Eficácia e segurança da combinação Glicosamina e Condroitina comparada a medicamentos disponíveis no SUS para o tratamento de osteoartrite: revisão rápida / Effectiveness and safety of Glucosamine and Chondroitin combination compared to drugs available in Brazilian Public Health System for the treatment of Osteoarthritis: rapid review

Tecnologia: Combinação de glicosamina e condroitina. Indicação: Tratamento de osteoartrite em adultos. Pergunta: O tratamento com a combinação de glicosamina e condroitina é mais eficaz e seguro que os demais tratamentos para osteoartrite disponíveis no SUS? Métodos: Uma revisão rápida de evidências, uma revisão de revisões sistemáticas, com levantamento bibliográfico realizado na base de dados PUBMED, utilizando estratégia estruturada de busca. A qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada com AMSTAR-2. Resultados: Foi selecionada uma revisão sistemática, que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: A combinação de glicosamina com condroitina, comparados ao placebo, mostrou ser mais eficaz para tratamento da dor e função e alcançou o segundo lugar nas alternativas terapêuticas para tratamento da dor e função

Technology: Combination of glucosamine and chondroitin. Indication: Treatment of osteoarthritis in adults. Question: Is the treatment with the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin more effective and safer than the other treatments for osteoarthritis available in the Brazilian Public Health System? Methods: A rapid review of evidence, a overview of systematic reviews, with bibliographic search done in PUBMED database, using a structured search strategy. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was assessed using AMSTAR-2. Results: A systematic review was selected, which met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: The combination of glucosamine and chondroitin, compared to placebo, proved to be more effective for the treatment of pain and function and reached second place in therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of pain and function

Development and validation of a HILIC-HPLC-ELSD method for simultaneous determination of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate in dietary supplements

Abstract The objective of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, selective and accurate hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - a high performance liquid chromatography incorporating an evaporative light scattering detector (HILIC-HPLC-ELSD) method for simultaneously determining glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate in dietary supplements. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a ZIC-HILIC column (150 mm x 4.6 mm x 5µm) in isocratic system mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile, 30 mM ammonium formate and water (77:20:3, v/v/v) at pH 4.5, a column temperature of 35°C, a flow rate of 1 mL.min-1, and an injection volume of 5 µL. An evaporative light scattering (ELS) detector was used. Effective separation was achieved by means of analyte resolution of more than 1.5 with an analysis run time of approximately 20 minutes. The linearity of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mg.mL-1. The limits of the detection and quantification of glucosamine hydrochloride were 20 and 80 mg.mL-1 respectively, while for chondroitin sulfate they were 80 and 400 mg.mL-1. All validation parameters satisfied the acceptance criteria in accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The method was successfully applied to the assay of commercial dietary supplement samples

Reducción de la cobertura social para los fármacos antiartrósicos sintomáticos de acción lenta: una iniciativa de desinversión en Argentina, 2015-2017 / Reduction of social coverage for symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis: a disinvestment initiative in Argentina, 2015-2017

RESUMEN En abril de 2016, el Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales para Jubilados y Pensionados excluyó del subsidio social la cobertura al 100% de 159 fármacos, entre ellos, los antiartrósicos sintomáticos de acción lenta o symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SySADOA), por insuficiente evidencia de beneficio clínico significativo. Evaluamos el efecto de esta medida sobre la utilización de SySADOA y de los antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE), no afectados por la medida. Se compararon las dispensas ambulatorias de los SySADOA y los AINE de 2015 a 2017, midiendo unidades dispensadas, precio de venta al público y gasto de bolsillo del beneficiario para cada mes. Luego de la medida, descendieron un 61,6% los envases de SySADOA dispensados y un 63,4% el monto total del precio de venta al público, medido en valores constantes. La dispensa no se reorientó hacia los AINE, que descendieron un 6,1%. Disminuyó tanto la incidencia de nuevos tratamientos (de 6,4 a 3,3 tratamientos por 1.000 beneficiarios por mes) como su continuidad. El gasto de bolsillo de los beneficiarios en SySADOA aumentó un 75,8% (a valores constantes). La desinversión en intervenciones de valor terapéutico cuestionable es una herramienta valiosa para la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT In April 2016, the National Institute of Social Services for Retirees and Pensioners discontinued its policy of 100% coverage for 159 drugs (the "social subsidy"), including symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOAs), due to insufficient evidence of significant clinical benefit. We evaluated the effect of this measure on the use of SYSADOAs as well as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which were unaffected by this policy change. We compared outpatient dispensations of SYSADOAs and NSAIDs from 2015 to 2017, measuring dispensed units, retail price, and out-of-pocket expenses for beneficiaries each month. After the change in coverage, there was a 61.6% total decrease in SYSADOA units dispensed, and a 63.4% decrease in the final sales price to the public, measured in constant values. Dispensation was not reoriented towards NSAIDs, which fell by 6.1%. The incidence of new treatments decreased (from 6.4 to 3.3 treatments per 1,000 beneficiaries per month), as did their continuity. Beneficiaries' out-of-pocket spending on SYSADOAs increased by 75.8% (at constant values). Disinvestment in interventions with questionable therapeutic value is an important tool in working toward the sustainability of health systems.

Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with a new formulation of a fixed-dose combination of glucosamine sulfate and bovine chondroitin: a multicenter, randomized, single-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial

Abstract Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of a fixed dose combination of glucosamine sulfate (GS; 1500 mg) and bovine chondroitin sulfate (CS; 1200 mg) versus the reference product (RP) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial, 627 patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA)—Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 or 3 and mean score ≥ 40 mm in the WOMAC pain subscale—were randomized to receive GS/ CS or the RP for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the absolute change in WOMAC pain subscale score. The secondary endpoints included the following: WOMAC total and subscale scores, overall assessment of the disease by the patient and the investigator, SF-12 score, OMERACT-OARSI response rate to the treatment, and rescue medication use. Results: Mean reductions of WOMAC pain score were - 35.1 (sd = 23.2) mm in the GS/CS group and - 36.5 (sd = 24.9) mm in the RP group. The difference between the adjusted means of both treatments confirmed the noninferiority of GS/CS versus the RP. Improvement was observed in pain, stiffness, physical function and total WOMAC score, as well as in overall OA assessment by the patient and the investigator for both groups. No improvement was observed in SF-12. The rate of OMERACT-OARSI responders was 89.4% in GS/CS group and 87.9% in the RP group. Headache and changes in glucose tolerance were the most frequent treatment-related adverse events. Conclusions: The new formulation of a fixed-dose combination of glucosamine sulfate and bovine chondroitin sulfate was non-inferior to the RP in symptomatic treatment of knee OA, with a high responder rate and good tolerability profile. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; Registration number NCT02830919; Date of registration: July 13, 2016; First randomization date: December 05, 2016).(AU)

Evaluation of Glucosamine Effect Against Heart and Brain Damage Induced by Y-radiation or Aluminium Chloride in Female Rats

Abstract Glucosamine is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and as neuroprotective as well as using to treat many of diseases. This work aimed to investigate the remedial effect of glucosamine (20mg/kg b.wt) against the damage induced by a single dose of γ-radiation (8Gy) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) (100mg/kg b.wt) in the heart and brain tissues of female rats. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), LDH and creatine kinase (CPK) were measured. Moreover, gene expression of amyloid protein precursor (APP) and seladin-1 were estimated in the brain tissue. Also, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and p-tau protein expression were estimated in brain homogenate. Metallothioneine (MT) was estimated in the heart and brain tissues. Heart and brain histopathological examination was performed. Irradiation significantly decreased serum AST, CPK and LDH, as well as MT levels in heart and brain tissues. Also, gene expression of seladin-1 decreased. On the other hand, irradiation significantly increased serum TGs level and brain AchE activity, tau protein, and β-amyloid percursor (APP). AlCl3 administration (21 days) induced disturbance in most of the estimated parameters, especially AST, TGs, and MT. Glucosamine treatment with irradiation or AlCl3 improved most of the measured parameters. In addition, histopathological examination confirmed the biochemical results. In conclusion: Glucosamine could be used to improve the heart and brain damages induced by γ-radiation exposure or AlCl3.

Hepatotoxicidad inducida por glucosamina-condroitina en un hospital público de Lima (Perú): reporte de caso / Case report of glucosamine-chondroitin induced hepatotoxicity in a public hospital in Lima, Peru

Resumen En el cuerpo humano tenemos glucosamina y condroitina de forma natural. Estas sustancias constituyen un componente importante del sistema cartilaginoso. Como medicamentos, tienen múltiples indicaciones clínicas, principalmente la osteoartritis. La hepatotoxicidad inducida por estas biomoléculas es infrecuente, pues cuentan solo con reportes de casos aislados en la literatura mundial. En este trabajo, presentamos el caso de una paciente con una lesión hepática inducida por glucosamina-condroitina del tipo hepatocelular, que fue admitida en el hospital por causa de una sintomatología respiratoria y malestar general. En ella, se destacó una marcada hipertransaminasemia durante los exámenes de laboratorio. Asimismo, se descartaron etiologías como el alcohol, hepatitis virales y hepatopatías autoinmunes, principalmente. De igual forma, no se llegó a evidenciar una enfermedad hepática crónica mediante la ecografía abdominal. Al suspenderse el medicamento, se observó una disminución considerable de la hipertransaminasemia luego de 1 semana, y una mejoría total de esta a los 2 meses del alta hospitalaria. Este caso se añade a los pocos reportados a nivel mundial y cobra una importancia relevante para la publicación de posteriores estudios sistemáticos que aclaren el panorama de esta enfermedad.

Abstract The human body naturally produces glucosamine and chondroitin which are important components of the cartilaginous system. There are multiple clinical indications for them as medicines, but they are primarily used for osteoarthritis. Hepatotoxicity induced by these biomolecules is uncommon, and the only reports in the world literature are isolated individual cases. This article presents the case of a patient with glucosamine-chondroitin-induced hepatocellular damage who was admitted to the hospital with respiratory symptoms and malaise. Marked hypertransaminemia was found in laboratory tests. Etiologies such as alcohol, viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver diseases were ruled out, and abdominal ultrasound found no evidence of chronic liver disease. Discontinuance of glucosamine and chondroitin led to a considerable decrease in hypertransaminemia after one week with total improvement two months of hospital discharge. This case adds to the small number reported worldwide and is relevant for future systematic studies to clarify the outlook for this disease.

Generating evidence and understanding the treatment of osteoarthritis in Brazil: a study through Delphi methodology

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to provide evidence for understanding how to treat osteoarthritis (OA) in our country. Therefore, it was necessary to match information and investigations related to the treatment of the disease from the three main types of specialists involved: physiatrists, orthopedists and rheumatologists. METHODS: The authors acted as a scientific advisory committee. From the initial discussions, a structured questionnaire was developed for use with a group of specialists on OA using the Delphi technique. The questionnaire was sent to 21 experts appointed by the authors, and the results obtained were critically analyzed and validated. RESULTS: The prevalence of OA was 33% in Brazil, corresponding to one-third of the individuals in the reference population, which included individuals over 25 years of age. Another significant finding was that most patients did not receive any form of treatment in the early stages of OA. CONCLUSION: The committee pointed to the need for early intervention and that the available medicinal resources can fulfil this important role, as is the case with SYSADOA treatments. Glucosamine-based medicinal products with or without chondroitin could also fulfill this need for early treatment. The other generated evidence and included investigations were then grouped together and are the subject of this publication.

Effects of fermentation conditions on valuable products of ethanolic fungus Mucor indicus

Background: Mucor indicus is a dimorphic fungus used in the production of ethanol, oil, protein, and glucosamine. It can ferment different pentoses and hexoses; however, the yields of products highly depend on the nutrients and cultivation conditions. In this study, the effects of different morphologic forms, cultivation time and temperature, presence or absence of oxygen, carbon sources, and concentration of nitrogen source on the products of M. indicus were investigated. Results: The fungus with all morphologies produced high yields of ethanol, in the range of 0.32­0.43 g/g, on glucose. However, the fungus with filamentous morphology produced higher amounts of oil, protein, phosphate, and glucosamine together with ethanol, compared with other morphologies. A higher amount of oil (0.145 g/g biomass) was produced at 28°C, while the best temperature for protein and glucosamine production was 32 and 37°C, respectively. Although ethanol was produced at a higher yield (0.44 g/g) under anaerobic conditions compared with aerobic conditions (yield of 0.41 g/g), aerobic cultivation resulted in higher yields of protein (0.51 g/g biomass), glucosamine (0.16 g/g alkali insoluble material, AIM), and phosphate (0.11 g/g AIM). Conclusions: It is not possible to have the maximum amounts of the products simultaneously. The fermentation conditions and composition of culture media determine the product yields. Carbon source type and the addition of nitrogen source are among the most influencing factors on the product yields. Moreover, all measured products were made with higher yields in cultivation on glucose, except glucosamine, which was produced with higher yields on xylose.

Análisis de costo-efectividad del condroitín más glucosamina comparado con acetaminofén, AINEs y celecoxib para el tratamiento sintomático de adultos con osteoartrosis de rodilla y mano en Colombia / Cost-effectiveness analysis of chondroitin plus glucosamine compared to acetaminophen, AINEs and celecoxib for the symptomatic treatment of adults with knee and hand osteoarthrosis in Colombia

Problema de investigación: Analizar los costos y la efectividad del condroitín más glucosamina, cetaminofén, celecoxib y AINEs para pacientes mayores de 50 años con osteoartrosis sintomática (primaria y secundaria) en Colombia. Tipo de evaluación económica: Análisis de costo-efectividad. Población objetivo: Personas mayores de 50 años de edad (hombres y mujeres) con osteoartrosis sintomática (primaria y secundaria) en Colombia. intervención y comparadores: I: condroitín más glucosamina, C: acetaminofén, celecoxib y AINEs. Horizonte temporal: Se empleó como horizonte temporal la expectativa de vida promedio de los pacientes con OA mayores a 50 años en Colombia. Puesto que la expectativa de vida promedio en Colombia es de 74 años para la población general (hombres y mujeres), se utilizó un horizonte de tiempo del modelo de 24 años con base en las estadísticas vitales del DANE. Perspectiva: La del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS). Tasa de descuento: Tanto los costos como los beneficios son descontados al valor presente, utilizando una tasa de descuento del 5%. Estructura del modelo: Se estructuró un modelo Markov reflejando el curso clínico de la enfermedad con ciclos anuales. Fuentes de datos de efectividad y seguridad: Revisión de ensayos clínicos, meta-análisis y literatura clínica para la obtención de los parámetros para la modelación dinámica de la osteoartrosis sintomática en Colombia, y para la determinación de la efectividad de las alternativas de comparación. Desenlaces y valoración: Años de vida ganados. Costos incluidos: Costo de medicamentos para el tratamiento, Costo relacionados al manejo de eventos adversos, Costo de procedimientos e insumos. Fuentes de datos de costos: SISMED, Manual tarifario ISS 2001, Guía de práctica clínica para el síndrome coronario agudo. Resultados del caso base: El costo esperado por año de vida ajustado por calidad ganado de condroitín más glucosamina fue de $ 4.218.759,75 por persona, de $5.694.205,75 con AINEs, de $3.312.855,30 con celecoxib y de $2.616.444,62 con acetaminofén. El acetaminofén resultó en el mayor número de años de vida ajustados por calidad ganados (6,917). Estos resultados implican que el acetaminofén sería costo-efectivo y que es una estrategia dominante respecto a sus comparadores. Análisis de sensibilidad: Los análisis de sensibilidad llevados a cabo sobre la tasa de descuento y las variables con mayor impacto sobre la RICE evidencian que ninguno de estos parámetros \r\nmodifica los resultados encontrados. La dominancia del acetaminofén es consistente ante los escenarios \r\nplanteados. Adicionalmente, con el umbral establecido de mínimo un PIB y máximo tres PIB per cápita, se observa que el acetaminofén tiene una probabilidad de cerca de 100% de ser más costo-efectivo que los otros medicamentos incluidos en este estudio. Conclusiones: En Colombia, desde la perspectiva del sistema general de seguridad social en salud, la terapia combinada de condroitín más glucosamina para el tratamiento sintomático de pacientes mayores de 50 años de edad con osteoartrosis de rodilla o mano, es una tecnología dominada, indicando que no sería una alternativa costo-efectiva para el país. Entre las opciones evaluadas, el acetaminofén es la tecnología con mejor costo-efectividad, pues se asocia con costos más bajos y un incremento en años de vida ajustados por calidad.(AU)

Análisis de impacto presupuestal de condroitín más glucosamina comparado con acetaminofén, AINES y celecoxib para osteoartrosis sintomática (primaria y secundaria) de la rodilla en Colombia / Analysis of budgetary impact of chondroitin plus glucosamine compared to acetaminophen, AINES and celecoxib for symptomatic (primary and secondary) osteoarthritis of the knee in Colombia

Tecnologías evaluadas: Nuevas: condroitín más glucosamina y AINES (celecoxib y meloxicam) Actuales: acetaminofén y AINES (ibuprofeno, naproxeno y diclofenaco). Población: Pacientes mayores de 50 años con osteoartrosis sintomática (primaria y secundaria) en Colombia. Perspectiva: La perspectiva del presente AIP corresponde al tercero pagador, que en este caso es el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) en Colombia. Horizonte temporal: El horizonte temporal de este AIP en el caso base corresponde a un año. Adicionalmente se reportan las estimaciones del impacto presupuestal para los años 2 y 3, bajo el supuesto de la inclusión en el POS en el año 1. Costos incluidos: Costos por mg de los medicamentos analizados y costos de eventos adversos relacionados al uso de los medicamentos. Fuente de costos: Los precios de cada tecnología considerada fueron calculados con la base de datos SISMED 2014 y los precios relacionados con los eventos adversos fueron extraídos de la guía de práctica clínica para el síndrome coronario agudo. Escenarios: En el escenario 1 se considera que la adopción de las nuevas tecnologías no llevaría a ningún cambio en el mercado, debido a la fuerte preferencia de los médicos para el uso de las tecnologías actuales. En el escenario 2 se asume que la adopción de las nuevas tecnologías resultará en una disminución en el costo de dichas tecnologías, implicando un pequeño aumento en su participación de mercado. Resultados: Se requeriría una inversión de $324.848.741.965,21 para el año 1, $408.850.393.031,63 para el año 2 y $516.306.727.474,66 para el año 3 para la adopción de las terapias condroitín más glucosamina, meloxicam y celecoxib en el POS para el tratamiento de pacientes con osteoartrosis sintomática (primaria y secundaria) de la rodilla en Colombia, bajo el presupuesto que la inclusión de los nuevos medicamentos no llevaría a un cambio en la participación del mercado. Asumiendo que el precio de las nuevas terapias disminuyera y por tal razón la participación del mercado de dichas terapias aumentaría,\tel impacto presupuestal aumentaría a \r\n$33.328.838.947,92 en el año 1, de $44.301.385.949,68 en el año 2 y de $59.253.690.046,56 en el año 3.(AU)

Análise das propriedades físico-químicas da glucosamina sulfato comercial, uma matéria- prima utilizada em formulações farmacêuticas / Physicochemical properties analysis of commercial glucosamine sulfate, a raw material used in pharmaceutical formulations

Introdução: A qualidade dos produtos em farmácias de manipulação é determinada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), mas os métodos descritos podem não ser adequados para analisar seus aspectos físico-químicos. Objetivo: Comparar aspectos físico-químicos da glucosamina sulfato de dois diferentes fornecedores com análises realizadas na farmácia de manipulação. Métodos: As características organolépticas, pH, solubilidade e densidade da glucosamina (n=50) dos fornecedores foram analisadas conforme descrito na Farmacopeia Brasileira e Compêndio Oficial e comparados aos laudos técnicos dos produtos adquiridos. Usaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e Bland-Altman. Resultados: A análise de CCIevidenciou baixa reprodutibilidade para o teste de pH e densidade, e a análise de Bland-Altman demonstrou que os fornecedores subestimavam ou superestimavam os valores de pH e densidade em relação à farmácia. Conclusão: Os aspectos físico-químicos estão adequados conforme orientações da Anvisa, mas novas técnicas mais sensíveis devem ser utilizadas para garantir a qualidade da glucosamina nas formulações.

Introduction: The raw materials quality in the manipulation pharmacies are determined by Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), but the protocols described may not be appropriate to analyze their physicochemical properties. Objective: To compare the physicochemical properties of glucosamine sulfate from two different suppliers with results obtained in the manipulation pharmacy. Methods: The organoleptic characteristics, pH, solubility and density of glucosamine samples (n=50) were analyzed according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and Official Compendium and compared the technical reports of the suppliers. The results were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, intraclass correlation coefficient (CCI) and Bland-Altman. Results: CCI analyses showed low reproducibility for pH and density test in the samples tested. In addition, Bland-Altman analysis indicated pH values and density of suppliers were underestimated or overestimated compared to the pharmacy. Conclusion: Physicochemical properties of glucosamine are appropriate according to Anvisa specifications, but new more sensitive techniques should be employed to ensure the glucosamine quality in the formulations.

Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in the cartilage and subchondral bone repair of dogs - Histological findings / Sulfato de condroitina e glucosamina na reparação da cartilagem e do osso subcondral de cães - Achados histológicos

Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate nutraceuticals are commonly used in the management of degenerative articular disease in veterinary routine. However, there are controversies on the contribution of these substances to articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate-based veterinary nutraceutical on the repair of an induced osteochondral defect in a dog femoral condyle, by macroscopic, histological and histomorphometric analyses. The nutraceutical was orally administered the day following injury induction, every 24 hours (treated group, TG, n=24), compared with animals that did not receive the product (control group, CG, n=24). Six animals per group were anaesthetized for sample collection at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery. At 15 days, defects were macroscopically filled with red-pinkish tissue. After 30 days, whitish color tissue was observed, both in TG and CG animals, with firmer consistency to touch at 60 and 90 postoperative days. Histological analysis demonstrated that, in both groups, there was initial blood clot formation, which was subsequently substituted by a fibrin net, with capillary proliferation from the adjacent bone marrow and infiltration of mesenchymal cells in clot periphery. As cellular differentiation developed, repair tissue presented a fibrocartilage aspect most of the time, and new subchondral bone formation occurred in the deepest area corresponding to the defect. Histomorphometry suggested that the nutraceutical did not favor the articular cartilage repair process. It was concluded that nutraceutical did not significantly influence chondrocytes proliferation or hyaline architecture restoration.(AU)

Os nutracêuticos compostos de sulfato de condroitina e glucosamina são comumente utilizados no manejo da doença articular degenerativa na rotina veterinária. Entretanto, existem controvérsias sobre a contribuição dessas substâncias à cartilagem articular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de um nutracêutico veterinário à base de sulfato de condroitina e glucosamina na reparação de defeitos osteocondrais induzidos no côndilo femoral de cães, através de análises macroscópica, histológica e histomorfométrica. O nutracêutico foi administrado no dia seguinte à indução da lesão, pela via oral, a cada 24 horas (grupo tratado - GT, 24 animais), sendo comparado a animais que não receberam o produto (grupo controle - GC, de igual número de animais). Aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a cirurgia, seis animais por grupo foram anestesiados para ser realizada a coleta das amostras. Aos 15 dias, os defeitos eram macroscopicamente preenchidos por tecido de coloração rósea a avermelhada. Já a partir dos 30 dias, observou-se preenchimento por tecido de coloração esbranquiçada, tanto nos animais do GT quanto nos do GC, com consistência mais firme ao toque digital aos 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório. A análise histológica revelou que, em ambos os grupos, houve inicialmente formação de coágulo sanguíneo que, posteriormente, foi substituído por uma rede de fibrina, com proliferação de capilares a partir da medula óssea adjacente e infiltração de células mesenquimais na periferia do coágulo. À medida que se processou a diferenciação celular, o tecido de reparação se apresentou na maioria das vezes com aspecto de fibrocartilagem e, na região mais profunda da área correspondente ao defeito, ocorreu formação de osso novo subcondral. A histomorfometria sugeriu que o nutracêutico não favoreceu o processo de reparação da cartilagem articular. Concluiu-se que o nutracêutico não influenciou consideravelmente na proliferação de condrócitos nem na restauração da arquitetura hialina.(AU)

Efectividad y seguridad de condroitín comparado con acetaminofén, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, glucosamina, condroitín más glucosamina, diacereina, ácido hialurónico ó fitoterapéuticos, en pacientes con osteoartrosis / Effectiveness and safety of chondroitin compared to acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucosamine, chondroitin plus glucosamine, diacerein, hyaluronic acid or phytotherapeutic agents in patients with osteoarthrosis

Introducción: la OA es la forma más común de enfermedad de las articulaciones y la principal causa de discapacidad de las personas de la tercera edad. Su alta prevalencia en una población que usualmente tiene comorbilidades asociadas que requieren otros medicamentos obliga a buscar otras alternativas terapéuticas con mínimos eventos adversos y pocas interacciones medicamentosas. Condroitín es un medicamento regenerador de cartílago que se ha usado en el manejo de estos pacientes. Esta evaluación tecnológica se desarrolló en el marco de la actualización integral del Plan Obligatorio de Salud para el año 2015. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del uso de condroitín comparado con acetaminofén, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, glucosamina, condroitín más glucosamina, diacereina, ácido hialurónico ó fitoterapéuticos, en pacientes osteoartrosis. Metodología: la evaluación fue realizada de acuerdo con un protocolo definido a priori por el grupo desarrollador. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects y LILACS, con restricción al idioma inglés y español y limitada a revisiones sistemáticas publicadas en los últimos cinco años y ensayos clínicos sin restricción de tiempo. Las búsquedas electrónicas fueron hechas entre octubre y diciembre de 2014 y se complementaron mediante búsqueda manual en bola de nieve y una consulta con expertos temáticos. La tamización de referencias se realizó por un revisor. La selección de estudios fue realizada mediante la revisión en texto completo de las referencias preseleccionadas, verificando los criterios de elegibilidad. La calidad de los estudios fue valorada con la herramienta de riesgo de sesgo de la Colaboración Cochrane. Las características de los estudios fueron extraídas a partir de las publicaciones originales. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de las estimaciones del efecto para las comparaciones y desenlaces de interés a partir de los estudios de mejor calidad. Se estimaron medidas combinadas del efecto a través de un metanálisis con el método de Mantel-Haenszel y un modelo de efectos aleatorios, empleando el programa RevMan 5.2. Resultados: condroitín es semejante a los AINEs, glucosamina y glucosamina más condroitín en mejorar los desenlaces como dolor y funcionalidad a los seis meses y el desenlace radiológico proporción de pacientes con progresión de la disminución de la amplitud del espacio articular. Los AINEs, glucosamina y glucosamina más condroitín son superiores en los desenlaces rigidez a los seis meses según puntaje en la escala WOMAC (RR=5.97 IC 95% 1.45, 10.49). Condroitín sulfato es no inferior a pascledina en estos mismos desenlaces. Además en relación a seguridad no se reportó ningún evento adverso serio a ninguno de los medicamentos evaluados, incluyendo condroitín. La adherencia al tratamiento fue muy buena tanto a los seis meses como a los 24 meses y la percepción de tolerancia fue superior al 94%. Conclusiones: condroitín es semejante en efectividad y seguridad a glucosamina, glucosamina más condroitín, AINEs y pascledina en pacientes con osteoartrosis.(AU)

Efecto de la administración subcrónica de glucosamina oral en la regulación del peso corporal, glucemia y dislipidemias provocada por una dieta hipercalórica en rata Wistar / Effect of subchronic oral administration of glucosamine in the regulation of body weight, glycemia and dyslipidemia induced hypercholesterolemic Wistar rat

Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la glucosamina oral en el sobrepeso y dislipidemia provocada por una dieta hipercalórica en ratas. Métodos: En 4 grupos de ratas Wistar: alimentados con dieta comercial para roedores y agua de beber sin grupo de control y con glucosamina (500 mg/kg-1 por día) grupo glucosamina y con dieta hipercalórica enriquecida al 24% (g/g) compuesta por manteca de cerdo y agua de beber sin grupo hipercalórico y con glucosamina grupo hipercalórico + grupo glucosamina, durante 22 semanas, se evaluaron el peso corporal, grasa abdominal, niveles de glucemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total y lipoproteínas de alta densidad en suero. Resultados: Se observó un aumento del peso corporal y glucemia en suero con dislipidemias en el grupo con dieta hipercalórica grupo hipercalórico versus grupo de controle (p<0.001); al administrarse glucosamina para esta misma dieta grupo hipercalórico + grupo glucosamina se minimizaron los efectos presentados, disminuyendo la cantidad de grasa abdominal y los niveles del perfil lípido en suero (p>0.05) y regulándose el peso corporal, las lipoproteínas de alta densidad y la glucemia basal (p<0.05). Conclusion: La glucosamina reguló el peso corporal y la glucemia en sangre y minimizó las dislipidemias provocadas por la dieta hipercalórica, favoreciendo el aumento de colesterol lipoproteínas de ...

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of oral glucosamine on overweight and dyslipidemia caused by a high-fat diet in rats. Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats: fed with commercial rodent food and drinking water without (control group) and with glucosamine (500 mg kg-1 per day) and a high-fat diet enriched with 24% (g/g) butter pork and drinking water without and with glucosamine, for 22 weeks; the body weight, abdominal fat, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein in serum were evaluated. Results: Body weight gain, increased blood glucose levels and dyslipidemia were observed in the high-fat diet group versus the control group (p<0.001). When glucosamine was administered the same diet the effects were minimized, with a decrease in the amount of abdominal-fat and lipid profile levels in serum (p>0.05), regulated body weight, and high density lipoprotein and glycaemia (p<0.05). The glucosamine did not affect body weight and lipid metabolism in rats when administered with a normal diet. Conclusions: Glucosamine regulated the body weight blood glucose and dyslipidemia caused by a high-fat diet, favoring increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats. It did not affect body weight and lipid metabolism when administered with commercial food. .

Eficácia e segurança da associação de sulfato de glucosamina e sulfato de condroitina no tratamento sintomático da osteoartrite de joelho / Efficacy and safety of the association of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis

Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da associação glucosamina e condroitina (GC) no tratamento da osteoartrite (OA) de joelho. Métodos: Ensaio clínico, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo. Pacientes portadores de OA de joelho com índice algofuncional total de Lequesne (Leqt) entre 5 e 13 pontos e graus 2 ou 3 de Kellgren-Lawrence foram aleatorizados para receber a associação de sulfato de glucosamina (1,5 g) e sulfato de condroitina (1,2g) ou placebo durante 12 semanas, sendo acompanhados por 12 semanas adicionais. Empregou-se paracetamol como medicamento de resgate. Resultados: Observou-se redução de Leqt médio nos dois grupos de tratamento, de maior magnitude no grupo GC. A diferença se tornou evidente após quatro semanas, aumentando no decorrer do tratamento, embora sem atingir significância estatística (p = 0,1643 na população com intenção de tratar [ITT] e p = 0,0681 na população por protocolo [PP]). A quantidade de paracetamol consumido foi significativamente maior no grupo placebo nas populações ITT (p = 0,0394) e PP (p = 0,0257). Durante o seguimento, Leqt médio mostrou valores inferiores no grupo GC (p = 0,1061 e p = 0,0494 nas populações ITT e PP, respectivamente). Leqt começou a aumentar logo após o final do tratamento apenas no grupo placebo, observando-se redução adicional de seu valor médio no grupo GC, evidenciando o efeito terapêutico residual da associação. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto aos eventos adversos relatados. Conclusão: Os resultados foram consistentes quanto à efetividade da associação GC. A associação se mostrou segura e bem tolerada.

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate association increases tibial epiphyseal growth plate proliferation and bone formation in ovariectomized rats

OBJECTIVE: The growth plate consists of organized hyaline cartilage and serves as a scaffold for endochondral ossification, a process that mediates longitudinal bone growth. Based on evidence showing that the oral administration of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and/or chondroitin sulfate (CS) is clinically valuable for the treatment of compromised articular cartilage, the current study evaluated the effects of these molecules on the tibial epiphyseal growth plate in female rats. METHOD: The animals were divided into two control groups, including vehicle treatment for 45 days (GC45) and 60 days (GC60) and six ovariectomized (OVX) groups, including vehicle treatment for 45 days (GV45), GS for 45 days (GE45GS), GS+CS for 45 days (GE45GS+CS), vehicle for 60 days (GV60), GS for 60 days (GE60GS) and GS+CS for 60 days (GE60GS+CS). At the end of treatment, the tibias were dissected, decalcified and processed for paraffin embedding. Morphological and morphometric methods were employed for analyzing the distal tibial growth plates using picrosirius red staining and the samples were processed for histochemical hyaluronan detection. Morphometric analyses were performed using the 6.0ProPlus¯ Image system. RESULTS: Notably, after 60 days of treatment, the number of proliferative chondrocytes increased two-fold, the percentage of remaining cartilage increased ...

Use of glucosamine and chondroitin to treat osteoarthritis: a review of the literature / Uso de glucosamina e condroitina no tratamento da osteoartrose: uma revisao da literatura

To evaluate the current evidence that support or disprove the use of glucosamine and chondroitin in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis. We performed a literature review using the databases of Medline, PubMed and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register and Cochrane Databases Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Library).We considered only studies with high level of evidence.The study included analysis of randomized controlled trials that included at least 100 patients in each intervention group, meta-analyzes and systematic reviews. Seven meta-analysis, one systematic review and five randomized clinical trials fit inclusion criteria of this review. Considering the best evidences until now, the use of glucosamine and chondroitin does not provide clinical relevant benefits to patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (Level I of evidence and grade A of recommendation). Further trials with adequate technology are necessaries to elucidate this question. .

Avaliar evidências que apoiem ou refutem o uso de glucosamina e condroitina no tratamento de pacientes com osteoartrose. Foi feita uma revisão da literatura com o uso dos bancos de dados Medline, Pubmed e Cochrane Controlled Trial Register e Cochrane Databases Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Library). Foram considerados apenas estudos com elevado nível de evidências. O estudo incluiu a análise de ensaios clínicos randomizados que incluíram pelo menos 100 pacientes em cada grupo de intervenção, metanálises e revisões sistemáticas. Sete metanálises, uma revisão sistemática e cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados preencheram os critérios de inclusão desta revisão. Frente às melhores evidências existentes até o momento, o uso da glucosamina sulfatada/hidroclorídrica e da condroitina não produz benefícios clinicamente relevantes em pacientes com osteoartrose do joelho e do quadril (nível de evidência I e grau de recomendação A). Futuros estudos com metodologia adequada são necessários para elucidação dessa questão. .

Osteoartrite: fisiopatologia e tratamento medicamentoso / Osteoarthritis: physiopathology and drug treatment

A osteoartrite (OA) é a causa mais frequente de doença crônica musculoesquelética, sendo sem dúvida a maior causa de limitação das atividades diárias entre os idosos. Atualmente, cerca de 40% dos adultos com idade superior a 70 anos sofrem de OA do joelho; destes, 80% apresentam limitações de movimento e em 25% as atividades diárias estão comprometidas. Nas últimas décadas têm ocorrido avanços na terapêutica da osteoartrite

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of chronic musculoskeletal disease and the most prevalent reason for the limitation of daily activities of the elderly population. Currently, about 40% of adults aged over 70 suffer from OA of the knee. Of these, 80% suffer from limitations in motion and 25% are engaged to carry out their daily activities. In recent decades there have been advances in the treatment of osteoarthritis