Energy Self-Sufficiency Conditions of Ethanol Autothermal Reforming: a Simulation Study

Abstract Natural gas steam reforming is commonly used for hydrogen production. However, research has shown that ethanol autothermal reforming can produce cleaner hydrogen gas efficiently. Despite this, there is a lack of studies on the energy self-sufficiency conditions of the ethanol autothermal reform. In this paper, we use simulations and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the multivariate analysis of the energy self-sufficiency conditions in this process. First, we constructed and validated an industrial flowchart. After that, RSM allowed us to assess the process variables effects. The process variables studied were temperature (0 to 1000 ºC), pressure (20 to 30 bar), steam/ethanol ratio (2 to 5 mol/mol) and O2/ethanol ratio (0 to 1.5 mol/mol). We observe that the temperature and steam/ethanol ratio increase have a positive effect on hydrogen production. On the contrary, the O2/ethanol ratio increase has a negative effect, and the pressure increase is not statistically significant on hydrogen production. Therefore, the pressure was used at its minimum level (20 bar) while the temperature and the steam/ethanol ratio at its maximum levels (1000 ºC and 5 mol/mol). We also evaluated the energy consumption for the Autothermal Reactor (ATR). The reactor consumed 477.92 kJ/mol ethanol to produce 5.12 mol H2/mol ethanol when we use 1000 ºC, 20 bar, steam/ethanol 5 mol/mol, and O2/ethanol 0 mol/mol. ATR's energy self-sufficiency is achieved by using 1000 ºC, 20 bar, steam/ethanol 5 mol/mol, and O2/ethanol 0.86 mol/mol. In these conditions, 3.95 mol H2/mol ethanol is produced with 0 kJ/mol ethanol.

Characterization of the Physicochemical Properties of Different Biodiesel Samples

ABSTRACT For combustion engines to perform well, it is necessary that the fuel used be of high quality. Fuel quality can be analyzed through different physicochemical properties. This study presents comparisons between the values presented in literature, legislation and those obtained through experimental tests of different biodiesel samples. Biodiesel is a promising alternative of renewable energy obtained from raw material. The properties observed in this study are: Viscosity, density, cloud point, pour point and calorific value. The data explored by this work aims to bring solidification to the methodologies and equipment necessary for a better characterization of biodiesel.

The cost of connecting poor households to natural gas in Colombia and its impact on health, 2007 / Impacto en la salud y el costo de conexión de gas natural domiciliario en los hogares pobres en Colombia, 2007

Objective Assessing the cost of subsidizing access to household natural gas (HNG) and its impact on the health of about 35,000 poor households (socioeconomic strata 1 and 2) in Colombia, sponsored by a Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) project. Methods The following studies were combined: an analysis of secondary data and analysis of databases provided by the Promigas foundation, demographic data from the 2005 DANE census and databases regarding Central Bank economic statistical series; an analysis of the burden of disease estimated from parameters identified in previous studies; an analysis of the cost of the burden of illness and the estimated costs which were avoided by implementing the HNG connections program; and an analysis of the cost effectiveness of the program linking homes to HNG services. Results The OBA project led to about 4,000 to 5,000 cases of acute respiratory disease (ARD) and 1,200 to 2,300 outpatient cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being avoided during the study period; around 1,200 hospitalizations due to ARD and 500 due to COPD were also avoided. Forty-five to 170 deaths (representing about 45,000 to 90,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALY)) were also avoided. The economic cost of the burden of disease arising from ARI and COPD in such scenario without HNG would have been between 10.7 and 23.6 million dollars, whilst HNG led to costs becoming reduced by about 32 %. Conclusions This study was a good estimator of the potential impact of the poorest and most vulnerable households gaining universal access to HNG.

Objetivo Valorar el impacto sanitario y económico de subsidiar el acceso al Gas Natural Domiciliario (GND) a hogares pobres (estratos socioeconómicos 1 y 2) en Colombia, auspiciado por Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA), proyecto OBA. Métodos Se combinaron los siguientes estudios: a) Análisis de bases de datos secundarios tomadas de Fundación Promigas, censo DANE 2005, y series estadísticas del Banco de la República b) Análisis de carga de enfermedad estimada a partir de los parámetros de estudios previos c) Análisis de costos de la carga de enfermedad estimada y de los costos evitados luego de implementado el programa de conexiones de GND d) Análisis de costo efectividad del programa de conexiones de los hogares al servicios de GND. Resultados La presencia del proyecto OBA evitaría, durante el periodo de estudio, cerca de 4 mil y 5 mil casos ambulatorio de IRA y entre 1 200 y 2 300 de EPOC. Además, se evitarían cerca de 1200 hospitalizaciones por IRA y cerca de 500 por EPOC. Igualmente se evitaría entre 45 y 170 muertes que representaría cerca de 45 mil a 90 mil AVAD. Los costos económicos de la carga de enfermedad por IRA y EPOC en el escenario sin GND serían entre 10,7 y 23,6 millones de dólares mientras que con GND los costos se reducirían en cerca de un 32 %. Conclusiones El presente estudio es un buen estimador de los potenciales efectos de la universalización del acceso al GND por parte de los hogares más pobres y vulnerables.

Uma Agenda para o crescimento econômico e a redução da pobreza / Texto para Discussão (TD) 1234: Uma agenda para o crescimento econômico e a redução da pobreza

Sistematiza uma agenda de propostas de políticas públicas elaboradas no âmbito da Diretoria de Estudos Macroeconômico (Dimac) do Ipea. Tais propostas têm como foco básico o binômio crescimento econômico e combate à pobreza e desigualdade, levando também em conta a estabilidade de preços e a sustentabilidade macrofiscal.

Carvão fóssil / fossil coal

A história do carvão fóssil no Brasil tem início em 1795 (primeira descoberta), mas somente a partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial passa a adquirir status de indústria moderna. De 1970 em diante têm lugar trabalhos de pesquisa geológica sob bases técnicas adequadas que mudaram o panorama do conhecimento de nossos depósitos. Há oito grandes jazidas e diversas menores no Brasil, sendo que 88 por cento dos recursos estão no Rio Grande do Sul. Os parâmetros geométricos e físico-químicos são conceituados e apresentados para os principais depósitos. As reservas mundiais de carvão são cerca de quatro vezes superiores às de seus principais concorrentes: petróleo e gás natural, além de terem distribuição geográfica mais desconcentrada. O maior consumo de carvão nacional está na termoeletricidade; outros consumidores são a indústria cimenteira, petroquímica, papel e celulose, alimentos e cerâmica. A siderurgia, que já foi grande consumidora, hoje depende inteiramente de importações. O balanço de exportações/importações mostra um déficit de US$ 807 milhões, sendo o segundo produto na pauta de importações. Mais do que a insuficiência de recursos, constata-se serem as dificuldades na indústria carbonífera devidas a erros de planejamento, de caráter técnico e político, tornando-se necessário, portanto, resolver os problemas pendentes do passado antes de projetar novos empreendimentos.

Although the history of the Brazilian fossil coal started in 1975, when it first was discovered, it was only after the II World War that it began to reach the status of a modern industry. Since 1970 a proper geological exploration has improved the knowledge on coal deposits. There are eight large coal fields and several minor ones in the country, most of them (88 percent) in the Rio Grande do Sul state. The geometric and physicochemical parameters of the main deposits are defined and presented in this paper. The world coal reserves correspond to about four times those of its major concurrents: oil and natural gas, and they have a better geographical spread. Thermoelectricity uses most of the Brazilian coal; cement, petrochemical, paper and cellulose plants as well as food and ceramic industries are usual consumers. The steel manufacturing industry was an important consumer in a recent past, but nowadays it totally relies on the imported coal. Brazil's balance of trade in 1996 showed a deficit of US$ 807 million and coal is the second commodity of the country's imports. More than a lack of money, the main difficulties of the coal industry were due to a technical and political misplanning that is indispensable to correct, before projecting new enterprises.