Beneficial effects of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) on hematobiochemicl and histopathological markers in CCL4-intoxicated rabbits / Efeitos benéficos do óleo de coco (Cocos nucifera) em marcadores hematobioquímicos e histopatológicos em coelhos intoxicados com CCL4

The study was designed to investigate the effect of Coconut Oil on the levels of some liver and hematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rabbits. Also the antioxidant capacity of Coconut Oil for various concentrations was assessed on the basis of percent scavenging of (DPPH) free radical. Experimental animals were divided into five groups, eight rabbits in each group. These were: group A (Normal control), group B (Toxic control), group C (Standard control), group D (Treated with Coconut Oil 50 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication), group E (Treated with Coconut Oil 200 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication). The effects observed were compared with a standard hepatoprotective drug silymarine (50 mL/kg body weight). The Coconut Oil (200 mL/kg body weight) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when compared to a toxic control rabbits. The results of extract treated rabbits were similar to silymarine administered rabbits group. Treatment with Coconut Oil root and silymarine caused no significant changes in RBC, Platelets, (Hb), (MCH) concentration and (HCT) values. However, significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the total WBC count. The present study suggested that Coconut Oil can be used as an herbal alternative (need further exploration i.e to detect its bioactive compound and its efficacy) for hepatoprotective activit.

O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito do óleo de coco nos níveis de alguns parâmetros hepáticos e hematológicos em coelhos intoxicados com tetracloreto de carbono. Também a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco para várias concentrações foi avaliada com base na porcentagem de eliminação de radicais livres (DPPH). Os animais experimentais foram divididos em cinco grupos, oito coelhos em cada grupo. Estes foram: grupo A (controle normal), grupo B (controle tóxico), grupo C (controle padrão), grupo D (tratado com óleo de coco 50 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4), grupo E (tratado com óleo de coco 200 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4). Os efeitos observados foram comparados com um fármaco hepatoprotetor padrão silimarina (50 mL/kg de peso corporal). O óleo de coco (200 mL/kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente (P<0,05) os níveis séricos elevados de alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato transaminase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), quando comparado a um coelho controle tóxico. Os resultados dos coelhos tratados com extrato foram semelhantes aos do grupo de coelhos administrados com silimarina. O tratamento com raiz de óleo de coco e silimarina não causou alterações significativas nos valores de RBC, Plaquetas, (Hb), (MCH) e (HCT). No entanto, observou-se aumento significativo (P<0,05) na contagem total de leucócitos. O presente estudo sugeriu que o óleo de coco pode ser usado como uma alternativa fitoterápica (precisa de mais exploração, ou seja, para detectar seu composto bioativo e sua eficácia) para atividade hepatoprotetora.

The effect of aluminum treatment on metabolism in oil palm seedlings

Due to rainfall and high temperatures, the Amazonian soil undergoes changes in its source material and leaching of base cations. This results in deep, infertile, and acidic soil. Aluminum present in acidic soil impairs plant growth and development by inhibiting root formation, enzymatic reactions, absorption, transport, and nutrient utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aluminum dosage on the metabolism of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. The experimental design was randomized, with five replications, in which dosages of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L-1 aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) were administered. Electrolyte leakage, nitrate, nitrate reductase, free ammonium, soluble amino acids, proline content, and soluble proteins were analyzed in the leaves and roots of the oil palm. The highest concentration of aluminum was found in the roots. AlCl3 treatment at 40 mg L-1 increased electrolyte leakage, nitrate, ammonium, and proline concentrations in the roots, and amino acid concentrations in both the leaves and roots. Furthermore, a decrease in nitrate reductase enzyme activity was observed in the roots. This study demonstrates that the oil palm has mechanisms of tolerance to aluminum toxicity.

Leaf concentration of macronutrients in oil palm plants fertilized with phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the Eastern Amazon

The concentrations of nutrients in the leaves allow a better understanding of the nutritional status of oil palm plants, making it a tool for diagnosing the origins of nutritional problems and assisting in fertilizer recommendations. In this sense, the objective of the current research was to evaluate the leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the oil palm under fertilization with phosphate, potassium and magnesium in edaphoclimatic conditions of Eastern Amazon. The experiment was conducted at the AGROPALMA® Company in the municipality of Tailândia, state of Pará, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 x 3 x 2, with four levels of phosphorus, two sources of phosphorus (natural phosphate and triple superphosphate), three levels of potassium and two levels of magnesium. Phosphorus fertilization increased the leaf concentrations of N, P, Ca and Mg, providing higher levels when triple superphosphate was applied. However, in adult oil palm plants (12 years old), there was different on leaf concentrations of N, P, K and S between phosphorus sources aphid. Potassium and magnesium fertilization only increased the leaf concentrations of K and Mg, respectively. Fertilization with P, K and Mg promotes adequate leaf concentrations of K, Ca, Mg e S in oil palm plants grown in the Eastern Amazon.

Nanoemulsion Improves Babassu Palm Oil (Orbignya phalerata) Antioxidant Properties

HIGHLIGHTS Production of lipid nanoemulsions (<100 nm) of industrial interest with low energy demand. The antioxidant properties of babassu oil have been improved and the nanoemulsions are not cytotoxic. Babassu oil is a food and medicinal product. The nanoemulsion is strategic for the developed of new antioxidants phytotherapeutics.

Abstract Background: Babassu oil is an extract from a Brazilian native coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) and is used both as a food and a medicinal product. Methods: we produced two babassu oil nanoemulsions and evaluated them regarding their nanoscopic stability, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.The nanoemulsions were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering, and their stability was investigated for 120 days. The antioxidant activity was assessed by Spectroscopy Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and the cytotoxicity was assessed by a colorimetric method (MTT) with the NIH/3T3 cell lineage. Results: the results showed nanoemulsions with average hydrodynamic diameter lower than 100 nm (p(0.001).and a polydispersity index of less than 0.3 (p(0.001), indicating monodisperse systems and good stability at room temperature. The exposure of nanoemulsions at varying pH revealed that the isoelectric point was at 3.0, and the images obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy showed spherical droplets with a size 27 nm. The antioxidant activity showed that the babassu nanoemulsions exposed to free radicals had a better response when compared to the oil free samples. The cell viability assays showed low toxicity of the formulation with viability over 92% (p(0.05). Conclusion: babassu oil nanoformulations showed low polydispersity and kinetic stability with effective antioxidant action. Therefore, they can be promising for application in the food industry or as antioxidant phytotherapeutics.

Characterization and Production of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant in Recombinant Escherichia coli Using Autoinduction Medium and Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Abstract Rhamnolipid is a potent biodegradable surfactant, which frequently used in pharmaceutical and environmental industries, such as enhanced oil recovery and bioremediation. This study aims to engineer Escherichia coli for the heterologous host production of rhamnolipid, to characterize the rhamnolipid product, and to optimize the production using autoinduction medium and POME (palm oil mill effluent). The construction of genes involved in rhamnolipid biosynthesis was designed in two plasmids, pPM RHLAB (mono-rhamnolipid production plasmid) and pPM RHLABC (di-rhamnolipid production plasmid). The characterization of rhamnolipid congeners and activity using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and critical micelle concentration (CMC). In order to estimate rhamnolipid yield, an oil spreading test was performed. HRMS and CMC result show E. coli pPM RHLAB mainly produced mono-rhamnolipid (Rha-C14:2) with 900 mg/L and 35.4 mN/m of CMC and surface tension value, whereas E. coli pPM RHLABC mainly produced di-rhamnolipid (Rha-Rha-C10) with 300 mg/L and 34.3 mN/m of CMC and surface tension value, respectively. The optimum condition to produce rhamnolipid was at 20 h cultivation time, 37 oC, and pH 7. In this condition, the maximum rhamnolipid yield of 1245.68 mg/L using autoinduction medium and 318.42 mg/L using 20% (v/v) of POME. In conclusion, the characteristics of the rhamnolipid by recombinant E. coli is very promising to be used in industries as the most economical way of producing rhamnolipid.

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Análisis del perfil de ácidos grasos y propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite de palma de mil pesos (Oenocarpus Bataua) / Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Oil from the Thousand Peso Palm (Oenocarpus Bataua)

Resumen Antecedentes: la palma de mil pesos (Oenocarpus bataua) es una especie promisoria, tanto por sus frutos ricos en aceite de excelente condición como por su especial adaptación a suelos pobres. Objetivo: analizar el perfil de ácidos grasos y propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite de palma de mil pesos. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, el porcentaje de saturación con técnicas del AOAC y el perfil de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía líquida de gases con detector de ionización de llama (CG-FID). Resultados: el aceite analizado tiene un perfil de ácidos grasos parecido al del aceite de oliva, con la siguiente distribución porcentual de ácidos grasos: palmítico (11,9±1,1), oleico (76,1±1), linoleico (3±0,4), α-linolénico (1,9±0,3), con predominio de grasas monoinsaturadas (77,0±1,0 %), moderado aporte de saturadas (18,1±1,2 %) y bajo de poliinsaturadas (4,9±0,6 %), esto último sería la única limitante para utilizarlo como única fuente de grasa para la preparación de alimentos, por lo demás cumple con la norma colombiana para el aceite de palma alto oleico en cuanto al perfil de ácidos grasos y sus características físicoquímicas. Conclusiones: el aceite estudiado es potencialmente comercializable para el consumo humano y tiene beneficios para la salud cardiovascular de los consumidores.

Abstract Background: The thousand peso palm tree (Oenocarpus bataua) is a promising species, both for its oil-rich fruits of excellent properties and for its unique adaptation to poor soils. Objective: Analyze the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of oil from the thousand peso palm tree. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties and the percentage of saturation ere found using AOAC techniques, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed by liquid gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results: The oil analyzed had a fatty acid profile similar to olive oil, with the following percentage distribution of fatty acids: palmitic (11.9±1.1), oleic (76.1±1), linoleic (3±0.4), α-linolenic (1.9±0.3), with a predominance of monounsaturated fats (77.0±1.0%), moderate contribution of saturated (18.1±1.2%) and low polyunsaturated (4.9±0.6%). Only the polyunsaturated profile would constitute a limitation for use as a sole source of fat for food preparation, otherwise thousand peso palm oil complies with the Colombian standard for high oleic palm oil in terms of the fatty acid profile and its physicochemical characteristics. Conclusions: The oil studied is potentially marketable for human consumption and has cardiovascular health benefits for consumers.

Enzymatic synthesis of coconut oil based wax esters by immobilized lipase EQ3 and commercial lipozyme RMIM

BACKGROUND: Liquid wax esters are widely used in cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical and other industries. The demand of organic and natural products is increasing nowadays. Coconut oil contains benefit fatty acids and has been mainly used for oil-based and moisturizer products. Liquid wax esters from coconut oil and unsaturated fatty alcohol can be synthesized by enzymatic reaction; and it is interesting for using as an alternative natural ingredient in these industries. RESULTS: Optimal condition for coconut oil based wax ester synthesis by immobilized lipase EQ3 was 10 U of enzyme, temperature at 30°C and molar ratio of coconut oil to oleyl alcohol at 1:3 (mol/mol) (0.33X) dissolved in isooctane for 12 h, while for Lipozyme RM IM optimal condition was 10 U of enzyme, temperature at 45°C and oil/alcohol molar ratio at 1:3 (0.33X) dissolved in isooctane for 3 h. Percentage of wax esters synthesized by both lipases reached more than 88%. Both immobilized lipases catalyzed high yield of wax esters within the 2nd batch; after that, the immobilized lipases showed reduced activity and synthesized b60% of wax esters from the 3rd to 5th batch. The main composition of wax esters was ~48% oleyl laurate with 10% degradation at ~250°C. CONCLUSIONS: The liquid wax ester synthesis by commercial Lipozyme RM IM had higher effect than immobilized lipase EQ3, but both catalysts were stable within 2 batches in the optimum condition. The characteristic properties of wax esters showed potential for use as components in cosmetics and skin care products.

Phytosterols Content in Vegetable Oils of Brazil: Coconut, Safflower, Linseed and Evening Primrose

Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.

Efeito do tratamento com óleo de coco na perda óssea de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura / Effect of coconut oil treatment on bone loss in mice fed a high-fat diet

A obesidade é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de gordura corporal associada a uma inflamação crônica de baixo grau, sendo relacionada ao aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento de perda óssea, e consequentemente osteoporose. A perda óssea acontece devido a diversos fatores, dentre eles a presença de resposta inflamatória. As doenças crônicas como a obesidade apresentam aumento na síntese e secreção de mediadores inflamatórios que poderiam favorecer a perda óssea. Apesar de abordagens dietéticas serem propostas para tratar a perda óssea, elas ainda são pouco exploradas. O óleo de coco virgem (OCV) é um alimento funcional devido à sua quantidade significativa de ácidos graxos de cadeia média. Nos últimos anos, o OCV tem sido amplamente utilizado como possível tratamento de diversas doenças incluindo Alzheimer, doenças cardíacas, obesidade, entre outras. Contudo, conhecimentos a respeito da suplementação com OCV no tratamento da perda óssea ainda é incipiente. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética com OCV no tratamento na perda óssea de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura 45% (HF). Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram inicialmente divididos em dois grupos e alimentados com dieta controle AIN-93M (C) ou dieta HF por oito semanas. Na 9ª semana, os camundongos alimentados com dieta HF foram reagrupados em quatro grupos até a 12ª semana: (i) dieta HF; ou dieta HF suplementada com diferentes doses de OCV, (iii) 1000 mg/kg, (iv) 3000 mg/kg ou (v) 9000 mg/kg. Apesar do ganho de peso não apresentar diferença estatística entre os grupos, o peso corporal final foi maior no grupo HF em relação ao grupo controle, mas sem alteração naqueles tratados com OCV em relação ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa na ingestão alimentar entre os grupos avaliados. Ao serem avaliados parâmetros ósseos, as concentrações séricas de RANKL, um marcador de perda óssea, e OPG, opositora a essa sinalização, não se alteraram entre os grupos. Contudo, somente os animais que receberam a dose média de OCV apresentaram tendência para menor relação RANKL/OPG, sendo essa a dose escolhida para a avaliação da microarquitetura óssea. No geral, o grupo HF apresentou menor densidade mineral óssea e volume ósseo, trabéculas de menor espessura com maior espaço entre elas, caracterizando aumento da reabsorção óssea na estrutura óssea do fêmur e maxila. Quando tratados com a dose média de OCV ocorreu uma piora da densidade mineral óssea e da separação trabéculas na maxila, sem alteração nos outros parâmetros quando comparados com o grupo HF. Contudo, a perda óssea presente no fêmur não foi alterada. Como esperado, a adiposidade, área de adipócitos e concentrações séricas de leptina foram maiores no grupo alimentado com dieta HF em relação ao controle. No grupo tratado com a dose alta de OCV foi observado um aumento da área dos adipócitos, mas nos demais parâmetros não foram observadas alterações após os diferentes tratamentos com o OCV. A intolerância à glicose observada no grupo HF não foi alterada com a adição do OCV à dieta HF, e ainda se mostraram hiperglicêmicos. Apesar de alteradas no grupo HF, as concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicérides não se modificaram com os tratamentos. Portanto, o uso da suplementação com OCV em camundongos alimentados com a dieta HF parece não ser benéfico para tratar perda óssea, a obesidade e ainda as disfunções metabólicas associadas.

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of body fat associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, which is related to an increased risk of developing bone loss, and consequently, osteoporosis. Bone loss occurs due to several factors, including the presence of an inflammatory response. Chronic diseases such as obesity show an increase in the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators that could favor bone loss. Although dietary approaches are proposed to treat bone loss, they are still poorly explored. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a functional food due to its significant amount of medium-chain fatty acids. In recent years, VCO has been widely used to treat several diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, obesity, among others. However, knowledge about VCO supplementation in the treatment of bone loss is still incipient. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with VCO in the treatment of bone loss in mice fed a 45% high-fat (HF) diet. Male C57BL / 6 mice were initially divided into two groups and fed either the AIN-93M (C) control diet or the HF diet for eight weeks. At the 9th week, the mice fed the HF diet were regrouped in four groups until the 12th week: (i) HF diet; or HF diet supplemented with different doses of VCO, (iii) 1000 mg / kg, (iv) 3000 mg / kg or (v) 9000 mg / kg. Although the weight gain does not present a statistical difference between the groups, the final body weight was higher in the HF group than the control group, but without changes in those treated with VCO in relation to the control. There was no significant difference in food intake between the groups evaluated. When bone parameters were evaluated, the serum concentrations of RANKL, a bone loss marker, and OPG, opposed to this signaling, did not change between the groups. However, only animals that received the medium dose of VCO showed a tendency towards a lower RANKL / OPG ratio, which was the dose chosen for bone microarchitecture evaluation. In general, the HF group showed lower bone mineral density and bone volume, thinner trabeculae with greater space between them, characterizing increased bone resorption in the femur and maxilla's bone structure. When treated with the medium dose of VCO, there was a worsening of bone mineral density and trabecular separation in the maxilla, with no change in other parameters when compared with the HF group. However, the bone loss present in the femur was not altered. As expected, adiposity, area of adipocytes and serum leptin concentrations were higher in the group fed with HF compared to the control group. In the group treated with the high dose of VCO an increase in the area of adipocytes was observed, but in the other parameters, no changes were observed after the different treatments with the VCO. The glucose intolerance observed in the HF group was not altered with the addition of VCO to the HF diet, and they were also shown to be hyperglycemic. Despite being changed in the HF group, serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides did not change with treatments. Therefore, the use of VCO supplementation in mice fed the HF diet does not seem to be beneficial for treating bone loss, obesity, and even the associated metabolic disorders.

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in agroindustrial wastes of palm oil fruits and cocoa almonds / Eficiência biológica e valor nutricional de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais de dendê e amêndoa de cacau

The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 ­ 86.4/9.6; S2 ­ 76.8/19.2; S3 ­ 67.2/28.8; S4 ­ 57.6/38.4, and S5 ­ 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)

As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê ­ MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau ­ TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)

Evaluation of Lysinibacillus SP, isolated from coptotermes curvignathus gut, for the delignification of oil palm residues / Avaliação de Lysinibacillus SP, isolado a partir do intestino de Coptotermes curvignathus, para a deslignificação de resíduos de óleo de palma (Dendê)

The application of ligninolytic bacteria and enzymes is a green pre-treatment alternative in the production of paper and biofuel from oil palm residues. In this study we investigated the ability of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis isolated from termite gut in degrading the lignin component of oil palm residues. The residues were biotreated with the bacterial strain in an aerated submerged fermentation system for 7 days at 30 , pH 7 and compared with untreated control. Enzyme activities were determined using specific substrates. Peak lignin peroxidase (377.6 U/L), manganese peroxidase (218.19 U/L), and laccase (405.4 U/L) activity were recorded after 4,4, and 5 days of incubation respectively, using oil palm leaf as substrates. Lignin loss of 4.5%, 5.7% and 6.6% in oil palm leaf, oil palm trunk and empty fruit bunch respectively was achieved after treatment with the microorganism. SEM images revealed structural changes in the cell wall of the residues. Pre-treatment with this bacterial strain has promising prospects of improving the efficiency of the pulping process in an environmentally safe manner.

A aplicação de bactérias e enzimas ligninolíticas é uma alternativa verde de pré-tratamento na produção de papel e biocombustível a partir de resíduos de óleo de palma. Neste estudo, investigamos a capacidade de Lysinibacillus pakistanensis isolado do intestino de cupins na degradação do componente de lignina dos resíduos de dendê. Os resíduos foram biotratados com a estirpe bacteriana num sistema de fermentação submersa arejado durante 7 dias a 30ºC, pH 7 e comparados com controle não tratado. As atividades enzimáticas foram determinadas usando substratos específicos. Pico de lignina peroxidase (377,6 U/L), peroxidase de manganês (218,19 U/L) e atividade de lacase (405,4 U/L) foram registradas após 4,4 e 5 dias de incubação, respectivamente, utilizando como substratos a folha da palmeira de dendê. A perda de lignina de 4,5%, 5,7% e 6,6% na folha da palmeira, no tronco do dendezeiro e cacho de frutas vazio, respectivamente, foi alcançada após o tratamento com o microorganismo. Imagens de MEV revelaram alterações estruturais na parede celular dos resíduos. O pré-tratamento com esta cepa bacteriana tem perspectivas promissoras de melhorar a eficiência do processo de polpação de maneira ambientalmente segura.

Aceitabilidade de sorvete a base de extrato de sementes de abóbora e óleo de coco / Acceptability of sorvete a basis of extract of pumpkin seeds and coconut oil

Há uma crescente demanda por produtos que tragam mais qualidade de vida quer por serem ricos em nutrientes ou pela presença de compostos ativos e que, ao mesmo tempo, sejam saborosos e agradáveis aos consumidores. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aceitabilidade de sorvete elaborado a base de extrato de sementes de abóbora e óleo de coco. Oitenta e dois provadores realizaram a análise sensorial do produto através do teste de escala hedônica e de intenção de compra. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma melhor aceitação do produto em relação à cor, aparência e impressão global. A intenção de compra obteve os maiores percentuais nos itens: talvez compraria, provavelmente compraria e certamente compraria. Para o cálculo do índice de aceitabilidade o produto foi aceito para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do sabor.

Avaliação de parâmetros de qualidade do óleo de Palma BRS Manicoré / Evaluation of Palma oil BRS Manicoré quality parameters

O óleo de palma híbrido é considerado um produto rico em conteúdo insaturado e mais resistente a doenças. Objetivou-se analisar parâmetros que indicam a qualidade do óleo de Palma BRS Manicoré. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao índice de saponificação, índice de refração, compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e densidade. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os valores obtidos para índice de refração e índice de saponificação foram pouco inferiores ao limite estabelecido pela legislação. As amostras apresentaram-se ricas em compostos antioxidantes que são benéficos a saúde humana em sua composição. Conclui-se que o óleo UNAUE apresenta atividade antioxidante, o que torna indispensável sua utilização na dieta humana e para outros fins.

Caracterização físico-química do óleo de palma BRS Manicoré / Physical-chemical characterization of palma BRS Manicoré oil

A hibridização entre E. oleifera x E. guineensis dá origem ao óleo de palma nomeado como BRS Manicoré que possui elevado conteúdo de compostos bioativos. Objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos do óleo de palma BRS Manicoré avaliando quatro amostras de óleo hibrido quanto aos aspectos físico-químicos por meio das análises de índice de acidez titulável, acidez em ácido oléico, atividade de água, teores de umidade e cinzas e análise de cor, os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As amostras analisadas apresentaram valores de índice de acidez de acordo com o estabelecido pela legislação, já os valores de acidez por ácido oléico foram maiores em relação ao reportado na legislação para o óleo de palma africano. Foi possível concluir que o óleo de palma demonstrou boa qualidade quanto a sua composição e aos benefícios à saúde humana.

Effects of coconut oil associated with a physical exercises program on body composition and lipid profile / Efeitos do óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercícios físicos sobre a composição corporal e perfil lipídico

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evalute the effects of supplementation of coconut oil associated with a physical exercise program on body composition and lipid profile in normolipid eutrophic women. The sample was composed of 20 women randomized divided into two groups, supplemented exercise group with 13 mL/day of coconut oil (GES, n= 10) and unsuppemented exercie group with coconut oil (GEU), n= 10). Perimeters measurements of central adiposity, fat (%), fat mass, lean mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides concentrations were evaluated in the beginning and in the final of 12 weeks of intervention. For intragroup and intergroup comparisons was used dependentes and independentes sample t-test. The results showed that 12 weeks of intervention modified the central adiposity in the GES group, decreased 2,6% the waist cincunference compared to GEU group (p<0.05). The fat (%), fat mass and lean mass did not change after 12 weeks of intervention between GES and GEU groups (p>0.05). In the comparation of lipid profile between groups, GES group decreased 3% the LDL-c while the GEU group increased 13.7% the total cholesterol and 14.2% the LDL-c concentration (p<0.05). In conclusion, coconut oil associated with a physical exercise program did not modify the body composition and attenuate the changes in the lipid profile in normolipid eutrophic women.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercícios físicos sobre a composição corporal e perfil lipídico em mulheres eutróficas normolipidicas. A amostra foi composta de 20 mulheres divididas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, grupo exercício suplementado com 13 mL/dia de óleo de coco (GCO; n=10) e grupo exercício não suplementado com óleo de coco (GSO; n=10). Foram avaliados medidas perimétricas de adiposidade central, gordura (%), massa gorda, massa magra, níveis séricos de colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicérides no início e no final de 12 semanas de intervenção. Para as comparações intragrupos e entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste T para amostras dependentes e independentes. Os resultados mostraram que 12 semanas de intervenção modificou a adiposidade central no grupo GCO, diminuindo 2,6% a circunferência da cintura comparado ao grupo GSO (p<0,05). A gordura (%), massa gorda e massa magra não se modificaram após 12 semanas de intervenção nos grupos GCO e GSO (p<0,05). Na comparação do perfil lipídico entre os grupos, o grupo GCO diminui 3% o LDL-c enquanto que o grupo GSO aumentou 13,7% o colesterol total e 14,2% o LDL-c (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercício físico aeróbico não modifica a composição corporal e atenua as alterações no perfil lipídico em mulheres eutróficas normolipidicas.

O tratamento térmico influencia as características físico-químicas e oxidativas do óleo de coco / The heat treatment influences the physico-chemical and oxidative characteristics of coconut oil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos, capacidade antioxidante, oxidação lipídica e características físico-químicas do óleo de coco. As análises foram realizadas com amostras do óleo de coco in natura, aquecido até o ponto de fumaça e utilizado na fritura de batatas. Foi avaliado o perfil de ácidos graxos, os índices de peróxidos e acidez, a formação de malondialdeído e a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco nas três condições. O perfil de ácidos graxos não diferiu nas distintas condições de análise; contudo, pode-se observar que o índice de acidez foi significativamente maior no óleo aquecido e utilizado na fritura. Para o índice de peróxidos, esse aumento ocorreu apenas no óleo aquecido. A formação de malondialdeído foi observada em todas as amostras, sendo maior no óleo aquecido, seguido do usado na fritura. A capacidade antioxidante foi menor nas amostras submetidas ao calor (diferença significativa). Conclui-se que os tratamentos térmicos aos quais o óleo de coco foi submetido, foram capazes de alterar suas características físicoquímicas e oxidativas. Considerando os possíveis malefícios associados ao consumo de óleos e gorduras degradados, desencorajamos a utilização do óleo de coco submetido a temperaturas elevadas. Enfatizamos a importância da criação de metodologias específicas para avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras submetidas ao aquecimento, por possibilitar um melhor controle dos aspectos nutricionais e sensoriais dos óleos/gorduras destinados ao consumo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the profile of fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, lipid oxidation and physical-chemical characteristics of coconut oil. The analyzes were carried out with samples of the coconut oil in natura, heated to the "point of smoke" and used to fry the potatoes. The fatty acid profile, the peroxide and acidity indexes, the malondialdehyde formation and the antioxidant capacity of the coconut oil were evaluated in three conditions. The fatty acid profile did not differ in the different conditions of analysis; however, it may be observed that the acid value was significantly higher in the heated oil and used in frying. For the peroxide index, this increase occurred only in the heated oil. The formation of malondialdehyde was observed in all the samples, being higher in the heated oil, followed by the one used in the frying process. The antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in the heated samples. It concluded that the thermal treatments to which the coconut oil was subjected, were able to modify its physicochemical and oxidative characteristics. Considering the possible damages associated with the oils and degraded fats consumption, we discourage the use of coconut oil subjected to high temperatures. We emphasize the importance of the creation of specific methodologies for quality evaluation of oils and fats submitted to the heating, which allows a better control of nutritional and sensorial aspects of the oils destined for consumption.

El mundo celebra cien años de producción comercial de palma de aceite, el referente de Malasia / The World Celebrates One Hundred Years of Commercial Oil Palm Production, with Malaysia as a Benchmark

Malasia es el segundo país de Asia en implementar una iniciativa nacional de bioeco-nomía, y la palma de aceite viene jugando un rol clave en esta estrategia. Por un lado, por su con-tribución a la Estrategia Nacional de Biomasa, y por otro, con la consolidación de los procesos de investigación y desarrollo de productos diversi"cados y con alta agregación de valor. La generación de bioproductos para la industria química y el desarrollo de productos farmacéuticos, nutricionales y biocosméticos, así como la creación de bioservicios relacionados con la medicina celular y las células madre, son el futuro.

Malaysia was the second Asian country to implement a national bioeconomics initiative, where oil palm has been playing a key strategic role with its contribution, on the one hand, to the National Biomass strategy and, on the other hand, to the consolidation of research and development of diversi"ed and high value added products. _e development of bioproducts for the chemical industry, as well as of pharmaceutical, nutritional and biocosmetic products, and the creation of bioservices related to cellular medicine and stem cells, are the future.

100 años de gloria y el horizonte por venir / 100 Years of Glory and the Next

Mientras celebramos los 100 años de la siembra comercial de palma de aceite en nuestro país, tenemos también tiempo para reflexionar. Un análisis oportuno 100 años de gloria y el horizonte por venir nos permite reafirmar algunos de los planes en curso y, quizá, retomar algunos caminos que habíamos iniciado. A medida que retomamos conversaciones con los malasios mediante la iniciativa gubernamental de Transformación Nacional TN50, quizá es también momento de incorporar a la industria del aceite de palma a este proyecto para trazar una hoja de ruta conjunta para 2050

While we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the commercial sowing of oil palm in our country, we also have time to reflect. A timely analysis 100 years of glory and the horizon to come allows us to reaffirm some of the plans underway and, perhaps, resume some of the paths we had started. As we resume conversations with Malaysians through the government's National Transformation TN50 initiative, perhaps it is also time to incorporate the palm oil industry into this project to draw a joint roadmap for 2050