Uso de Hidróxido de Sodio como Alternativa en Técnica de Diafanización de Diente / Use of Sodium Hydroxide as an Alternative in Tooth Clearing Technique

Con el objetivo de conservar material cadavérico, se han creado diferentes técnicas y/o soluciones donde una técnica es la diafanización dental para estudiar la morfología interna del diente. Esta técnica consta en trasparentar el tejido calcificado del diente haciendo visible los conductos radiculares al inyectar una mezcla colorante en ellos. Se han descrito diferentes variantes de la técnica de diafanización como la técnica de Okumura y la técnica de Robertson, pero ambas técnicas utilizan reactivos tóxicos o de difícil acceso, por lo que se ha realizado una búsqueda de reactivos de bajo costo y fácil acceso para realizar la técnica de diafanización, reportándose que la técnica de diafanización por maceración con KOH es válida para diafanizar dientes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue utilizar NaOH en la técnica de diafanización dental por maceración, como una variante de KOH al ser una base de similar característica que el KOH. Se utilizaron 13 dientes (siete tercer molares, cinco premolares y un canino) para realizar tres variantes de la técnica de diafanización: técnica de Robertson, por maceración con KOH y por maceración con NaOH utilizando barra agitadora y agitador magnético en los dientes. Con la técnica de Robertson se obtuvo un diente completamente transparentado, mientras que los dientes diafanizados por maceración, tanto con KOH y NaOH, se transparentaron menos, aunque se hicieron visibles los conductos radiculares, por lo que el uso de NaOH en la técnica de diafanización por maceración es válida, aunque requiere más tiempo que la maceración por KOH.

SUMMARY: To preserve cadaveric material, different techniques, and solutions have been created where one technique is dental diaphanization to study the internal morphology of the tooth. This technique consists of making the calcified tooth tissue transparent and making the root canals visible by injecting a dye mixture into them. Different variants of the diaphanization technique have been described, such as the Okumura and the Robertson techniques. However, both techniques use toxic or difficult-to-access reagents, so a search has been made for low- cost and easily accessible reagents to perform the diaphanization technique, reporting that the diaphanization technique by maceration with KOH is valid for the diaphanization of teeth. This study aimed to use NaOH in the dental clearing technique by maceration as a variant of KOH since it is a base with similar characteristics to KOH. Thirteen teeth (seven third molars, five premolars, and one canine) were used to perform three variants of the diaphanization technique: Robertson technique, KOH maceration, and NaOH maceration using a stirring bar and magnetic stirrer on the teeth. With the Robertson technique, a completely transparent tooth was obtained, while the teeth cleared by maceration, with both KOH and NaOH, were less transparent, although the root canals became visible. Therefore, using NaOH in the diaphanization technique by maceration is valid, although it requires more time than KOH maceration.

Despigmentação precoce em caso de ceratopigmentação / Early depigmentation in case of keratopigmentation

RESUMO A ceratopigmentação teve seu primeiro registro pelo filósofo Galeno há muitos séculos como uma estratégia utilizada para o tratamento estético de pacientes com leucomas. As córneas com leucoma são patológicas e, muitas vezes, intolerantes a lentes de contato cosméticas ou próteses oculares, sendo comum a queixa de desconforto excessivo, proporcionado pela superfície corneana irregular. Assim, a ceratopigmentação é uma alternativa para a melhora estética de pacientes com opacidades corneanas. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 39 anos, que apresentou despigmentação precoce em caso de ceratopigmentação associado a quadro de ceratite herpética necrotizante. O paciente foi submetido ao tratamento com aciclovir 2g ao dia e doxiciclina 200mg ao dia, evoluindo com melhora do quadro clínico, apesar da má adesão medicamentosa.

ABSTRACT Keratopigmentation was first recorded many centuries ago by the philosopher Galeno, as a strategy used for the aesthetic treatment of patients with leukomas. Corneas with leucoma are pathological and often intolerant of cosmetic contact lenses or ocular prostheses, with complaints of excessive discomfort provided by the irregular corneal surface being common. Therefore, keratopigmentation is an alternative for the aesthetic improvement of patients with corneal opacities. We describe the case of a 39-year old male patient, who presented early depigmentation in a case of keratopigmentation associated with necrotizing herpetic keratitis. The patient was treated with Acyclovir 2g/day and Doxycycline 200mg/day, evolving with clinical improvement, despite poor medication adherence.

Uso de verde de indocianina en cirugía reconstructiva y quemaduras / The use of indocyanine green in reconstructive surgery and burns: the literature review

Resumen El verde de indocianina es un tinte que se ha utilizado en medicina durante varias décadas. Tiene una serie de aplicaciones, incluida la cirugía reconstructiva y las quemaduras. Permite detectar áreas de tejido con perfusión reducida, lo que reduce el riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias en forma de procesos de cicatrización alterados y necrosis. La técnica de imágenes que utiliza este tinte, permite observar los cambios en la fluorescencia en tiempo real y que, se ha demostrado, ocurren entre las capas superficiales y profundas en las quemaduras. Esto permite un diagnóstico cualitativo y cuantitativo de la profundidad de la quemadura, lo que se traduce en la elección de un tratamiento adicional. Se aprecia la importancia particular de este método en la prevención de la necrosis cutánea con el complejo areola-pezón durante la reconstrucción mamaria simultánea. Se necesitan más ensayos controlados aleatorios prospectivos para considerarlo el "método de elección" en la práctica clínica.

Indocyanine green is a dye that has been used in medicine for several decades. It has a number of applications, including reconstructive surgery and burns. It allows the detection of areas of tissue with reduced perfusion, which reduces the risk of postoperative complications in the form of altered healing processes and necrosis. The imaging technique that uses this dye allows us to observe the changes in fluorescence in real time that have been shown to occur between the superficial and deep layers in burns. This allows a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the depth of the burn, which results in the choice of additional treatment. The particular importance of this method in the prevention of skin necrosis with the areolanipple complex is appreciate during simultaneous breast reconstruction. More prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to consider it the 'method of choice' in clinical practice.

¿La glicerina influye en la estabilidad del color de la resina compuesta? / Does glycerin influence the color stability of composite resin?

Introducción: El efecto del oxígeno sobre la superficie de las resinas al momento de la fotopolimerización origina una capa que es susceptible a los pigmentos. El uso de la glicerina puede bloquear este efecto. Objetivo: Determinar si existe diferencia en la estabilidad del color de la resina compuesta nano-híbrida sometida a un agente colorante, al aplicar o no la glicerina. Métodos: 60 discos de resina se dividieron en Grupo 1 (sin glicerina) y Grupo 2 (con glicerina). La fotopolimerización se realizó por 20 s con la lámpara LED Bluephase®N. Se realizó la primera medición del color con el espectrofotómetro Easyshase®V y se registraron los valores arrojados para L* (luminosidad), a* (eje rojo-verde) y b* (eje azul-amarillo). Posterior a la inmersión por 1 mes de las muestras en Coca-Cola®, manteniéndolas en una incubadora a 37 ºC, se realizó la segunda medición del color. Se procesaron los datos estadísticamente con la prueba t de Student para determinar las variaciones en la estabilidad del color de ambos grupos y compararlos entre sí. Resultados: En todos los especímenes del experimento existió alteración en la estabilidad del color de la resina. La media de la distancia entre el color inicial y el color final del Grupo 1 fue de ΔE = 6,91, mientras en el Grupo 2 fue ΔE = 3,74. Se halló diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos analizados (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La glicerina es una sustancia efectiva para bloquear el efecto del oxígeno en la superficie de la resina y evitar la formación de la capa inhibida de oxígeno, aumentando la estabilidad del color de la resina compuesta nano-híbrida(AU)

Introduction: The effect of oxygen on the surface of resins at the moment of photopolymerization creates a layer which is susceptible to pigments. The use of glycerin may block this effect. Objective: Determine whether there is a difference in the color stability of nanohybrid composite resin subjected to a coloring agent when glycerin is either applied or not applied. Methods: Sixty resin disks were distributed into Group 1 (without glycerin) and Group 2 (with glycerin). Photopolymerization was performed for 20 s with a Bluephase®N LED lamp. The first color measurement was taken with an Easyshase®V spectrophotometer, recording the values obtained for L* (luminosity), a* (red-green axis) and b* (blue-yellow axis). The second color measurement was taken after immersion of the samples for one month in Coca-Cola®, maintaining them in an incubator at 37ºC. Statistical data analysis was performed with Student's t test to determine the color stability changes occurring in the two groups and compare them. Results: Color stability changes were observed in all the resin samples. Mean distance between initial and final color was ΔE = 6.91 in Group 1 and ΔE = 3.74 in Group 2. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups analyzed (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Glycerin is an effective substance to block the effect of oxygen on the resin surface, preventing the formation of an oxygen-inhibited layer and raising the color stability of the nanohybrid composite resin(AU)

Application of lectins for detection of glycomic differences in the epididymal duct in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) / Aplicación de lectinas para la detección de diferencias glucómicas en el conducto epididimario en búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) y dromedarios (Camelus dromedarius)

SUMMARY: The present study was conducted to detect the differences in glycohistochemical features in the epididymal duct of the dromedary camel and the water buffalo. Epididymal sections (caput, corpus and cauda) from both species were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins. Binding sites for five lectins (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA and WGA) have been found in both species. The binding sites of different lectins showed significant variations in the pattern of distribution in both a species. This included both species-specific and region-specific order. Additionally, only three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) out the five lectins studied exhibited binding sites in all epididymal regions in both species. The other two lectins (DBA and HPA) followed the same order recorded for the other three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) in buffalo, but failed to show any binding sites in cauda epididymis in camel. In conclusion, the variable regional and species-specific distribution features of lectins revealed that both species have diverse glycomic characteristics that may be related to their different reproductive patterns. However, the glycome-associated functional capacities remain obscured and need further profound investigations.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio se realizó para detectar las diferencias en las características glicohistoquímicas del conducto epididimal del dromedario y el búfalo de agua. Las secciones del epidídimo (cabeza, cuerpo y cola) de ambas especies se tiñeron con lectinas conjugadas con isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). Se encontraron sitios de unión para cinco lectinas (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA y WGA) en ambas especies. Los sitios de unión de diferentes lectinas mostraron variaciones significativas en el patrón de distribución en ambas especies. Esto incluía tanto el orden específico de la especie como el específico de la región. Además, solo tres (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) de las cinco lectinas estudiadas exhibieron sitios de unión en todas las regiones del epidídimo en ambas especies. Las otras dos lectinas (DBA y HPA) siguieron el mismo orden registrado para las tres restantes (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) en búfalos, pero no mostraron ningún sitio de union en la cola del epidídimo en camellos. En conclusión, las características de distribución regionales y específicas de especies variables de las lectinas revelaron que ambas especies tienen características glucómicas diversas que pueden estar relacionadas con sus diferentes patrones reproductivos. Sin embargo, las capacidades funcionales asociadas con el glicoma permanecen desconocidas y requieren mayor investigación.

Characterization of physicochemical markers for homeopathic medicines and biological supernatant samples

Solvatochromic dyes are probes to detect variations on the dipole moment of solvents after the insertion of homeopathic potencies. Recent studies have shown they can be useful tools in laboratory and field studies to detect the activity of homeopathic remedies.Objective: Determine whether solvatochromic dyes can be a diagnostic tool for cells infected by different agents and/or markers to identify the activity of homeopathic medicines. Methods: Ethilicum1cH, Siliceaterra6, 30, 200cH; Zincummetallicum6, 30, 200cH and Phosphorus6, 30 and 200cH were analyzed by pouring the samples (in a 1:60 rate) into a series of seven dyes (rhodamine, ET 33, ET 30, coumarin 7, NN DMIA, Nile red, methylene violet) diluted in absolute ethanol using pre-established working concentrations. Oscillations of dye absorbance were observed at visible light spectrophotometry according to the remedy and potency. Water and succussed water were used as controls. In a second moment, the absorbance profile of the remedies will be compared with those of biological samples (supernatants) and checked with the biological effect previously obtained from each treatment.Supernatants of RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by Calmette-Guérin bacilli (BCG) or infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculiwill be analyzed. Results: Preliminary results have shown that Siliceaterra6cH, Phosphorus30 and 200cH and Zincummetallicum6, 30 and 200cH reduced the absorbance of methylene violet (p=0.01). Repetitions and analysis of supernatants are expected to be performed in the next steps of the study. Future perspectives: Establish a pattern of reactivity of the studied medicines with different dyes and the putative relation with the corresponding supernatants, as an attempt to obtain a "physicochemical signature" for each kind of infection and/or treatment.

Decolorization of the benzidine-based azo dye Congo red by the new strain Shewanella xiamenensis G5-03 / Descoloração do corante azo derivado da benzidina vermelho Congo por uma nova linhagem de Shewanella xiamenensis G5-03

Shewanella xiamenensis G5-03 was observed to decolorize the azo dye Congo red in synthetic wastewater. The influence of some factors on the dye decolorization efficiency was evaluated. The optimal decolorization conditions were temperature 30-35 °C, pH 10.0, incubation time 10 h, and static condition. The kinetic of Congo red decolorization fitted to the Michaelis­Menten model (Vmax = 111.11 mg L-1 h-1 and Km = 448.3 mg L-1). The bacterium was also able to degrade benzidine, a product of azo bond breakage of the Congo red, which contributed to reduce the phytotoxicity. The ability of S. xiamenensis G5-03 for simultaneous decolorization and degradation of Congo red shows its potential application for the biological treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes.

Shewanella xiamenensis G5-03 foi capaz de descolorir o corante azo vermelho Congo em água residuária sintética. A influência de alguns fatores na eficiência da descoloração do corante foi avaliada. As condições ótimas de descoloração foram temperatura de 30-35 °C, pH 10,0 e condições estáticas. A cinética de descoloração do vermelho Congo se ajustou ao modelo de Michaelis­Menten (Vmax = 111,11 mg L-1 h-1 and Km = 448,3 mg L-1). A bactéria também foi capaz de degradar a benzidina, um produto da quebra da ligação azo do vermelho Congo, o que contribuiu para a redução da fitotoxicidade. A habilidade da S. xiamenensis G5-03 em simultaneamente descolorir e degradar o vermelho Congo demostra seu potencial de aplicação no tratamento de águas residuárias contendo corantes azo.

Ceratopigmentação (tatuagem corneana): utilização de técnicas combinadas para melhora estética em olhos de pacientes com opacidades corneanas / Keratopigmentation (corneal tattooing): use of combined techniques for aesthetic improvement in eyes of patients with corneal opacities

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar, por meio de uma série de casos, a percepção de pacientes com opacidade corneana sobre a eficácia da tatuagem na melhoria estética de seus olhos, utilizando a combinação de duas técnicas. Métodos: Oito pacientes responderam a um inquérito sobre sua satisfação estética com o procedimento, o desconforto pós-operatório e o impacto social observado após a cirurgia. Resultados: Todos os pacientes consideraram-se muito satisfeitos com os resultados. Em relação ao grau de desconforto no pós-operatório, 75% disseram ter tido pouco desconforto, e 25% relataram desconforto moderado. Todos os pacientes relataram melhora significativa no bem-estar social e pessoal. Da mesma forma, todos os pacientes disseram que repetiriam o procedimento. Conclusão: A tatuagem corneana surge como um método alternativo às lentes de contato e às próteses oculares em pacientes cegos com leucomas, trazendo resultados estéticos satisfatórios, duradouros e que podem promover impactos sociais na vida desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report, through a case series, the perception of patients about the effectiveness of corneal tattooing in the cosmetic improvement of their eyes with leukomas, using a combination of two techniques. Methods: Eight patients answered a survey regarding their cosmetic appearance satisfaction regarding the procedure, postoperative discomfort, and social impact observed after surgery. Results: All patients considered themselves very satisfied with the cosmetic results. Regarding the degree of postoperative discomfort, 75% said they had little discomfort, while 25% reported moderate discomfort. All patients reported significant improvement in social and personal well-being. Likewise, all patients said they would repeat the procedure. Conclusion: Corneal tattooing appears as an alternative method to contact lenses and ocular prostheses in impaired eyes with leukomas, bringing satisfactory and long-lasting cosmetic improvement that can promote social impacts for these patients.

The Effect of Coloring Beverages on Color Stability of Hybrid Ceramics with Different Surface Treatments

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the effects of coloring beverages on the color stability of two types of hybrid ceramics with different surface treatments. Material and Methods 180 specimens of two hybrid ceramics (Vita Enamic and Mazic Duro) and a feldspathic ceramic (Vita Mark II) were prepared (n=60 in each group). Half of the discs in each group were glazed while the other was polished. The specimens were then divided into three subgroups and immersed in distilled water, carrot juice, and coffee. The overall color difference (∆E) was calculated based on CIE L*a*b* color space. Data were analyzed using three-way and one-way ANOVA; Tukey's honest significant difference was also done for pairwise comparisons (α=0.05). Results Vita Mark II specimens revealed less overall color changes compared to other groups. The ∆E of the glazed Vita Enamic specimens was greater than polished specimens following immersion in distilled water (p=0.03) and coffee (p=0.001), but it was not significant for carrot juice. The same results were obtained for polished Mazic Duro specimens. Relatively similar amounts of ∆E were recorded in polished and glazed subgroups of Vita Mark II. Conclusion The ∆E of hybrid ceramics was higher than Vita Mark II. Polishing could be recommended for surface treatment of hybrid ceramics instead of glazing, saving time and facilitating the process.

Motorcycling can be dangerous: verrucous lichenoid reaction to a tattoo

Abstract Tattooing one's body is currently a common practice worldwide; however, it is not risk-free. This is a case of a patient who tattooed himself motivated by his passion for motorcycles and then developed an exuberant lichenoid reaction to the red pigment used in the tattoo, with the appearance of verrucous lesions. Despite the lack of response to treatment, he states that he would tattoo his own skin again.

Dermatite fotoalérgica ao pigmento azul de tatuagens: relato de um caso e breve revisão da literatura / Photoallergic dermatitis due to the blue pigment in tattoos: a case report and brief literature review

A prática de tatuagens é muito antiga e atualmente tornou-se extremamente popular, porém traz consigo riscos que não podem ser ignorados. As tintas utilizadas nas tatuagens são um fator importante para o aparecimento de reações adversas. A reação de hipersensibilidade aos pigmentos das tintas é uma das mais comuns. Entre elas, encontram-se reações alérgicas tipo dermatites de contato ou reações de fotossensibilidade, sendo esta última o motivo deste relato. O tratamento indicado é o uso de corticoides e a fotoproteção. Neste artigo, discorreremos especificamente sobre a reação de fotossensibilidade ao pigmento azul, com o relato de um caso e breve revisão da literatura.

Tattooing is a very old practice that has become extremely popular in recent years; however, it carries risks that cannot be ignored. The inks used in tattoos are an important factor for the appearance of adverse reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions to the pigments in the inks are some of the most common. These include allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis or photosensitivity reactions, the latter being the reason for this report. The recommended treatment is the use of corticosteroids and photoprotection. In this article, we will specifically discuss the photosensitivity reaction to the blue pigment with a case report and a brief literature review.

Cirurgia robótica guiada por fluorescência com indocianina verde: aplicações, dicas e truques / Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in robotic surgery: state of art, tips and tricks in current applications

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fluorescent imaging with indocyanine green is an emerging technology whose benefits are put in perspective. OBJECTIVE: This article reports essential principles and approaches of intraoperative fluorescence in general surgery bringing familiarity to its practical usage. Our group describes possible pitfalls and provides tips and tricks for training surgeons making their attempts easier and reproducible during practice. METHODS: This study overviews the most structured concepts, practical applications and its tricks in robotic fluorescence guided imaging surgery with indocyanine green. Possible pitfalls are emphasized and emerging fields of application are put in a perspective. RESULTS: Guided information and practical applications in several surgical fields are described for a safe and reproducible indocyanine green fluorescence imaging use. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted surgery combined to fluorescence imaging technology represents a logical evolution in image guided surgery and technology familiarity with guided information may represent a wider and safer spectrum of use in surgeons' hands.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A imagem fluorescente com verde de indocianina (VI) é uma técnica cirúrgica emergente na cirurgia robótica. OBJETIVO: Este artigo relata princípios e abordagens essenciais da fluorescência intraoperatória para sua prática em cirurgia geral. Nosso grupo descreve possíveis armadilhas e apresenta dicas e truques para treinar cirurgiões, tornando o uso do VI reprodutível. MÉTODOS: Este estudo apresenta uma visão geral dos conceitos e aplicações práticas da imagem guiada por fluorescência com VI na cirurgia robótica. As possíveis armadilhas são enfatizadas e os campos de aplicação emergentes são colocados em perspectiva. RESULTADOS: Aplicações práticas em vários campos cirúrgicos são descritas para um uso seguro e reprodutível de imagens de fluorescência com VI. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia assistida por robótica combinada à tecnologia de imagem de fluorescência representa uma evolução lógica na cirurgia guiada por imagem e a familiaridade desta técnica pode representar um ganho da qualidade cirúrgica.

Análise da pigmentação de cerâmicas odontológicas submetidas a diferentes corantes / Analysis of the pigmentation of dentistry ceramics submitted to different dyes

Objetivo: É mérito deste estudo avaliar a pigmentação de cerâmicas odontológicassubmetidas a diferentes tratamentos de superfície e imersasem soluções corantes.Métodos: Foram confeccionadas 60 amostras de cerâmica, divididas em seis grupos. Os grupos G1, G2 e G3 receberam aplicação prévia de glaze, enquanto G4, G5 e G6 foram submetidos a desgastes e polimento. Os grupos foram mantidos em água destilada, açaí e café por um período de 30 dias. Foram realizadas fotografias digitais, seguidas da mensuração de cor da superfície com o programa mColorMeter, com base no sistema CIELab, antes da imersão, após 15 e 30 dias. Para avaliação quantitativa da variação de cor foi utilizada fórmula de ∆E, onde foram obtidos média e desvio padrão de cada grupo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística ANOVA de dois fatores. Resultados: Após a realização da análise estatística, foram estabelecidos as médias e desvios-padrão para variância de cor (∆E) e foi constatado que não houve resultado estatisticamente significativo, em que p ≤ 0,05, para pigmentação em nenhum dos grupos de cerâmicas. Conclusão: Nesse contexto, infere-se que as substâncias café e açaí não promoveram alterações de cor significativas, bem como o glaze e o polimento mostraram-se igualmente eficientes na manutenção da estabilidade de cor das cerâmicas.

Aim: The present study sought to evaluate the pigmentation of dental ceramics submitted to different surface treatments and immersed in staining solutions. Methods: Sixty ceramic samples were manufactured and divided into six groups. Groups G1, G2, and G3 received a prior glaze application, while groups G4, G5, and G6 were submitted to wear and polishing. The groups were maintained in distilled water, açaí, and coffee for a period of 30 days. Digital photographs were taken, followed by color measurement of the surface with the mColorMeter program, based on system CIELab, before immersion, after 15 and 30 days. For quantitative evaluation of color variation, a formula from ∆E was used, where mean and standard deviation of each group were obtained. The data were submitted to ANOVA statistical analysis of two factors. Result: After the statistical analysis, the means and standard deviations for color variance (∆E) were established, and it was found that there were no statistically significant results, with p ≤ 0.05, for pigmentation in any of the groups of ceramics. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be inferred that coffee and açaí substances did not promote significant color changes. Glaze and polishing also proved equally efficient in maintaining the color stability of the ceramics.

Recovery of Red Pigments from Monascus purpureus FTC 5357 by Extraction of Fermented Solids: Operational Conditions and Kinetics

Abstract Solvent extraction of red pigments from fermented solids is reported. The pigments were produced by solid-state fermentation of oil palm frond (OPF) biomass with the food-safe fungus Monascus purpureus FTC 5357. The effects of extraction solvent and other operational conditions (pH, temperature, agitation rate, contact time) on the recovery of pigments are discussed. The recovery was maximized using aqueous ethanol (60% ethanol by vol) as solvent at pH 6, 30 °C, with an extraction time of 16 h and an agitation rate of 180 rpm. A fermented solids dry mass of 1 g was used for each 160 mL of solvent during extraction. The kinetics of extraction were assessed by fitting the experimental data to different models. Peleg's model proved to be the best for describing solid-liquid extraction of the pigments under the above specified conditions. The highest extraction yield of red pigments under the above specified optimal conditions was 207(6.08 AU g(1 dry fermented solids.

La Tomasa reduce parámetros metabólicos e inflamatorios asociados a síndrome metabólico en un modelo murino / Tomasa reduces metabolic and inflammatory parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in a murine model

In our country, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, among other factors, have contributed to increase the risk for CDV in the population. An alternative to the commonly used pharmacological therapies is the use of validated natural products that can be incorporated in the development of functional foods or supplements. In particular, the tomato has been shown to have a protective role in CVD; its high content of antioxidants, particularly lycopene, provides it with extensively documented beneficial properties. Tomasa, a by-product of the agroindustry, maintains some of the beneficial characteristics of its fruit of origin. Mice fed with a high-fat (hypercaloric) diet increase their body weight and visceral adipose mass, and also display an increase in metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Our results allow us to conclude that the consumption of Tomasa in mice fed a hypercaloric diet reduces the blood levels of cholesterol, glycaemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results support the rationale of using of this by-product in the generation of functional ingredients with proven beneficial effects.

Patent blue V dye anaphylaxis: a case report and literature review / Anafilaxia por corante azul patente V: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Background: Anaphylaxis is a constant perioperative concern due to the exposure to several agents capable of inducing hypersensitivity reactions. Patent blue V (PBV), also known as Sulfan Blue, a synthetic dye used in sentinel node research in breast surgery, is responsible for 0.6% of reported anaphylactic conditions. We present a case of a 49-year-old female patient who underwent left breast tumorectomy with sentinel lymph node staging using PBV and experienced an anaphylactic reaction. Methods: We conducted a literature search through PubMed for case reports, case series, review and systematic reviews since 2005 with the keywords "anaphylaxis" and "patent blue". We then included articles found in these publications' reference sections. Results: We found 12 relevant publications regarding this topic. The main findings are summarized, with information regarding the clinical presentation, management, and investigation protocol. Hypotension is the most common clinical manifestation. The presentation is usually delayed when compared with anaphylaxis from other agents and cutaneous manifestations are occasionally absent. Patients may have had previous exposure to the dye, used also as a food, clothes and drug colorant. Conclusion: The diagnosis of anaphylaxis in patients under sedation or general anesthesia may be difficult due to particularities of the perioperative context. According to the published literature, the presentation of the reaction is similar in most cases and a heightened clinical sense is key to address the situation appropriately. Finding the agent responsible for the allergic reaction is of paramount importance to prevent future episodes.

Resumo Introdução: A anafilaxia pode ocorrer durante o período perioperatório devido à exposição a diversos agentes capazes de induzir reações de hipersensibilidade. O corante sintético Azul Patente V (APV), também conhecido como Sulfan Blue, é usado na pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela em cirurgia de mama, e é responsável por 0,6% dos eventos anafiláticos relatados. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 49 anos de idade submetida à tumorectomia de mama esquerda com estadiamento de linfonodo sentinela, em que se empregou o APV e que apresentou reação anafilática. Método: Por meio do PubMed, pesquisamos publicações que documentavam relatos de casos, séries de casos, revisões e revisões sistemáticas desde 2005, usando as palavras-chave "anaphylaxis" e "patent blue". Em seguida, incluímos artigos encontrados na lista de referências dessas publicações. Resultados: Encontramos 12 publicações relevantes sobre o tópico. Os principais achados estão resumidos, com informações do quadro clínico, tratamento e protocolo de investigação. A hipotensão foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente. De forma geral, o quadro clínico tem início tardio quando comparado à anafilaxia por outros agentes e, ocasionalmente, as manifestações cutâneas estão ausentes. Os pacientes podem ter tido exposição prévia ao APV, que também é usado como corante de alimentos, roupas e medicamentos. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de anafilaxia em pacientes sob sedação ou anestesia geral pode ser difícil devido às peculiaridades do contexto perioperatório. Segundo a literatura publicada, a apresentação da reação é semelhante na maioria dos casos e um discernimento clínico aguçado é fundamental para enfrentar o evento adequadamente. Encontrar o agente responsável pela reação alérgica é essencial para a prevenção de futuros episódios.

Simple synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots from a marine polysaccharide found in shark cartilage

BACKGROUND: For more than a decade, water-soluble, eco-friendly, biocompatible, and low-toxicity fluorescent nanomaterials have received considerable attention for their numerous in vivo and in vitro applications in biomedical imaging, disease diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Owing to their tunable photoluminescence properties, carbon-based luminescent nanomaterials have shown great potential in bioimaging, photocatalysis, and biosensing among other applications. RESULTS: Marine environments provide excellent resources for the fabrication of these nanomaterials, because many marine organisms contain interesting trigger organic compounds that can be used as precursors. Herein, we synthesize multi-color emissive carbon dots (CDs) with an intrinsic photoluminescence quantum yield of 20.46%. These nanostructures were achieved through the one-step hydrothermal treatment of marine polysaccharide chondroitin sulfate, obtained from shark cartilage, in aqueous solution. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully demonstrate the low toxicity of our marine resource-derived CDs in zebrafish, and provide an initial assessment of their possible use as a bioimaging agent. Notably, the newly synthesized CDs localize in the intestines of zebrafish larvae, thereby indicating their biocompatibility and potential use as in vivo dyes.

A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater / Uma abordagem verde para o tratamento de águas residuais industriais contaminadas por tintas e surfactantes

Abstract Synthetic dyes, particularly reactive and acid dyes, are commonly used in the textile industry because of their advantages as excellent color fastness and brightness. Also, surfactants are used for an increment of coloring success in the textile industry. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewater is the treatment of the effluents containing both dyes and surfactants. Biological treatment systems are recommended as useful, economic and eco-friendly methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the binary removal of a textile dye and a surfactant by growing Aspergillus versicolor culture in molasses medium. The effect of dye and surfactant concentration on the removal of dye and surfactant was determined. This study resulted that 100% of the surfactant and dye molecules removed together with the formation of a dye-surfactant complex by fungus. It is concluded that binary removal systems are very efficient for industrial wastewater treatment.

Resumo Os corantes sintéticos, particularmente corantes reativos e ácidos, são comumente usados ​​na indústria têxtil devido às suas vantagens como excelente solidez da cor e brilho. Além disso, os surfactantes são usados ​​para incrementar o sucesso da coloração na indústria têxtil. Um dos principais problemas relativos às águas residuais têxteis são o tratamento dos efluentes contendo corantes e surfactantes. Os sistemas de tratamento biológico são recomendados como métodos úteis, econômicos e ecológicos para o tratamento de efluentes industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção binária de um corante têxtil e um surfactante, cultivando a cultura Aspergillus versicolor em meio de melaço. O efeito das concentrações de corante e surfactante nas remoções de corante e surfactante foi determinado. Este estudo resultou na remoção de 100% das moléculas de surfactante e corante juntamente com a formação de um complexo corante-surfactante por fungos. Conclui-se que os sistemas de remoção binária são muito eficientes no tratamento de efluentes industriais.

Evaluación por gastroscopia simple y cromoendoscopia convencional de la superficie gastroesofágica y duodenal proximal del equino. Estudio piloto / Evaluation by simple gastroscopy and conventional chromoendoscopy of the gastro-esophageal and proximal duodenal surface of equine. Preliminary study

RESUMEN Las enfermedades gastrointestinales equinas tienen una alta incidencia con un pronóstico variable en la práctica clínica. La mayoría de los estudios se limitan a describir lesiones ulcerativas y lesiones inflamatorias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial diagnóstico complementario de la cromoendoscopia convencional en la mucosa gas-troesofágica y duodenal proximal del equino. El estudio incluyó 20 caballos criollos colombianos de ambos sexos (12 hembras y 8 machos), con edades entre 5 y 20 años, peso entre 250 y 350 kilogramos, condición corporal 4-5/9 y con historial de alteraciones digestivas en los últimos 3 meses; quienes previo a la evaluación por gastroscopia y cromoendoscopia se sometieron a ayuno (sólidos 12h y líquidos 4h) y sedación (xilacina 0,5 mg/kg/iv). Se utilizaron tinciones como rojo fenol, lugol, índigo carmín, azul de metileno y ácido acético y se tomaron biopsias de los segmentos que mostraron reacción. El azul de metileno reveló 52% de las lesiones, el lugol 19%; por su parte, el rojo fenol, el índigo carmín y el ácido acético revelaron el 9,5% restante. El epitelio escamoso fue el más afectado (66,6%), el glandular (19%), antro pilórico (9,5%) y duodeno proximal (4,7%). Los hallazgos histopatológicos fueron hiperplasia, hipertrofia, hiperqueratosis, congestión, degeneración vacuolar, infiltrados celulares, fibrosis, necrosis y atrofia en diferentes grados de severidad. La cromoendoscopia reveló lesiones prematuras, que pasaron desapercibidas con las técnicas convencionales de endoscopia del tracto digestivo. Este es el primer estudio que emplea la cromoendoscopia en equinos; a pesar de que la técnica mejoró la visualización y facilitó la ubicación y descripción de lesiones ulcerativas prematuras a través de la histopatología, se recomiendan mayores estudios controlados y con un número más amplio de muestras.

ABSTRACT Equine gastrointestinal diseases have a high occurrence with a variable prognostic in clinic practice. Most of the studies limits to describe ulcerative and inflammatory lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential complementary diagnostic of conventional chromoendoscopy on the gastroesophageal and proximal duodenal mucosa of the equine. 20 Colombian creole horses, of both sexes (12 females and 8 males), with ages between 5 and 20 years old, weight between 250 and 350 kilograms, body condition 4-5/9, that had presented digestive alterations in the last 3 months, were subjected to fasting (solids 12h and liquids 4h) and sedated (xylazine 0,5 mg/kg/iv) to be evaluated by gastroscopy and chromoendoscopy, using for stains phenol red, lugol, indigo carmine, methylene blue and acetic acid, taking biopsy samples of the segments that showed reaction. The methylene blue revealed 52%, lugol 19%, and phenol red, indigo carmine and acetic acid revealed only 9,5% of the lesions, being the squamous epithelium the most affected (66,6%), glandular epithelium (19%), pyloric antrum (9,5%) and proximal duodenum (4,7%), where histopathological findings were hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperkeratosis, congestion, vacuolar degeneration, cellular infiltrates, fibrosis, necrosis and atrophy in different degrees of severity. Chromoendoscopy revealed lesions premature, which go unnoticed with conventional light endoscopy techniques. This is the first study using chromoscopy in horses to show that the reagents used allow a better visualization of injuries than the conventional technique, helping histopathological studies and molecular biology to understand ulcerative premature injuries and possible pathophysiological pathways. However, larger controlled studies and a larger number of samples are needed.