Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

Abstract This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.

Resumo Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis ​​- ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico - foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.

Manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos ovarianos pré-antrais e a importância dos antioxidantes ­ revisão de literatura / Manipulation of oocytes included in preantral ovarian follicles and the importance of antioxidants ­ literature review / Manipulación de ovocitos incluidos en folículos ováricos preantrales e importancia de los antioxidantes - revisión de la literatura

A manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos ovarianos pré-antrais (MOIFOPA) vem sendo estudada pensando na perspectiva futura de aplicação direta na reprodução humana, principalmente para mulheres que sofrem de doenças ou que precisam passar por tratamentos que interferem na função ovariana. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar aspectos relacionados com a biotécnica de MOIFOPA e a importância dos antioxidantes no cultivo in vitro de folículos pré-antrais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados PubMed, buscando artigos sobre a biotécnica, principalmente relacionados com a necessidade do uso de antioxidantes no cultivo. A grande maioria dos estudos sobre a biotécnica utilizam como modelo experimental os folículos ovarianos de diferentes espécies de animais. A MOIFOPA compreende o isolamento e o resgate de folículos ovarianos pré-antrais provenientes de ovários, seguido da conservação através da técnica de resfriamento ou congelação e o cultivo folicular in vitro, a fim de promover o crescimento, a maturação e a fecundação in vitro (FIV) dos oócitos inclusos nesses folículos, maximizando o potencial reprodutivo feminino e diminuindo a atresia folicular que acontece in vivo. Um aspecto que pode interferir no sucesso do cultivo in vitro de folículos ovarianos pré-antrais é a produção em excesso de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Os ácidos ascórbico e alfa lipóico vem demonstrando resultados interessantes para reduzir os efeitos que as EROs causam sobre os folículos ovarianos pré-antrais cultivados in vitro.

The manipulation of oocytes included in preantral ovarian follicles (MOEPF) has been studied considering the future perspective of direct application in human reproduction, especially for women who suffer from diseases or who need to undergo treatments that interfere with ovarian function. In this context, the objective of this paper is to review aspects related to the biotechnology of MOIFOPA and the importance of antioxidants. A search was carried out in the PubMed database, searching for articles on biotechnology, mainly related to the need to use antioxidants in cultivation. The vast majority of studies on biotechnology use ovarian follicles from different species of animals as an experimental model. MOIFOPA comprises the isolation and rescue of preantral ovarian follicles from ovaries, followed by conservation through the cooling or freezing technique and in vitro follicular cultivation, in order to promote growth, maturation and in vitro fertilization ( IVF) of the oocytes included in these follicles, maximizing the female reproductive potential and decreasing the follicular atresia that occurs in vivo. One aspect that may interfere with the success of in vitro culture of preantral ovarian follicles is the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ascorbic and alpha lipoic acids have shown interesting results in reducing the effects that ROS cause on in vitro cultured preantral ovarian follicles.

manipulación de ovocitos incluidos en folículos ováricos preantrales (MOIFOPA) se ha estudiado con la perspectiva futura de su aplicación directa en la reproducción humana, especialmente en mujeres que padecen enfermedades o que necesitan someterse a tratamientos que interfieren en la función ovárica. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los aspectos relacionados con la biotécnica de MOIFOPA y la importancia de los antioxidantes en el cultivo in vitro de los folículos pré-antrais. Se realizó una investigación en la base de datos PubMed, buscando artículos sobre la biotecnología, principalmente relacionados con la necesidad del uso de antioxidantes en el cultivo. La mayoría de los estudios sobre biotecnología utilizan como modelo experimental los folículos ováricos de diferentes especies de animales. El MOIFOPA incluye el aislamiento y rescate de los folículos ováricos preantrales de los ovarios, seguido de su conservación mediante la técnica de enfriamiento o congelación y el cultivo folicular in vitro, con el fin de promover el crecimiento, la maduración y la fecundación in vitro (FIV) de los ovocitos incluidos en estos folículos, maximizando el potencial reproductivo femenino y disminuyendo la atresia folicular que se produce in vivo. Un aspecto que puede interferir en el éxito del cultivo in vitro de folículos ováricos preantrales es la producción excesiva de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). El ácido ascórbico y el ácido alfa lipoico han mostrado resultados interesantes para reducir los efectos que causan las ERO en los folículos ováricos preantrales cultivados in vitro.

Lipoprotein apheresis efficacy and challenges: single center experience

Abstract Introduction Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is an extracorporeal therapy which removes apolipoprotein B-containing particles from the circulation. We evaluated techniques and efficiency of lipoprotein apheresis procedures applied to patients with familial and non-familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) at our center. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 250 LA procedures applied to 27 patients with dyslipidemia between March 2011 and August 2019. Results A total of 27 patients, of whom 19 (70.4%) were male and 8 (29.6%), female, were included. Eighteen (66.7%), 6 (22.2%) and 3 (11.1%) patients were diagnosed with non-FH, homozygous FH (HoFH) and heterozygous FH (HeFH), respectively. Two different apheresis techniques, direct adsorption of lipoproteins (DALI) (48.8%) and double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) (51.2%), were used. The change in the serum total cholesterol (TC) level was the median 302 mg/dl (171-604 mg/dl) (60.4%) in HoFH patients, 305 mg/dl (194-393 mg/dl) (60.8%) in HeFH patients and 227 mg/dl (75-749 mg/dl) (65.3%) in non-FH patients. The change in the serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level was the median 275 mg/dl (109-519 mg/dl) (64.2%), 232 mg/dl (207-291 mg/dl) (64.5%) and 325 mg/dl (22-735 mg/dl) (70.9%) in patients with HoFH, HeFH and non-FH, respectively. A significantly effective reduction in serum lipid levels, including TC, LDL and triglycerides, was achieved in all patients, regardless of the technique, p< .001. The decrease in the serum TC and LDL levels was significantly higher in the DFPP, compared to the DALI, being 220 mg/dl (-300 to 771) vs 184 mg/dl (64-415), p< .001 and 196 mg/dl (11-712) vs 157 mg/dl (54-340), p< .001, respectively. Conclusions Our results showed that LA is a highly effective treatment in reducing serum lipid levels and safe, without any major adverse event.

The beneficial effects of virgin olive oil against oxidative stress induced by hypercholesterolemia in rats

Cardiovascular disease(CVD) remains the major cause of mortality in the world, typically claiming a third of all deaths. The primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis. Therefore, timely prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis are able to reduce the risk of the development of its clinical manifestations. Anti-atherosclerotic activity of medicinal plants mainly appears in their multiple effects.This study was carried out to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of virgin olive oil in experimentally induced hyperlipemic Wistar. A total of 24 rats were randomly allocated to 4 equal groups and treated as follows for 50 days: (1) Normal control (NC); that were fed with a standart diet; (2) High Cholesterol Diet Control (HCD); which received high cholesterol diet for 50 days; (3) Animals receiving high cholesterol diet for 50 days, after this period the animals are fed for eight days by the standard foodand receiving by gavage virgin olive oil (HCD+VOO) and(4) Animals fed for eight days with the standard food and receiving by gavage olive oil (VOO). High Cholesterol Diet containing yolk egg and coconut oil. Results showed that olive oil caused a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in serum levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low­Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) and Atherogenic Index Serum (AIS). The results also demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) increase in High­Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL). Moreover, virgin olive oil induced a significant reduction in liver lipid content. On the other hand, a High cholesterol diet induced oxidative stress was measured by estimating reduced glutathione level and amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed as an index of lipid peroxidation in a liver and a heart. Virgin olive oil supplementation attenuated all these variations. Our observations of the study indicate that the virgin olive oil has a significant antihyperlipidemic potential.

Association between Periodontitis and Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract The association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction remains unclear in the literature. Few studies have addressed periodontitis exposure as a predisposing factor for the development of myocardial infarction. Therefore, the present systematic review aims to analyze the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction. This meta-analysis systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, SCIELO, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature for studies estimating the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction. Quality of evidence was assessed for all studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models. Four of the six studies selected were included in the meta-analysis, including 1,035,703 subjects. The association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction was: RR: 5.99 (95% CI: 1.17-30.68), but with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%; p <0.01). The results including only the highest quality articles, was lower: RR: 2.62 (95% CI: 1.47-4.70 3.83), but with lower heterogeneity (I2 = 85.5%; p < 0.01).The present systematic review with meta-analysis showed an association between periodontitis and acute myocardial infarction, but with a high level of heterogeneity.

Niveles séricos de interleucina-6 en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y su correlación con el perfil lipídico / Serum levels of interleukin-6 in patients with type 2 diabetes and its correlation with the lipid profile

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica caracterizada por hiperglucemia, a consecuencia de defectos en la producción, secreción y/o acción de la insulina, produciendo alteraciones en el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono, lípidos y proteínas; asociado a un proceso inflamatorio crónica en un plazo variable, que provocara lesiones macro y microvasculares. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles séricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6) en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 y su correlación con el perfil lipídico. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo analítico y transversal, comprendido por 60 adultos de ambos sexos entre 30 a 60 años, con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que acudieron a consulta de Endocrinología del Hospital Militar Universitario Dr. Carlos Arvelo. Se les determino glucemia basal, interleucina-6, perfil lipídico, resultados relacionados con parámetros antropométricos, composición corporal, la edad y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes. Resultados: La edad promedio de 51,60 años ± 6,51, donde el 71,6% correspondieron al sexo femenino y el 28,3% al masculino, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes entre 1 mes y 37 años, con un promedio de 10,97 años. Se presentó correlación positiva baja y estadísticamente significativa entre interleucina 6 y los parámetros de triglicéridos, VLDL y no-HDL Conclusión: Se encontró valores elevados de IL-6 en todos los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, así como una correlación positiva entre IL-6 y las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos. Esto respalda la idea de que la hipertrigliceridemia puede causar cambios inflamatorios en pacientes diabéticos y esto elevaría el riesgo cardiovascular de estos pacientes(AU)

Associations of blood biomarkers and structural changes in atherosclerosis in the Longitudinal study of adult heath (Elsa-Brasil): emphasis on pre-and postmenopausal women / Associações de biomarcadores sanguíneos e mudanças estruturais na aterosclerose no Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil): ênfase em mulheres na pré e pós-menopausa

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Cardiovascular risk prediction is incomplete and new markers may help in the early identification of atherosclerosis. Brazilian epidemiological data in women are scarce. Objectives: To review the impact of menopause and diabetes on lipids, lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular risk; evaluate cardiometabolic risk in women from the ELSA-Brasil, as well as associations of blood biomarkers [lipoprotein subfractions, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)] and structural changes of atherosclerosis [presence of calcium in the coronary arteries (CAC)] according to age and menopausal status. Methods: Cross-sectional baseline analyzes of 2,258 female participants from the São Paulo site of the ELSA-Brasil, stratified by age and menopausal status, with specific sample and eligibility criteria for each paper. Descriptive statistics, between-group comparisons and multiple regression were performed according to the nature and distribution of the variables for each paper. Results: Paper 1: Literature revision enabled conclusions regarding the association of menopause and diabetes with a worse lipid profile, including hypertriglyceridemia, lower levels of HDL-c and HDL2-c, higher levels of HDL3-c and small dense LDL-c. Postmenopausal diabetic women consist of the highest cardiovascular risk level. Paper 2: Comparing pre- and postmenopausal women categorized according to time since menopause [menopausal duration <2 years, 2-5.9 years, 6-9.9 years or ≥ 10 years (n=1916)], postmenopausal women had a worse lipid and lipoprotein subfraction profile and duration of menopause <2 years was independently associated with remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (TRL-c) [7.21 mg/dL (95% CI 3.5910.84)] and smaller denser VLDL3-c [2.43 mg/dL (95%CI 1.023.83)], but no associations of menopausal categories with HDL-c or LDL-c subfractions were found, when taking premenopausal women as reference. Paper 3: Comparing premenopausal ≤ or >45 years and postmenopausal women (n=2047), postmenopausal ones had the worst cardiometabolic risk profile. CAC>0 was found to be associated with TRL-c and dense LDL-c, but not with BCAA levels nor HOMA-IR. Postmenopausal women were about twice as likely to have CAC>0 than younger premenopausal ones [OR 2.37 (95%CI 1.17-4.81)]. Discussion: Our findings suggest that natural menopause is associated with changes in lipoprotein fractions and subfractions (especially in the first 2 years post-menopause) and with calcium deposition in the coronary arteries independently of age and other risk factors, but not with BCAA nor HOMA-IR. Deep investigation on lipid profile and other biomarkers in women approaching to menopause is needed in order to identify cardiovascular risk, prevent cardiovascular outcomes and provide better health conditions.

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular se constitui na principal causa de morbimortalidade em mulheres globalmente. A predição de evento cardiovascular é incompleta e novos marcadores de risco cardiometabólico podem auxiliar na identificação precoce da aterosclerose. Dados epidemiológicos brasileiros no sexo feminino são mais escassos. Objetivos: Revisar o impacto da menopausa e diabetes nas lipoproteínas, subfrações e risco cardiovascular; avaliar o perfil de risco cardiometabólico de mulheres do ELSA-Brasil, bem como associações de marcadores sanguíneos [subfrações de lipoproteínas circulantes, índice de resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR) e aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA)] e estruturais [cálcio nas artérias coronárias (CAC)] de aterosclerose segundo sua idade e estado menopausal. Métodos: Análise transversal de dados basais de 2258 mulheres acompanhadas no centro de São Paulo do ELSA-Brasil, estratificadas por idade e estado menopausal, respeitando características amostrais estabelecidas para cada artigo. Estatística descritiva, testes de comparação entre grupos e análises de regressão múltipla foram realizadas conforme natureza e distribuição das variáveis para cada artigo. Resultados: Artigo 1: A revisão da literatura permitiu concluir sobre a associação de menopausa e diabetes com pior perfil lipídico, consistindo de hipertrigliceridemia, baixos níveis de HDL-c e HDL2-c e elevados de HDL3-c e LDL-c pequena e densa. Mulheres menopausadas com diabetes apresentam o maior risco cardiovascular. Artigo 2: Comparando-se mulheres pré-menopausadas com as menopausadas, categorizadas segundo tempo de menopausa [duração <2 anos; 2-5,9 anos; 6-9,9 anos e ≥ 10 anos (n=1916)], aquelas na pós-menopausa apresentaram perfil de lipoproteínas e suas subfrações mais aterogênico e a duração da menopausa <2 anos associou-se independentemente com remanescentes de lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides (TRL-c) [7,21 mg/dL (IC95% 3,5910,84)] e com a partícula pequena e densa de VLDL3-c [2,43 mg/dL (IC95% 1,023,83)], mas não foram encontradas associações de categorias de menopausa com as subfrações de HDL-c ou LDL-c, considerando-se as pré-menopausadas como referência. Artigo 3: Comparando mulheres pré-menopausadas com idade ≤ ou >45 anos e as menopausadas (n=2047), pior perfil de risco cardiometabólico foi encontrado em mulheres na pós- menopausa. Observou-se associação entre CAC>0 com TRL-c e LDL-c densa, mas não com HOMA-IR e BCAA. Mulheres menopausadas tiveram cerca de 2 vezes mais chance de apresentar CAC>0 quando comparadas com mulheres mais jovens na pré-menopausa [OR 2,37 (IC95% 1,17-4,81)]. Discussão: Nossos achados sugerem que a menopausa natural está associada a alterações no perfil lipídico tradicional e subfrações (especialmente nos primeiros 2 anos pós-menopausa) e ao depósito de cálcio nas artérias coronárias independentemente da idade e de outros fatores de risco, mas não com BCAA e HOMA-IR. Investigação aprofundada do perfil lipídico e outros marcadores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres que se aproximam da menopausa pode melhorar a identificação de risco, prevenção de desfechos cardiovasculares e proporcionar melhores condições de saúde.

Associations of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular outcomes with climatic variations in a large Brazilian population of Campinas, São Paulo state: an eight-year study

In this eight-year retrospective study, we evaluated the associations between climatic variations and the biological rhythms in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in a large population of Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil, as well as temporal changes of outcomes of cardiovascular hospitalizations. Climatic variables were obtained at the Center for Meteorological and Climatic Research Applied to Agriculture (University of Campinas - Unicamp, Brazil). The plasma lipid databases surveyed were from 27,543 individuals who had their lipid profiles assessed at the state university referral hospital in Campinas (Unicamp). The frequency of hospitalizations was obtained from the Brazilian Public Health database (DATASUS). Temporal statistical analyses were performed using the methods Cosinor or Friedman (ARIMA) and the temporal series were compared by cross-correlation functions. In normolipidemic cases (n=11,892), significantly different rhythmicity was observed in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C) both higher in winter and lower in summer. Dyslipidemia (n=15,651) increased the number and amplitude of lipid rhythms: LDL-C and HDL-C were higher in winter and lower in summer, and the opposite occurred with triglycerides. The number of hospitalizations showed maximum and minimum frequencies in winter and in summer, respectively. A coincident rhythmicity was observed of lower temperature and humidity rates with higher plasma LDL-C, and their temporal series were inversely cross-correlated. This study shows for the first time that variations of temperature, humidity, and daylight length were strongly associated with LDL-C and HDL-C seasonality, but moderately to lowly associated with rhythmicity of atherosclerotic outcomes. It also indicates unfavorable cardiovascular-related changes during wintertime.

Coronary artery calcium is associated with lpa gene variant RS7765803-C in Mexican mestizo population The GEA Project

ABSTRACT Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are genetically determined; high levels are a risk factor for coronary disease, although their association with coronary artery calcium (CAC) is controversial. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the association of LPA gene polymorphisms with CAC in a Mexican Mestizo population. Methods: We included 1594 subjects 35-70 years old. Six polymorphisms of the LPA gene were analyzed. CAC score was determined by tomography and Lp(a) serum levels by immunonephelometry. The association of LPA polymorphism with CAC and Lp(a) was evaluated by logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL was 10%, and of CAC >0 was 26.9%. Three polymorphisms were associated with high Lp(a) levels: rs10455872-G (p = 0.013), rs6907156-T (p = 0.021), and rs7765803-C (p = 0.001). Homozygotes (CC) for the rs7765803 variant compared with the G allele (CG + GG) carriers had higher Lp(a) levels (8.9 [3.3-23.9] vs. 4.9 [2.3-11.2] mg/dL; p = 0.015) and higher prevalence of CAC >0 (36.5% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.045) and were associated with CAC > 0 (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.7; p < 0.026). The other polymorphisms were not associated with CAC. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate in a Mexican Mestizo population that carriers of the rs7765803-C allele of LPA gene have 2.6 times greater risk for high Lp(a) values and 1.7 times higher risk for coronary artery disease.

Razão carboidrato fibra <= 10:1 na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais saudáveis: panorama do consumo, associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico e impacto na ingestão de nutrientes / The <= 10:1 carbohydrate to fiber ratio to identify healthful grain foods: panorama of consumption, association with cardiometabolic risk factors and impact on nutrient intake

Introdução: Há necessidade de métodos para avaliar a qualidade de alimentos à base de cereais a fim de promover a conscientização dos consumidores, a reformulação de alimentos e esforços políticos como diretrizes, rotulagem e alegações de saúde. Nesse sentido, a presença de 1 g de fibra em 10 g de carboidrato (razão ≤10:1) tem sido proposta na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais com melhor qualidade nutricional. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a aplicação da razão ≤10:1 na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais saudáveis, sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico, avaliar o panorama do consumo desses alimentos e seus determinantes, assim como o potencial impacto nutricional de estratégias para aumentar o seu consumo na população do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2003, 2008 e 2015. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de indivíduos de 12 anos ou mais residentes na área urbana do município. Participantes responderam a um questionário semiestruturado, a pelo menos um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, e tiveram coletadas amostras de sangue, antropometria e medidas de pressão arterial. Alimentos do grupo dos cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 tiveram o valor nutricional comparado aos alimentos que não se enquadraram nesse critério por meio de regressão linear com variância robusta. Investigamos a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ≤10:1 e fatores de risco cardiometabólico por meio de regressão linear múltipla (primeiro manuscrito). O consumo desses alimentos nos anos 2003, 2008 e 2015 foi comparado por meio de testes de tendência e sua associação com características sociodemográficas foi investigada por meio de regressão logística, assim como a predição de consumo para os próximos anos (segundo manuscrito). O impacto nutricional da substituição do arroz branco e do pão branco por seus correspondentes integrais foi avaliado por meio de mudanças na média de ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1, energia e nutrientes (terceiro manuscrito). Resultados: Alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 apresentaram menor carboidrato disponível (-3,0 g/porção), açúcar total (-7,4 g/porção), açúcar de adição (-7,2 g/porção) e gordura saturada (-0,7 g/porção); e maior fibra alimentar (+3,5 g/porção), proteína (+2,1 g/porção), potássio (+100,1 mg/porção), ferro (+0,9 mg/porção), selênio (+4,2 µg/porção), magnésio (+38,7 mg/porção) e zinco (+1,1 mg/porção). Cada aumento de 1% de energia (E) desses alimentos foi associado a níveis sanguíneos mais baixos de triacilglicerol (-10,7%), razão triacilglicerol/HDL-c (-14,9%), insulinemia de jejum (-13,6%) e HOMA-IR (-14,0%). De 2003 a 2015, houve aumento no consumo cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 (de 0,9%E para 1,5%E) e na proporção da população consumindo esses alimentos (de 8,7% para 15,8%). Estima-se que 19,9% da população consumirá algum tipo de cereal atendendo ao critério ≤10:1 em 2030. Maior chance de consumo desses alimentos foi observada entre indivíduos mais velhos (+78%), mulheres (+28%), pessoas com ensino superior (+137%) e níveis mais altos de renda familiar (+135%), enquanto participantes que relataram etnia negra, parda ou indígena apresentaram menor chance (-30%). A substituição do arroz branco e do pão branco por arroz integral e pão integral, respectivamente, resultaria em aumento da ingestão de zinco (9,1%), cálcio (9,3%), vitamina E (18,8%), fibra alimentar (27,0%) e magnésio (52,9%), e na diminuição de carboidratos totais (-6,1%), folato (-6.6%), carboidratos disponíveis (-8,5%), vitamina B6 (-12,5%), vitamina B2 (-17,4%), e vitamina B1 (-20,7%). A ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 pré e pós-modelagem foi de 4,0% e 69,4% da ingestão de cereais totais, respectivamente, um aumento de 220 g/d. Conclusões: A razão ≤10:1 identificou alimentos à base cereais com maior qualidade nutricional e a maior ingestão desses alimentos foi associada à redução de fatores de risco cardiometabólico relacionados à dislipidemia aterogênica e resistência à insulina. De 2003 a 2015, houve aumento no consumo de cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1, mas esse consumo permanece abaixo dos níveis recomendados. Menor probabilidade de ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 foi observada entre mais jovens, sexo masculino, com menor escolaridade e renda familiar e de etnia negra, parda e indígena, nesse período. A substituição de alimentos à base de cereais por opções equivalentes que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 pode levar a mudanças favoráveis no conteúdo nutricional da dieta, além de notável aumento na proporção de cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 em relação aos cereais totais.

Introduction: There is a pressing need for methods to assess the healthfulness of grain foods to promote consumer awareness, evidence-informed industry reformulations, and policy efforts such as guidelines, labeling, and health claims. In this sense, the presence per 10 g of carbohydrate of at least 1 g of fiber (≤10:1-ratio) has been proposed as a pragmatic metric to identify healthier grain products. Objective: To investigate the application of the ≤10:1-ratio to identify healthful grain foods, and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors, to evaluate trends and determinants of this intake, as well as to estimate the potential nutritional impact of strategies to increase the consumption of these foods in São Paulo population. Methods: Data came from the population-based study Health Survey of São Paulo (2003, 2008 and 2015). This is a cross-sectional, population-based study including a probabilistic sample of urban residents in São Paulo. Participants aged 12+ years answered a structured questionnaire, at least one 24-h dietary recall, had blood sample, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements collected. The nutritional value of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio was compared to grain foods not meeting this criterion using univariate linear regressions with robust variance. The association between the intake of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors was assessed by multivariable linear regression models (First manuscript). The consumption of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015 was investigated using linear regression models. Determinants of these intakes and prediction of the prevalence of intake for the next years were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models (Second manuscript). We estimated the potential nutritional impact of replacing white rice and white bread with healthful equivalent options in mean change of healthful grain foods, energy and nutrients intake (Third manuscript). Results: Foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio had lower available carbohydrate (-3.0 g/serving), total sugar (-7.4 g/serving), added sugar (-7.2 g/serving) and saturated fatty acids (-0.7 g/serving), as well as more dietary fiber (+3.5 g/serving), protein (+2.1 g/serving), potassium (+100.1 mg/serving), iron (+0.9 mg/serving), selenium (+4.2 µg/serving), magnesium (+38.7 mg/serving) and zinc (+1.1 mg/serving). Each increase in 1% of energy (E) of these foods was associated with lower levels of blood triacylglycerol (-10.7%), the triacylglycerol/HDL-c ratio (-14.9%), fasting insulin (-13.6%), and HOMA-IR (-14.0%). From 2003 to 2015, a growing trend in the intake of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio (from 0.9 %E to 1.5%E) was observed. Also, the proportion of the population consuming at least one-grain food meeting the ≤10:1-ratio increased from 8,7% in 2003 to 15,8% in 2015, and 19,9% of the population would be consuming some kind of healthful gain food by 2030. Older individuals (+78%), females (+28%), those with higher education (+137%), and higher family income (+135%) were more likely to consume grain foods meeting the ratio, whereas participants who self-reported black, brown or indigenous ethnicity were less likely to consume these foods (-30%). The substitution of white rice and white bread for brown rice and whole wheat bread, respectively, would result in increased intake of zinc (9.1%), calcium (9.3%), vitamin E (18.8%), dietary fiber (27.0%) and magnesium (52,9%), while decreased intake of total carbohydrate (-6.1%), available carbohydrate (-8.5%), vitamin B6 (-12,5%), vitamin B2 (-17,4%), and vitamin B1 (-20,7%) would be seen. Pre- and post-modeled healthful grain foods intake were 4,0% and 69,4% of total grain intake, respectively, an increase of 220 g/d. Conclusion: The ≤10:1-ratio identified grain foods with higher nutritional quality, and higher intakes of these foods were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors related to atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. There was a growing trend to consume grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015, but this consumption continues to be far from recommended levels. Overall, younger individuals, males, those with lower education levels, lower family income, and who self-reported black, brown or indigenous ethnicity were less likely to consume grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015. Shifting consumption from usually eaten grain foods to healthful equivalent options may lead to favorable changes in nutrient content of the diet, in addition to a remarkable increase in healthful grain foods intake.

Nutritional Status, Lifestyle and Lipid Profile in Vegetarians

Abstract Background: Vegetarian diets have been linked to reduced risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases, since they positively modulate biochemical parameters, particularly those related with glycemic control and lipemia, and considered as potential strategy for weight control. Objective: To compare the nutritional status, lifestyle and lipid profile of adult vegetarians with omnivores in a sample of individuals in the city of São Paulo. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric, biochemical and lifestyle variables were compared between vegetarians and omnivores. A significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses. Results: Vegetarians were more likely to practice physical activity (64.3% vs 42.5%, p = 0.056) and consuming dietary supplements (48.1% vs 20.5%, p = 0.012). There was no statistically significant difference for the variables: age, sex, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein between the two groups. Vegetarians had significantly lower weight [60.8 kg (56.7 - 69.4) vs 71.1 kg (58.0 - 75.4), p = 0.038], BMI [22.4 kg/m2 (20.9 - 23.8) vs 24.6 kg/m2 (21.7 - 26.1), p = 0.001], and waist circumference [(81.8 ± 8.2 vs 87.8 ± 10.9 cm, p = 0.003)], and higher high-density lipoprotein (54.88 ± 14.44 vs 47.30 ± 12.27 mg /dL p = 0.008) than omnivores. Conclusion: Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had a better nutritional status, with lower BMI and waist circumference, significantly higher levels of plasma lipoprotein high-density, and healthier lifestyle.

¿Es necesario el ayuno para la determinación del perfil lipídico? / Is fasting necessary for the determination of the lipid profile?

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los cambios post prandiales en el perfil lipídico en respuesta a una comida típica argentina. Se extrajo sangre a 33 mujeres voluntarias después de 12 h de ayuno (T0), 1 h después de un desayuno estandarizado (T1) y 1 h después de un almuerzo estandarizado (T2). Se midieron los niveles de: colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL), colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) y triglicéridos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba t de Student pareada. Para cada analito se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) en T1 y T2 respecto de T0 y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Las DM% mayores al VRC se consideraron clínicamente significativas. En T1 y T2, los valores de C-HDL fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de C-LDL en T1 fueron más bajos que en T0. Los niveles de triglicéridos fueron significativamente más altos en T1 que en T0. En todos los casos, la variabilidad fue estadísticamente significativa, aunque no clínicamente. En este estudio puede observarse que el perfil de lípidos en T1 y T2 no mostró diferencias clínicamente significativas con respecto a los valores basales.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze postprandial lipid profile changes in response to a typical Argentine meal. Blood was collected from 33 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period (T0), 1 h after a standardized breakfast (T1) and 1 h after a standardized lunch (T2). The levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. Data were analyzed using paired Student's t-test. Mean difference % (MD %) was calculated for each analyte at T1 and T2 and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). MDs % higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1 and T2, HDL-C values were lower than at T0, whereas LDL-C values at T1 were lower than at T0. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher at T1 than baseline values. In all cases, variability was statistically, though not clinically, significant. This study demonstrates that at T1 and T2 lipid profile showed no clinically significant differences with respect to basal values.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as alterações do perfil lipídico pós-prandial em resposta a uma refeição típica argentina. O sangue foi coletado de 33 mulheres voluntárias após um período de jejum de 12 horas (T0),1 h após um café da manhã padronizado (T1) e 1 h após um almoço padronizado (T2). Foram medidos os níveis de: colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol LDL (C-LDL) e triglicérides. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t de Student pareado. A diferença média% (DM%) foi calculada para cada analito em T1 e T2 e foi comparada com o valor de mudança de referência (VRC). Os MDs% maiores que o VRC foram considerados clinicamente significativos. Em T1 e T2, os valores de C-HDL foram menores que em T0, enquanto os valores de C-LDL em T1 foram menores que em T0. Os níveis de triglicérides foram significativamente maiores em T1 do que os valores basais. Em todos os casos, a variabilidade foi estatisticamente, embora não clinicamente, significativa. Este estudo demonstra que no perfil lipídico em T1 e T2 não houve diferenças clinicamente significativas em relação aos valores basais.

Dyslipidemia and its relationship with thyroid disease in farmers in the coffee-growing zone / Dislipidemia y relación con enfermedad tiroidea en agricultores de la zona cafetera

Abstract Introduction: Free thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine thyroid (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are recognized as regulators of lipid synthesis, mobilization and degradation. Objective: To find a relationship between dyslipidemia and thyroid disease in an adult population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 819 individuals. TSH, free T4, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Results: The general population showed normal TC, normal LDL-C, low HDL-C, and elevated TG. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was as follows: elevated TC 31.9%, HDL-C <40 mg/dL 57.9%, elevated LDL-C 24.3% and TG ≥200 mg/dL 26%. The prevalence of TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L was 8.1%. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 1.2%, and that of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.7%. The prevalences of elevated TC in individuals with overt hypothyroidism and normal thyroid levels were 50.0% and 31.6%, respectively. However, in those with subclinical hypothyroidism, the prevalences were 43.6% and 31.0% (p=0.04) for elevated TC and 40.0% and 23.2% (p=0.006) for elevated LDL-C. A significant relationship was found between TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L and elevated TC (OR=1.9, p=0.01) and elevated LDL-C (OR=2.5, p=0.001); the frequency of elevated LDL-C was 2.2 times greater in people with subclinical hypothyroidism than in people with normal TSH levels. Conclusion: Given agricultural workers' particular socioeconomic conditions and access to the health system, it is important to design screening programs for biomarkers that allow early detection of changes in thyroid hormones, TSH and lipid profiles to provide this population with preventive interventions to reduce morbimortality due to cardiovascular events (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1094).

Resumen Introducción: tiroxina libre (T4L), triyodo tironina libre (T3L) y hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH), se reconocen como reguladoras de síntesis, movilización y degradación de lípidos. Objetivo: encontrar una relación entre dislipidemias y enfermedad tiroidea en una población adulta. Métodos: este fue un estudio de corte transversal, en 819 individuos. Se midieron TSH, T4L, colesterol total (CT), colesterol en lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL), colesterol en lipopro-teínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) y triglicéridos (TG). Resultados: la población general mostró CT, C-LDL normales, C-HDL bajo y TG elevados. La prevalencia de dislipidemia fue: CT elevado 31.9%, C-HDL < 40 mg/dL 57.9%. C-LDL alto 24.3% y TG ≥200 mg/dL, 26%. La frecuencia de TSH ≥ 4.6 mIU/L fue 8.1%. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto fue de 1.2% y la de hipotiroidismo subclínico de 6.7%. La prevalencia de CT elevado en individuos con hipotiroidismo manifiesto y en normales fue de 50.0% y 31.6% respectivamente. Mientras en hipotiroidismo subclínico fue de 43.6% y 31.0% p: 0.04 para CT (elevado); 40.0% y 23.2% p: 0.006 para C-LDL elevado. Se encontró relación significativa entre TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L con CT elevado (OR 1.9 p 0.01) y C-LDL elevada (OR 2.5 p: 0.001); la frecuencia de C-LDL elevado fue de 2.2 veces en personas con hipotiroidismo subclínico con relación a personas con niveles normales de TSH. Conclusión: en los trabajadores del agro, por sus particulares condiciones socioeconómicas y de acceso al sistema de salud, es importante diseñar programas de tamizaje de biomarcadores que permitan avizorar de manera precoz cambios en las hormonas tiroideas, TSH y perfil lipídico, para realizar intervenciones de prevención secundaria que contribuyan a la disminución de la morbimortalidad por eventos cardiovasculares. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1094).

High Level of Lipoprotein(a) as Predictor for Recurrent Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: a Cohort Study / Nível Alto de Lipoproteína (a) como Preditor de Insuficiência Cardíaca Recorrente em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica: um Estudo de Coorte

Abstract Background: Elevated plasma levels of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are recognized as a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, there are limited data regarding association between Lp(a) and recurrent heart failure (HF) in patients with chronic HF caused by coronary heart disease (CHD). Objective: Elevated levels of Lp(a) might have a prognostic impact on recurrent HF in patients with chronic HF caused by CHD. Methods: A total of 309 patients with chronic HF caused by CHD were consecutively enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether Lp(a) levels were above or below the median level for the entire cohort (20.6 mg/dL): the high Lp(a) group (n = 155) and the low Lp(a) group (n = 154). A 2-sided p < 0.05 was statistically considered significant. Results: During the median follow-up period of 186 days, 31 cases out of a total of 309 patients (10.03%) could not be reached during follow-up. A Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with higher Lp(a) levels had a higher incidence of recurrent HF than those with lower Lp(a) levels (log-rank < 0.0001). A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that Lp(a) levels were independently correlated with the incidence of recurrent HF after adjustment of potential confounders (hazard ratio: 2.720, 95 % confidence interval: 1.730-4.277, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In Chinese patients with chronic HF caused by CHD, elevated levels of Lp(a) are independently associated with recurrent HF.

Resumo Fundamento: Níveis plasmáticos elevados de lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)] são reconhecidos como um fator de risco significativo para doença vascular aterosclerótica. No entanto, existem dados limitados sobre a associação entre a Lp(a) e insuficiência cardíaca (IC) recorrente em pacientes com IC crônica causada por doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Objetivo: Níveis elevados de Lp(a) podem ter um impacto prognóstico na IC recorrente em pacientes com IC crônica por DAC. Métodos: Um total de 309 pacientes com IC crônica causada por DAC foram consecutivamente incluídos neste estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com os níveis de Lp(a), acima ou abaixo do nível mediano de toda a coorte (20,6 mg/dL): o grupo Lp(a) alto (n = 155) e o grupo Lp ( a) baixo (n = 154). Um p < 0,05 bicaudal foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Durante a mediana do período de seguimento de 186 dias, 31 casos de um total de 309 pacientes (10,03%) não puderam ser contatados durante o acompanhamento. A análise de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que pacientes com níveis mais elevados de Lp(a) apresentavam maior incidência de IC recorrente do que aqueles com níveis mais baixos de Lp(a) (log-rank < 0,0001). Uma análise de regressão multivariada de Cox revelou que os níveis de Lp(a) foram independentemente correlacionados com a incidência de IC recorrente após ajuste de potenciais fatores de confusão (hazard ratio 2,720, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,730-4,277, p < 0,0001). Conclusões: Em pacientes chineses com IC crônica causada por DAC, níveis elevados de Lp(a) estão associados de forma independente à IC recorrente.

Comparação entre métodos de diagnósticos para a quantificação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Universitário / Comparison between diagnostic methods for the quantification of low-density lipoprotein in patients attended at a University Hospital

Introdução: Estudos relatam uma forte ligação entre as dislipidemias e as ateroscleroses. Por esta razão, exames como o perfil lipídico são realizados rotineiramente com o intuito de prevenção e monitoramento dessas doenças. A lipoproteína de baixa densidade possui grande destaque por apresentar maior relação com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças ateroscleróticas. Métodos diretos de obtenção dos valores dessa lipoproteína são confrontados com resultados obtidos usualmente na rotina, através de equações que fornecem valores estimados. Objetivo: Comparar os métodos de diagnósticos utilizados para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das Fórmulas de Friedewald e Martin com os resultados obtidos por metodologia automatizada, em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora - MG. Material e Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso para a obtenção do soro de 208 pacientes. Quantificaram-se os níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e da lipoproteína de alta densidade para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das equações de Friedewald e Martin. Resultados: Há uma correlação positiva entre os resultados de lipoproteína de baixa densidade calculados pelos métodos de Martin e direto (ρ=0,916), e uma correlação positiva entre os resultados pelos métodos de Friedewald e direto (ρ=0,915). Discussão: Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre os valores de colesterol e de lipoproteína de baixa densidade pelas três metodologias. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para comparação dos resultados obtidos pelas equações e pela metodologia direta. Conclusão: Ainda que as equações de Friedewald e Martin tenham apresentado boa correlação com a lipoproteína de baixa densidade medida por metodologia direta, estudos que relacionam doenças arteriais ateroscleróticas à lipoproteína de baixa densidade devem considerar a quantificação direta desta a fim de abranger os indivíduos com suas diversas especificidades.

Introduction: Studies have reported a strong link between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. For this reason, exams such as the lipid profile are routinely performed for the prevention and monitoring of these diseases. Among the lipid indices, low density lipoproteins should be highlighted because due to their greater relation with risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic diseases. Therefore, direct methods of obtaining low density lipoproteins values, considered more accurate, are confronted with results usually obtained in the routine, through equations that provide estimated values. Objective:We compared the diagnostic methods used to obtain low density lipoproteins through the Friedewald and Martin formulas with the results obtained by automated methodology in patients attended at a University Hospital of Juiz de Fora ­ MG. MaterialandMethods: A total of 208 patients were recruited and venous blood samples were collected to obtain serum. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein were quantified to obtain low density lipoproteins through the Friedewald and Martin equations. Results:A positive correlation between low density lipoproteins results has calculated by Martin and direct methods (ρ = 0.916), and positive correlation between Friedewald results and direct (ρ = 0.915). Discussion: We observed a positive correlation between the values of cholesterol and low density lipoproteins by the three methodologies. The Bland-Altman method has been used to compare the results obtained in search and methodology. Conclusion:Although the Friedewald and Martin equations have a good correlation with low density lipoproteins as measured by direct methodology, studies that relate atherosclerotic arterial diseases to low density lipoproteins should consider the direct quantification of this lipoprotein in order to cover individuals with their different specificities.