HR and lactate concentration, and an increase in bicarbonate concentration. SpO2 remained below 90% throughout the experiment in both groups. The animals of the two groups presented deep sedation and maximum muscle relaxation. It is concluded that the two protocols tested provided adequate sedation and could be indicated for chemical containment of collared peccaries.(AU)

Comparación midazolam vs dexmedetomidina en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Comparative effects of midazolam dexmedetomidina in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of sedation with midazolam vs dexmedetomidine in patients with high probability of obstructive sleep apnea, to assess hemodynamic parameters, ventilation and depth of hypnosis. METHODS: Patients scheduled to regional anesthesia and sedation participated in this randomly and double-blinded study. The MDZ Group (n = 29) midazolam 0.05 m g ∙ k g ­ 1 ; while the DEX Group (n = 29) dexmedetomidina 0.4 µ g ∙ k g ­ 1 ∙ h ­ 1 . Systolic and Diastolic Blood Presion (SBP and DBP), Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR) peripheral oxygen saturations (SpO2), and bispectral index (BIS) scores were recorded during surgery. RESULTS: Patient demographics were similar in the two groups. There were no differences with respect to SBP and DBP. The DEX group decreased significantly HR 10' (p = 0.001), 15' (p = 0.002), 20' (p = 0.004); the MDZ group decreased significantly RR (p < 0.0001), 10' (p < 0.0001), 15' (p = 0.001), 30' (p = 0.001), 45' (p = 0.0019), 60' (p = 0.001), and SAT O2 5' (p = 0.032), 10' (p = 0.033), 15' (p = 0.059), 30' (p = 0.033), 45' (p = 0.047), 60' (p = 0.028) compare to DEX group. The MDZ group decreased significantly BIS 5' (p < 0.0001), 10' (p < 0.0001), 15' (p = 0.001), 30' (p < 0.001), 45' (p = 0.003), 60' (p = 0.038), compare to DEX group. CONCLUSION: The use of DEX for sedation in patients with high probability of obstructive sleep apnea provides better control over the depth of sedation, to compare with MDZ.

OBJETIVO: Comparar efecto de sedación, midazolam versus dexmedetomidina, en funciones hemodinámicas, ventilación y profundidad de hipnosis, en pacientes STOP-Bang positivo bajo anestesia espinal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio clínico prospectivo, doble ciego, aleatorizado, pacientes bajo bloqueo espinal y sedación. Grupo MDZ (n = 29): midazolam 0,05 m g ∙ k g ­ 1 ; Grupo DEX (n = 29): dexmedetomidina 0,4 µ g ∙ k g ­ 1 ∙ h ­ 1 . Se evaluaron parámetros hemodinámicos (TAS, TAD y FC), ventilatorios (FR, SAT O2, ETCO2), profundidad de hipnosis (BIS), en periodos basal, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutos. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes ASA I y II, 18 y 60 años, STOP-Bang positivos (+3 criterios positivos), ambos sexos. Criterios de exclusión: contraindicación de bloqueo central, alergia conocida a las drogas, negativa del paciente. Análisis estadístico: datos cualitativos se expresan como nº (%), se utilizó Test Chi-cuadrado y Test de Fisher. Datos cuantitativos promedio (desvío estándar), Test t. Nivel de significación: 0,05. RESULTADOS: Datos demográficos similares ambos grupos ( Tabla 1 ); el grupo DEX presentó menor FC 10' (p = 0,001), 15' (p = 0,002), 20' (p = 0,004). El grupo MDZ disminuyó la FR 5' (p < 0,0001), 10' (p < 0,0001), 15' (p = 0,001), 30' (p = 0,001), 45' (p = 0,0019), 60' (p = 0,001), y SAT O2 5' (p = 0,032), 10' (p = 0,033), 15' (p = 0,059), 30' (p = 0,033), 45' (p = 0,047), 60' (p = 0,028) comparado con DEX. El grupo MDZ disminuyó valores BIS 5' (p < 0,0001), 10' (p < 0,0001), 15' (p = 0,001), 30' (p < 0,001), 45' (p = 0,003), 60' (p = 0,038), comparado con DEX. CONCLUSIÓN: La sedación con dexmedetomidina en pacientes STOP Bang positivo bajo anestesia espinal, proporciona estabilidad hemodinámica, con mejor control de parámetros de ventilación y profundidad de hipnosis, en comparación con midazolam.

Prevalence of delirium in intensive care patients and association with sedoanalgesia, severity and mortality / Prevalencia de delirio en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociación con la sedoanalgesia, gravedad y mortalidad / Prevalência de delirium em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associação com sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the prevalence of delirium and its subsyndrome in intensive care and to associate it with the use of sedative and analgesia, severity and mortality. Method: Carried out in two intensive care units of adult patients, this is a quantitative and transversal study, with 157 patients, using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to assess the level of sedation and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist for delirium. The T test and Chi-square test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of delirium was 22.3%, and 49.7% of the subsyndrome. Associations of the use of midazolam with the presence of delirium (p=0.05) and subsyndromal delirium (p<0.01), use of clonidine with the appearance of delirium (p<0.01) and of fentanyl with subsyndromal delirium (p=0.09). There were no significant differences between the mortality of patients with delirium (p=0.40) and subsyndromal delirium (p=0.86), as well as association with the mortality score. Conclusion: The use of sedoanalgesia is associated with the presence of delirium and subsyndromal delirium. No significant statistical associations were found between the severity and mortality scores.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia del delirio y su subsíndrome en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociarlos con el uso de la sedoanalgesia, con la gravedad y con la mortalidad. Método: Realizado en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos de pacientes adultos, se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, con 157 pacientes, utilizando las escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (Escala de agitación-sedación de Richmond) para evaluar el nivel de sedación y la de la Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (Lista de verificación para la detección del delirio en cuidados intensivos) para el delirio. Se aplicaron las pruebas de T y Chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: La prevalencia del delirio fue del 22,3%, y la del subsíndrome fue del 49,7%. Se han encontrado asociaciones del uso de midazolan con la presencia de delirio (p = 0,05) y del deilirio subsindromático (p < 0,01), del uso de clonidina con la aparición de delirio (p < 0,01) y de fentanil con el delirio subsindromático (p = 0,09). No se registraron diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad de los pacientes con delirio (p = 0,40) y el delirio. Conclusión: El uso de sedoanalgesia se asocia con la presencia de delirio y delirio subsindromático. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre la gravedad y las puntuaciones de mortalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer a prevalência do delirium e sua subsíndrome em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associar com uso de sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade. Método: Realizado em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de pacientes adultos, trata-se de estudo quantitativo e transversal, com 157 pacientes, utilizando as escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale para avaliação do nível de sedação e Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist para delirium. Foi aplicado o teste t e qui-quadrado para análise estatística. Resultados: A prevalência de delirium foi 22,3% e da subsíndrome 49,7%. Foram encontradas associações do uso de midazolan com a presença de delirium (p=0,05) e delirium subsindromático (p<0,01), uso de clonidina com o aparecimento de delirium (p<0,01) e de fentanil com o delirium subsindromático (p=0,09). Não houve diferenças significativas entre mortalidade de paciente com delirium (p=0,40) e delirium subsindromático (p= 0,86), bem como associação com o escore de mortalidade. Conclusão: O uso de sedoanalgesia está associado à presenta de delirium e delirium subsindromático. Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas significativas entre os escores de gravidade e mortalidade.

Prevalence of delirium in intensive care patients and association with sedoanalgesia, severity and mortality / Prevalencia de delirio en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociación con la sedoanalgesia, gravedad y mortalidad / Prevalência de delirium em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associação com sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the prevalence of delirium and its subsyndrome in intensive care and to associate it with the use of sedative and analgesia, severity and mortality. Method: Carried out in two intensive care units of adult patients, this is a quantitative and transversal study, with 157 patients, using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to assess the level of sedation and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist for delirium. The T test and Chi-square test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of delirium was 22.3%, and 49.7% of the subsyndrome. Associations of the use of midazolam with the presence of delirium (p=0.05) and subsyndromal delirium (p<0.01), use of clonidine with the appearance of delirium (p<0.01) and of fentanyl with subsyndromal delirium (p=0.09). There were no significant differences between the mortality of patients with delirium (p=0.40) and subsyndromal delirium (p=0.86), as well as association with the mortality score. Conclusion: The use of sedoanalgesia is associated with the presence of delirium and subsyndromal delirium. No significant statistical associations were found between the severity and mortality scores.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia del delirio y su subsíndrome en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociarlos con el uso de la sedoanalgesia, con la gravedad y con la mortalidad. Método: Realizado en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos de pacientes adultos, se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, con 157 pacientes, utilizando las escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (Escala de agitación-sedación de Richmond) para evaluar el nivel de sedación y la de la Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (Lista de verificación para la detección del delirio en cuidados intensivos) para el delirio. Se aplicaron las pruebas de T y Chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: La prevalencia del delirio fue del 22,3%, y la del subsíndrome fue del 49,7%. Se han encontrado asociaciones del uso de midazolan con la presencia de delirio (p = 0,05) y del deilirio subsindromático (p < 0,01), del uso de clonidina con la aparición de delirio (p < 0,01) y de fentanil con el delirio subsindromático (p = 0,09). No se registraron diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad de los pacientes con delirio (p = 0,40) y el delirio. Conclusión: El uso de sedoanalgesia se asocia con la presencia de delirio y delirio subsindromático. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre la gravedad y las puntuaciones de mortalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer a prevalência do delirium e sua subsíndrome em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associar com uso de sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade. Método: Realizado em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de pacientes adultos, trata-se de estudo quantitativo e transversal, com 157 pacientes, utilizando as escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale para avaliação do nível de sedação e Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist para delirium. Foi aplicado o teste t e qui-quadrado para análise estatística. Resultados: A prevalência de delirium foi 22,3% e da subsíndrome 49,7%. Foram encontradas associações do uso de midazolan com a presença de delirium (p=0,05) e delirium subsindromático (p<0,01), uso de clonidina com o aparecimento de delirium (p<0,01) e de fentanil com o delirium subsindromático (p=0,09). Não houve diferenças significativas entre mortalidade de paciente com delirium (p=0,40) e delirium subsindromático (p= 0,86), bem como associação com o escore de mortalidade. Conclusão: O uso de sedoanalgesia está associado à presenta de delirium e delirium subsindromático. Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas significativas entre os escores de gravidade e mortalidade.