Synthesis and evaluation of toxicity and antimicrobial activity of rifampicin associated with iron oxide nanoparticles

Rifampicin has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but it can cause nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic damage because high doses are required. Nanosystems emerge as a perspective to improve the transport systems of this drug. In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised, functionalized with lauric acid, and rifampicin was incorporated into the nanosystem. The samples were characterized by spectroscopic techniques: electronics in the visible ultraviolet region (UV-vis), vibrational absorption in the infrared region (IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DSL). The toxicity of the nanocompounds and the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were studied by the Artemia salina lethality and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. As a result, IR analysis showed characteristic vibrations of laurate and rifampicin on the surface of the nanosystem. The presence of magnetic iron oxide was confirmed by XRD and the mean diameter of the crystallites was 8.37 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter of rifampicin associated with the nanosystem was 402 nm and that of the nanosystem without rifampicin was 57 nm. The compounds did not show toxicity to Artemia salina and the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was slightly decreased when rifampicin was associated with the nanosystem. In general terms, the results showed that iron oxide nanoparticles showed no toxicity and reduced the toxicity of rifampicin by 41.54% when carried compared to free rifampicin. Therefore, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles may have the potential to act as a platform for associated drugs.

Infección osteoarticular multifocal en un recién nacido / Multifocal osteoarticular infection in a neonate / Infecção osteoarticular multi-focal num recém-nascido

Tanto la osteomielitis como la osteoartritis séptica en el período neonatal son patologías infrecuentes. La afectación ósea de la columna cervical es aún más rara, siendo excepcional en neonatos. Son patologías graves, con elevada morbimortalidad, donde el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz agresivo son de suma importancia para el pronóstico vital y funcional. Presentamos el caso de un neonato que presentó una sepsis a S. Aureus multirresistente, asociada a una osteomielitis de la primera vértebra cervical y a una osteoartritis séptica de la cadera izquierda. Fue tratado precozmente de forma quirúrgica y con antibioticoterapia, presentando una buena evolución.

Both osteomyelitis and septic osteoarthritis in the neonatal period are infrequent pathologies. Bone involvement of the cervical spine is even rarer, being exceptional in neonates. These are serious pathologies, with high morbimortality, where early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are of utmost importance for the vital and functional prognosis. We present the case of a neonate who presented with sepsis due to multidrug-resistant S. Aureus, associated with osteomyelitis of the first cervical vertebra and septic osteoarthritis of the left hip. He was treated early surgically and with antibiotic therapy, presenting a good evolution

Tanto a osteomielite como a osteoartrose séptica no período neonatal são patologias raras. O envolvimento ósseo da coluna cervical é ainda mais raro, sendo excepcional nos recém-nascidos. Estas são patologias graves, com elevada morbimortalidade, onde o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento agressivo são da maior importância para o prognóstico vital e funcional. Apresentamos o caso de um recém-nascido que apresentou sepse devido a S. Aureus multirresistente, associado a osteomielite da primeira vértebra cervical e osteoartrose séptica da anca esquerda. Foi tratado precocemente cirurgicamente e com terapia antibiótica, com uma boa evolução.

Comparison of different diagnostic modalities for isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients / Comparação de diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico para isolamento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tuberculosa

Abstract Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Resumo A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado ​​para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados ​​para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Vigilancia de la resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos en Paraguay, 2014 a 2017 / Surveillance of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, 2014 to 2017

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos en Paraguay, 2014 a 2017. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los datos del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis del Paraguay comprendidos entre los años 2014 a 2017. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de Tuberculosis que se realizaron un test de resistencia. Se extrajeron los datos en Excel y fueron analizados con Stata 17.0. Se incluyeron 3429 pacientes con tuberculosis que contaban con resultado de al menos una prueba de sensibilidad. La resistencia se encontró en 2.1% de los pacientes. La resistencia a la Rifampicina estuvo presente en el 0.3% de los casos mientras que a la Izionazida en el 0.6% de los casos. La prevalencia de resistencia fue más alta en hombres 3.4 (IC 95% 2.2 - 4.8) p=0.003, que residían en el chaco 6.0 (IC 95% 3.4 - 9.7) p=0.000, previamente tratados 2.7 (IC 95% 1.1 - 5.1) p=0.010. En el modelo se pudo observar que un paciente previamente tratado tiene mayores posibilidades de tener resistencia OR 2.62 (IC 95% 1.1 - 6.24). La prevalencia de resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a fármacos estuvo relacionada con haber sido previamente tratado

The objective of the study was to identify the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs in Paraguay, 2014 to 2017. A retrospective observational study was carried out. The data from the National Tuberculosis Program of Paraguay between the years 2014 to 2017 were used. All patients with a diagnosis of Tuberculosis who underwent a resistance test were included. Data were extracted in Excel and analyzed with Stata 17.0. 3429 tuberculosis patients who had a result of at least one sensitivity test were included. Resistance was found in 2.1% of patients. Resistance to Rifampicin was present in 0.3% of cases while to Izionazide in 0.6% of cases. The prevalence of resistance was higher in men 3.4 (95% CI 2.2 - 4.8) p = 0.003, who resided in the Chaco 6.0 (95% CI 3.4 - 9.7) p = 0.000, previously treated 2.7 (95% CI 1.1 - 5.1) p = 0.010. In the model, it was observed that a previously treated patient has a greater chance of having resistance OR 2.62 (95% CI 1.1 - 6.24). The prevalence of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs was related to having been previously treated

Tuberculosis pulmonar y laríngea: una forma poco frecuente de presentación en la edad pediátrica / Pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis: a rare presentation in pediatrics / Tuberculose pulmonar e laríngica: uma apresentação pouco frequente na idade pediátrica

Introducción: la tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa granulomatosa crónica, producida por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. En Uruguay se ha notificado un aumento en el número de casos, con una incidencia reportada en 2017 de 28,6/100.000 habitantes, siendo de 6,67/100.000 en menores de 15 años. La tuberculosis laríngea es una forma poco frecuente y evolucionada de tuberculosis, que suele manifestarse con disfonía crónica. Su diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha. Objetivo: describir un caso clínico de presentación poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Caso clínico: adolescente de 13 años, sana, vacunas vigentes, con antecedentes de conductas sexuales activas y papilomatosis laríngea diagnosticada por laringoscopía directa como causa de disfonía crónica. Consulta en emergencia por dolor abdominal, constatándose al examen clínico adelgazamiento asociado a síntomas respiratorios y síndrome tóxico bacilar asociado a disfonía crónica de cuatro meses de evolución, por lo cual se plantea tuberculosis laríngea e ingresa para estudio. Niega contacto de tuberculosis. En la radiografía de tórax se constata lesión cavernosa en vértice pulmonar izquierdo. Las baciloscopías de esputo fueron positivas (directo y cultivo) confirmando el planteo de TB pulmonar y laríngea. Se realizó tratamiento antituberculoso supervisado con excelente evolución posterior. Conclusiones: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad reemergente en nuestro país, que requiere un alto índice de sospecha. Su diagnóstico sigue siendo un desafío para los pediatras ya que la confirmación diagnóstica no siempre es posible. En este caso clínico la sospecha clínica frente a una disfonía crónica asociada a síntomas respiratorios fue fundamental para establecer el diagnóstico, a pesar de no contar con nexo epidemiológico.

Introduction: tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An increase in the number of cases has been reported in Uruguay, with an incidence reported in 2017 of 28.6/100,000 inhabitants, being 6.67/100,000 in children under 15 years of age. Laryngeal tuberculosis is a rare and evolved form of tuberculosis, which usually shows chronic dysphonia, which requires high levels of suspicion. Objective: to describe a clinical case with a rare presentation in pediatric age. Clinical case: 13-year-old female adolescent, healthy, fully vaccinated, with a history of active sexual behaviors and laryngeal papillomatosis diagnosed by direct laryngoscopy as a cause of chronic dysphonia. The emergency consultation was caused by abdominal pain, confirming the clinical examination weight loss associated with respiratory symptoms and bacillary toxic syndrome associated with chronic dysphonia of four months of evolution, for which laryngeal tuberculosis was considered and she was admitted for screening. She denies having been in contact with tuberculosis. The chest X-ray revealed a cavernous lesion in the left pulmonary apex and sputum smears were positive (direct and culture), confirming the suggestion of pulmonary and laryngeal TB. Supervised anti-tuberculosis treatment was performed with excellent subsequent evolution. Conclusions: tuberculosis is a re-emerging disease in our country, which requires a high level of suspicion. Its diagnosis remains a challenge for pediatricians since diagnostic confirmation is not always possible. In this clinical case, clinical suspicion of chronic dysphonia associated with respiratory symptoms were key factors to establish the diagnosis, despite not having a clear epidemiological link.

Introdução: a tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa granulomatosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No Uruguai, houve aumento do número de casos notificados, com uma incidência notificada em 2017 de 28,6/100.000 habitantes, sendo 6,67/100.000 casos de menores de 15 anos. A tuberculose laríngea é uma forma rara e evoluída de tuberculose, que geralmente se manifesta com disfonia crônica, exigindo alto índice de suspeita. Objetivo: descrever um caso clínico de apresentação pouco frequente em idade pediátrica. Caso clínico: menina adolescente de 13 anos, saudável, totalmente vacinada, com história de comportamentos sexuais ativos e papilomatose laríngea diagnosticada por laringoscopia direta como causa de disfonia crônica. Consulta de urgência por dor abdominal, comprovando emagrecimento associado a sintomas respiratórios e síndrome bacilar tóxica associada a disfonia crônica de quatro meses de evolução, para a qual foi considerada tuberculose laríngea e a paciente foi internada para estudo. Ele nega contato com tuberculose. A radiografia de tórax revelou lesão cavernosa em ápice pulmonar esquerdo e as baciloscopias de escarro foram positivas (direta e cultura) confirmando a sugestão de TB pulmonar e laríngea. O tratamento antituberculose supervisionado foi realizado com excelente evolução subsequente. Conclusões: a tuberculose é uma doença reemergente em Uruguai e requer alto índice de suspeita. Seu diagnóstico permanece um desafio para o pediatra, pois a confirmação diagnóstica nem sempre é possível. Neste caso clínico, a suspeita clínica de disfonia crônica associada a sintomas respiratórios foi fundamental para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico, apesar de não ter vínculo epidemiológico.

An uncommon case of brucellosis with ocular presentation / Um caso incomum de brucelose com apresentação ocular

ABSTRACT We report an unusual case of brucellosis presented with headache, diminished vision, papillitis and multiple peripapillary hemorrhages accompanied by subretinal fluid extending up to macula. Diagnosis of brucellosis was made based on positive polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid sample for Brucella species DNA, accompanied by a raised titer of anti-brucella antibodies. Patient showed remarkable improvement on triple drug therapy in form of doxycycline, rifampicin and ceftriaxone.

RESUMO Relatamos um caso incomum de brucelose apresentada com cefaleia, visão diminuída, papilite e múltiplas hemorragias peripapilares acompanhadas por fluido sub-retinal, estendendo-se até a mácula. O diagnóstico de brucelose foi feito com base na reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva de amostra de líquido cefalorraquidiano para DNA de espécies de Brucella, acompanhada por um título elevado de anticorpos antibrucela. O paciente apresentou melhora notável com a terapia tripla com drogas na forma de doxiciclina, rifampicina e ceftriaxona.

Tuberculosis farmacorresistente en provincia Guantánamo, 2010-2019 / Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Guantánamo province, 2010-2019 / Tuberculose resistente a medicamentos na província de Guantánamo, 2010-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: En los últimos 10 años en Cuba y, especialmente, en provincia Guantánamo se ha observado incremento del número de pacientes tuberculosos farmacorresistentes; esta es la provincia de mayor incidencia en el país. Objetivo: Identificar las características epidemiológicas y el patrón de resistencia de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente en provincia Guantánamo. Método: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo y transversal que incluyó la totalidad de casos (n=6) con tuberculosis farmacorresistentes diagnosticados entre diciembre de 2010 y diciembre de 2019. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, régimen terapéutico, situación económica, categorías de casos, clasificación epidemiológica de la resistencia y resistencia de la cepa aislada según el grado y perfil. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (66, 6 %) y el grupo de edades de menores de 45 años (83,3 %), la mayor cantidad de resistencia estuvo propiciada por violaciones en los tratamientos anteriores (66,6 %), categorizados mayormente como crónicos y reingresos por abandono. Predominó el nivel educacional de secundaria básica terminada (66,7 %), con situación económica regular (50,0 %) y alto nivel de alcoholismo (66,7 %). La multidrogorresistencia prevaleció en cepas de pacientes con tratamiento previo (66,6 %). Conclusiones: Existe coincidencia del patrón epidemiológico y el patrón de resistencia mostrado en la investigación actual con los resultados de estudios previos nacionales e internacionales, estos resultados sugieren fallas en la aplicación local del Programa Nacional de Control y Tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se recomienda investigar y resolver estas fallas lo que produciría un impacto inmediato en la disminución de la incidencia de tuberculosis farmacorresistentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: An increase in the number of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients has been observed in the last 10 years in Cuba and, especially, in Guantánamo province. This is the province with the highest incidence in the country. Objective: To identify the epidemiological characteristics and the resistance pattern of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Guantánamo province. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was designed that included all cases (n=6) with drug-resistant tuberculosis, diagnosed between December 2010 and December 2019. The variables studied were: age, gender, therapeutic regimen, economic situation, categories of cases, epidemiological classification of resistance, and resistance of the isolated strain according to the grade and profile. Results: Males predominated (66.6%), and also the age group under 45 years (83.3%), the greatest resistance was caused by not abiding the previous treatments (66.6%), categorized mostly as chronic, and readmitted due to treatment abandonment. Highschool degree (66.7%) predominated, with a moderate economic situation (50.0%) and high levels of alcoholism (66.7%). Multi-drug resistance prevailed in the strains in patients with previous treatment (66.6%). Conclusions: There is a coincidence of the epidemiological pattern and the resistance pattern shown in the current research with the results of previous national and international studies; these results suggest flaws in the local application of the Programa Nacional de Control y Tratamiento de la tuberculosis. It is recommended to investigate and resolve these flaws, which would have an immediate impact on reducing the incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

RESUMO Introdução: Nos últimos 10 anos, em Cuba e, principalmente, na província de Guantánamo, observou-se um aumento no número de pacientes com tuberculose resistente aos medicamentos; esta é a província com maior incidência no país. Objetivo: Identificar as características epidemiológicas e o padrão de resistência da tuberculose resistente a medicamentos na província de Guantánamo. Método: Foi elaborado um estudo descritivo e transversal que incluiu todos os casos (n=6) com tuberculose resistente a medicamentos diagnosticados entre dezembro de 2010 e dezembro de 2019. Foram estudadas as variáveis: idade, sexo, regime terapêutico, situação econômica, categorias de casos, classificação epidemiológica de resistência e resistência da cepa isolada de acordo com o grau e perfil. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (66,6%) e na faixa etária abaixo de 45 anos (83,3%), a maior quantidade de resistência foi causada por violações nos tratamentos anteriores (66,6%), categorizados principalmente como crônicos e reinternações por abandono. Predominou situação econômica regular (50,0%) e alto nível de alcoolismo (66,7%). A multirresistência prevaleceu em cepas de pacientes com tratamento anterior (66,6%). Conclusões: Há coincidência do padrão epidemiológico e do padrão de resistência mostrado na pesquisa atual com os resultados de estudos nacionais e internacionais anteriores, esses resultados sugerem falhas na aplicação local do Programa Nacional de Controle e Tratamento da Tuberculose. Recomenda-se investigar e resolver essas falhas, que teriam um impacto imediato na redução da incidência de tuberculose resistente aos medicamentos.

Validez diagnóstica del geneXpert para mycobacterium tuberculosis y prueba de resistencia a rifampicina / Diagnostic validity of GeneXpert for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance test

Introducción. El diagnóstico temprano de tuberculosis permite el control de la enfermedad y su transmisibilidad. Objetivo. Describir la validez diagnóstica del GeneXpert MTB/RIF para Mycobacterium tuberculosis en muestra bronquial, utilizando como referencia el cultivo Löwenstein Jensen. Metodología. Estudio transversal analítico, mediante revisión de 942 registros de la Unidad de Broncoscopía durante el año 2014 al 2018, de las cuales 320 cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Estos datos fueron exportados a un formato compatible con Epi Info versión 7 y analizados con parámetros estadísticos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo, prueba de concordancia e índice Kappa Epidat 4,2. Resultados. De los 320 pacientes sometidos a fibrobroncoscopía diagnóstica para tuberculosis con GeneXpert MTB/RIF, los resultados negativos fueron 79 % (252) y positivo 21 % (68); el 1 % mostró resistencia a rifampicina. Se reportó una fuerte concordancia de GeneXpert MTB/RIF con el cultivo bacilo ácido alcohol resistente, que se determinó con un índice de kappa de 0,88 +/- (0,81-0,94) IC 95 %, una sensibilidad del 98 %, especificidad del 96 %, valor predictivo positivo 83 % (IC 95 %), valor predictivo negativo 99,6 % (CI 95 %). Conclusión. La prueba GeneXpert MTB/RIF tiene una capacidad altamente sensible y específica para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis en muestras obtenidas por fibrobroncoscopía

Introduction. The early diagnosis of tuberculosis allows the control of the disease and its transmissibility. Objective. Describe the diagnostic validity of GeneXpert MTB / RIF for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bronchial sample using the Löwenstein Jensen culture as reference. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study, through a review of 942 records of the Bronchoscopy Unit during the year 2014 to 2018, of which 320 met inclusion criteria. These data were exported to a format compatible with Epi Info version 7, analyzed with statistical parameters of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, concordance test, and Kappa Epidat index 4,2. Results. Of the 320 patients who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy for tuberculosis with GeneXpert MTB / RIF, the negative results were 79 % (252), and positive 21 % (68), 1 % showed genetic resistance to rifampicin. A strong concordance of GeneXpert MTB / RIF was reported with the acid-alcohol-resistant bacillus culture determined with a kappa index of 0,88 +/- (0,81-0,94) 95 % CI, a sensitivity of 98 %, specificity 96 %, positive predictive value 83 % (95 % CI), negative predictive value 99,6 % (95 % CI). Conclusions. The GeneXpert MTB / RIF Test has a highly sensitive and specific capacity for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in samples obtained by bronchoscopy

Validación de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (qPCR) acoplada a curvas melting como herramienta alternativa para el diagnóstico de Tuberculosis Mutidrogorresistente / Validation of the real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) coupled to melting curves as an alternative tool for the diagnosis of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecto-contagiosa, causada por diversas especies del Complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actualmente se estima que un tercio de la población mundial se encuentra afectada por lo que representa una amenaza para la salud pública, principalmente por el surgimiento de cepas Multidrogorresistentes (TB-MDR). En Bolivia se reportaron 7.538 personas enfermas con Tuberculosis, los últimos datos sobre TB-MDR indican un aumento de 0,2% por año, en 2019 se registró un 3,1% de TB-MDR. Actualmente en nuestro país se emplean métodos moleculares para la identificación de este agente infeccioso; no obstante, existen muy pocos o ningún trabajo acerca de la aplicación de métodos moleculares para la detección precisa y efectiva de cepas TB-MDR que otorguen validez a los resultados emitidos. Este trabajo resuelve el cuestionamiento de, si la PCR en tiempo real (RT-qPCR) acoplada a curvas melting es una herramienta de diagnóstico alternativo aplicable, para la identificación de Tuberculosis Multidrogorresistente MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se trabajó con 74 cepas de Mycobaterium tuberculosis fenotípicamente identificadas por cultivo (método de las proporciones, Canetti Rist) como gold standar. El material genético para las pruebas moleculares se obtuvo por el método de columnas, se utilizaron dos controles primarios para la determinación de resistencia a los fármacos Isoniacida y Rifampicina, tanto los controles como las muestras se procesaron por RT-qPCR acoplada a curvas melting, mediante cambios de temperatura de disociación. RESULTADOS: los parámetros de test diagnóstico de la prueba demostraron sensibilidad: 67.4%, especificidad: 83.3%, Exactitud: 73.97%, VPP: 85.3%, VPN: 64.1% para Isoniacida. Mientras que para Rifampicina: Sensibilidad: 97%, especificidad: 20%, exactitud: 58.9%, VPP: 55.4% y VPN: 87.5%. CONCLUSIÓN: el método evaluado para la determinación de resistencia a Isoniacida presenta un equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad, por lo que representa una alternativa diagnóstica confiable, mientras que para resistencia a Rifampicina presenta una alta sensibilidad que es muy útil para países endémicos como el nuestro.

INTRODUCTION: tuberculosis is an infectious-contagious disease, caused by various species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, it is estimated that one third of the world population is affected by what represents a threat to public health, mainly by the emergence of multidrugresistant strains (MDR-TB). In Bolivia, 7,538 people are reported sick with Tuberculosis, the latest data on MDR-TB indicate an increase of 0.2% per year, in 2018 there was 3.1% of MDR-TB. Currently in our country molecular methods are used to identify this infectious agent; however, there is very little or no work on the application of molecular methods for the precise and effective detection of MDR-TB strains that give validity to the results issued. This work resolves the question of whether real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) coupled to melting curves is an applicable alternative diagnostic tool for the identification of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis MATERIALS AND METHODS: we worked with 74 strains of Mycobaterium tuberculosis phenotypically identified by culture (method of proportions, Canetti Rist) as a gold standar. The genetic material for molecular methods was obtained by the column assay, two primary controls were used for the determination of resistance to the drugs Isoniazid and Rifampicin, both the controls and the samples were processed by RT-qPCR coupled to melting curves, by means of temperature changes of dissociation. RESULTS: the diagnostic test parameters of the test demonstrated sensitivity: 67.4%, specificity: 83.3%, Accuracy: 73.97%, PPV: 85.3%, NPV: 64.1% for Isoniazid. While for Rifampicin: Sensitivity: 97%, Specificity: 20%, Accuracy: 58.9%, PPV: 55.4% and NPV: 87.5% CONCLUSION: the method evaluated for the determination of resistance to Isoniazid presents a balance between sensitivity and specificity, therefore it represents a reliable diagnostic alternative, while for resistance to Rifampicin it presents a high sensitivity that is very useful for endemic countries such as ours.

Resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a quinolonas y fármacos inyectables en el departamento del Atlántico, 2013-2016 / Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to quinolone and injectable drugs in Atlántico department, 2013-2016

Introducción: En el departamento del Atlántico los estudios de resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis se han limitado a drogas de segunda línea. Objetivo: Determinar prevalencia de resistencia a amikacina, kanamicina, capreomicina y ofloxacina en casos de tuberculosis resistente a isoniacida, rifampicina o a ambas drogas, en el periodo 2013 a 2016 en el departamento del Atlántico. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 194 aislamientos resistentes a isoniacida, rifampicina o ambas, por metodología Genotype MTBDR plus versión 2, enviados al Instituto Nacional de Salud en el periodo 2013 al 2016 para ser confirmados y procesados para drogas de segunda línea. La proporción de resistencia, se hizo según variables sociodemográficas, clínica y de vigilancia en salud pública. Resultados: Las comorbilidades frecuentes encontradas fueron desnutrición con el 18,56 por ciento, seguido de infección concomitante VIH-tuberculosis con el 13,40 por ciento. La ofloxacina en casos no tratados obtuvo la mayor resistencia global con el 1,50 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 0,18-5,33). En los que fueron previamente tratados la resistencia global a capreomicina fue del 8,10 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 2,7-17,8). En los resistentes a rifampicina, un caso fue extensivamente resistente y dos casos resistentes en los multidrogorresistente. Conclusiones: Se encontró baja resistencia a fluoroquinolonas y fármacos inyectables en pacientes no tratados resistentes a isoniacida, rifampicina o ambas, que muestra que todavía no constituye un problema mayor en el departamento del Atlántico. Se debe complementar su seguimiento con buen manejo tanto físico como psicológico y un equipo de salud fortalecido que actúe prontamente y ayude a la adherencia del paciente a los tratamientos(AU)

Introduction: In Atlántico department, resistance studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been limited to second-line drugs. Objective: Determine prevalence of resistance to amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin and ofloxacin in cases of tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin or both, in the period 2013 to 2016 in Atlántico department. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 194 isolations resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin or both, by Genotype MTBDR plus version 2 methodology, that were sent to the National Institute of Health from 2013 to 2016 to be confirmed and processed for second-line drugs. The resistance ratio was made according to sociodemographic, clinical and public health surveillance variables. Results: The common comorbilities found were malnutrition with 18.56 percent, followed by concomitant HIV-tuberculosis infection with 13.40 percent. Ofloxacin in non-treated cases achieved the highest overall resistance with 1.50 percent (95 percent CI 0.18-5.33). In those previously treated, global resistance to capreomycin was 8.10 percent (95 percent CI 2.7-17.8). In the ones resistant to rifampicin, one case was extensively resistant and two cases were resistant in multi-drugs resistant. Conclusions: Low resistance to fluoroquinolones and injectable drugs was found in non-treated patients who were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin or both, showing that it is not yet a major problem in Atlántico department. Its follow-up should be complemented with good physical and psychological management and a strengthened health team that acts promptly and helps the patient adherence to treatments(AU)

Enfermedad por arañazo de gato con compromiso hepato-esplénico en adultos inmunocompetentes / Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in immunocompetent adults cat scratch

La enfermedad por arañazo de gato (EAG) es una zoonosis emergente causada por Bartonella henselae. Puede presentarse de forma atípica, incluyendo meningitis, neuroretinitis, endocarditis y compromiso hepatoesplénico, lo cual es poco frecuente en adultos inmunocompetentes. Su manejo terapéutico es controvertido dada la ausencia de ensayos aleatorizados al respecto. Se describen 5 casos de EAG con compromiso hepato-esplénico, donde la correcta anamnesis epidemiológica permitió la sospecha diagnóstica, evitando la realización de procedimientos invasivos en la mayoría de los casos. La posibilidad de realización de PCR y serología para Bartonella spp. fueron de vital importancia

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an emerging zoonosis caused by Bartonella henselae. It can occur atypically including meningitis, neuroretinitis, endocarditis and hepatosplenic involvement, a rare occurrence in immunocompetent adults. Therapeutic management is controversial, supported by case series and retrospective data published literature. Five cases of CSD with hepatosplenic involvement are described. The correct clinical and epidemiological anamnesis allow the diagnostic and avoid the performance of invasive procedures in most cases. The possibility of performing Bartonella spp PCR and serology is crucial

Adverse effects of polychemotherapy for leprosy in 13 years of follow-up at a university hospital

Abstract Leprosy is one of the neglected diseases in the world and Brazil is the second country with more cases. A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 196 leprosy patients diagnosed during the course of 13 years at a university hospital. The aim was to describe the adverse effects of polychemotherapy, as well the most prevalent and most vulnerable populations. In the study, dapsone was the most implicated drug, especially in women, and the risk increased with age. The authors conclude that with this patient profile, greater vigilance should be taken regarding possible adverse effects, especially anemia.

Mycobacterium leprae: aspectos da resistência aos fármacos na poliquimioterapia / Drug resistance in multidrug therapy for Mycobacterium leprae

Introdução: O diagnóstico da hanseníase possui números significativos que causam preocupação à saúde pública. Os casos de resistência medicamentosa nessa doença se iniciaram em meados dos anos 60 e diante do problema, a Organização Mundial da Saúde instituiu em 1981 a poliquimioterapia, associação dos antibióticos rifampicina, dapsona e clofazimina, tratamento atual de escolha. A resistência aos fármacos na hanseníase é reportada pela literatura, desvelando um obstáculo à sua eliminação. Apresentamos nessa revisão os principais aspectos da resistência medicamentosa no tratamento para hanseníase e seus impactos. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática sobre os aspectos da resistência medicamentosa utilizando a pesquisa exploratória como metodologia de abordagem. Foram pesquisados os termos resistência medicamentosa, hanseníase, recidiva, alterações genéticas e os operadores booleanos "and" e "or" na busca. Resultados e discussão: A dificuldade de tomar a medicação corretamente foi um dos principais fatores que acarretaram resistência do bacilo Mycobacterium leprae aos fármacos. Homens de países norte e sul-americanos e asiáticos foram os mais atingidos por episódios de resistência. A resistência medicamentosa é uma das principais causas de recidivas em hanseníase. O principal fármaco causador de resistência medicamentosa descrito nos trabalhos foi a dapsona (46,6%) e a maioria das alterações genéticas encontradas estão no gene rpoB; 23,2% dos registros relatados foram de resistência secundária aos fármacos e, também, sete casos de resistência múltipla a esses medicamentos. Conclusão: Os principais aspectos da resistência medicamentosa na hanseníase são os equívocos ao ingerir os medicamentos e as alterações genéticas na bactéria. Os impactos causados estão na dificuldade de refazer o tratamento, a possibilidade de nova transmissão e o aparecimento de sintomas mais graves.

Introduction: The diagnosis of leprosy has significant numbers causing public health concern. Reports of drug resistance in this disease begun in the mid-1960s and due to this problem, the World Health Organization instituted a multidrug therapy with rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine antibiotic association in 1981, which is currently the first-choice treatment for leprosy. Cases of drug resistance have been reported in literature, revealing an obstacle to the eradication of the disease. This paper has the purpose of presenting the key aspects and impacts of drug resistance in the treatment for leprosy. Methods: Systematic review of the drug resistance aspects using exploratory research as an approach methodology. The authors searched the terms drug resistance, leprosy, recurrence, genetic alterations, and the Boolean operators "and" and "or" between them. Results and discussion: The difficulty in taking the medication correctly was one of the key factors that led to drug resistance for Mycobacterium leprae. Men from North and South American, as well as from Asian countries, were the most affected by episodes of resistance. Drug resistance is one of the main causes of leprosy recurrences. Dapsone was the most frequently identified drug resistance in the studies (46.6%), while most of the genetic alterations were found in the rpoB gene; 23.2% of the cases were from secondary resistance episodes, and seven cases of multiple resistance were reported. Conclusion: The misconceptions when taking the treatment and the Mycobacterium leprae genetic alterations have been described as the key aspects of drugs resistance in leprosy and the impacts caused are the difficulty in redoing the treatment, the possibility of new transmission, and the appearance of more severe symptoms.

Tuberculosis con resistencia a rifampicina en Chile / Tuberculosis with resistance to rifampicin in Chile

Resumen El éxito de los tratamientos acortados de la tuberculosis se debe a la asociación de fármacos bactericidas y esterilizantes, principalmente Rifampicina e Isoniazida. Cuando la Rifampicina no puede ser utilizada por resistencia, los tratamientos son más prolongados y el éxito en la curación se reduce. La resistencia a Rifampicina frecuentemente se acompaña de resistencia a Isoniazida (Multidrogoresistencia o MDR). La OMS informa que en 2019 se diagnosticaron sólo el 44% de los casos estimados de tuberculosis con resistencia a Rifampicina (se proyectaba 465.000 casos) y se trató sólo al 38% de los casos estimados, quedando una gran proporción de casos sin diagnosticar y sin tratar. En Chile la vigilancia de la susceptibilidad a fármacos de primera línea en cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis se efectúa mediante biología molecular desde 2014, observándose un progresivo incremento de casos resistentes a Rifampicina desde 1% (23 casos) para ese año hasta 2,2% (65 casos) en 2019. La mayoría de casos de resistencia a Rifampicina corresponden a resistencia inicial. En casos con resistencia a Rifampicina realizamos estudio de susceptibilidad a fármacos de segunda línea en el laboratorio de referencia nacional. La terapia de TB-MDR tradicional tiene baja eficacia, con abandonos frecuentes por su largo tiempo de terapia y toxicidad. Nuevos tratamientos sin inyectables y el uso de Clofazimina, Fluorquinolonas, Linezolid y Bedaquilina tienen una mejor tasa de curación. Recientemente, el Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis de Chile dispone de esta terapia más eficaz y de menor duración por vía oral con estos fármacos.

The high success rate of shortened Tuberculosis (TB) treatments has been achieved by the association of bactericidal and sterilizing drugs. The main drugs are Rifampicin and Isoniazide. When Rifampicin cannot be used by resistance, the treatment is prolonged and success in healing is significantly reduced. Resistance to Rifampicin is often accompanied by resistance to Isoniazide (Multidrug resistance or MDR). WHO reports that only 44% of estimated TB cases with resistance to Rifampicin were diagnosed in 2019 (465,000 cases projected) and only 38% of estimated cases were treated, with a large proportion of cases remaining undiagnosed and untreated. In Chile, monitoring of susceptibility to first-line drugs is conducted in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by molecular biology since 2014, observing a progressive increase in cases with Rifampicin resistance from 1% for that year (23 cases) to 2.2% in 2019 (65 cases). Most cases of resistance to Rifampicin correspond to cases of initial resistance. In cases with resistance to Rifampicin we carry out susceptibility study to second-line drugs in a national reference laboratory. MDR-TB therapy has low efficacy, with frequent abandonments for its long therapy time and toxicity. New non-injectable treatments and use of Clofazimine, Fluorquinolones, Linezolid and Bedaquiline are achieving a better cure rate. Recently, Chile's TB Control Program has this most effective and shorter-lasting oral therapy with these drugs.

Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis (lymph node scrofuloderma) using the Xpert MTB/RIF® method

Abstract Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare infection that is difficult to diagnose, because it shows less sensitivity and specificity in classic complementary exams when compared with the pulmonary form. The Xpert MTB/RIF® method offers an early diagnosis that identifies the DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the main mutations that give the bacterium resistance to rifampicin. The authors present a case of scrofuloderma whose diagnosis was quickly obtained through the secretion of a cervical lesion, allowing an early diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate treatment.

Impact of the GeneXpert® MTB/RIF rapid molecular test on tuberculosis detection: temporal trends and vulnerable territories / Impacto do teste rápido molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF na detecção da tuberculose: tendências temporais e territórios vulneráveis / Impacto de la prueba rápida molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF en la detección de tuberculosis: tendencias temporales y territorios vulnerables

Objective: to assess the impact of the GeneXpert® MTB/RIF rapid molecular test on tuberculosis detection, to analyze the temporal trend of the event and to identify vulnerable territories in a Brazilian municipality. Method: an ecological study carried out in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, a municipality considered a priority in tuberculosis control due to the high number of cases. To classify the temporal trend, the Prais-Winsten method and the Interrupted Time Series were used to identify changes in the disease incidence. Kernel intensity analysis was applied to identify vulnerable areas. Results: the temporal trend of tuberculosis decreased by 18.1%/year and by 6.9%/year for children under 15 years old. The North District decreased by 6.67%/year and the East District increased by 17.5%/year in the incidence of tuberculosis. Resistant tuberculosis, after the implementation of the Rapid Molecular Test, increased by 0.6% per year. The South and West Districts showed a higher density of cases, with a range from 45 to 79 tuberculosis cases per square kilometer (km2). Conclusion: although resistant tuberculosis is not a problem in the scenario, the study showed an increase in its incidence, which puts it on alert. The use of spatial analysis enabled the identification of priority areas, putting them in evidence for health surveillance actions.

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto do teste rápido molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF na detecção da tuberculose, analisar a tendência temporal do evento e identificar territórios vulneráveis em município brasileiro. Método: estudo ecológico realizado em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, município considerado prioritário no controle da tuberculose devido ao elevado número de casos. Para classificar a tendência temporal foi utilizado o método de Prais-Winsten e a Série Temporal Interrompida para identificar mudanças na incidência da doença. Aplicou-se a análise de intensidade de Kernel para a identificação de áreas vulneráveis. Resultados: a tendência temporal da tuberculose apresentou decréscimo de 18,1%/ano e de 6,9%/ano em menores de 15 anos. O Distrito Norte apresentou decréscimo de 6,67%/ano e o Distrito Leste crescimento de 17,5%/ano, na incidência de tuberculose. A tuberculose resistente, após a implementação do teste rápido molecular, apresentou aumento de 0,6% por ano. Os Distritos Sul e Oeste apresentaram maior densidade de casos, com variação de 45 a 79 casos de tuberculose por quilômetro quadrado (km2). Conclusão: apesar da tuberculose resistente não ser um problema no cenário, o estudo evidenciou um crescimento na sua incidência, o que o coloca em estado de alerta. O uso da análise espacial possibilitou a identificação das áreas prioritárias, colocando-as em evidência para ações de vigilância em saúde.

Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la prueba rápida molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF en la detección de tuberculosis, analizar la tendencia temporal del evento e identificar territorios vulnerables en un municipio brasileño. Método: estudio ecológico realizado en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, municipio considerado prioritario en el control de la tuberculosis por el elevado número de casos. Se utilizó el método de Prais-Winsten para clasificar la tendencia temporal y la técnica de Series de Tiempo Interrumpidas para identificar cambios en la incidencia de la enfermedad. Se aplicó un análisis de intensidad de Kernel para identificar áreas vulnerables. Resultados: la tendencia temporal de la tuberculosis disminuyó un 18,1%/año y un 6,9%/año en los menores de 15 años. La incidencia de tuberculosis disminuyó un 6,67%/año en el Distrito Norte y aumentó un 17,5%/año en el Distrito Este. La tuberculosis resistente, después de la implementación de la Prueba Molecular Rápida, aumentó un 0,6% anual. Los Distritos Sur y Oeste presentaron una mayor densidad de casos, con un rango de 45 a 79 casos de tuberculosis por kilómetros cuadrados (km2). Conclusión: aunque la tuberculosis resistente no representa un problema en el escenario, el estudio mostró un aumento en la incidencia, lo que genera una señal de alerta. El uso del análisis espacial permitió identificar áreas prioritarias, para que puedan llevarse a cabo acciones de vigilancia en salud.

Cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of furuncular myiasis / Osteomielite craniana como complicação de miíase furuncular

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the case of an infant with infrequent cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of furuncular myiasis. Case description: The patient was a 4-month-old male who presented to the emergency department with a nodular skull lesion with edema, tenderness, pain, and purulent drainage, as well as progress of the ulcerated lesion and evidence of larvae inside. Antibiotic treatment was initiated, and the patient was taken to the operating room to remove the larvae, but he had no symptomatic improvement. A skull radiograph was taken to visualize the osteolytic lesion, and a 3D computed tomography scan showed osteomyelitis of the external parietal surface. Antibiotic management readjustment continued for a total of six weeks, and a skin flap was used with clinical improvement. Comments: Myiasis is defined as the infestation of vertebrates with fly larvae. In mammals, larvae can feed on host tissue and cause a wide range of infestations depending on their location in the body. The cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of myiasis described in this report seems to be an exceptional case.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso de criança com osteomielite craniana infrequente como complicação da miíase furuncular. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, com quatro meses de idade, que se apresentou no pronto-socorro com lesão nodular no crânio com edema, sensibilidade, dor e drenagem purulenta, com evolução da lesão ulcerada e evidência de larva no interior. O tratamento com antibióticos foi iniciado e o paciente foi levado à sala de cirurgia para remover as larvas, mas não houve melhora. Uma radiografia do crânio foi realizada para visualizar a lesão osteolítica e uma tomografia computadorizada em 3D mostrou osteomielite da superfície parietal externa. O reajuste do tratamento com antibióticos foi mantido por um total de seis semanas e um retalho cutâneo foi realizado com melhora clínica. Comentários: Miíase é definida como a infestação de vertebrados com larvas de moscas. Nos mamíferos, as larvas podem se alimentar do tecido hospedeiro e causar uma ampla variedade de infestações, dependendo da sua localização no corpo. A osteomielite como complicação da miíase, apresentada nesse caso, parece ser uma forma não usual de complicação dessa doença.

The protective effect of lycopene against oxidative kidney damage associated with combined use of isoniazid and rifampicin in rats

It is known that the combined use of antibiotics, such as isoniazid and rifampicin, in the treatment of tuberculosis causes oxidative kidney damage. The aim of this study was to biochemically and histopathologically investigate the effect of lycopene on oxidative kidney damage due to the administration of isoniazid and rifampicin in albino Wistar male rats. Lycopene at a dose of 5 mg/kg was orally administered to lycopene+isoniazid+rifampicin (LIR) rats, and normal sunflower oil (0.5 mL) was orally administered to isoniazid+rifampicin (IR) and healthy control (HG) rats as vehicle by gavage. One hour after the administration of lycopene and vehicle, 50 mg/kg isoniazid and rifampicin were given orally to the LIR and IR groups. This procedure was performed once a day for 28 days. Rats were sacrificed by a high dose of anesthesia at the end of this period, and oxidant-antioxidant parameters were measured in the removed kidney tissues. Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured in blood samples, and kidney tissues were also evaluated histopathologically. The combined administration of isoniazid and rifampicin changed the oxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of oxidants, and it increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, which are indicators of kidney function. Co-administration of isoniazid and rifampicin also caused oxidative kidney damage. Lycopene biochemically and histopathologically decreased oxidative kidney damage induced by isoniazid and rifampicin administration. These results suggested that lycopene may be beneficial in the treatment of nephrotoxicity due to isoniazid and rifampicin administration.

Cobertura y fidelidad de la prueba Xpert MTB/RIF™ en un área de alta carga de tuberculosis pulmonar en Colombia / Coverage and fidelity of the Xpert MTB/RIF™ implementation in a high-burden area for pulmonary tuberculosis in Colombia

Resumen. Introducción. La prueba Xpert MTB/RIF™ es una prueba molecular rápida para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y la resistencia a la rifampicina. Desde el 2010 es la recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y, aunque fue introducida en Colombia en el 2012, se desconocen los resultados de su uso.Objetivo. Describir la cobertura y la fidelidad en el uso de la prueba Xpert MTB/RIF™ en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar en una ciudad con alta carga de la enfermedad en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de casos del programa de tuberculosis en Cali entre el 2013 y el 2019. La cobertura se estimó como el total de pruebas empleadas en los casos registrados en el programa. La fidelidad se midió con base en los protocolos internacionales de uso de la Xpert MTB/RIF™. Además, se hizo un análisis de correspondencias múltiples entre la prueba y las variables sociodemográficas.Resultados. Se incluyeron 6.328 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar, de los cuales 181 eran resistentes a los fármacos. La cobertura total de la Xpert MTB/RIF™ durante el periodo de estudio fue de 10,3 % (n=655), con una variación anual entre 0,2 y 23 %. La fidelidad fue de 46,8 % para los grupos de mayor riesgo de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR). El uso de la prueba se relacionó con la condición de ser hombre, afrocolombiano, y tener entre 41 y 60 años de edad.Conclusiones. La cobertura de la prueba Xpert MTB/RIF™ en Cali es baja y su uso no responde a la priorización recomendada para su implementación. Se requieren estrategias para promover su uso adecuado, de manera que contribuya a la meta de poner fin a la tuberculosis.

Abstract. Introduction:The Xpert MTB/RIF™ is a rapid molecular test that diagnoses tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. Since 2010, it is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and although it was introduced in Colombia since 2012, the results of its implementation are unknown.Objective: To describe the coverage and fidelity in the implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF™ in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a city with a high burden for the disease in Colombia.Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study of cases from a tuberculosis program in Cali between 2013 and 2019. We estimated the coverage as the total number of tests used compared to the cases registered in the program and the fidelity based on international Xpert MTB/RIF™ implementation protocols. We performed a multivariate analysis of multiple correspondences between the test and the sociodemographic variables.Results: We included 6,328 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 181 were drug-resistant. The Xpert MTB/RIF™ coverage was 10,3% (n=655) with an annual variation between 0.2% and 23%. Loyalty among the highest risk groups of MDR-TB was 46.8%. The use of the test was related to being an Afro-Colombian man between 41 and 60 years of age.Conclusions: The coverage of the Xpert MTB/RIF in Cali is low and its use does not follow the recommended prioritization for its implementation. Implementation strategies are required for its proper use to contribute to the goal of ending tuberculosis.