Comparação Dosimétrica entre Técnicas de Planejamento de Radioterapia para Câncer de Mama Esquerda / Dosimetry Comparison of Radiotherapy Planning Techniques for Left Breast Cancer / Comparación Dosimétrica entre Técnicas de Planificación de Radioterapia para el Cáncer de Mama Izquierdo

Introdução: A radioterapia é utilizada no tratamento do câncer de mama. No planejamento radioterápico, há formas de desenvolver o plano de tratamento, como a radioterapia 3D conformacional (3D-CRT), a radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) e a arcoterapia volumétrica modulada (VMAT). Objetivo: Comparar as doses nos órgãos de risco e no volume-alvo de tratamento com as diferentes técnicas de planejamento: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT e VMAT modificada para o tratamento do câncer de mama em um phantom antropomórfico. Método: O plano de tratamento foi realizado no sistema Eclipse™ v.15.6 da Varian a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada adquiridas de phantom. A dose de prescrição estabelecida foi de 45 Gy em 25 frações de 1,8 Gy/dia. Resultados: Sobre a cobertura do volume do alvo planejado (PTV), as técnicas 3D-CRT (FILTRO e field-in-field ­ FIF) demonstram cobertura inferior comparada aos planos de IMRT e VMAT. Já o plano 3D-CRT-FIF apresenta maior homogeneidade comparado ao 3D-CRT-FILTRO. Para o pulmão contralateral, os planos de 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) obtiveram restrições melhores em relação aos demais planos. Sobre a exposição cardíaca, os planos 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) apresentaram maiores benefícios do que as técnicas IMRT, VMAT e VMAT modificada. Conclusão: As técnicas convencionais 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTRO) apresentaram menores doses nos órgãos de risco. Contudo, as técnicas IMRT e VMAT obtiveram melhor homogeneidade e conformidade da dose distribuída no PTV ao comparar as técnicas convencionais.

Introduction: Radiotherapy is utilized to treat breast cancer. For radiotherapy planning, there are several ways to develop the treatment plan, such as 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Objective: To compare the doses to risk organs and treatment target volume with different planning techniques, 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT and modified VMAT for the treatment of breast cancer in an anthropomorphic phantom. Method: The treatment plan was performed in the Eclipse™ v.15.6 system by Varian from CT images acquired from phantom. The established prescription dose was 45 Gy in 25 fractions of 1.8Gy/day. Results: For the planning target volume (PTV) coverage, 3D-CRT techniques (FILTER and field-in-field ­ FIF) showed inferior coverage compared to IMRT and VMAT plans. The 3D-CRT-FIF plan, on the other hand, shows greater homogeneity when compared to 3D-CRT-FILTER. For the contralateral lung, the 3D-CRT plans (FIF, FILTER) have better restrictions when compared with the other plans. On cardiac exposure, the 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) plans showed greater benefits when compared with IMRT, VMAT and Modified VMAT techniques. Conclusion: Conventional 3D-CRT techniques (FIF, FILTER) showed lower doses in organs at risk. However, IMRT and VMAT techniques obtained better homogeneity and conformity of the dose delivered to the PTV when compared to conventional techniques

Introducción: La radioterapia se utiliza en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama. En la planificación de la radioterapia, existen formas de desarrollar el plan de tratamiento, como la radioterapia conformacional 3D (3D-CRT), la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) y la arcoterapia volumétrica modulada (VMAT). Objetivo: Comparar las dosis en órganos de riesgo y en el volumen blanco de tratamiento con diferentes técnicas de planificación: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT y VMAT modificada para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en un fantoma antropomórfico. Método: El plan de tratamiento se realizó en el sistema Eclipse™ v.15.6 de Varian a partir de imágenes de TC adquiridas del fantoma. La dosis de prescripción establecida fue de 45 Gy en 25 fracciones de 1,8Gy/día. Resultados: En cuanto a la cobertura del volumen blanco de planificación (VBP), las técnicas 3D-CRT (filtro - FILTRO y field-in-field ­ FIF) demostraron una cobertura inferior en comparación con los planes IMRT y VMAT. El plan 3D-RCT-FIF mostró mayor homogeneidad en comparación con el 3D-RCT-FILTRO. Para el pulmón contralateral, los planes 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) obtuvieron mejores restricciones en comparación con los otros planes. En la exposición cardiaca, los planes 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) mostraron mayores beneficios en comparación con las técnicas IMRT, VMAT y VMAT modificada. Conclusión: Las técnicas convencionales de 3D-CRT (FIF, FILTER) mostraron dosis más bajas en los órganos de riesgo. Sin embargo, las técnicas IMRT y VMAT obtuvieron una mejor homogeneidad y conformidad de la dosis distribuida en el VBP en comparación con las técnicas convencionales.

Radiation therapy with elective lymph node irradiation for breast cancer: dosimetric study and impact on cardiovascular risk and second neoplasms

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform dosimetric analysis of radiotherapy (RT) plans with or without elective nodal irradiation (ENI) and estimate whether the increase in mean doses (MDs) in the heart and lungs with ENI may lead to late side effects that may surpass the benefits of treatment. METHODS: The dosimetric analysis of 30 treatment plans was done with or without ENI. The planning and dose-volume histograms were analyzed, and the impact on the mortality of cardiovascular and lung cancer was estimated based on the correlation of the dosimetric data with data from population studies. RESULTS: RT with ENI increased the doses in the lungs and heterogeneity in the plans compared to breast-exclusive RT. When the increase in MDs is correlated with the increase of late side-effect risks, the most important effect of ENI is the increased risk of lung cancer, especially in patients who smoke (average increase in absolute risk=1.38%). The increase in the absolute risk of cardiovascular diseases was below 0.1% in the all the situations analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: ENI increases the heterogeneity and the doses at the lungs. When recommending ENI, the risks and benefits must be taken into account, considering the oncology factors and the plan of each patient. Special attention must be given to patients who smoke as ENI may lead to a significant increase in MD in the lung and the increased risk of radiation-induced lung cancer may surpass the benefits from this treatment.

Fatores Preditores de Complicações após Radioterapia Conformacional 3D em Pacientes com Adenocarcinoma de Próstata / Predictors of Complications following 3D Conformational Radiotherapy in Patients with Prostate Adenocarcinoma / Factores Predictores de Complicaciones después de la Radioterapia Conformacional 3D en Pacientes con Adenocarcinoma de Próstata

Introdução: O câncer de próstata é considerado a neoplasia maligna mais comum que acomete homens em todas as Regiões do país, à exceção do câncer de pele não melanoma. Se diagnosticado e tratado precocemente, o câncer de próstata tem alta taxa de cura; contudo, terapêuticas como a radioterapia podem gerar complicações agudas que podem impactar as atividades cotidianas. Apesar das complicações no pós-tratamento, a radioterapia tem sido um método bastante praticado e que apresenta resultados positivos, ocasionando melhoria da sobrevida livre de doença. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais fatores preditores de complicações agudas que acometem pacientes em tratamento radioterápico para câncer de próstata. Método: Para identificação de fatores preditores de complicações agudas pós-radioterapia, avaliaram-se, consecutiva e prospectivamente, 208 pacientes diagnosticados com adenocarcinoma de próstata tratados com radioterapia conformacional 3D em um centro referência vinculado ao SUS entre os anos 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se ainda avaliação retrospectiva de prontuários para coleta de dados adicionais. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, Anova e regressão logística ordinal. Resultados: Após análise da amostra, evidenciou-se que, entre as complicações agudas, as de maior incidência foram radiodermite, cistite e enterite/retite, de forma que tais complicações tiveram como fatores associados volume irradiado, tratamento prévio e sintomas prévios ao tratamento. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que, apesar da existência de complicações ao final do tratamento, a grande maioria é de baixa complexidade e que pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos prévios podem evoluir com presença de complicações mais graves.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects men in all regions of the country, except for non-melanoma skin cancer. If diagnosed and treated early, prostate cancer has a high cure rate; however, therapies such as radiotherapy can generate acute complications that can impact daily activities. Despite post-treatment complications, radiotherapy has been a widely practiced method and has shown positive results, leading to improved disease-free survival. Objective: To evaluate the main predictive factors for acute complications that affect patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Method: To identify predictive factors for acute post-radiotherapy complications, 208 patients diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma treated with 3D conformational radiotherapy were consecutively and prospectively evaluated at a referral center linked to SUS between the years 2016 and 2017. It was carried out retrospective evaluation of medical records to collect additional data. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact, Anova and ordinal logistic regression. Results: After analyzing the sample, it was evidenced that among the acute complications, those with the highest incidence were radiodermatitis, cystitis, enteritis/rectitis, so that these complications had associated predictive factors as irradiated volume, previous treatment and symptoms. Conclusion: The study suggests that despite the existence of complications at the end of the treatment, the vast majority are of low complexity and that the patients submitted to previous surgical procedures can evolve with the presence of more severe complications.

Introducción: El cáncer de próstata se considera la neoplasia maligna más común que afecta a los hombres en todas las regiones del país, con la excepción del cáncer de piel no melanoma. Si se diagnostica y trata temprano, el cáncer de próstata tiene una alta tasa de curación; sin embargo, las terapias como la radioterapia pueden generar complicaciones agudas que pueden afectar las actividades diarias. A pesar de las complicaciones posteriores al tratamiento, la radioterapia ha sido un método ampliamente practicado y ha mostrado resultados positivos, lo que lleva a una mejor supervivencia libre de enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar los principales predictores de complicaciones agudas que afectan a los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia para el cáncer de próstata. Método: Para identificar los factores predictivos de complicaciones agudas posteriores a la radioterapia, 208 pacientes diagnosticados con adenocarcinoma de próstata tratados con radioterapia conformacional 3D fueron evaluados consecutiva y prospectivamente en un centro de referencia vinculado al SUS entre los años 2016 y 2017. Se realizó evaluación retrospectiva de registros médicos para recopilar datos adicionales. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher, de Anova y la regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: Después de analizar la muestra, se evidenció que, entre las complicaciones agudas, las de mayor incidencia fueron radiodermatitis, cistitis, enteritis/retitis y síntomas obstructivos, por lo que estas complicaciones tenían factores predictivos asociados, como el volumen irradiado, el tratamiento previo y los síntomas. Conclusión: El estudio sugiere que a pesar de la existencia de complicaciones al final del tratamiento, la gran mayoría son de baja complejidad. Como factores predictivos encontrados, se puede mencionar el volumen irradiado, la existencia de tratamiento previo y los síntomas en la consulta inicial.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or conformational radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with conventional fractionation for prostate cancer: Is there any clinical difference?

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the treatment outcomes of a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with conventional schedule using IMRT or 3DRT technique. Materials and Methods: Between 2010-2017, 485 men with localized prostate cancer were treated with conventional radiotherapy schedule with a total dose ≥74Gy using IMRT (231) or 3DCRT (254). Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity were retrospectively evaluated according to modified RTOG criteria. The biochemical control was defined by the Phoenix criteria (nadir + 2ng/mL). The comparison between the groups included biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS), overall survival (OS) and late toxicity. Results: With a median follow-up of 51 months (IMRT=49 and 3DRT=51 months), the maximal late GU for >=grade- 2 during the entire period of follow-up was 13.1% in the IMRT and 15.4% in the 3DRT (p=0.85). The maximal late GI ≥ grade- 2 in the IMRT was 10% and in the 3DRT 24% (p=0.0001). The 5-year bRFS for all risk groups with IMRT and 3D-CRT was 87.5% vs. 87.2% (p=0.415). Considering the risk-groups no significant difference for low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups between IMRT (low-95.3%, intermediate-86.2% and high-73%) and 3D-CRT (low-96.4%, intermediate-88.2% and high-76.6%, p=0.448) was observed. No significant differences for OS and DMFS were observed comparing treatment groups. Conclusion: IMRT reduces significantly the risk of late GI severe complication compared with 3D-CRT using conventional fractionation with a total dose ≥74Gy without any differences for bRFS and OS.

Respuesta clínica en pacientes con tumores de mama tratadas con radioterapia conformacional postmastectomía en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Colombia / Clinical response in patients with breast tumours treated with postmastectomy conformal radiotherapy at the National Institute of Cancerology, Colombia

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la primera causa de cáncer en el mundo con 1.671.149 casos nuevos y 521.907 muertes, cada año. La radioterapia adyuvante en pacientes con tumores T3-T4 o con ganglios linfáticos comprometidos mejora significativamente el control locorregional y la supervivencia global. Desde 2010 existe un vacío respecto a los desenlaces oncológicos y la toxicidad derivada de los tratamientos con nuevas técnicas de radioterapia empleadas en nuestra institución. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de tipo cohorte histórica. Se incluyeron 82 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama localmente avanzado y que fueron tratadas en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología con radioterapia externa técnica conformacional postmastectomía, entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y diciembre 31 del 2011. Resultados: En el análisis se incluyeron 82 pacientes. A 6 años de seguimiento, el 87,8% (n = 72) siguen vivas con 3 pérdidas en el seguimiento: 30% recayeron y, de estas, 76% fueron a nivel sistémico y 12% a nivel regional y 12% a nivel regional y sistémico. El 16% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones relacionadas con la radioterapia. Conclusión: Los resultados del manejo multimodal de cáncer de mama localmente avanzado en las pacientes examinadas son similares a lo reportado por los ensayos clínicos. En futuros estudios es necesario evaluar los factores asociados a recaída regional en la institución.

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer, with 1,671,149 new cases and 521,907 deaths each year. Adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with T3-T4 tumours or with positive lymph nodes improves locoregional control and overall survival. There is a gap regarding the oncological outcomes and the toxicity derived from the treatments with new radiotherapy techniques used in our Institution since 2010. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, historical cohort study was conducted on 82 patients with a diagnosis of locally advanced breast cancer treated with post-mastectomy conformational radiotherapy in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2011. Results: A total of 82 consecutive patients were included in the analysis. At 6 years of follow-up 87.8% (n = 72) were still alive, with 3 losses in follow-up. There was a relapse in 30%, and of these 76% were systemic, 12% regional, and 12% regional and systemic. Complications related to radiotherapy were present in 16% of patients. Conclusion: The outcomes of multimodal management of locally advanced breast cancer are similar to those reported by clinical trials. In future studies it will be necessary to evaluate factors associated with regional relapse in this institution.

Cosmesis in patients with breast neoplasia submitted to the hypofractionated radiotherapy with of intensity-modulated beam

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess the cosmetic satisfaction of patients diagnosed with breast cancer submitted to the hypofractionated radiotherapy with IMRT (hIMRT) technique and its correlation with dosimetric data of the radiotherapy planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective cohort study that assessed women with a diagnosis of malignant breast neoplasia submitted to the conservative treatment or radical mastectomy and treated with hIMRT. In the period between August 2007 to December 2014, in a philanthropic / private institution, 170 records were selected. The cosmetic assessment was carried out by means of the Harvard/RTOG/NSABP scale with one-year minimum range after treatment. The collected dosimetric data were: breast / chest wall volume, volume that received 95% (V95%) and 107% (V107%) of the prescribed dose. RESULTS: The volume of the treated breasts ranged from 169 to 2.103 ml (median = 702; IQR: 535 to 914 ml). Median V95% was 86.7% (54.6-96.6%; IQR: 80.0% to 90.6%); eight (5.7%) patients had V95% higher than 95%. Median V107% was 0% (0%-16.3%; IQR: 0.0% to 0.3% and 13); 9.3% patients had V107% higher than 2%. One hundred and thirty-three (78.2%) patients responded to the cosmetic assessment: 99 (74.4%) considered the cosmetic results excellent. Significant associations between cosmetic assessment and breast volume (p=0.875), V95% (p=0.294) e V107% (p=0.301) were not found. CONCLUSION: The cosmetic results showed favorable when using hIMRT, and the lack of correlation with usual the dosimetric data illustrates the capacity of hIMRT to minimize the heterogeneity of the dose in this endpoint, even in voluminous breasts.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a satisfação cosmética de pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer de mama submetidas à radioterapia hipofracionada com técnica IMRT (hIMRT) e sua correlação com dados dosimétricos do planejamento radioterápico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo que avaliou mulheres com diagnóstico de neoplasia maligna de mama submetidas a tratamento conservador ou mastectomia radical e tratadas com hIMRT. No período de agosto de 2007 a dezembro de 2014, em uma instituição filantrópica/particular, foram selecionados 170 prontuários. A avaliação cosmética foi feita por meio da escala de Harvard/RTOG/NSABP com um intervalo mínimo de um ano após o tratamento. Dados dosimétricos coletados foram: volume da mama/plastrão, volume que recebeu 95% (V95%) e 107% (V107%) da dose prescrita. RESULTADOS: O volume das mamas tratadas variou de 169 a 2.103 ml (mediana = 702; IQR: 535 a 914 ml). O V95% mediano foi 86,7% (54,6-96,6%; IQR: 80,0% a 90,6%); oito (5,7%) pacientes tiveram o V95% superior a 95%. O V107% mediano foi 0% (0%-16,3%; IQR: 0,0% a 0,3% e 13); 9,3% pacientes tiveram o V107% superior a 2%. Cento e trinta e três (78,2%) pacientes responderam à avaliação cosmética: 99 (74,4%) consideraram o resultado cosmético excelente. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre a avaliação cosmética e o volume da mama (p=0,875), V95% (p=0,294) e V107% (p=0,301). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados cosméticos mostraram-se favoráveis com o uso de hIMRT, e a ausência de correlação com os dados dosimétricos usuais ilustra a capacidade do hIMRT em minimizar a heterogeneidade da dose neste desfecho, mesmo em mamas volumosas.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) versus 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for head and neck cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: A cost-effectiveness analysis of IMRT compared to 3D-CRT for head and neck cancer patients (HNCPs) was conducted in the Brazilian Public Health System. METHODS: A Markov model was used to simulate radiation therapy-induced dysphagia and xerostomia in HNCPs. Data from the PARSPORT trial and the quality-of-life study were used as parameters. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained were calculated. RESULTS: At 2 years, IMRT was associated with an incremental benefit of 0.16 QALYs gained per person, resulting in an ICER of BRL 31,579 per QALY gained. IMRT was considered cost-effective when using the guideline proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) of three times the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (BRL 72,195). Regarding life expectancy (15 years), the incremental benefit of IMRT was 1.16 QALYs gained per person, with an ICER of BRL 4,341. IMRT was also cost-effective using the WHO definition, which states that the maximum cost is equal to the GDP per capita (BRL 24,065). CONCLUSIONS: IMRT was considered cost-effective from the perspective of the Brazilian public health system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Foi realizada uma análise de custo-efetividade da radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) comparada com a radioterapia conformada para pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: Foi elaborado um modelo de Markov para comparar os custos médicos diretos e os desfechos de saúde relacionados à qualidade de vida do paciente pós-intervenção radioterápica sofrendo de xerostomia e disfagia. Com essa finalidade, foram usados os dados do estudo PARSPORT e parâmetros de qualidade de vida. Os resultados comparativos das estratégias alternativas de tratamento foram medidos pela razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI). O desfecho analisado foi o de anos de vida ajustados à qualidade (QALY). RESULTADOS: Em um horizonte de tempo de dois anos, a IMRT foi associada com um benefício incremental de ganho de 0,16 QALYs por indivíduo, resultando em um RCEI de R$ 31.579 por QALY ganhado. A IMRT foi custo-efetivo, adotando-se o limite máximo de disposição a pagar, proposto pela OMS, de três vezes o PIB per capita nacional, equivalente a R$ 72.195. No horizonte de tempo de 15 anos, o benefício incremental de ganho foi de 1,16 QALYs por indivíduo, com um RCEI de R$ 4.341. A IMRT foi custo-efetivo, adotando-se o limite de disposição a pagar, proposto pela OMS, de uma vez o PIB per capita nacional, equivalente a R$ 24.065. CONCLUSÃO: A IMRT foi considerada um tratamento custo-efetivo na perspectiva do SUS.

Comparación Clínica de radioterapia de intensidad modulada vs. radioterapia 3D en tratamiento neoadyuvante del cáncer de recto localmente avanzado / Clinical comparison of intensity modulated radiotherapy vs. 3D radiotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar ventajas potenciales de la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) vs. la radioterapia 3D (3DRT) en el control loco-regional y la toxicidad aguda en pacientes con cáncer de recto localmente avanzado (CRLA). Se analizaron retrospectivamente 235 pacientes con adenocarcinoma de recto T2/T4 y N0/N1 sometidos a radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante entre febrero de 2010 y agosto de 2015. La modalidad radiante se correlacionó con los resultados clínicos (control local y a distancia) y las tasas de toxicidades agudas urinarias, hematológicas, gastrointestinales (GI) y dérmicas. Ciento cuarenta (59.6%) recibieron IMRT y 95 (40.4%) 3DRT. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 36 meses. Las tasas de recidiva local y metástasis a distancia fueron similares entre IMRT y 3DRT. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en control local (CL) ni en supervivencia global (SG) entre IMRT y 3DRT (p=0.56 y p=0.24, respectivamente), ni en colostomía libre para tumores rectales bajos (p=0.44). IMRT implicó menor toxicidad cutánea (p<0.001), hematológica (p<0.0001), urinaria (p=0.0017), y gastrointestinal (p=0.0006). La incidencia de diarrea grado ≥ 3 fue del 16% entre los pacientes del grupo 3DRT frente al 5% de del grupo IMRT. En el análisis univariado, el estadio clínico T, edad, KPS, y quimioterapia adyuvante se asociaron con mejor SG (todos p<0.05) y la dosis total de radiación se asoció con mejor período libre de enfermedad (p=0.0065) Postulamos que IMRT permitiría un aumento de dosis en forma segura con el potencial de aumentar la tasa de respuestas patológicas completas (RPC), en particular en tumores rectales bajos (AU)

The aim was to compare the advantages of IMRT vs. 3D in loco regional control and acute toxicity in patients with locally advanced rectum cancer. We analyzed retrospectively 235 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma T2/T4 and N0/N1 undergoing chemo radiation between February 2010 and August 2015. The radiant modality was correlated with clinical outcomes (local and systemic control) and rates of acute urinary, hematological, gastrointestinal and dermal toxicities. One hundred and forty patients (59.6%) received IMRT and 95 (40.4%) received 3D. The median follow-up time was 36 months. The rates of local recurrence and distant metastases were similar between IMRT vs. 3D. No statistically significant differences were found in local control or survival between IMRT and 3D (p=0.56 and p =0.24, respectively), nor in free colostomy for low rectal tumors (p= 0.44). IMRT resulted in lower dermal (p<0.001), hematological (p<0.0001), urinary (p=0.0017), and gastrointestinal toxicity (p=0.0006). The incidence of diarrhea grade ≥ 3 was 16% among 3D patients vs. 5% in IMRT. In the univariate analysis, clinical stage T, age, KPS, and adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with better overall survival (all p<0.05) and the total dose of radiation was associated with better disease-free period (p=0.0065). We postulate that IMRT would allow us to increase dose in a safe manner with the potential to increase rate of complete pathological responses, particularly in low rectal tumors (AU)

Cáncer anal: resultados clínicos, toxicidades y supervivencia libre de colostomía comparando técnicas de radioterapia conformada tridimensional versus radioterapia de intensidad modulada / Anal cancer: clinical results, toxicities and colostomy-free survival comparing three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques versus intensity modulated radiotherapy

Las técnicas definitivas de quimio-radioterapia para el cáncer anal, radioterapia tridimensional conformada (3DCRT) o radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) dan excelentes resultados a largo plazo. Evaluamos resultados en centros de radiación basados en la comunidad. Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 281 pacientes tratados con quimio-radioterapia definitiva para carcinoma anal loco-regional, entre 2006 y 2014. El 95% realizó quimioterapia. Se evaluaron datos de toxicidades, progresión de la enfermedad y necesidad de colostomía durante el período de seguimiento. La supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión y colostomía libre se calcularon con métodos de Kaplan-Meier. La edad media fue 63.7 años con seguimiento medio de 60 meses. Ciento sesenta y nueve pacientes recibieron IMRT y 112 recibieron 3DCRT. La dosis total media tumoral fue 54 Gy. El 80% experimentó complicaciones agudas, y el 56% requirió interrupción de tratamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión, supervivencia libre de colostomía ni control local a dos años entre ambos grupos. La IMRT tuvo menos suspensión del tratamiento (48% vs. 65%) (p=0.0261). El grupo IMRT tuvo una reducción significativa de todas las toxicidades agudas ≥3 y gastrointestinales (GI) tardías, en comparación con los tratados con 3DCRT. Esta serie representa una de las mayores comparaciones 3DCRT vs. IMRT para el tratamiento definitivo de cáncer anal. Los resultados a largo plazo no difieren significativamente en función de la técnica de radioterapia (RT). La IMRT reduce todas las toxicidades ≥ grado 3 y la necesidad de interrupción en comparación con 3DCRT (AU)

The definitive techniques of chemo-radiotherapy for anal cancer, 3DCRT or IMRT, give excellent long-term results. We evaluated results in community-based radiation centers. We retrospectively evaluated 281 patients treated with definitive chemo-radiotherapy for locoregional anal carcinoma, between 2006 and 2014. The 95% performed chemotherapy. Toxicity data, progression of the disease, need of colostomy during the follow-up period were evaluated. Global survival (GS), progression free survival (PFS), and free colostomy survival (CFS) were calculated with Kaplan-Meier methods. Mean age was 63.7 years with a mean follow-up of 60 months. One hundred and sixty nine patients received IMRT and 112 received 3DCRT. The total mean tumor dose was 54 Gy. The 80% experienced acute complications, and 56% required treatment interruption. There was no significant difference in GS, PFS, CFS or local control at two years between both groups. The IMRT had less treatment discontinuation (48% vs. 65%) (p = 0.0261). The IMRT group had a significant reduction in all acute toxicities ≥3 and late gastrointestinal, compared with those treated with 3DCRT. This series represents one of the largest 3DCRT vs. IMRT comparisons for the definitive treatment of anal cancer. The long-term results do not differ significantly depending on the RT technique. The IMRT reduces all toxicities ≥ grade 3 and the need for interruption compared to 3DCRT (AU)

Radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado / Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for the treatment of early and locally advanced head and neck tumors

CONTEXTO: O tumor de cabeça e pescoço é um grupo heterogêneo de doenças incluindo tumores com diversos tipos histológicos, de cavidade oral, faringe, laringe, narinas, seios paranasais, tireoide, glândulas salivares. A radioterapia tem como importante efeito adverso a lesão de estruturas nobres como glândulas submandibulares e parótidas. TECNOLOGIA: Radioterapia por Intensidade Modulada (IMRT). INDICAÇÃO: Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço. PERGUNTA: A técnica de radioterapia por IMRT é mais eficaz e segura do que as modalidades de radioterapia convencional (2D) ou tridimensional (3D)? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: os estudos apresentam baixa qualidade, demonstrando superioridade apenas em relação a xerostomia observada pelo médico. Existe dúvida em relação ao risco de neoplasias secundárias, com provável aumento do risco. A implementação apresenta dificuldades como adaptação do ambiente, treinamento da equipe e maior duração de cada seção. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: elevado valor estimado de RCEI R$ 574.087,00/QALY. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: anual R$ 67.152.510,00 e em 5 anos R$ 335.762.550,00. DISCUSSÃO: As vantagens são incertas, o procedimento é mais longo e existe risco de incremento em neoplasias secundárias, sem impacto favorável em sobrevida. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: A matéria será disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar não favorável. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Ao considerar os riscos e benefícios potenciais da tecnologia, a matéria foi disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação da Conitec não favorável. Após a análise das 138 contribuições recebidas na Consulta Pública, a Conitec deliberou por recomendar a não incorporação da radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros presentes deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a não incorporação de um procedimento específico para radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação n˚174/2015. A recomendação será encaminhada para decisão do Secretário da SCTIE. O representante do CFM se absteve de votar por alegar conflito de interesse com o tema. DECISÃO: Não incorporar de procedimento específico para radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) para o tratamento de tumores de cabeça e pescoço em estágio inicial e localmente avançado, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº 7 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (D.O.U.) nº 18, de 27 de janeiro de 2016, pág. 57.(AU)

Análise de custo-efetividade da técnica de IMRT para o tratamento do câncer de próstata localizado / Cost-effectiveness analysis of the IMRT technique for the treatment of localized prostate cancer

De acordo com os dados do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), foram esperados, no Brasil, 61.200 novos casos de câncer de próstata para o ano de 2016. Estabelecido o diagnóstico, as opções terapêuticas são consideradas e se baseiam no estadiamento, dosagem do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) e escore histológico de Gleason. Segundo as diretrizes diagnósticas e terapêuticas do adenocarcinoma de próstata publicadas (2015), a técnica de radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) apresenta benefício no controle da doença e a menor probabilidade de toxicidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a custo-efetividade da técnica de IMRT, na perspectiva do SUS, para o tratamento do câncer de próstata localizado, comparada com a técnica conformacional (3DRT). Foi construído um modelo de Markov e, uma coorte hipotética de homens de 65 a 70 anos foi acompanhada por 10 anos. A medida de desfecho clínico foram os anos de vida ajustados para qualidade (QALY). Os custos levantados se basearam nos valores da tabela APAC para um tratamento na dose de 74 a 76 Gy. Análise de sensibilidade probabilística baseada em simulação de Monte Carlo a fim de construir um limiar de aceitabilidade para incorporação da tecnologia em questão foi desenvolvida. O uso da tecnologia IMRT proporcionou um incremento de 0,79 QALY, mas não se mostrou custo-efetiva em relação aos pacientes que receberam radioterapia pela 3DRT. A IMRT apresentou uma razão de custoefetividade incremental de R$10.580,98/QALY. Ao considerar um limiar de aceitabilidade de três vezes o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, segundo recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2011), estimado em R$ 86.628,00/QALY, para 2016, o cenario para a incorporaçao dessa tecnologia se apresenta favoravel. A probabilidade do IMRT ser custo-efetiva foi de 72,5% para limiares de aceitabilidade de R$15.000,00

According to data from the Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (NCI) 61,200 new cases of prostate cancer were expected in Brazil in 2016. Once the diagnosis is established, the therapeutic options are considered according to risk groups described by D'Amico (1998), which are based on staging, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score. For localized prostate tumors, and for all risk groups, radiotherapy is indicated. According to the diagnostic and therapeutic guideline of prostate adenocarcinoma published in October 2015, the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique has a benefit in controlling the disease and the lower probability of toxicity. According to this premise, this study aimed to analyze the costeffectiveness of the IMRT technique, from the perspective of SUS, for the treatment of localized prostate cancer, compared with three-dimensional technique (3DRT). A mathematical model based on Markov models was constructed and a hypothetical cohort of men aged 65 to 70 years was followed up for 10 years. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed based on Monte Carlo simulation to construct a threshold of acceptability for incorporation of the technology in question. As a result of the study, the use of IMRT technology provided a 0.79-year increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALY), but was not cost-effective compared to patients who received radiotherapy using the 3DRT. The IMRT presented an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R $ 10,580.98 / QALY. Based on a threshold of three times the per capita GDP, according to the WHO recommendation (2011), calculated at R $ 86,628.00 / QALY for 2016, the scenario for the incorporation of this technology is favorable. If a threshold of acceptability of R $ 28,876 is considered equivalent to a GDP per capita, the probability of IMRT being cost-effective is 72%

Meningioma de la vaina del nervio óptico y tratamiento con radioterapia conformacional: reporte de un caso clínico tratado con largo seguimiento / Optic nerve sheath meningioma treated with radiation conformal therapy: clinical case report with long follow up

Introducción: Los meningiomas de la vaina del nervio óptico (MVNO) son tumores inusuales de la vía visual anterior. Sin tratamiento, el crecimiento del tumor lleva a pérdida visual progresiva hasta la ceguera debido a la compresión que ejerce sobre el nervio óptico. Presentación del caso: Paciente, sexo femenino, 42 años, sin antecedentes mórbidos, que en 1992, inicia cuadro de disminución de la agudeza visual del ojo izquierdo. La resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral informa una lesión expansiva fusiforme en relación a la vaina del nervio óptico izquierdo que lo engloba, altamente sugerente de MVNO. En esa ocasión se realiza exploración de órbita la cual resulta frustra, por lo que se decide observación con controles clínicos e imagenológicos anuales, permaneciendo estable. Aproximadamente diez años más tarde, en el lapso de un año, inicia agravación progresiva de la agudeza y campo visual, ptosis palpebral y alteraciones de la oculo-motilidad del ojo izquierdo, objetivadas por examen neuro-oftalmológico, por lo que se sospecha progresión de MVNO. Se solicita nueva RM que confirma crecimiento significativo del tumor. Se descarta nuevo abordaje quirúrgico por riesgo de mayor deterioro visual y se efectúa radioterapia conformacional con una dosis de 54 Gy. Actualmente, a la edad de 65 años, se cumplen 24 años de evolución, 13 post radioterapia, confirmándose estabilidad clínica y radiológica de MVNO. Discusión: La radioterapia, cuando se observa progresión de la enfermedad, ha demostrado ser una terapia eficaz para los MVNO, con menos complicaciones y con mejores resultados en la preservación de la función visual a largo plazo.

Introduction: Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) are rare tumors of the anterior visual pathway. Without treatment, tumor growth leads to progressive loss of visual acuity and blindness due to optic nerve compression. Case report: Patient, female, 42 years without other morbility , begins in 1992 with decreased visual acuity of the left eye, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed enlargement of the left optic nerve sheath, suggestive of ONSM. On that occasion, orbit exploration failed, so it was decided to follow up with annual clinical and imaging controls. About ten years later, begins with progressive deterioration of visual acuity and visual field , with ptosis and ocular motor palsy of the left eye, confirmed with neuro-ophtalmological examinations. MRI shows tumor progression. A new surgical approach was discarded by the risk of visual worsening. A conformal radiotherapy was performed with a fractionated 54 Gy dose. Today, at age 65, after 24 years of follow up,13 post radiation therapy. clinical and radiological stability of ONSM is confirmed. Discussion: Conformal radiotherapy has been shown as an effective therapy, with fewer complications and better outcomes in the preservation of visual function in the long term follow up.

Emerging radiotherapy technology in a developing country: A single Brazilian institution assessment of stereotactic body radiotherapy application / Tecnologias emergentes em radioterapia em um país em desenvolvimento: perfil do uso de radiocirurgia extracraniana em uma instituição filantrópica privada

Summary Objective: To provide a quantitative profile of the indications and use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in a developing country oncology-based institution. In addition, to describe the patients' and treatment characteristics, and to provide a temporal analysis. Method: SBRT patients treated from 2007 to 2015 were retrospectively evaluated by two independently investigators. Data were stratified and compared in two periods: first experience (FE) (May 2007 to April 2011), and following experience (FollowE) (May 2011 to April 2015). The following parameters were compared between the groups: total number of treated patients and lesions, treatment site, additional image fusion used, formal protocol adoption, and SBRT planning technique. Results: One hundred and seventy-six (176) patients with 191 lesions were treated: 34 (18%) lesions in the FE and 157 (82%) lesions in FollowE. The majority of lesions were metastases (60.3%), and lung (60.2%) was the most common treatment site, followed by spine (31%), and others (8.8%). An average of 1.4 (±0.6) additional imaging exams for delineation was performed. Conformal 3D radiotherapy planning technique was used in 64.4%, and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in the remaining 35.6% (p=0.0001). Higher rates of curative treatments were observed in FE, as well as more lung lesions, patients ≥ 70 years, 3D conformal, number of additional images and ECOG 0, and all presented p<0.05. The global rate of protocol statement was 79%, lung treatment being the most stated. Conclusion: SBRT application is rapidly increasing in our setting. Treatment sites and planning techniques are becoming more diversified and complex.

Resumo Objetivo: realizar uma análise quantitativa das indicações e do uso de SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy) em uma instituição filantrópica. Além disso, descrever temporalmente as características dos pacientes e tratamentos. Método: retrospectivamente, foram coletados, por dois investigadores independentes, os dados de todos os pacientes tratados com SBRT na instituição no período de maio de 2007 a fevereiro de 2015. Dados foram estratificados e comparados em dois períodos: inicial (P1) (maio de 2007 a abril de 2011) e período seguinte (P2) (maio de 2011 a abril de 2015). Os seguintes parâmetros foram comparados entre os grupos: número total de pacientes e lesões tratadas, local de tratamento, uso de imagens adicionais, adoção formal de protocolo e técnica de planejamento. Resultados: foram avaliados 176 pacientes e 191 lesões, sendo 34 (18%) no P1 e 157 (82%) no P2, tratados com SBRT. A maioria das lesões eram metastáticas (60,3%), sendo pulmão o sítio mais prevalente, contabilizando 115/191 (60,2%) lesões, seguida de lesões ósseas (30,8%). Uma média de 1,4 (±0,6) exame de imagem adicional foi usada para o delineamento. Uso formal de protocolo/recomendações foi descrito em 79% das lesões. A técnica 3D-conformada (3DCRT - three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy) foi a mais utilizada para planejamento [123/191 (64,4%) lesões] quando comparada à intensidade modulada e ao arco dinâmico (p=0.0001). O P1 esteve associado a maior número de lesões primárias tratadas (OR 2,09; p=0,0005), lesões pulmonares (OR 3,85; p=0,0198), pacientes ≥ 70 anos (OR 2,77; p=0,0005), uso de planejamento 3D (OR 16; p=0,0001), menor uso de imagens adicionais [0 ou 1 (versus > 1)] (OR 7,5; p=0,0001) e ECOG 0 (vs. > 0) (OR 0,21; p=0,0431). Conclusão: o uso de SBRT aumentou ao longo do tempo na instituição. No P2, notou-se uma evolução técnica, com indicações mais diferenciadas, maior uso de imagens auxiliares para definição do alvo e técnicas de planejamento mais sofisticadas.

Prostate cancer / Cáncer de próstata

Abstract Prostate cancer is the most frequent tumor found in men worldwide and in Mexico in particular. Age and family history are the main risk factors. The diagnosis is made by prostate biopsy in patients with abnormalities detected in their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels or digital rectal exam (DRE). This article reviews screening and diagnostic methods as well as treatment options for patients diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Resumen El cáncer de próstata es el tumor más frecuente en hombres a nivel mundial, y de manera específica en México. Los principales factores de riesgo son la edad y la historia familiar. El diagnóstico se obtiene por medio de biopsia prostática en pacientes detectados por anormalidades en el antígeno prostático o tacto rectal. En este artículo se hace una discusión de los métodos de tamizaje, diagnóstico y opciones de tratamiento en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata.

Comparação de algoritmos computacionais de cálculo de dose em radioterapia aplicada aos tumores de pulmão / Comparison of dose calculation algorithms in radiotherapy applied to lung tumors

INTRODUÇÃO: Na Radioterapia, a acurácia da distribuição de dose em cálculos com correção de heterogeneidade está diretamente relacionada à escolha do algoritmo de cálculo. Existe uma variedade de algoritmos de cálculo disponíveis no mercado, variando em tempo de processamento e acurácia. Este estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a acurácia de dez diferentes algoritmos de cálculo em objetos simuladores de pulmão e analisar o impacto da escolha do algoritmo na distribuição de dose em radioterapia aplicada a tumores de pulmão. METODOLOGIA: Foram utilizados placas simuladoras de água (água sólida RW3) e pulmão (cortiça) para determinar a Porcentagem de Dose em Profundidade (PDP) e perfil transversal dentro da heterogeneidade (cortiça). As medidas foram realizadas em um Clinac Varian 6EX, com feixes de fótons de 6 MV e dois tamanhos de campo (5 x 5 cm2 e 10 x 10 cm2), irradiando-se filmes radiocrômicos Gafchromic EBT3 e câmara de ionização Scanditronix Wellhofer CC13. Planejamentos de 25 pacientes - 11 com técnica tridimendional (3D) e 14 com técnica de Radioterapia Estereotática Corpórea (SBRT) - foram realizados, inicialmente sem correção de heterogeneidade e, mantendo-se as UM, os cálculos com os diferentes algoritmos/métodos de correção foram comparados com o planejamento inicial. Foram avaliados as doses no volume alvo e nos órgãos em risco. RESULTADOS: As medidas realizadas em objetos simuladores revelaram que os algoritmos baseados no princípio da convolução (Eclipse® Pencil Beam Convolution com métodos de correção Batho, Batho Modificado e TAR equivalente; XiO® Clarkson e Convolution e iPlan® Pencil Beam) apresentaram diferenças de dose significativas na região da cortiça, sempre superestimando a medida, com uma sobredose superior a 8%. Algoritmos mais avançados, como o Eclipse® AAA e Acuros XB, XiO® Superposition e iPlan® XVMC, apresentaram desvios inferiores a 3% na região da heterogeneidade. A análise dos perfis mostra, igualmente, que a...

INTRODUCTION: In Radiotherapy, the dose distribution accuracy in heterogeneity correction calculations is directly related to the choice of calculation algorithm. There are many calculation algorithms commercially available. They vary in accuracy and processing time. This study aimed to quantify the accuracy of ten different calculation algorithms in lung equivalent material and to analyze the impact of the algorithm choice in the dose distribution in Radiotherapy applied to lung tumors. METHODS: It was used plates of water (solid water RW3) and lung (cork) equivalent materials to determine the Percentage of Depth Dose (PDD) and transversal profile inside the heterogeneity (cork). The measurements were performed in a Clinac Varian 6EX, with 6 MV photon beams and two field sizes (5 x 5 cm2 and 10 x 10 cm2), through irradiation of radiochromic films Gafchromic EBT3 and ionization chamber Scanditronix Wellhofer CC13. Treatment planning of 25 patients - 11 with tridimensional (3D) technique and 14 with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) technique - were performed, first without heterogeneity correction and, by keeping the Monitor Units (MU), the calculations were then performed with the different algorithms/methods of heterogeneity corrections and the results were compared with the initial planning. It was analyzed the target volume and organs at risk doses. RESULTS: The measurements performed in phantoms revealed that algorithms based on the convolution principle (Eclipse® Pencil Beam Convolution with correction methods Batho, Batho Modified and Equivalent TAR; XiO® Clarkson and Convolution e iPlan® Pencil Beam) presented significant dose differences in the cork region, overestimating the measurement, with a overdose higher than 8%. More advanced algorithms, as Eclipse® AAA and Acuros XB, XiO® Superposition and iPlan® XVMC, presented deviations below to 3% in the heterogeneity region. The profile analysis showed, similarly, that the second class of...

Impacto do estabilizador bucal na distribuição dosimétrica de pacientes submetidos à radioterapia para tumores de cabeça e pescoço / Impact of intraoral stent in dosimetric distribution the patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumors

Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os aspectos dosimétricos do uso do estabilizador bucal em reduzir a dose de irradiação nos tecidos saudáveis em pacientes com câncer de boca e orofaringe submetidos à radioterapia conformada tridimensional (3D) e radioterapia de intensidade modulada do feixe (IMRT) e, analisar a incidência das complicações orais decorrente do tratamento e sua relação com as técnicas de irradiação. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 53 pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral (n = 38) e orofaringe (n = 15), foram prospectivamente avaliados e alocados em três grupos: Grupo 1 (cavidade oral parte inferior, n = 29), Grupo 2 (cavidade oral parte superior, n = 9) e Grupo 3 (orofaringe, n= 15). Para o planejamento radioterápico e avaliação dosimétrica, o mesmo paciente foi submetido a dois exames de tomografias computadorizadas – um com o uso do dispositivo e o outro sem. Todos os pacientes utilizaram o estabilizador bucal durante a radioterapia e foram acompanhados semanalmente em relação aos efeitos colaterais do tratamento. Resultados: Os planejamentos radioterápicos que usaram o estabilizador bucal tiveram menor dose de irradiação nas estruturas saudáveis quando comparado com os planejamentos sem o estabilizador bucal em todos os grupos, principalmente na técnica IMRT. As glândulas parótidas contralaterais e os ossos gnáticos foram as estruturas saudáveis mais poupadas da dose de irradiação. A mucosite foi a complicação oral mais frequente durante a RT...

Objetive: The aims of this study were to evaluate the dosimetric features of intraoral stent in reducing the radiation dose in healthy tissue in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer undergoing three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and, to analyze the incidence of oral complications and its relation with radiation techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of fifty-three patients with oral cavity (n = 38) and oropharynx (n = 15) cancer were prospectively evaluated and allocated into three groups: Group 1 (tumor located in lower oral cavity, n = 29), Group 2 (tumor located in upper oral cavity, n = 9) and Group 3 (oropharynx, n = 15). For radiotherapy planning and dosimetric analysis, the same patient underwent two CT scans - one with the use of the stent and the other without it. All patients used the stent during radiotherapy and were followed-up on a weekly basis to verify possible side effects. Results: In all three groups, the radiotherapy planning with intraoral stent showed significant lower irradiation dose in healthy structures when compared to the planning without the stentthis was particularly clear with the use of the IMRT technique. The contralateral parotid gland and jawbones were the healthy tissues better preserved. The most frequent oral complications verified during RT were mucositis. Interestingly, oral ulcerations were seem, in Group 1, only on the floor of mouth, tongue and lower lip, not affecting the upper oral mucosa. In addition, 3D-treated patients experienced more severe acute dysphagia and dysgeusia than IMRT-treated patients...

External beam radiation therapy and a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost without or with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Purpose To assess outcomes with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and a low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy boost without or with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods From January 2001 through August 2011, 120 intermediate-risk or high-risk prostate cancer patients were treated with EBRT to a total dose of 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions and a palladium-103 LDR brachytherapy boost of 10,000 cGy (n = 90) or an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost of 11,000 cGy (n = 30). ADT, consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist ± an anti-androgen, was administered to 29/92 (32%) intermediate-risk patients for a median duration of 4 months and 26/28 (93%) high-risk patients for a median duration of 28 months. Results Median follow-up was 5.2 years (range, 1.1-12.8 years). There was no statistically-significant difference in biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), or overall survival (OS) without or with ADT. Also, there was no statistically-significant difference in bDFS, DMFS, or OS with a palladium-103 vs. an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost. Conclusions There was no statistically-significant difference in outcomes with the addition of ADT, though the power of the current study was limited. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0815 and 0924 phase III trials, which have accrual targets of more than 1,500 men, will help to clarify the role ADT in locally-advanced prostate cancer patients treated with EBRT and a brachytherapy boost. Palladium-103 and iodine-125 provide similar bDFS, DMFS, and OS. .

Early stage prostate cancer: biochemical recurrence after treatment

Objectives To identify retrospectively through chart analysis the biochemical recurrence frequency of localized prostate cancer at diagnosis of patients submitted to surgery or radiotherapy; to correlate diagnostic characteristics associated with higher risk of biochemical recurrence.Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis of 483 patients treated in a single center, from March 2000 to December 2009 in order to verify factors associated with biochemical recurrence.Results Biochemical recurrence was more frequent in patients with higher initial PSA levels and those with higher risk disease. Recurrence was more frequent in patients with high risk (25.9%) than those with intermediate risk (10.7%) and low risk (5.5%). There was no significant statistical difference of biochemical recurrence between patients submitted to radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy. Biochemical recurrence was diagnosed in only 11 of 73 patients (15%) submitted to conformal radiotherapy using tridimensional technique.Conclusion Radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy have similar treatment results. Tridimensional conformal radiotherapy used nowadays is more efficient than earlier forms of radiation therapy (cobalt therapy and bidimensional linear accelerator therapy).

Efectividad y seguridad de la radioterapia conformacional en cáncer gástrico / Effectiveness and safety of conformational radiotherapy in gastric cancer

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés: El cáncer gástrico es el cuarto cáncer más común en el mundo, y es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel mundial. Su incidencia varía en forma importante de un país a otro. Colombia se encuentra entre los países con las tasas más altas, con aproximadamente 7.700 nuevos casos diagnosticados en el 2007, y representa la primera causa de muerte por tumores malignos en ambos sexos. Según estadísticas de GLOBOCAN 2008, se estima una tasa de incidencia anual de 17.4/100.000 personas. Entre 90% y 95% de los tumores malignos del estómago son adenocarcinomas, y los grupos de edad más afectados son los de la séptima y la octava décadas de la vida (promedio de 65 años), pero si se considera sólo en pacientes con diagnóstico en etapa precoz (cáncer incipiente), la edad promedio desciende a 40-45 años. En Colombia, en más de la mitad de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico, el diagnóstico se hace en los estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Descripción de la tecnología: Descripción de la tecnología: La radioterapia es una técnica que consiste en la exposición \r\nde los tejidos a radiaciones ionizantes. Se utilizan fuentes naturales o artificiales de radiación. El mecanismo de acción a nivel celular es la producción de radicales libres, los cuales son nocivos para las estructuras vitales de las células. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: Pregunta de evaluación: En pacientes adultos con cáncer gástrico ¿cuál es la efectividad y seguridad de la la radioterapia conformacional 3D en comparación con la radioterapia convencional (AP-PA), en cubrimiento de volumen blanco y toxicidad en \r\ntejido normal (órganos en riesgo)? La pregunta de investigación fue validada teniendo en uenta las siguientes fuentes de información: registro sanitario INVIMA, Acuerdo 029 de 2011, guías de práctica clínica, \r\nrevisiones sistemáticas y narrativas de la literatura, estudios de prevalencia/incidencia y carga de enfermedad, libros de texto, consulta con expertos temáticos, sociedades científicas y otros actores clave. Población: Pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico. Tecnología de interés: Radioterapia conformacional 3D. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura, Búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas. Conclusiones: Efectividad: la radioterapia conformacional 3D en comparación con la técnica convencional AP-PA, ha demostrado ser una técnica efectiva para el tratamiento adyuvante de pacientes con cáncer gástrico, con resultados que demuestran que esta técnica ofrece un mejor cubrimiento de órgano blanco. Seguridad: \r\nen órganos adyacentes en riesgo de irradiación, la radioterapia conformacional 3D ha demostrado una menor dosis de irradiación en columna vertebral, riñón izquierdo y riñón derecho. Para el hígado, las dosis de irradiación son mayores con la radioterapia conformacional 3D en comparación con la radioterapia convencional; sin embargo, dichas dosis se encuentran aún por debajo de la dosis hepática tolerada.

Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Symptoms Palliation in a Hypofractionated Weekly Schedule of External Radiotherapy for Elderly Patients with Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer

Aim To evaluate acute toxicity and symptoms palliation of a weekly hypofractionated 3DCRT schedule as radical treatment in elderly patients with organ confined bladder cancer cT1-2N0. Materials and Methods Between February 2005 and June 2011, 58 prospectively selected patients diagnosed with organ confined bladder cancer were treated with external 3DCRT (4-field arrangement). All candidates were medically inoperable, with poor performance status, and with age ranged from 75 to 88 years (median 78). A dose of 36 Gy in 6 weekly fractions was prescribed. The primary study endpoints were the evaluation of haematuria, dysuria, frequency and pain palliation as well as the acute toxicity according to the RTOG/EORTC scale: an assessment was performed at baseline, during and 3 months after radiotherapy, while the maximum reported score was taken into account. Results The gastrointestinal acute toxicities were 13/58 (22.4%) and 5/58 (5.6%), for grade I and II respectively. The genitourinary acute toxicities were 19/58 (32.7%) and 10/58 (17.2%), for grade I and II respectively. In terms of clinical outcome, 55/58 patients (94.8%) reported palliation of haematuria, while 19 out of 58 reported no change in frequency and dysuria. All patients reported significant improvement (P < 0.01) for pain, concerning the visual analogue score before and after radiotherapy. The median progression free survival was 14 months. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of patient-reported acute toxicity following weekly hypofractionated external 3DCRT is low while the symptom palliation compares very favorably with other reported outcomes. .