Enrichment diets of pigs with oil blends and its effects on performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile / Dietas enriquecidas com blends de óleos para suínos em terminação e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e o perfil de ácidos graxos

The addition of different oil blends in the feed of finishing pigs was evaluated. Twenty-four castrated male finishing pigs were used in a randomized block design containing four treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of: Reference ration (RR) - 100% soybean oil feed; and the combination of the different oils: Blend1 - 50.0% soybean oil (SO), 25.0% flaxseed oil (FO), 12.5% olive oil (OO) and 12.5% canola oil (CO); Blend2 - 25.0% SO, 50.0% FO, 12.5% OO and 12.5% CO; and Blend3 - 25.0% SO, 12.5% FO, 12.5% OO and 50.0% CO. The performance, quantitative and qualitative carcass parameters, fatty acids profile and economic feasibility of the diets were evaluated. The use of blends in the diets did not influence the performance or carcass quality, but increased marbling and carcass yield. The fatty acid profile of the loin presented greater amounts of stearic acid in Blend3 and higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in animals fed with Blend1. The fatty tissue presented greater amounts of myristic acid in Blend1 and oleic acid in Blend3. The reference ration was the most economic. The Blends did not affect performance or carcass characteristics and improved the fatty acid profile.(AU)

Foi avaliada a utilização de diferentes blends de óleo em dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos, machos, castrados, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração referência (RR) - 100% de ração com utilização de óleo de soja; e a combinação de diferentes óleos: Blend1 - 50,0% de óleo de soja (OS), 25,0% de óleo de linhaça (OL), 12,5% de óleo de oliva (OO) e 12,5% de óleo de canola (OC); Blend2 - 25,0% OS; 50,0% OL; 12,5% OO e 12,5% OC; e Blend3 - 25,0% OS; 12,5% OL; 12,5% OO e 50,0% OC. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, a qualidade de carcaça, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a viabilidade econômica. O uso de blends nas dietas não influenciou o desempenho ou a qualidade da carcaça, mas aumentou o marmoreio e o rendimento de carcaça. O perfil de ácidos graxos do lombo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido esteárico com a utilização do Blend3 e maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos insaturados nos animais alimentados com o Blend1. O tecido adiposo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido mirístico quando se forneceu o Blend1 e de ácido oleico com o Blend3. A ração testemunha foi a mais econômica. As misturas não afetaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça e melhoraram o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne.(AU)

Composition in fatty acids of mature milk of nursing mothers / Composição em ácidos graxos do leite maduro de nutrizes

Abstract Objectives: to determine the fatty acid composition of mature milk of nursing mothers and its distribution according to some maternal variables. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study based on the eva-luation of the fatty acid profile of mature human milk. Samples of mature breast milk were taken from 106 nursing mothers, by manual milking and who were after the 5th postpartum week. The milk fat extraction was carried out by using the Bligh and Dyer method and methy-lated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide in methanol diethyl ether. The fatty acid of the milk profile was determined by a Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results: among the saturated fatty acids, the highest values were observed for palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0) and lauric (C12:0) fatty acids, respectively. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, there was a higher contribution of oleic (C18:1) and palmi-toleic (C16:1) fatty acids, respectively. The total essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) was 14.94%. Conclusions: a low content of essential fatty acids in the breast milk of the nursing mothers was observed in the present study, which are important for infant growth and deve-lopment. We suggest the need to implement nutrition education strategies aimed for pregnant women and nursing mothers who should be advised to eat healthier foods.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a composição em ácidos graxos do leite maduro de nutrizes e sua distribuição segundo algumas variáveis maternas. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal realizado a partir da avaliação do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite humano maduro. Amostras de leite materno maduro foram obtidas de 106 nutrizes, a partir da 5ª semana pós-parto, por meio de ordenha manual. A extração da gordura do leite foi realizada através do método de Bligh e Dyer, e metiladas com metóxido de sódio 0,25 mol/L em metanol dietil - éter. O perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foi determinado por um Cromatógrafo a Gás equipado com detector por ionização de chamas. Resultados: dentre os ácidos graxos saturados, foram observados valores mais elevados para os ácidos graxos palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), mirístico (C14:0) e láurico (C12:0), respectivamente. Entre os ácidos graxos mono-insaturados, verificou-se maior contribuição dos ácidos graxos oleico (C18:1) e palmitoleico (C16:1), respectivamente. O total de ácidos graxos essenciais (linoleico e α- linolênico) foi de 14,94%. Conclusões: foi observado baixo teor de ácidos graxos essenciais no leite materno das nutrizes do presente estudo, que são importantes para o crescimento e desenvolvimento do lactente, sugerindo-se a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de educação nutricional direcionadas a gestantes e nutrizes que devem ser orientadas a consumir alimentos mais saudáveis.

Palta: compuestos bioactivos y sus potenciales beneficios en salud / Bioactive compounds and potential health benefits of avocado

RESUMEN La palta es un tipo de fruta tropical autóctona de Guatemala y México, caracterizada por su alto contenido de lípidos, principalmente por ácido oleico (>50% de lípidos totales) y rica en fitoquímicos como vitamina E, carotenoides, polifenoles y luteína, compuestos asociados a una fuerte actividad antioxidante. El consumo mundial de palta muestra un crecimiento exponencial, por lo que resulta relevante aumentar la investigación de este fruto no sólo de la pulpa, sino también de su semilla, e investigar el potencial impacto en la salud cardiovascular, cáncer y otras actividades antipatógenas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sugerir con fundamento científico el consumo de este fruto, tanto de su pulpa como semilla, principalmente en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas.

ABSTRACT Avocado is a type of tropical fruit native to Guatemala and Mexico. It is characterized by its high lipid, mainly oleic acid (> 50% of total lipids), content and rich in phytochemicals such as vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols and lutein, compounds associated with strong antioxidant activity. Worldwide avocado consumption shows an exponential growth, therefore it is important to investigate, not only the pulp, but also the seed, of this fruit and its potential impact on cardiovascular health, cancer and other antipathogenic activities. The objective of this review was to suggest with scientific support the consumption of this fruit, both of its pulp and seed, mainly in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Musk gland seasonal development and musk secretion are regulated by the testis in muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

BACKGROUND: The muskrat is a seasonal breeder. Males secrete musk to attract females during the breeding season. The testosterone binding to the androgen receptor (AR) in musk glands of muskrat may play an important role conducting the musk secretion process. METHODS: The musk gland, testis and blood samples of musk rats are collected in both breeding and non-breeding seasons. Some part of the samples are kept in liquid nitrogen for transcriptome analysis and Western blotting test. Some part of the samples are kept in 70% alcohol for histology experiment, blood samples are kept at -20 °C for the serum testosterone measurement experiment. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that the quantity of secreted musk, the volume of the musk glands, the diameter of the gland cells and AR expression are all higher during the breeding season than at other times (p < 0.01). StAR, P450scc and 3ß-HSD expression in the Leydig cells of the testis were also higher during this season, as was serum testosterone. AR was also observed in the gland cells of two other musk-secreting animals, the musk deer and small Indian civet, in their musk glands. These results suggest that the testes and musk glands co-develop seasonally. CONCLUSION: The musk glands' seasonal development and musk secretion are regulated by the testes, and testosterone plays an important role in the seasonal development of musk glands.

Ingestão de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e metabolismo lipídico / Monounsaturated fatty acid intake and lipid metabolism

Esta revisão teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir os achados mais recentes do efeito dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI) sobre marcadores plasmáticos do metabolismo lipídico em estudos pós-prandiais e de intervenção clínica nutricional. Realizou-se busca em diferentes bases de dados entre 2010 e 2014, usando os seguintes termos de indexação: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides e Postprandial. O consumo de refeição com alto conteúdo de AGMI tem demonstrado efeito benéfico na resposta lipidêmica pós-prandial, mas se essa resposta pode ser alterada em indivíduos com excesso de peso e/ou outras doenças crônicas após consumo de AGMI, ainda não está totalmente elucidado. De modo geral, após a intervenção com AGMI, os fatores de risco cardiovascular diminuíram, além de haver melhora no perfil lipídico. Em conclusão, os estudos recentes têm demonstrado um efeito benéfico do consumo de AGMI em curto e longo prazos, mediante aumento/manutenção das concentrações de HDL colesterol e diminuição do LDL colesterol.

The objective of this review is to present and discuss the most recent findings related to the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on plasma markers of lipid metabolism observed in postprandial studies and clinical nutritional intervention studies. Searches were conducted on several different databases for publications from 2010 to 2014 using the following keywords: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides and Postprandial. High-MUFA meal has presented beneficial effect on postprandial lipidemia response, but it is not yet completely clear whether this response to MUFA intake may be different in people with excess weight and/or other chronic diseases. In general, cardiovascular risk factors were reduced and lipid profiles improved after interventions with MUFA. In conclusion, recent studies have demonstrated that consuming MUFA has beneficial effects at short and long time by increasing/maintaining HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

Preconditioning with mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids and low-intensity electrical stimulation. Effects on skin repair in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of preconditioning with oils mixes containing ω3/ω6/ω9 associated with micro-currents on skin repair in rats. METHODS: One-hundred and eight Wistar rats randomized into G-1, G-2 and G-3 groups were treated with saline (0.9%), mix 1 (corn+soybean oils) and mix 2 (olive+canola+flaxseed oils), respectively, in a single dose (0.01ml/g) by gavage. Next, each group was subdivided into sham and stimulated subgroups. Pulsed-wave microcurrents (0.5 µA, 0.5 Hz) were applied to stimulated subgroups for 20 min. One hour later anesthetized rats were subjected to surgery. A dorsal incision (6 cm long) was carried out and closed with interrupted nylon sutures. Samples (1cm2) were harvested from the mid-portion of the incision on the 7, 14, 21 post-operative (P.O.) days. Variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney/Dunn tests Significance level was set to 5 % (p<0.05). RESULTS: Micro-currents promoted increase of exudate and reduction of epithelialization on day 7 in G1 rats. Mixes 1/2 reduced vascularization on 7/14th days P.O. Both 1/2 mixes reduced fibrosis on day 14. Preconditioning with mix 1 led to increased expression of NF-kB on the 7th day. CONCLUSION: Preconditioning with microcurrents has pro-inflammatory effects while oil mixes 1 and 2 decrease fibrosis and vascularization in the proliferative phase of cicatrization. .

Lard and/or canola oil-rich diets induce penile morphological alterations in a rat model

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dietary lipid quantity and/or quality on penis morphology in adult rats. METHODS: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: normal lipid diet (NL), high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids (HF-S), high-fat diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-P), and high-fat diet rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (HF-SP). Blood samples were collected and the penises were removed for histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: All high-fat diets promoted an increase in the body mass (p<0.0001). The HF-S and HF-SP groups presented hyperglycemia (p=0.0060), hyperinsulinemia (p=0.0030), and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0020). Concerning the penis, the high-fat diets led to an increase in the collagen fibers (p<0.0001) and smooth muscle cell density area (p=0.0027), and a decline in the sinusoidal space density area (p<0.0001) and corpus cavernosum cell proliferation (p=0.0003). CONCLUSION: Diets rich in saturated and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids promoted overweight and induced penile changes in rodent models, which may lead to the development of erectile dysfunction. .

Effects of crowding and sex on fecal cortisol levels of captive forest musk deer

BACKGROUND: Restricted space and close contact with conspecifics in captivity may be stressful for musk deer, as they are highly territorial and solitary in the wild. So we tested the effects of crowding on stress of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in heterosexual groups, using fecal cortisol analysis as a non-invasive method. 32 healthy adults during non-breeding seasons were chose as our experimental objects. Group 1 was defined as higher crowding condition, with 10-15 m²/deer (6 enclosures, 10♀ and 6♂); group 2 was defined as lower crowding condition, with 23-33 m²/deer (6 enclosures, 1010♀ and 6♂). Every enclosure contained 1 male and 3 female. These patterns had been existed for years. RESULTS: The results showed that females in lower crowding condition (217.1 ± 9.5 ug/g) had significantly higher fecal cortisol levels than those in higher crowding condition (177.2 ± 12.1 ug/g). Interestingly, crowding seemed have no effect on male fecal cortisol levels (148.1 ± 9.1 ug/g and 140.5 ± 13.3 ug/g, respectively). At both groups, cortisol was significantly lower in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that chronic crowding may affect stress status of captive forest musk deer. The captive environment should consider the space need for musk deer.

Adhesion-preventing properties of 4% icodextrin and canola oil: a comparative experimental study

OBJECTIVE: Postsurgical abdominal adhesions are common, serious postoperative complications. The present study compared the usefulness of 4% icodextrin and canola oil in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Following a laparotomy, a serosal abrasion was made by brushing the cecum, and 3 mL of 0.9% NaCl, 4% icodextrin, or 3 mL of canola oil were intraperitoneally administered for the control, icodextrin, and canola oil groups, respectively. The abdomen was then closed. All of the rats were sacrificed at day 10. Macroscopic, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations were performed. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: Macroscopic analyses revealed that both canola oil and 4% icodextrin reduced adhesion formation, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.17). The histopathological examinations revealed no significant differences in terms of giant cell, lymphocyte/plasmocyte, neutrophil, ICAM1, or PECAM1 scores. However, both canola oil and 4% icodextrin significantly reduced fibrosis (p = 0.025). In the canola oil group, the histiocytic reactions were significantly increased (p = 0.001), and the hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower than those in the other groups (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, canola oil was determined to be superior to 4% icodextrin in lowering hydroxyproline levels and increasing histiocytic reactions. Considering these results, we believe that canola oil is a promising agent for preventing adhesion formation.

Modification of fatty acid composition in broiler chickens fed canola oil

This article describes the possibility of modifying the composition of fat tissue in broiler chickens fed canola oil, which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids. 128 one-day old broiler chickens, randomly assigned into 4 groups of 32 chicks each, received one of four diets containing 15% oil with different percentages of canola oil (diet 1: 0% canola oil, diet 2: 5% canola oil, diet 3: 10% canola oil and diet 4: 15% canola oil), for 31 days. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 8 chicks. The birds were sacrificed at day 45 to obtain tissue samples. The fatty acid composition was measured in meat (legs and breasts), fat (abdominal and subcutaneous) and plasma. An increase in oleic acid (p<0.01) was detected, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid (p<0.01), together with a slight increase in α-linolenic acid (p<0.05) with a higher percentage of canola oil. The composition of fat tissue was more representative of the dietary fatty acids than muscle tissue. In conclusion, canola oil increased the content of omega 9 and omega 3 fatty acids and decreased the content of omega 6 fatty acids in meat, fat and plasma in broiler chickens.

Programa de intervenção interdisciplinar em hábitos de vida em indivíduos de risco cardiometabólico: análise de fatores dietéticos associados à melhora do metabolismo glicídico / Interdisciplinary intervention program on lifestyle in individuals at cardiometabolic risk analysis of dietary factors associated with improvement in glucose metabolism

Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são problemas de saúde pública mundial com repercussões sociais e econômicas. Dieta inadequada é apontada como um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis, de importância central na prevenção destas doenças. Apesar da constatação de que certos nutrientes se associam a doenças, ainda existem dúvidas quanto às relações causais. Objetivos: 1) Revisar a participação dos alimentos e nutrientes na gênese e controle de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis integrantes da síndrome metabólica (manuscrito 1); 2) Descrever de forma detalhada a estrutura do programa de intervenção interdisciplinar em hábitos de vida, desenvolvido para usuários da rede pública de saúde do município de São Paulo (manuscrito 2); 3) Investigar o efeito de mudanças em fatores dietéticos sobre o metabolismo glicídico, decorrentes de intervenção em hábitos de vida em indivíduos de risco cardiometabólico da rede pública de saúde (manuscrito 3). Métodos: Foram incluídos adultos com diagnóstico de pré-diabetes ou síndrome metabólica sem diabetes em ensaio clínico aleatorizado envolvendo dois tipos de intervenções de 18 meses: tradicional e intensiva. A intervenção tradicional consistiu de consultas trimestrais com endocrinologista; na intensiva, além dos atendimentos médicos, os indivíduos participaram de sessões psicoeducativas em grupo com equipe multiprofissional. As orientações dietéticas visaram à adequação do consumo de gorduras totais (redução de saturadas e trans e elevação de insaturadas) e aumento na ingestão de fibras. As variáveis coletadas nos momentos pré- e pós-intervenção incluíram dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos, dietéticos e bioquímicos (glicemia de jejum e póssobrecarga, perfil lipídico, insulina, adiponectina, proteína C reativa, IL-6, TNF-, apolipoproteína A1 e B). A dieta foi avaliada por recordatórios de 24 horas, processados pelo Nutrition Data System software. Foram empregados os testes: t de Student, coeficientes de correlações, ANOVA com p de tendência e análises de regressão múltipla para identificar fatores dietéticos associados à melhora do metabolismo glicídico. Resultados: O manuscrito 1 consiste de um capítulo de livro (Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva) abordando aspectos epidemiológicos de doenças do espectro da síndrome metabólica com ênfase em fatores alimentares e estado nutricional. O manuscrito 2 detalha a estrutura, a equipe integrante, as orientações preconizadas.

Caracterización de snacks extruídos de ocumo-maíz enriquecidos con aceite de palma parcialmente refinado como ingrediente funcional / Characterization extruded snacks of taro-corn enriched with partially refined palm oil as a functional ingredient

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar algunas características físicas, químicas, nutricionales y sensoriales de snacks extruídos compuestos de maíz (90-100%) y ocumo (5-10%), enriquecidos con aceite de palma parcialmente refinado como ingrediente funcional. Se probaron tres formulaciones de cobertura, compuestas por la mezcla de aceite y saborizantes (polvo de queso cheddar, sal, glutamato monosódico), y se adicionaron a los extruídos en un homogeneizador. Los snacks fueron sacados, empacados, sellados y almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Las formulaciones presentaron diferencias significativas en el contenido de tocoferoles y beta-caroteno con promedios entre 20 y 31 ppm en g-tocoferol, 1.6-4.9 ppm en a-tocoferol, y 1.2-5.4 ppm en a-caroteno. Los snacks extruídos de 90% maíz-10% ocumo cubiertos con la Formulación 2, fue el más aceptado significativamente en color y sabor (a=0.05). La preferencia global de todas las formulaciones fue catalogada como ¨buena¨. Los snacks recubiertos con aceite de palma semirefinado rico en vitamina E y provitamina A, son considerados como alimentos funcionales(AU)

The objective of this work was to study some physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory of extruded snacks compounds of corn (90-100%) and taro (5-10%), enriched with partially refined palm oil as a functional ingredient. We tested three formulations of coverage, consisting of a mixture of oil and flavoring (cheddar cheese powder, salt, monosodium glutamate), and were added to the extruded using a homogenizer. The snacks were removed, packaged, sealed and stored at room temperature. The formulations showed significant differences in the content of tocopherols and beta-carotene with averages between 20 and 31 ppm in a-tocopherol, 1.6-4.9 ppm g-tocopherol, and 1.2-5.4 ppm in a-carotene. Extruded snacks 90% corn-10% taro covered with Formulation 2 was significantly more accepted in color and flavor (a = 0.05). Global preference of all formulations was catalogued as ¨good¨. Snacks coated with semi refined palm oil rich vitamin E and provitamin A, are considered as functional foods(AU)

Trabajos de Investigación Increase of plasma fatty acids without changes in n-6/n-3-PUFA ratio in asymptomatic obese subjects / Aumento de las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácidos grasos sin cambio en el ratio de n-6/n-3 PUFA en sujetos obesos asintomáticos

Obesity is associated with a low grade inflammation which contributes to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the total saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma from asymptomatic obese subjects and to determine the arachidonic/eicosapentanoic acid ratio [ARA/EPA] as a marker of inflammation, and its eventual association with ultrasensitive CRP. Fourteen obese (34.4 ± 11.1y.; BMI: 36.0 ± 4,5 kg/m2) and 12 normal-weight (30.6 ± 7.8y.; BMI: 23,6± 2,4 kg/m2) subjects were recruited and their plasma fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. usCRP was higher in the obese subjects (p=0,01) and correlates with their body fat content. The percentages of SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs were not affected in the obese subjects but their concentrations were increased, compared with the control group. However, no differences in the long chain PUFAs (DHA and EPA) concentrations or in the plasmatic ARA/EPA ratio were observed in these subjects. These observations do not support a relation between the ARA/EPA ratio and the presence of low grade inflammation evaluated by plasma usCRP in this group of asymptomatic obese subjects.

La obesidad está asociada con una inflamación de bajo grado que contribuye al desarrollo de la insulino-resistencia y de la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), monoinsaturados (AGMI) y poliinsaturados (AGPI) en sujetos obesos asintomáticos y determinar el ratio ácido araquidónico/ácido eicosapentanoico [ARA/EPA] como un posible marcador de inflamación, con su eventual asociación con los niveles de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus). Se reclutaron 14 sujetos obesos (34,4 ± 11.1 años; índice de masa corporal: 36,0 ± 4,5 kg/m2) y 12 normopeso (30,6 ± 7.8 años; índice de masa corporal: 23,6 ± 2,4 kg/m2); las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácidos grasos fueron determinados por cromatografía de gases. Los niveles de PCRus fueron más elevadas en los sujetos obesos (p=0,01) y correlacionaron con el contenido de grasa corporal. Los porcentajes relativos de AGS, AGMI, AGPI no se vieron afectados en los sujetos obesos, pero sus concentraciones plasmáticas se incrementaron en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias en las concentraciones de PUFAs de cadena larga (DHA, EPA y ARA) ni en el ratio ARA/EPA en los sujetos obesos. Estas observaciones no apoyan el uso del ratio ARA/EPA como un marcador de inflamación de bajo grado evaluada por PCRus en este grupo de sujetos obesos asintomáticos.

Abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone quality in young male rats fed a high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil

OBJECTIVES: A low ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fatty diets can induce obesity. Our objective was to evaluate intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin, and bone growth in rats fed a high-fat diet containing low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 provided in canola oil. METHODS: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S), a high-fat diet containing soybean oil (19S) or a high-fat diet of canola oil (19C) until they were 60 days old. Differences were considered to be significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: After 60 days, the 19S and 19C groups showed more energy intake, body density growth and intraabdominal fat mass. However, the 19S group had a higher area (200 percent) and a lower number (44 percent) of adipocytes, while the 7S and 19C groups did not differ. The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index were significantly increased in the 19C group (15 percent, 56 percent, and 78 percent, respectively) compared to the 7S group. Bone measurements of the 19S and 19C groups showed a higher femur mass (25 percent) and a higher lumbar vertebrae mass (11 percent) and length (5 percent). Computed tomography analysis revealed more radiodensity in the proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C group compared to the 7S and 19S groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the amount and source of fat used in the diet after weaning increase body growth and fat depots and affect insulin resistance and, consequently, bone health.

Associação entre nutrientes da dieta e fatores de risco cardiovascular / Association of nutrients and cardiovascular risk factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the infl uence of nutrients such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and antioxidant vitamin (α-tocopherol) on the cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies). Data on food intake by 63 individuals at INCOR/SP/Brazil were collected by using 24-hour recalls and diet nutritional analysis (NutWin, version 5.1). After 12h fasting, blood samples were collected and the plasma was analyzed for: lipid profi le (colorimetric methods), autoantibodies against LDLox (ELISA) and α-tocopherol (HPLC). Habitual diet was evaluated by three 24-hour recalls (R24) and the nutritional composition was analyzed by NutWin, version 5.1. The population was divided in quartiles according to the consumption of nutrients and the results indicated that MUFA, PUFA and serum α-tocopherol showed association with the BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies. These associations were signifi cant and negative with consumption. According to our results we can state that these nutrients are capable to modify the cardiovascular risk.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de los ácidos grasos mononsaturados (AGM), polinsaturados (AGP) y antioxidantes(α-tocoferol) sobre los marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C y autoanticuerpos anti-LDLox). La dieta habitual de sesenta y tres individuos del INCOR/SP/Brasil fue evaluada por medio de 3 recordatorios de 24h (R24h) y los nutrientes fueron analizados utilizando el programa NutWin, versión 5.1 Después de un ayuno de12h fueron recogidas muestras de sangre. Fueron determinados en el plasma: el perfi l lipidico (método colorimétrico), los autoanticuerposanti-LDLox (ELISA) y el α-tocoferol (HPLC). El análisis en cuartiles mostró que los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c y la producción de anticuer pos anti- LDLox) es tabanrelacionados negativamente con los nutrientes (AGM y AGP) evaluados por medio del R24h y con el α-tocoferol, identifi cado como marcadorbioquímico de consumo. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados podemos concluir que estos nutrientes son capaces de modifi car el riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência de nutrientes da dieta, tais como, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), ácidos graxospolinsaturados (PUFA) e vitamina antioxidante (α-tocoferol) sobre o risco cardiovascular. Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumoalimentar de 63 indivíduos do INCOR/SP/ Brasil, por meio de três recordatórios de 24 horas e realizada a análise da composição nutricional das dietas (NutWin, versão 5.1). Após jejum de 12h, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e a partir do plasma foramanali sados: o perfil lipídico (métodos colorimétricos), os autoanticorpos anti-LDLox (ELISA) e o α-tocoferol (HPLC). A análise em quartis demonstrou que os fatores de risco cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c e a geração de autoanticorpos anti-LDLox) apresentam associação negativa com os nutrientes (MUFA e PUFA) avaliados por meio do R24h e com o α-tocoferol , identifi cado como marcador bioquímico de consumo. De acordo com os nossos resultadospodemos concluir que esses nutrientes são capazes de modificar o risco para doença cardiovascular.

Perfil lipídico tecidual de ratos alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas / Tissue lipid profile of rats fed with different lipid sources

OBJETIVO:Determinar se fontes lipídicas com diferentes razões de ácidos graxos insaturados e saturados (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA na dieta altera o perfil lipídico tecidual, a concentração de lipídios (mg/g) dos tecidos hepáticos e mesentérico e a digestibilidade lipídica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada cromatografia gasosa para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos nos tecidos hepático e adiposo de ratos alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas. O coeficiente de digestibilidade foi determinado a partir da relação entre a quantidade de lipídios consumidos e a quantidade fecal excretada. RESULTADOS:Diferentes fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja, manteiga, margarina e gorduras de porco e de peixe) não alteraram o coeficiente de digestibilidade e o peso hepático, mas alteraram a deposição de lipídios em todos os tecidos adiposos estudados. Não foi possível fazer a correlação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos não essenciais e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, visto que a lipogênese de novo impede a identificação dos ácidos graxos dietários. CONCLUSÃO:Não foi constatada uma relação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, exceto para os ácidos graxos trans e linoléico (C18:2) que não são sintetizados no rato. Esses ácidos graxos apresentaram uma concentração tecidual diretamente proporcional àquela das fontes dietárias. Quanto à razão (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA, encontrada no tecido hepático dos diferentes grupos, observa-se que esta foi diretamente proporcional aos valores apresentados pelas fontes lipídicas dietárias. Entretanto, essa associação não foi observada nos tecidos adiposos analisados.

OBJECTIVE:To determine if lipid sources with different unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios, (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA in the diet alter the lipid profile of tissues, the lipid concentration (mg/g) of the hepatic and mesenteric tissues and the lipid digestibility. METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to determine the profile of fatty acids in the hepatic and adipose tissues of rats fed with different lipid sources. The digestibility coefficient was determined based on the ratio between lipid intake and excreted in the feces. RESULTS:Different lipid sources (soy oil, butter, margarine and pig and fish fat) did not alter the digestibility coefficient and the hepatic weight, but they altered the lipid deposition in all adipose tissue evaluated. No direct correlation was observed between dietary non-essential fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, because of de novo which impedes the identification of the dietary fatty acid. CONCLUSION:A direct relationship was not verified between the dietary fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, except for the trans and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids which are not synthesized in the rat. The tissue concentration of these fatty acids was directly proportional to their dietary sources. The (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA ratio found in the hepatic tissue of the different groups, was directly proportional to the values presented in the dietary lipid sources. However, this association was not observed in the adipose tissue.