Phylogenetic analysis of Dengue virus 1 isolated from South Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract Dengue is a major worldwide public health problem, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Primary infection with a single Dengue virus serotype causes a mild, self-limiting febrile illness called dengue fever. However, a subset of patients who experience secondary infection with a different serotype can progress to a more severe form of the disease, called dengue hemorrhagic fever. The four Dengue virus serotypes (1–4) are antigenically and genetically distinct and each serotype is composed of multiple genotypes. In this study we isolated one Dengue virus 1 serotype, named BR/Alfenas/2012, from a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Alfenas, South Minas Gerais, Brazil and molecular identification was performed based on the analysis of NS5 gene. Swiss mice were infected with this isolate to verify its potential to induce histopathological alterations characteristic of dengue. Liver histopathological analysis of infected animals showed the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, hepatic steatosis, as well as edema, hemorrhage and necrosis focal points. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses based on the envelope gene provided evidence that the isolate BR/Alfenas/2012 belongs to genotype V, lineage I and it is probably derived from isolates of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The isolate BR/Alfenas/2012 showed two unique amino acids substitutions (SER222THRE and PHE306SER) when compared to other Brazilian isolates from the same genotype/lineage. Molecular models were generated for the envelope protein indicating that the amino acid alteration PHE 306 SER could contribute to a different folding in this region located within the domain III. Further genetic and animal model studies using BR/Alfenas/2012 and other isolates belonging to the same lineage/genotype could help determine the relation of these genetic alterations and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a susceptible population.

Standardisation of Western blotting to detect HTLV-1 antibodies synthesised in the central nervous system of HAM/TSP patients

Intrathecal synthesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies (Abs) represents conclusive evidence of a specific immune response in the central nervous system of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Western blotting (WB) for HTLV Abs in serum is a confirmatory test for HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to standardise the Western blot to demonstrate the intrathecal pattern of Abs against HTLV-1 proteins in HAM/TSP patients. Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were selected from 20 patients with definite HAM/TSP, 19 HTLV-1 seronegative patients and two HTLV-1 patients without definite HAM/TSP. The presence of reactive bands of greater intensity in the CSF compared to serum (or bands in only the CSF) indicated the intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs. All definite HAM/TSP patients presented with an intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs; these Abs were not detected in the control patients. The most frequent intrathecal targets of anti-HTLV-1 Abs were GD21, rgp46-I and p24 and, to a lesser extent, p19, p26, p28, p32, p36, p53 gp21 and gp46. The intrathecal immune response against env (GD21 and rgp46-I) and gag (p24) proteins represents the most important humoral pattern in HAM/TSP. This response may be used as a diagnostic marker, considering the frequent association of intrathecal anti-HTLV-1 Ab synthesis with HAM/TSP and the pathogenesis of this neurological disease.

Mapping the molecular characteristics of Brazilian human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Env (gp46) and Pol amino acid sequences for vaccine design

This study was carried out to evaluate the molecular pattern of all available Brazilian human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Env (n = 15) and Pol (n = 43) nucleotide sequences via epitope prediction, physico-chemical analysis, and protein potential sites identification, giving support to the Brazilian AIDS vaccine program. In 12 previously described peptides of the Env sequences we found 12 epitopes, while in 4 peptides of the Pol sequences we found 4 epitopes. The total variation on the amino acid composition was 9 and 17 percent for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II Env epitopes, respectively. After analyzing the Pol sequences, results revealed a total amino acid variation of 0.75 percent for HLA-I and HLA-II epitopes. In 5 of the 12 Env epitopes the physico-chemical analysis demonstrated that the mutations magnified the antigenicity profile. The potential protein domain analysis of Env sequences showed the loss of a CK-2 phosphorylation site caused by D197N mutation in one epitope, and a N-glycosylation site caused by S246Y and V247I mutations in another epitope. Besides, the analysis of selection pressure have found 8 positive selected sites (w = 9.59) using the codon-based substitution models and maximum-likelihood methods. These studies underscore the importance of this Env region for the virus fitness, for the host immune response and, therefore, for the development of vaccine candidates.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas em sistema procarioto / Cloning and expression of the transmembranic glycoprotein from human T cell lymphotropic virus in a prokaryotic system

O HTLV-1 é o vírus causador da leucemia/linfoma de célula T no adulto e de uma desordem neurológica conhecida por mielopatia associada ao HTLV ou paraparesia espástica tropical. Um dos modos de transmissão é pelo sangue contaminado e seus subprodutos e, devido ao risco de infecções associadas ao HTLV sua pesquisa na triagem de doadores de sangue foi introduzida no Brasil a partir de 1993. Os kits diagnósticos utilizados nos bancos de sangue nacionais são na sua maioria comprados de empresas estrangeiras. O Brasil não detém a tecnologia para produção deste material e há a necessidade de produção de sistemas de diagnóstico com tecnologia nacional. Neste trabalho, mostramos a expressão da gp21/HTLV-1 em Escherichia coli e sua reatividade frente a anticorpos monoclonais e de pacientes infectados. Expressar tais proteínas é o primeiro passo para obtenção de conjuntos diagnósticos com tecnologia brasileira.

HTLV-1 is the virus that causes T cell lymphoma/leukemia in adults and a neurological disorder known as HTLV-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis. One of the transmission means is through contaminated blood and its byproducts. Because of the risk of HTLV-associated infections, screening for HTLV was introduced for Brazilian blood donors in 1993. Most of the diagnostic kits used in the national blood banks are bought from foreign companies. Brazil does not have the technology to produce this material and there is a need to produce diagnostic systems with national technology. In this study, we show the expression of gp21/HTLV-1 in Escherichia coli and its reactivity towards monoclonal antibodies and the antibodies of infected patients. Expressing these proteins is the first step towards obtaining diagnostic kits with Brazilian biotechnology.

Identification and characterization of previously described epitopes in HIV-1 subtypes B, C, F and BF in Brazil

Genetic analysis of HIV-1 is essential to improve treatment strategies and select epitopes for vaccine programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether known CD4+ and CD8+ epitopes were present in Brazilian HIV-1 strains. We used previously described CD8+ and CD4+ epitopes from the Los Alamos laboratory to search for these epitopes in the Brazilian sequences using the HIVbase program and we compared the frequency results with the analyses using physical-chemical profile tools from Network Protein Sequence Analysis (NPSA), and the SYFPEITHI program. Furthermore, this analysis was carried out with the Prosite tool using the GeneDoc program and ds/dn analyses using the Synonymous Nonsynonymous Analysis Program (SNAP). The HIVbase epitope mapping demonstrated that 30 CD8+ and 6 CD4+ epitopes were present in the Brazilian sequences at a high frequency. Only two of these epitopes were heavily glycosylated. Interestingly, ds/dn analyses showed evidence of purifying selective pressure. These types of analyses could be useful for the assessment of possible vaccine efficiency in populations.

Identificação de epítopos de célula B na glicoproteína-E do envelope do vírus dengue sorotipo 3 / Identification of B-cell epitopes in the envelope glycoprotein of dengue virus type 3

As infecções pelo vírus dengue têm se tornado um problema crescente de Saúde Pública em regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo. O vírus pertence à família Flaviviridae com quatro sorotipos antigenicamente distintos (DENV-1 a DENV-4). Uma possível estratégia para evitar a patogenia associada com uma vacina para o dengue (que deve ser tetravalente), seria a construção de uma vacina quimérica composta de epítopos críticos selecionados dos quatro sorotipos. A maioria dos epítopos envolvidos na neutralização do vírus está presente na glicoproteína E do envelope, que é a maior proteína de superfície da partícula viral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar epítopos de célula B na glicoproteína E do vírus dengue sorotipo 3. Para o mapeamento de epítopos imunodominantes, noventa e cinco peptídeos (15-mers cada, sobreposição de 10) foram sintetizados (Synpep, California-USA), a partir da sequência de 490 aminoácidos da glicoproteína E do envelope do DENV-3, de cepa circulante no Brasil. Estes peptídeos foram testados por ELISA contra um pool de soros de pacientes positivos e negativos para dengue, coletados durante a fase de convalescença da infecção por DENV-3. Os resultados mostraram que os soros de humanos reagiram com onze, dos noventa e cinco peptídeos testados, distribuídos em 5 regiões com aminoácidos na posições 51-65 (peptídeo 11), 71-90 (peptídeos 15 e 16), 131-170 (peptídeos 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 e 32), 196-210 (peptídeo 40) e 246-260 (peptídeo 50). A análise da curva ROC mostrou que, dentre os peptídeos identificados, nove seriam capazes de diferenciar entre pacientes com DENV-3 de pacientes não-dengue e três capazes de diferenciar a infecção por DENV-3 daquelas por outros sorotipos virais (DENV-1 e DENV-2). Os epítopos imunodominantes aqui descritos, junto com outros epítopos bem documentados, são potencialmente relevantes para o desenho de uma vacina para o vírus dengue e para o desenvolvimento de kits de diagnóstico específicos.

Expressäo das proteínas p19 (gag) e gp21 (env) do HTLV-1 no tecido tireoidiano de pacientes com doença auto-imune da tireóide e no tecido tireoideano normal / Expression of p19 (gag) and pg21 (env) protein of HTLV-1 in thyroid tissue of patients with autoimmune disease of thyroid and in normal thyroid tissue

As doenças auto-imunes da tireóide säo os resultados da quebra da auto-tolerância causada principalmente por fatores genéticos e ambientais. O retrovírus HTLV-1 tem sido implicado como um importante fator ambiental desencadeador destas doenças. Objetivando encontrar evidências da participaçäo deste retrovírus, 47 tecidos tireoidianos parafinados de 45 pacientes com doença de Gravese dois com tireoidite de Hashimoto, juntamente com tecidos tireoidianos normais de seis tireóidesobtidos após necropsia e linfonodo de pacientes com infecçäo pelo HTLV-1, utilizados como controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente, foram estudados,. Com a intençäo de detectar as proteínas p19 (gag) E GP21 (env) do HTLV-1, os tecidos foram submetidos a imuno-histoquímica, utilizando-se um novo método de recuperaçäo antigênica e anticorpos monoclonais anti-19 e anti-gp21. Como resultado obtivemos a mediana do percentual de positividade no sexo feminino de 30 por cento e 41 por cento no masculino de 27 por cento e 52 por cento e total de 30 por cento e 41 por cento, para as proteínas p19 e gp21, respectivamente. Nos tecidos tireoidianos normais, cinco foram positivos para as duas proteínas e apresentaram mediana do percentual de positividade de 17 por cento para a p19 e 39 por cento para a gp21. A detecçäo das proteínas p19 e gp21 no tecido tireoidiano de pacientes com doenças auto-imune da tireóide e em tecidos normais talvez indique a expressäo genética de sequências do HTLV-1 integradas ao genoma dos indivíduos estudados, ou talvez possa representar mimetismo molecular, ou reaçäo cruzada, causada pela presença de antígenos comuns entre as proteínas P19 e gp21 do HTLV-1 e as células epiteliais foliculares da tireóide.