Treatment with insecticide and fungicide on the physiological quality of lentil seeds / Tratamento com inseticida e fungicida na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de lentilha

The low Brazilian productive index and the high demand have aroused interest in the cultivation of lentils, however the legume is little known and needs further studies. The objective of this study was to analyze and identify the effects of treatments with insecticides and fungicides on the physiological quality of lentil seeds, CA-1512 strain. The experiments were conducted in the seed laboratory in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replicates. Seed treatment with Thiophanate-methyl; Fluazinam® (180 ml) + Pyraclostrobin; Thiophanate-methyl; Fipronil® (150 ml) promoted higher levels of germination under accelerated aging, lower number of abnormal seedlings and longer lengths of shoot and radicle for the emergence in paper. Treatment with Carboxin; Thiram® (250 ml) + Imidacloprid® (150 ml) allowed a higher value in the first count of germination in sand, lower number of dead seeds under accelerated aging and longer root length, in the emergence in sand. Shoot length in the emergence in sand increased after seed treatment with Metalaxyl-M; Fludioxonil® (75 ml) + Pyraclostrobin; Thiophanate-methyl; Fipronil® (150 ml). Treatments with fungicides and insecticides considerably improved the physiological properties of the seeds, thus being able to guarantee greater phytosanitary qualities in the field, generating healthier seedlings and with protection against possible pests and diseases, and consequently guaranteeing greater productivity.

O baixo índice produtivo brasileiro e a alta demanda têm despertado o interesse no cultivo da lentilha, porém a leguminosa é pouco conhecida e necessita maiores estudos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar e identificar tratamentos com inseticidas e fungicidas na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de lentilha, linhagem CA-1512. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no laboratório de sementes em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. O tratamento de semente com Tiofanato-metílico; Fluazinam® (180 ml) + Piraclosrobina; Tiofanato-metílico; Fipronil® (150 ml) proporcionou índices mais elevados de germinação no envelhecimento acelerado, menor número de plântulas anormais e maior comprimento de parte aérea e radícula, na emergência em papel. O tratamento com Carboxina; Tiram® (250 ml) + Imidacloprido® (150 ml) possibilitou maior índice na primeira contagem de germinação em areia, menor número de sementes mortas no envelhecimento acelerado e maior comprimento de raiz, na emergência em areia. Já o comprimento da parte aérea, na emergência em areia, aumentou com o tratamento de semente Metalaxil-M; Fludioxonil® (75 ml) + Piraclosrobina; Tiofanato-metílico; Fipronil® (150 ml). Os tratamentos com fungicidas e inseticidas melhoraram consideravelmente as propriedades fisiológicas das sementes, podendo assim, garantir maiores qualidades fitossanitárias à campo, gerando plântulas mais sadias e com proteção para possíveis pragas e doenças, e consequentemente garantindo maiores produtividades.

Effect of satellite-emitted frequency sequences on Phakopsora pachyrhizi control, on soybean nutrition and yield

The obstacles in Phakopsora pachyrhizi management result especially from susceptible soybean genotypes and resistant fungal strains. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the applicability of the emission of extremely low and specific frequencies by Effatha technology in the soybean Asian rust control, nutrition, and its impact on yield. The in-vivo test followed the detached leaves method, with six treatments: frequencies 1 and 2 individually and in association; the conventional chemical treatment (fungicide azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr); and witnesses in presence and absence of the fungus. Frequency 1 relates to inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and 2 to ubiquinone oxidase. In the field, frequencies 1 and 2 associated (with the same fungicidal action of the in-vivo study); nutritional frequency; application of azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + mancozeb, and control without application were evaluated. In vivo, the fungicide provided 85% control of the disease symptoms, against 65% of frequencies 1 and 2 in association, which showed a higher efficiency compared to the isolated frequencies. In the field, the rate of increase of symptoms were reduced by all treatments compared to the control. At the end of the soybean cycle, the conventional fungicide resulted in 33% severity against 56% of frequencies 1 and 2 associated, and 69.2% of the control. The emission of the frequency for increased nutrient efficiency stood out positively on yield in relation to all the other ones. The conventional application provided the highest weight of 1,000 grains, possibly a direct reflection of the better control of the disease.

New treatments to disinfect vine cuttings with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and the reason for the control

Petri disease is a problem for vineyard caused mainly by the fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Contaminated seedlings are source of inoculum for the disease. Treatment to disinfect vine rootstock cuttings for seedling production is hot water treatment (HWT) by 50 °C for 30 min, but the efficiency is contested. To improve its efficacy, the study aimed to assess the combination of the following methods and the reason for the control: i) exposition of the fungus to five different temperatures in HWT bath for 30 min; ii and iii) exposition of the fungus and also plants infected with P. chlamydospora to different disinfection treatments (biofumigation = soil + cabbage at 40 °C; temperatures of 40 and 23 °C, all in microcosm), in different periods (7, 14 and 21 days), with and without additional HWT (51 °C for 30 min). The results showed that HWT with high temperatures (55­70 °C) for 30 min inactivated the fungus. Biofumigation technique at 40 °C and the temperature solely of 40 °C applied for up to 21 days and combined with HWT (51 °C for 30 min) inhibited mycelial growth and inactivated the fungus in vine plant tissues without compromising the rooting.

Chemical control of dieback and mango malformation in a semiarid region

The São Francisco Sub medium Valley is a great mango exporter in Brazil. In this semiarid region, diseases such as dieback and mango malformation have reduced the production of this crop. In this work the effectiveness of different active ingredients (flutriafol, methyl-thiophanate, copper hydroxide and fluxapyroxad mixed with pyraclostrobin) was assessed for the control of these diseases in a mango orchard. Monthly assessments of disease incidence were carried out. There was a difference among treatments for the two diseases studied, with flutriafol as the most effective fungicide against dieback and, for the malformation, the mixture of fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin and methyl-thiophanate showed the best results.

Spectral responses at visible and near-infrared wavelengths of soybean plants to fungicides / Respostas espectrais em comprimentos de onda visível e infravermelho-próximo de plantas de soja a fungicidas

The study evaluated the efficacy and soybean spectral responses to fifteen foliar fungicide mixtures labeled to control Asian soybean rust. Canopy level reflectance was measured using a multispectral camera onboard a multirotor drone before and two hours after each spray. The third application of fungicides improved control of soybean rust and increased yield. Nevertheless, up to three consecutive foliar fungicides applications did not affect the reflectance of soybean plants at visible and infrared wavelengths. Thus, drones can be a viable strategy for data acquisition regardless of the application of the fungicides.

Esse estudo avaliou a eficácia e as respostas espectrais de plantas de soja a quinze misturas de fungicidas utilizados no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS). A refletância do nível do dossel foi medida usando uma câmera multiespectral a bordo de um drone multirotor antes e duas horas após cada pulverização. A terceira aplicação de fungicidas melhorou o controle de FAS e aumentou a produtividade. Porém, três aplicações foliares consecutivas de fungicidas não afetaram a refletância de plantas de soja nos comprimentos de onda visível e infravermelho. Assim, drones podem ser uma estratégia viável para aquisição de dados independentemente da aplicação de fungicidas.

Mixture compatibility of Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) with pesticides used in soybean / Compatibilidade da mistura de nucleopoliedrovírus de Anticarsia gemmatalis baculovírus (AgMNPV) com agrotóxicos utilizados na soja

Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner: 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is one of the main pests that affect soybean crops, causing defoliation. In the vegetative stages, defoliation occurs together with weeds, and in the reproductive stages with pathogens. In this sense, to maintain plant health, it is necessary to carry out the combined use of pesticides. Thus, this research determined the compatibility of the entomopathogenic virus AgMNPV with the main herbicides and fungicides used in soy at different times of the mixture. The artificial diet was immersed in the solutions of the pesticides and their mixtures and supplied to A. gemmatalis caterpillars, immediately and after one and two hours of mixing. The evaluation was performed by quantifying the number of dead caterpillars by mixing the AgMNPV virus with herbicides and fungicides, even after two hours of mixing if compatible. The observed scenarios showed a compatibility of the virus with the herbicides and fungicides, with mortality rates between 70 to 99% for A. gemmatalis.

Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner: 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) é uma das principais pragas que acometem a cultura da soja, causando desfolha. Nos estágios vegetativos a desfolha ocorre juntamente com ervas daninhas, e no reprodutivo com patógenos. Nesse sentido, para manter a fitossanidade, é necessário realizar a utilização combinada de pesticidas. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a compatibilidade do vírus entomopatogênico AgMNPV com os principais herbicidas e fungicidas utilizados na soja em diferentes tempos de mistura. A dieta artificial foi imersa nas soluções dos pesticidas e suas misturas e fornecida às lagartas de A. gemmatalis, imediatamente e após uma e duas horas de mistura. A avaliação foi realizada quantificando o número de lagartas mortas. A mistura do vírus AgMNPV com herbicidas e fungicidas, mesmo após duas horas de mistura se mostrou compatível. Os cenários observados mostram a compatibilidade do vírus com os herbicidas e fungicidas, com percentuais de mortalidade entre 70 a 99% para A. gemmatalis.

Alternative products to control late season diseases in soybeans / Produtos alternativos para o controle de doenças de final de ciclo na soja

In the last crop seasons, the complex of late season diseases (CLSD) of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), has been causing considerable reductions in the crop yield. Currently, there are no cultivars resistant to all pathogens that causes CLSD. The present study evaluated the effect of applying the acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products and fungicide on the severity of CLSD in the soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crops, in the field. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control (water); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - calcium; 4 - micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5 - micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6 - nitrogen-potassium fertilizer; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum and 8 - azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products and two of fungicide were carried out in both harvests. A diagrammatic scale assessed the severity of CLSD at the phenological stage R7.1. The acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products (macro and micronutrients) and A. nodosum had no effect on the severity of CLSD in the two harvests. The fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) reduced the severity of CLSD and prevented damage to productivity in both experiments.

Nas últimas safras, o complexo de doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) da soja (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), vem provocando reduções consideráveis no rendimento da cultura. Atualmente, não há variedades resistentes a todos os patógenos causadores das DFC. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, produtos alternativos e fungicida na severidade de DFC na cultivar de soja BMX Potência RR durante as safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em campo. Os tratamentos para os experimentos foram: 1 - testemunha (água); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - cálcio; 4 - micronutrientes: cobre, manganês e zinco; 5 - micronutrientes: manganês, zinco e molibdênio; 6 - adubo NK; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum e 8 - azoxistrobina + ciproconazol com adição do adjuvante. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações dos produtos alternativos e duas do fungicida, nas duas safras. A severidade de DFC foi avaliada por escala diagramática no estádio fenológico R7.1. O indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, os produtos alternativos (macro e micronutrientes) e A. nodosum não apresentaram efeito sobre a severidade das DFC nas duas safras. O fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol) reduziu a severidade das DFC e evitou danos a produtividade nos dois experimentos.

Identificação e perfil de sensibilidade de aspergillus spp. presente no ar atmosférico / Identification and sensitivity profile of aspergillus spp. present in atmospheric air

Aspergillus spp. são fungos saprófitos distribuídos mundialmente, sendo agentes de aspergilose, micose causada por via aérea. Em meio ambiente agrícola, fungos podem estar expostos a compostos azólicos usados como agrotóxicos e sofrerem pressão seletiva para surgimento de cepas resistentes. Se inaladas, principalmente, por indivíduos imunosuprimidos, tais cepas podem desencadear infecção refratária a tratamentos com fármacos da mesma classe química, como itraconazol e voriconazol. A busca da resistência ambiental contribui para o desvendamento da epidemiologia molecular da aspergilose. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as espécies de Aspergillus e determinar os respectivos perfis de sensibilidade a azóis, fármacos e fungicidas agrícolas, de amostras de regiões de cinco estados do Brasil. Foram estudados 128 isolados de Aspergillus spp., provenientes de 114 amostras de ar atmosférico. Os isolados foram classificados em seções e sequenciados para identificação da espécie. As seções mais frequentes foram: Nigri (50,8%), Flavi (29,7%), Circumdati (9,3%), além de Fumigati, Clavati, Terrei, Restricti e Nidulantes. Valores altos de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC), situados acima dos pontos de corte epidemiológicos (ECOFF) que caracterizam isolados não-selvagens para itraconazol e posaconazol, foram observados para um isolado da seção Nigri, identificado como Aspergillus welwitschiae. Para seção Restricti (n=2), apesar de não haver ECOFF, os valores de MIC foram mais elevados para posaconazol, voriconazol, itraconazol, anfotericina B e para o fungicida agrícola difenoconazol, quando comparados às demais seções. Para isolados das seções Flavi, Circumdati e Clavati, foram encontrados valores altos de MIC dos agrotóxicos tebuconazol e metconazol. Não foi constatada ocorrência de resistência cruzada a mais de...(AU)

Aspergillus spp. are saprophytic fungi distributed worldwide, being agents of aspergillosis, a mycosis caused by the airborne route. In an agricultural environment, fungi may be exposed to azole compounds used as pesticides and undergo selective pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. If inhaled, mainly by immunosuppressed individuals, these strains can trigger an infection that is refractory to treatments with drugs of the same chemical class, such as itraconazole and voriconazole. The search for environmental resistance contributes to the unveiling of the molecular epidemiology of aspergillosis. The aim of this study was to identify Aspergillus species and determine the respective profiles of sensitivity to azoles, pharmaceuticals and agricultural fungicides, from samples isolated from regions of five states of Brazil A total of 128 Aspergillus spp. isolates from 114 atmospheric air samples were studied. The isolates were classified into sections and sequenced to identify the species. The most frequent sections were Nigri (50.8%), Flavi (29.7%), Circumdati (9.3%), in addition to Fumigati, Clavati, Terrei, Restricti and Nidulantes. High values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) above the epidemiological cut-off points (ECOFF), characterizing non-wild isolates, for itraconazole and posaconazole, were observed for an isolate from the Nigri section, identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae. For the Restricti section (n=2), despite the absence of ECOFF, the MIC were higher for posaconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and for agricultural fungicide difenoconazole, when compared to the other sections. For isolates from Flavi, Circumdati, and Clavati sections, high MIC values of the pesticides tebuconazole and metconazole were found. Cross-resistance to more than one azole drug was not found. It is concluded that in the atmospheric air of the cities of Itu, São Paulo, Azenha, and Porto Alegre there are non-wild isolates with the possibility of presenting resistance mechanisms. Complementary studies to this one, using gene sequencing methods, are necessary to elucidate the underlying possible resistance mechanism of mutation. This is the first study in Brazil to demonstrate non-wild isolates from urban atmospheric air, harboring possible mechanisms of environmental resistance. (AU)

Condiciones de trabajo asociadas a síntomas respiratorios por exposición a residuos de plaguicidas / Working conditions associated with respiratory symptoms due to exposure to pesticide residues

INTRODUCCIÓN. La exposición a plaguicidas de trabajadores agrícolas y productores ha sido causal de aparición de síntomas respiratorios teniendo el Ecuador el 62% de población rural dedicada a esta actividad. OBJETIVO. Identificar y evaluar las condiciones de trabajo asociadas a síntomas respiratorios por exposición a residuos de plaguicidas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 140 y muestra de 102 trabajadores de la empresa Condimensa. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante el cuestionario de salud respiratoria de la European Comunity Respiratory Health Survey en Latinoamérica segunda versión, en septiembre de 2020. RESULTADOS. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre flema crónica y sexo con unA Prueba Exacta de Fisher (p=0,015), la manipulación de sustancias nocivas o toxicas (p=0,001), y la condición de exposición química (p=0,0006). Mediante análisis de regresión logística se determinó que la manipulación de sustancias nocivas o tóxicas (Odds Ratio 5.50, Intervalo de Confianza 95% 1.58 ­ 19.17), y estar expuesto a químicos (Odds Ratio 7.00, Intervalo de Confianza 95% 2.11 ­ 23.22), fueron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síntomas respiratorios: flema crónica, tos crónica, sibilancia, opresión en el pecho, disnea crónica, bronquitis crónica. CONCLUSIÓN. Se registró y evaluó las condiciones de trabajo asociadas a síntomas respiratorios por exposición a residuos; y, la evidencia fue fuerte para la exposición residual a plaguicidas.

INTRODUCTION.Worldwide Exposure to pesticides in agricultural workers and producers has been the cause of the appearance of respiratory symptoms. Ecuador having 62% of the rural population dedicated to this activity. OBJETIVE. Identify and evaluate the working conditions associated with respiratory symptoms due to exposure to pesticide residues. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 140 and sample of 102 workers of the Condimensa company. The data were collected using the respiratory health questionnaire of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey in Latin America, second version, in september 2020. RESULTS. A statistically significant relationship between chronic phlegm and sex type was found with a Fisher exact (p=0,015), the handling of harmful or toxic substances Fisher exact (p = 0.001), and the condition of chemical exposure a Fisher Exact Test (p=0,0006). Through logistic regression analysis, it was determined that the handling of harmful or toxic substances (Odds Ratio 5.50, Confidence Interval 95% 1.58 - 19.17), and being exposed to chemicals (Odds Ratio 7.00, Confidence Interval 95% 2.11 - 23.22), were risk factors for the development of respiratory symptoms: chronic phlegm, chronic cough, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic dyspnea, chronic bronchitis. CONCLUSION. The working conditions associated with respiratory symptoms due to exposure to residues associated with chronic phlegm were recorded and evaluated; and the evidence was strong for residual pesticide exposure.

Alternative products to control powdery mildew in soybeans culture in field

The occurrence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean (Glycine max L.) has increased in the last harvests. In order to study the efficiency of powdery mildew control due to the application of alternative products and conventional fungicide, trials were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control; 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion 500 WG®); 3 - calcium (Max Fruit®); 4 - Micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc (Wert Plus®); 5 - Micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum (V6®); 6 - NK fertilizer (Hight Roots®); 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) and 8 - fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) (Priori XTRA®) with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were carried out. The parameters evaluated were powdery mildew severity and productivity. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPG). Alternative products didn't reduce powdery mildew in the two harvests. The conventional fungicide treatment was the only one that controlled powdery mildew and didn't reduce the productivity in both experiments.

Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Tissues of Rats Exposed to Fenarimol

Abstract The unconscious use of pesticides causes various adverse effects on non-target organisms, including humans. Enzymes that control metabolism become the target of the pesticide and the organs are damaged due to toxic effects. Glutathione s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), an important enzyme of the detoxification mechanism and antioxidant defense system, can be affected by such toxic substances. Therefore, the effect of fenarimol on GST enzyme activity was investigated in our study. For this, 200 mg/kg fenarimol was administered intraperitoneally to male and female rats at different periods (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 72 hours). After application, GST enzyme activity was analysed in the liver, kidney, brain and small intestine tissues of the rats. According to our results, activation (liver, kidney, small intestine) or inhibition (brain) of the generally GST enzyme was observed in the tissues of rats exposed to fenarimol. It is thought that the increase and/or decrease in this enzyme activity may be the cause of the toxic effect of fenarimol.

Tolerance of dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) to 1 agrochemicals in vitro / Tolerancia de hongos endofíticos septados oscuros a agroquímicos in vitro

Abstract Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a heterogeneous group of fungi, mostly belonging to the Phylum Ascomycota, that are involved in a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of two strains of DSE isolated from wheat roots of two cropping areas in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, against some agrochemicals. Of all the isolates obtained, two strains were identified as Alternaria alternata and Cochliobolus sp. These DSE were found to be tolerant to glyphosate, carbendazim and cypermethrin when evaluated at the recommended agronomic dose (AD), 2 AD and, in some cases, 10 AD. This work contributes to the study of the biology of this group of fungi and their tolerance in the presence of xenobiotics widely used in agriculture.© 2019 Asociaci´on Argentina de Microbiolog´ıa. Published by Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

Resumen Los endófitos septados oscuros (DSE) son un grupo heterogéneo de hongos que participan de una simbiosis mutualista con raíces de plantas, perteneciendo principalmente al Phylum Ascomycota. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar DSE de raíces de trigo proveniente de dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires y evaluar el comportamiento de dos cepas de DSE aisladas de raíces de trigo frente a algunos agroquímicos en dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires. De todos los aislamientos obtenidos se seleccionaron dos cepas que se identificaron como Alternaria alternata y Cochliobolus sp. Se encontró que estos DSE son tolerantes al glifosato, el carbendazim y la cipermetrina, evaluados a las dosis agronómicas recomendadas (AD), a 2x AD y, en algunos casos, a 10x AD. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de la biología de este grupo de hongos y su tolerancia a xenobióticos ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura.

Action of Trichodermil 1306 in the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato crops / Ação do Trichodermil 1306 no controle de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici na cultura do tomateiro

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato crop in Brazil. Several alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated in search for products that control this disease and have low environmental impact and toxicity to living beings. In this context, the use of Trichoderma spp. is an alternative to agrochemicals, since they are bioregulators and antagonists of several phytopathogens. This work aimed to evaluate the antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of the Trichodermil 1306 biofungicide against F. oxysporum, and its action in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato seeds and seedlings. The biofungicide was used at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150% of the dose recommended for application of 20 L with a backpack sprayer. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and mean compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The 100% Trichodermil concentration was the most efficient for treating tomato seeds. Although this concentration did not show differences in relation to the lowest dose used (50%) in the tomato seed antagonism, mycoparasitism and F. oxysporum incidence tests were recommended because that the lowest concentration resulted in 18% lower root protrusion than that observed with 100% dosage. The in vitro antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of this biological fungicide indicates its potential in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato crops.(AU)

A murcha-de-fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do tomate no Brasil. Várias alternativas aos fungicidas têm sido avaliadas na busca de produtos que controlem a doença e tenham baixo impacto ambiental e toxicidade aos seres vivos. Nesse contexto, o uso de Trichoderma spp. é uma alternativa a agrotóxicos, pois são biorreguladores e antagonistas de vários fitopatógenos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ação antagonista e micoparasitória do biofungicida Trichodermil 1306 em F. oxysporum, e no controle da murcha-de-fusário em sementes e mudas de tomate. O biofungicida foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0, 50, 100 e 150% da dose recomendada para aplicação com pulverizador costal de 20 L. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A concentração de Trichodermil 100% foi a mais eficaz para o tratamento de sementes de tomateiro. Embora essa concentração não tenha se diferenciado da menor dosagem utilizada (50%) para os testes de antagonismo, micoparasitismo e incidência de F. oxysporum em mudas de tomate, sua recomendação se justifica pelo fato da menor concentração ter propiciado protrusão radicular 18% menor do que a observada na concentração de 100%. A ação antagonista e micoparasitória in vitro do fungicida biológico testado no presente estudo indica potencialidade de uso para o controle de murcha-de-fusário em tomateiro.(AU)

Effect of chemical and biological seed treatments on common bean seeds inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli / Efeito de tratamentos químicos e biológicos de sementes em sementes de feijoeiro inoculadas com Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli

Currently, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity has been reduced by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), the causative agent of Fusarium wilt. Considering the integrated management of diseases, the objectives of the present work were to verify the compatibility between chemical and biological fungicides for Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. phaseoli Kendrick & Snyder (Fop) control in common bean seeds. In laboratory, the effects of the treatments were evaluated by sanity, germination, seedling total length and seedling dry matter tests. In greenhouse conditions, the emergence speed rate, the percentage of emergence and the rate of pathogen transmission through the pathogen infestation in a substrate to plants were evaluated. Common bean seeds BRS Estilo were artificially inoculated with Fop isolate (IAC 11.299-1). In the seeds' treatment, the chemical fungicides fludyoxonyl, flutriafol, methyl tiofanate, and biological products of Trichoderma sp. (isolates SF04, GF 422 and strain 1306), separately and mixed, were used. Treatments that promoted the best pathogen control in seeds were the combination of methyl tiophanate with biological products. Both flutriafol and GF 422 isolated and in mixed treatments affected the seeds' physiological quality. The protective effect of the products was noted in the transmission test, whose Fop incidence was from 5 to 40% in the hypocotyl and from 5 to 30% in common bean roots.(AU)

Atualmente, a produtividade do feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foi reduzida pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ­phaseoli (Fop), o agente causador da murcha de Fusarium. Considerando o manejo integrado de doenças, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram verificar a compatibilidade entre fungicidas químicos e biológicos para Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. phaseoli Kendrick & Snyder (Fop) em sementes de feijão. Em laboratório, foram avaliados os efeitos dos tratamentos pelos testes de sanidade, germinação, comprimento total de plântulas e matéria seca de plântulas. Em uma estufa, foram avaliadas a velocidade de emergência, a porcentagem de emergência e a taxa de transmissão de patógenos através da infestação de patógenos no substrato às plantas. As sementes de feijão comum BRS Estilo foram inoculadas artificialmente com isolado Fop (IAC 11.299-1). No tratamento das sementes, foram utilizados os fungicidas químicos fludioxoxil, flutriafol, tiofanato metílico e produtos biológicos de Trichoderma sp. (isolados SF04, GF 422 e cepa 1306), separadamente e misturados. Os tratamentos que promoveram o melhor controle de patógenos nas sementes foram a combinação de tiofanato de metila com produtos biológicos. Tanto o flutriafol quanto o GF 422 isolados e em tratamentos com misturas afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O efeito protetor dos produtos foi observado no teste de transmissão, cuja incidência de Fop foi de 5 a 40% no hipocótilo e de 5 a 30% nas raízes do feijão comum.(AU)

Adjuvants plus phytosanitary products and the effects on the physical-chemical properties of the spray liquids / Adjuvantes mais produtos fitossanitários e os efeitos nas propriedades físico-químicas da calda

The frequent tank mixing of phytosanitary products, adjuvants, and foliar fertilizers highlights the lack of information which sustains decisions about what products can be mixed for spray application. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in combination with some adjuvants on the Brazilian market. The experimental design was completely randomized and spray mixes of the phytosanitary products: fungicide (azoxystrobin+benzovindiflupir), herbicide (diamônio salt of N-(phosponomethyl)) or insecticide (fenpropathrin) were evaluated in combination with adjuvants (mineral oil base, foliar fertilizer or lecithin + propionic acid), and in two application rates (95 and 52 L ha-1); all with four replications. Surface tension, electrical conductivity, pH, dynamic viscosity and density of spray mixes were evaluated. The adjuvants presented characteristics capable of significantly altering the physicochemical properties of the phytosanitary spray mixes, and thus, alter the biological effectiveness and efficiency of the spray applications. However, its effects are also dependent on the phytosanitary product added to the spray mix, which makes general recommendations a difficult task. The greatest pH reduction, as well as the greatest increase in electrical conductivity, were caused by the adjuvant lecithin + propionic acid. All phytosanitary products and adjuvants studied, associated or not, resulted in a reduction in the surface tension of the spray mix in relation to water. The magnitude of change of density and dynamic viscosity promoted by adjuvants was lower than the other characteristics evaluated.

A realização frequente de misturas em tanque de produtos fitossanitários, adjuvantes e fertilizantes foliares traz à tona a carência de informações que amparem as decisões sobre quais produtos podem ser misturados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características físicas e químicas de caldas fungicidas, herbicidas e inseticidas em combinação com alguns adjuvantes do mercado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo avaliadas diferentes caldas com o fungicida azoxistrobina+benzovindiflupir, herbicida sal de diamônio de N-(phosponomethyl) e inseticida fenpropatrina, em combinação com adjuvantes a base de óleo mineral, fertilizante foliar e lecitina de soja+ácido propiônico, considerando duas taxas de aplicação (95 e 52 L ha-1), todos os tratamentos com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: tensão superficial, condutividade elétrica, pH, viscosidade dinâmica e densidade. Os adjuvantes apresentaram características capazes de alterar significativamente as propriedades físico-químicas das caldas fitossanitárias, podendo, assim, alterar a eficácia biológica e a eficiência das aplicações. Contudo, seu efeito também é dependente do produto fitossanitário adicionado à calda, o que dificulta generalizações. A maior redução do pH, bem como o maior aumento na condutividade elétrica da calda, foram ocasionados pelo adjuvante lecitina+ácido propiônico. Todos os produtos fitossanitários e adjuvantes, de forma associada ou não, provocaram redução na tensão superficial da calda em relação à água. A magnitude das alterações de densidade e viscosidade dinâmica promovida pelos adjuvantes foi inferior às demais características avaliadas.

Fungicide spray coverage and deposition in soybean asian rust management / Cobertura e depósito de calda fungicida no manejo da ferrugem asiática em soja

At maximum vegetative growth, sprays with fungicide to control Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and P. Sydow) should reach high canopy penetration and plant coverage. Therefore, the central objective of this study was to determine leaf area, spray deposition, and plant coverage by fungicides sprayed on soybeans as a function of sowing seasons and plant population densities with reduced doses of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. Field experiments were conducted in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 crop years, using a medium-cycle soybean cultivar MG/BR­46 (Conquista) under a natural infestation of Asian soybean rust. Leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured at three developmental stages (V8, R2, and R4). Spray deposition and coverage were evaluated during the first fungicide spraying. As results, LAI decreased as plant population decreased. Despite the lower LAIs, smaller plant populations had no effect on spray deposition and plant coverage. Both fungicides presented similar depositions on all thirds when plants had lower development.

Para o controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow), quando as plantas atingem o máximo de desenvolvimento vegetativo, as pulverizações com fungicidas necessitam de alta capacidade de penetração e cobertura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a área foliar, o depósito e a cobertura de calda fungicida em soja em função de épocas de semeadura, populações de plantas e doses reduzidas de fungicidas. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas 2009/2010 e de 2010/2011, com a cultivar de ciclo médio MG/BR-46 (Conquista), sob infestação natural da ferrugem asiática. Nos estádios V8, R2 e R4 de desenvolvimento da cultura foram determinados a área foliar e o índice de área foliar (IAF) das plantas. As avaliações de depósito e cobertura foram realizadas no momento da primeira pulverização com os tratamentos fungicidas. Com a redução da população de plantas houve redução no IAF. Os depósitos e coberturas da calda aplicada não apresentaram aumento com a redução da população de plantas, apesar dos menores IAF. Os tratamentos fungicidas com tebuconazol e com azoxystrobina + ciproconazol apresentaram deposições semelhantes em todos os terços das plantas quando as plantas apresentaram menor desenvolvimento.

RNA-seq analysis of the response of plant-pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica to the fungicide dimethomorph / Análisis RNA-seq de la respuesta del oomiceto fitopatógeno Phytophthora parasitica al fungicida dimetomorf

Phytophthora parasitica is an important oomycete that causes disease in a variety of plants, dimethomorph fungicides being specific for oomycetes. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq to rapidly discover the mechanism by which dimethomorph acts in the treatment of P. parasitica. We found that the expression of 832 genes changed significantly after the dimethomorph treatment, including 365 up-regulated genes and 467 down-regulated genes. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, pathway enrichment and verification test results, the following conclusions are obtained: (i) the treatment of P. parasitica with dimethomorph causes changes in the expression levels of genes associated with the cell wall and cell wall synthesis; (ii) dimethomorph treatment results in reduced permeability of the cell membrane and changes in the expression of certain transport-related proteins; (iii) dimethomorph treatment increased reactive oxygen species and reduced the expression of genes related to the control of oxidative stress.

Phytophthora parasitica es un importante oomiceto que origina enfermedades en una variedad de plantas; el fungicida dimetomorf es específico contra oomicetos. El objetivo de este estudio fue utilizar la tecnología de RNA-seq para descubrir rápidamente el mecanismo por el que el dimetomorf actúa en el tratamiento de P. parasitica. Descubrimos que la expresión de 832 genes se modificaba significativamente tras el tratamiento con dimetomorf, incluyendo 365 genes que son sobrerregulados y 467 genes que son subrregulados. El análisis de enriquecimiento de ontología de genes (GO), análisis de enriquecimiento de las vías y pruebas de verificación permitieron extraer las conclusiones siguientes: 1) el tratamiento de P. parasitica con dimetomorf origina cambios en los niveles de expresión de los genes relacionados con la pared celular y su síntesis; 2) el tratamiento con dimetomorf origina una reducción de la permeabilidad de la membrana celular, así como cambios en la expresión de ciertas proteínas relacionadas con el transporte, y 3) el tratamiento con dimetomorf incrementó las especies reactivas del oxígeno y redujo la expresión de los genes relacionados con el control del estrés oxidativo.

Efeito combinado de carvacrol e tiabendazol contra Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani e Alternaria alternata / Combined effect of carvacrol and thiabendazole against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani and Alternaria alternata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a atividade antimicrobiana do carvacrol e sua combinação com tiabendazol no controle de fungos patogênicos deteriorantes de frutas (Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani e Alternaria alternata). O carvacrol apresentou uma concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 282 a 563 μg mL-1 para os fungos testados. Quando avaliado em conjunto com o tiabendazol apresentou efeito aditivo contra C. gloesporioides e F. solani (FICI 0,5 e 1,0, respectivamente) e sinérgico contra a A.alternata (FICI 0,1). Houve redução da CIM do carvacrol de 50 a 88%. Este estudo mostra o potencial do uso.

Physiological quality and aflatoxin presence in wheat seeds treated with fungicides and adjuvants during crop development / Qualidade fisiológica e presença de aflatoxinas em sementes de trigo tratadas com fungicidas e adjuvantes durante o desenvolvimento da cultura

O trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) é um cereal com grande importância econômica ecapacidade produtiva. Porém, é sujeito ao ataque de várias doenças o que demanda o uso de fungicidas durante o ciclo. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a qualidade fisiológica e presença de aflatoxina em sementes de trigo quando tratadas com concentrações de fungicidas durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. Plantas da cultivar Mirante foram cultivadas com aplicação foliar de fungicidas com princípios ativos estrobilurina e triazol, adicionando-se adjuvante foliar. Após a colheita, avaliou-se o grau de umidade das sementes, porcentagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, deterioração controlada, teste de frio,emergência em areia, condutividade elétrica e presença de aflatoxinas. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de trigo não foi influenciada pelo uso dos fungicidas testados. As sementes apresentaram elevado índice de germinação e emergência de plântulas, mesmo quando submetidas a condições de estresse.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cereal of great economic importance and productive capacity. However, it is subject to attack by various diseases, which requires the use of fungicides during the cycle. Thus, this study aimed to verify the physiological quality and presence of aflatoxin in wheat seeds when treated with concentrations of fungicides during the development of the crop. Plants of the cultivar Mirante were grown with foliar application of fungicides with active principles strobilurin and triazole, adding leaf adjuvant. After harvesting, the moisture content of the seeds, percentage of germination, accelerated aging, controlled deterioration, cold testing, sand emergence, electrical conductivity and the presence of aflatoxins were evaluated. The results showed that the physiological and sanitary quality of wheat seeds was not influenced by the use of the tested fungicides. The seeds showed a high rate of germination and seedling emergence, even when subjected to stress conditions. importanceimˈpôrtns Traduções de importance SubstantivoFrequência aimportância importance, significance, matter, value, amount, import ovalor value, amount, worth, valuation, importance, merit oalcance reach, range, scope, extent, power, importance ainfluência influence, leverage, hold, power, weight, importance aconsideração consideration, account, regard, respect, thought, importance aconseqüência consequence, result, outcome, effect, aftermath, importance Definições de importance Substantivo 1 the state or fact of being of great significance or value. On the whole it is clear that my field trip was of huge importance for my research. Sinônimos: powerinfluenceauthorityswayweightimpactdominanceprominenceeminencepreeminenceprestigenotabilityworthstaturecloutpullsignificancemomentousnessimportconsequencenotenoteworthinesssubstanceseriousnessgravityweightinessurgency Exemplos de importance Music lost its importance and he even sold some of his guitars to pay for his habit. +28 exemplos Sinônimos de importance Substantivo powersignificancegrandness +25 sinônimos