Terapia de reemplazo renal, una alternativa para la calidad de vida de los pacientes / Renal replacement therapy, an alternative for patient quality of life

Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica es una patología causada por la pérdida del funcionamiento del riñón con una filtración glomerular alterada por más de tres meses, por lo que es necesario recibir terapia de reemplazo renal consistente en la sustitución de esta función mediante la extracción de líquidos de la sangre y su filtración a través de membranas semipermeables, en especial para mantener la homeostasis mediante la eliminación de sustancias tóxicas nitrogenadas y desechos acumulados. Discusión y conclusiones: estos procedimientos y en particular la hemodiálisis puede presentar diversas complicaciones debido a que son procesos invasivos. Cabe mencionar que los pacientes en terapia de reemplazo presentan una disminución de la calidad de vida sobre todo a nivel físico y psicológico, a costa de mantener una mejor condición de su salud renal.

Introduction: chronic kidney disease is a condition caused by the loss of kidney function with impaired glomerular filtration for more than three months, making it necessary to receive renal replacement therapy which is a substitute for the normal function of kidneys by removing fluid from the blood using filtration across semipermeable membranes, especially to maintainhomeostasis by removing toxic nitrogenous substances and accumulated wastes. Discusion and conclusions: these procedures, in particular hemodialysis, may lead to various complications for they are invasive processes. It is worth mentioning that replacement therapy may decrease patients ́ quality of life, especially impacting their physical and psychological domains, at the expense of maintaining a better condition of their renal health.

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Uso de Hemofiltración veno-venosa continua en neonatos con hiperamonemia. Serie clínica / Continuous venovenous hemofiltration in neonates with hyperammonemia. A case series

Resumen: Introducción: La hiperamonemia neonatal secundaria a errores congénitos del metabolismo es una entidad poco frecuente pero con una alta tasa de secuelas neurológicas y mortalidad. El manejo médico inicial es en muchas ocasiones insuficiente para detener el progresivo aumento de la amonemia, con el consecuente deterioro del paciente. Por esta razón se han implementado técnicas depurativas entre las que se cuenta la diálisis peritoneal, la hemodiálisis intermitente y las terapias de reemplazo renal continuo (TRRC). Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en diálisis extracorpórea continua en pacientes con hiperamonemia neonatal gravemente enfermos. Pacientes y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de fichas clínicas de neonatos con hiperamonemias secundarias a errores congénitos del metabolismo sometidos a TRRC, admitidos en nuestra institución en los últimos 6 años. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, edad cronológica y gestacional, género; datos antropométricos y de laboratorio (creatininemia, amonemia) e índice de gravedad por PIM-II. Se analizó la TRRC utilizada: modalidad, duración y complicaciones. El inicio de la terapia dependió de la respuesta al manejo médico en las primeras 24 horas, compromiso neurológico progresivo, o cifras de amonio sanguíneo elevados (> 400 μg/dl) al momento del ingreso. Las TRRC fueron realizadas con la máquina Prisma Flex, usando filtros M100 y/o HF20. Resultados: 6 neonatos, 4 varones, la mitad con antecedentes de prematurez, todos con compromiso neurológico agudo severo y amonemias en rango grave (> 1.000 μg/dl). La edad y peso promedio al iniciar la TRRC fueron de 10 días y 2.798 g respectivamente, amonemia (mediana) 1.663 μg/dl (rango 1.195-3.097). El puntaje PIM-II tuvo una mediana de 53 (rango 13,4-87,4). En promedio, los pacientes estuvieron 49,5 h en la terapia continua. En cuatro neonatos se usó una técnica dialítica mixta convectiva y difusiva (hemodiafiltración), y solo convectiva (hemofiltración) en las 2 restantes. La mortalidad fue de 33%, y uno de los sobrevivientes quedó con daño neurológico moderado permanente en seguimiento clínico. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en este grupo de neonatos extremadamente graves nos incentivan a proponer esta terapia dialítica como una excelente alternativa en el manejo de este tipo de pacientes.

Abstract: Introduction: Neonatal hyperammonemia secondary due to inborn errors of metabolism is a rare condition with a high rate of neurological sequelae and mortality. Initial medical management is often insufficient to stop the progressive increase of ammonia, with the consequent deterioration of the patient. For this reason, depurative techniques have been implemented, including peritoneal dialysis, intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Objective: To describe our experience with continuous extracorporeal dialysis in severely ill neonates with hyperammonemia. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of clinical records of neonates with hyperammonemia due to congenital errors of metabolism undergoing CRRT admitted in our institution in the last 6 years. Demographic data, chronological and gestational age, gender, anthropometric and laboratory data (creatininemia, ammonemia), and severity index PIM-II where collected. It was analyzed the CRRT: modality, duration and complications. The stard of therapy depended on the response to medical management in the first 24 hours, progressive neurological involvement, or increased blood ammonia (> 400 qg/dl) at the time of admission. CRRTs were performed using the Prisma Flex system and M100 and/or HF20 filters. Results: 6 neonates, 4 males, half of them with a history of prematurity, all with severe acute neurological involvement and severe ammonemias (> 1,000 qg/dl). The average age and weight at the start of the CRRT were 10 days and 2798 g, respectively, ammonia (median) 1,663 qg/dl (range 1,195 - 3,097). The PIM-II score had a median of 53 (range 13.4 - 87.4). On average, patients were 49.5 hours in continuous therapy. In four neonates, a mixed convective and diffusive technique (hemodiafiltration) was used, and only convective one (hemofiltration) in the 2 remaining. Mortality was 33%, and one of the survivors had permanent moderate neurological damage in clinical follow-up. Conclusions: The results obtained in this extremely ill group of neonates encourage us to propose this dialytic therapy as an excellent alternative in the management of this type of patients.

Safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous blood purification treatment of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

The aim of this study was to discuss the safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on continuous blood purification (CBP) during the treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Thirty-five patients with MODS were divided into two groups: the local citrate anticoagulation (RCA) group, and the heparin-free blood purification (hfBP) group. The MODS severity was assessed according to Marshall's MODS score criteria. Blood coagulation indicators, blood pressure, filter lifespan, filter replacement frequency, anticoagulation indicators, and main metabolic and electrolyte indicators were analyzed and compared between RCA and hfBP groups. RCA resulted in lower blood pressure than hfBP. The filter efficacy in RCA treatment was longer than in the hfBP group. The blood clearance of creatine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid was better in the RCA group. RCA also led to higher pH than hfBP. Neither treatment resulted in severe bleeding events. In addition, MODS score was positively correlated with prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time but negatively correlated with platelet concentration. RCA is a safer and more effective method in CBP treatment; however, it could also lead to low blood pressure and blood alkalosis.

Changes in serum cardiac myosin light chain 1 levels in children with fulminant myocarditis during continuous blood purification

Summary Objective: To investigate the changes in serum cardiac myosin light chain 1 (CMLC-1) levels in children with fulminant myocarditis (FM) during continuous blood purification (CBP), as well as to analyze its correlation with other laboratory indexes. Method: Twenty-four (24) children with FM who underwent CBP were enrolled. Before and during treatment (48 and 72 hours after treatment, or death), the optical density value of serum CMLC-1 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and then the serum CMLC-1 concentration was calculated. The correlations between CMLC-1 OD value change and laboratory indexes including creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), troponin, myohemoglobin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were analyzed. Results: The serum CMLC-1 concentration significantly increased in the children with FM and decreased obviously during CBP therapy. In the same period, the change of CMLC-1 concentration were positively correlated with creatine kinase-MB (r=0.528), troponin (r=0.726), myohemoglobin (r=0.702), and NT-proBNP levels (r=0.589). Conclusion: The serum CMLC-1 concentration increases significantly in children with FM, but CBP therapy can effectively control this increase.

Acidosis láctica asociada a metformina: caso clínico / Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: report of one case

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a severe and infrequent adverse event. Early diagnosis is essential to start an early treatment, which often has favorable results. We report a 56 years old non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic female who developed a severe metabolic acidosis associated with metformin in relation to an acute renal failure secondary to infectious diarrhea. Early treatment with bicarbonate and continuous hemofiltration allowed a quick improvement of the patient. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis has an elevated mortality (50-80%) and has a specific and effective treatment. Therefore, the condition must be born in mind.

Continuous blood purification treatment for endotoxin-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

This study aimed to explore the effects of continuous blood purification (CBP) treatment in pigs affected with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A total of 12 healthy male pigs, weighing 12±1.8 kg, were randomly and equally assigned to the control and experimental groups. The ARDS pig model was prepared by intravenous injections of endotoxin (20 µg/kg). The control group was given conventional supportive therapy, while the experimental group was given continuous veno-venous hemofiltration therapy. During the treatment process, the variations in dynamic lung compliance, oxygenation index, hemodynamics, and urine volume per hour at different times (Baseline, 0, 2, 4, and 6 h) were recorded. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The histomorphological changes of the lung, heart, and kidney were visualized using a light microscope. The nuclear factor κB p65 protein content of the heart, lung, and kidney tissues was also detected using western blot. The experimental group outperformed the control group in both respiratory and hemodynamic events. CBP treatment cleared TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 partially from serum and BALF. The pathological examination of the heart, lung, and kidney tissues revealed that the injury was less severe in the experimental group. CBP treatment can improve the organ functions of pigs affected with endotoxin-induced ARDS and protect these organs to some extent.

Tratamento bem-sucedido da síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus com uso de hemofiltração de alto volume / Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome successfully treated with high-volume hemofiltration

RESUMO A síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus tem elevada taxa de mortalidade. Sugere-se que uma conexão precoce com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea melhore os resultados. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentou síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus e choque refratário, que preenchia os critérios para oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea e que teve resposta satisfatória com uso de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume. A implantação de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume, juntamente da ventilação protetora, reverteu o choque dentro de poucas horas e pode ter levado à recuperação. Em pacientes com síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus, um curso rápido de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume pode ajudar a diferenciar pacientes que podem ser tratados com cuidados convencionais da unidade de terapia intensiva dos que necessitarão de terapias mais complexas, como oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea.

ABSTRACT Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome has a high mortality rate, and early connection to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been suggested to improve outcomes. We report the case of a patient with demonstrated Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and refractory shock who fulfilled the criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and responded successfully to high volume continuous hemofiltration. The implementation of high volume continuous hemofiltration along with protective ventilation reversed the shock within a few hours and may have prompted recovery. In patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, a short course of high volume continuous hemofiltration may help differentiate patients who can be treated with conventional intensive care unit management from those who will require more complex therapies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Ensaio clínico aleatorizado avaliando o impacto de diferentes métodos de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) na leptospirose grave

A leptospirose é um problema de saúde em todo o mundo. Sua forma mais grave, a Síndrome de Weil, é um modelo clássico de sepse, que pode provocar síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda e injúria renal aguda, este quadro clinico esta associado a mortalidade que continua a ser inaceitavelmente alta. Nós descrevemos em um estudo anterior os efeitos da dose de hemodiálise na doença de Weil, usando diálise baixa eficiência (SLED), e demonstraram que o início precoce da SLED com realizações de diálises diárias diminui significativamente a mortalidade. No entanto, a melhora do clearance pode também afetar os resultados dos doentes em diálise. Hemofiltração e hemodiálise podem proporcionar convecção ou difusão respectivamente. A hemofiltração supostamente proporciona uma maior depuração de moléculas maiores, portanto, pode beneficiar pacientes com IRA, filtrando uma quantidade maior de citocinas inflamatórias. METODOLOGIA: Ensaio clínico prospectivo, aleatorizado, realizado na UTI do IIER, especializado no tratamento de doenças infectocontagiosas, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2012. Comparamos dois grupos: hemodiálise estendida (SLED) x hemodiafiltração estendida (SLEDf). Avaliamos variáveis clínicas e demográficas, dados de função renal, dados bioquímicos da admissão e gravidade. Analisamos também dosagens séricas de interleucinas (ILs) nos três primeiros dias de internação, sendo a primeira amostra imediatamente ao início do tratamento dialítico. Os dois grupos receberam diálise diária e precoce. Para a determinação da diferença entre os grupos, um valor p ≥ 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As variáveis impactantes na estimação do óbito foram feitas segundo análises univariadas de médias, e para determinar o melhor ponto de cortes (PC) destas variáveis quantitativas na estimação do óbito com certa sensibilidade e especificidade, usamos a análise de Curva ROC...

Leptospirosis is a health problem worldwide. Its most severe form, Weil’s disease, is a classic model of sepsis, provoking acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury (AKI), with associated mortality that remains unacceptably high. We previously described the effects of hemodialysis dose in Weil’s disease, using sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED), and demonstrated that early initiation of SLED followed by daily SLED significantly decreases mortality. However, the mode of clearance can also affect dialysis patient outcomes. Hemofiltration and hemodialysis can provide convective or diffusive clearance, respectively; hemofiltration reportedly provides greater clearance of medium-size and large molecules and thus might benefit critically ill AKI patients by clearing more large-molecule toxic inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we compared the effects of convective clearance, using hemofiltration (SLEDf), and diffusive clearance, using hemodialysis (SLED), in Weil’s disease patients.In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, conducted in the ICU from 2009 through 2012, we compared two groups—SLED (n= 19) and SLEDf (n= 20)—evaluating demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters, as well as serum levels of interleukins, up to the 3rd day after admission. Both groups received early, daily dialysis.All patients received norepinephrine and were on mechanical ventilation. Although clinical data, demographic profiles and severity (SOFA/APACHE scores) were similar, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-5 were higher in SLEDf patients than in SLED patients. Over a 3-day period, IL-7, IL-17 and MCP-1 trended lower in SLEDf patients than in SLED patients. Duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay and mortality did not differ between the groups. In a logistic mortality model, the area under the ROC curve...

Therapeutic effects of blood purification in treatment of fulminant hepatic failure

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical effects of blood purification for treating fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). METHODS: Thirty-three severe FHF patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) above grade III were subjected to a combined blood purification treatment in addition to the comprehensive liver protection therapy. Patients underwent continuous hemofiltration on a daily basis during the daytime followed by sequential treatment with plasma exchange or hemodialysis every 2-3 days. The therapeutic effects of this treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: After treatment with blood purification, restoration of consciousness (those who abandoned the treatment without restoration of consciousness were excluded) was achieved in 6 of 8 cases (75%) in acute liver failure (ALF) group, 3 of 3 cases (100%) in subacute liver failure (SALF) group, and 9 of 14 cases (64.29%) in acute/subacute on chronic liver failure (A/SCLF) group. Of all cases, 11 patients restored consciousness after 7 days in a coma. The rate of long-term survival (those who abandoned the treatment were excluded) was 3/7 (42.86%) for ALF group, 2/2 (100%) for SALF group, and 1/11 (9.09%) for A/SCLF group. The levels of hemoglobin and platelet in peripheral blood were significantly reduced after blood purification. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of FHF patients with daily continuous hemofiltration during the daytime is effective in treating HE and in improving health status in the early stages of the disease. Long-term prognosis also benefits from this treatment. The rate of consciousness recovery and long-term survival is highest in SALF group followed by ALF group. This treatment is less effective in A/SCLF patients. It should be noted that blood purification procedure may cause damage to blood cells.

La microcirculación en el paciente crítico: parte II: evaluación y microcirculación como objetivo terapéutico / Microcirculation in the critically ill patient: part II: evaluation and microcirculation as a therapeutic target

La sepsis grave y shock séptico involucran una compleja red de alteraciones circulatorias, inflamatorias y metabólicas que llevan finalmente a una disrupción energética celular. Las alteraciones microcirculatorias son frecuentes en el paciente séptico. Su observación directa mediante el uso de vídeomicroscopia como sides-tream dark field (SDF) ha permitido la construcción de falla microcirculatoria como concepto clínico en el paciente crítico. Diversas intervenciones terapéuticas empleadas rutinariamente en el tratamiento del paciente crítico parecen estar asociadas con cambios limitados en la perfusión de la microcirculación, con independencia de la hemodinamia sistémica, debido a la naturaleza heterogénea de estas alteraciones y los mecanismos potencialmente involucrados.

Severe sepsis and septic shock involve circulatory, inflammatory and metabolic disorders eventually resulting in a disruption of cellular energy. Microcirculatory disturbances are common in septic patients. Direct observation using sidestream dark field (SDF) videomicroscopy has enabled the construction of microcirculatory failure as a clinical concept in the critically ill patients. Many therapeutic interventions routinely used in the treatment of critically ill patients seem to be associated with limited changes in microcirculatory perfusion, irrespective of systemic hemodynamics, given the heterogeneous nature of these changes and the mechanisms potentially involved.

Injúria Renal Aguda no paciente politraumatizado / Acute Renal Injury in polytrauma patients

A Injúria Renal Aguda (IRA) no contexto do paciente politraumatizado ocorre, na maioria das vezes, por uma conjuntura de fatores que passam por eventos correlacionados à ressuscitação volêmica inicial, ao grau de resposta inflamatória sistêmica associada ao trauma, ao uso de contraste iodado para procedimentos diagnósticos, à rabdomiólise e à síndrome compartimental abdominal. Atualmente, passamos por uma fase de uniformização dos critérios diagnósticos da IRA com o Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), sendo a referência mais aceita. Consequentemente, o estudo da IRA no politraumatismo também passa por uma fase de reformulação. Esta revisão da literatura médica visa trazer dados epidemiológicos, fisiológicos e de implicação clínica para o manuseio destes pacientes, bem como expor os riscos do uso indiscriminado de expansores volêmicos e particularidades sobre a instituição de terapia renal substitutiva em indivíduos sob risco de hipertensão intracraniana.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in trauma is, in most cases, multifactorial. Factors related to the initial ressuscitation protocol, degree of the systemic inflamatory response to trauma, contrast nephropathy in diagnostic procedures, rhabdomyolysis and abdominal compartment syndrome are some of those factors. Nowadays a uniformization in diagnostic criteria for AKI has been proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and as a result the incidence of AKI and its impact in outcomes in trauma patients also needs to be reconsider. In this review we aim to approach epidemiologic, physiologic and clinical relevant data in the critical care of patients victims of trauma and also to expose the risks of indiscriminate use of volume expanders and the interaction between renal replacement theraphy and intracranial hypertension.

Riscos ocupacionais no processamento de sistemas de hemodiálise / Occupational risks in hemodialysis system processing / Riesgos laborales en el procesamiento de sistemas de hemodiálisis

O presente estudo sobre o processamento em sistemas de hemodiálise foi realizado com objetivo de identificar os riscos aos profissionais e pacientes durante o reprocessamento. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo observacional durante as atividades da equipe de enfermagem, em hospital universitário do sul no Brasil. Foram observados 36 fluxos de reprocessamento compondo 872 passos com algum risco potencial. Em 638 (73%) observações o risco relacionava-se aos pacientes e em 27%, aos profissionais. Foram observadas técnicas seguras em 573 (66%) ocasiões e inseguras em 299 (34%). Das 299 ocasiões inseguras, 144 (48%) dependiam de infraestrutura ou rotina e não do comportamento profissional. Pacientes estiveram significativamente sob maior risco do que profissionais (P<0,001). A diferença entre passos seguros e inseguros nas fases de pré-processamento, reprocessamento e secagem/armazenagem não foi não significativa (P>0,01). Conclui-se que pacientes e profissionais estiveram sob risco durante o reprocessamento, embora passos seguros sejam proporcionalmente maiores.

The present study focuses on the processing in hemodialysis systems, with the objective to identify workers? and patients? risks during reprocessing. An observational study was performed regarding the activities of the nursing team at a university hospital in southern Brazil. Thirty-six reprocessing flows were observed, comprising 872 steps with some potential risk. In 638 (73%) observations, risk was related to patients, and in 27%, to workers. Safe techniques were observed on 573 (66%) occasions, and unsafe techniques on 299 (34%). Considering the 299 unsafe occasions, 144 (48%) depended on the infrastructure or routine and not on the worker?s conduct. The patients were at a significantly higher risk than the workers (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between safe and unsafe steps in the pre-processing, reprocessing, and drying/storage phases (P>0.01). In conclusion, both patients and workers were at risk during reprocessing, although safe steps appeared, proportionally, in a greater number.

Estudio sobre el procesamiento de sistemas de hemodiálisis realizado con el fin de identificar los riesgos de profesionales y pacientes durante el reprocesamiento. Estudio observacional durante las actividades del equipo de enfermería en hospital universitario del sur de Brasil. Se observaron 36 flujos de reprocesamiento, componiendo 872 pasos con algún riesgo potencial. En 638 (73%) observaciones, el riesgo se relacionaba con los pacientes y en 27% con los profesionales. Se observaron técnicas seguras en 573 (66%) ocasiones e inseguras en 299 (34%). De las 299 ocasiones inseguras, 144 (48%) dependían de infraestructura o rutina y no del comportamiento profesional. Los pacientes sufrieron significativamente mayor riesgo que los profesionales (p<0,001). La diferencia entre pasos seguros e inseguros en las fases de pre-procesamiento, reprocesamiento y secado/almacenado no fue significativa (p<0,01). Pacientes y profesionales estuvieron bajo riesgo durante el reprocesamiento aunque los pasos seguros fueran proporcionalmente mayoritarios en número.

Hemofiltración veno venosa en pacientes críticos: [revisión] / Venous venous hemofiltration in critical patients: [review]

El fracaso renal agudo en el paciente crítico generalmente cursa en el contexto de disfunción de varios órganos y sistemas. Las técnicas continuas de sustitución renal, como la hemofiltración veno-venosa, son una clara opción para pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica por su buena tolerabilidad. Mediante un estudio observaciones retrospectivo, revisamos los resultados de los tratamientos con terapia renal sustitutiva con hemofiltración veno-venosa continua en un periodo de 24 meses, con el objetivo de conocer el porcentaje de pacientes que superaron el episodio agudo. Se analiza la causa de ingreso y la puntuación Apache II como sistema para cuantificar la gravedad del enfermo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una mortalidad de alrededor del 69%. Los pacientes con shock séptico de origen abdominal presentan menor mortalidad comparado con otras causas y puntuación Apache II similar. Los pacientes con shock cardiogénico, a pesar de tener una puntuación más baja, presentan una mayor mortalidad.

Terapias de reemplazo renal lentas continuas / Slow continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT)", "_i": "

Las terapias de reemplazo renal continuas (TRRC) representanuna alternativa terapéutica cada vez más utilizada a nivel mundialpara el tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal aguda, sus distintasmodalidades ofrecen la posibilidad de corregir complicacionesmédicas que se pueden presentar en el postoperatorio de cirugíacardíaca; es una opción que ha demostrado ser mejor tolerada porlos pacientes inestables hemodinámicamente y con falla cardíaca.El personal de enfermería que labora en áreas de cuidados críticosdebe adquirir los conocimientos necesarios y desarrollar habilidadespara su manejo; esto incluye los mecanismos físico-químicosimplicados, indicaciones de cada una de las terapias, las modalidadesterapéuticas y cuidados específicos al paciente.

The Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy represent an alternativetherapy is increasingly used worldwide for the treatmentof acute renal failure, and its different modalities offer thepossibility of correcting medical complications that can occurin postoperative cardiac surgery, is an option that has provento be better tolerated by instable patients and with heart failure.Nursing staff that working in an intensive care unit, mustacquire the necessary knowledge, and develop skills for its use,including physical and chemicals mechanisms, indication foreach therapies, modalities and specific nursing care that the patientneeds.

Calidad de vida del paciente nefrópata en programa de hemodiafiltración / Life quality in nephropathy patients at the hemodiafiltration program", "_i": "

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica es la pérdidairreversible de nefronas por un deterioro progresivo de la funciónrenal, que puede llevar al paciente a un programa de tratamientosustitutivo, el cual genera un impacto en el estado fí-sico, emocional, económico y en su calidad de vida relacionadacon la salud. Objetivo: Conocer la asociación que existe entrela salud física y mental con la calidad de vida del paciente coninsuficiencia renal crónica en programa de hemodiafiltración.Metodología: Se realizó un estudio no experimental, correlacional,transversal y prospectivo del 1 de mayo al 30 de juniode 2009 en una población de N = 41 pacientes del Programade Hemodiafiltración del Servicio de Nefrología del InstitutoNacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INCICh); se utilizóun instrumento elaborado por el Centro para el Control deEnfermedades denominado Medidas de Días Saludables paradeterminar la calidad de vida. Se incluyeron pacientes permanentesdel programa de hemodiafiltración y se excluyeronaquéllos con evento agudo, tratamiento temporal y trasladadoa otra institución. El análisis se realizó a través del programaestadístico SPSS versión 17 para Windows con medidas de resumeny correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Predominó elsexo femenino en un 54%, el 44% de los pacientes consideróque su calidad de vida es regular y 34% la manifestó comobuena; 49% tiene entre 26 a 30 días saludables y sólo un 12%refirió no haber gozado de ningún día saludable. Existe unarelación positiva de Spearman entre los días no saludables conlos días sin salud física y sin salud mental. Conclusión: Lacalidad de vida está relacionada con el estado de salud física ymental, permitiendo a los pacientes satisfacer sus necesidadesde atención personal y realizar sus actividades cotidianas y detrabajo sin el apoyo de la familia.

Efeitos da ultrafiltração modificada na função pulmonar e necessidade de hemotransfusão em pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio / The effects of modified ultrafiltration on pulmonary function and transfusion requirements in patients underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea aumenta a permeabilidade vascular, com incremento da morbidade e da mortalidade pós-operatória. A ultrafiltração modificada na população pediátrica demonstrou melhora da função pulmonar e hemodinâmica, contudo benefício semelhante não está bem estabelecido em adultos. Nós temos a hipótese que a ultrafiltração modificada pode melhorar a função pulmonar, hemodinâmica e a coagulação no pós-operatório em pacientes adultos. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e cego para a equipe anestésica e da terapia intensiva em pacientes eletivos submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio. Todos os pacientes foram monitorados quanto à função hemodinâmica, pulmonar e hematológica no intraoperatório e até 48 horas de pós-operatório. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: um submetido à ultrafiltração modificada por 15 minutos após a saída de circulação extracorpórea e um grupo sem ser submetido à ultrafiltração. Os dados foram estudados com análise de variância com dois fatores para medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: O grupo ultrafiltração modificada apresentou menor sangramento pós-operatório ao final de 48 horas (598 ± 123 ml vs. 848 ± 455 ml; P = 0,04) e menor necessidade de transfusão de unidades de hemácias (0,6 ± 0,6 unidades/ paciente vs. 1,6 ± 1,1 unidades/paciente; P =0,03). O grupo ultrafiltração apresentou menor resistência de vias aéreas quando comparado ao controle (9,3 ± 0,4 vs. 12,1 ± 0,8 cmH2O. L-1s-1; P =0,04) e menor complacência quando comparado ao controle (47,3 ± 2,0 mLcmH2O vs. 53,1 ± 3,1 mLcmH2O; P=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O uso ultrafiltração modificada diminuiu o sangramento pós-operatório e a necessidade de transfusão, contudo sem diferenças no resultado clínico final. O uso da ultrafiltração modificada não foi associado com instabilidade hemodinâmica.

OBJECTIVE: The inflammatory response after cardiac surgery increases vascular permeability leading to higher mortality and morbidity in the post operative time. The modified ultrafiltration (MUF) had shown benefits on respiratory, and hemodynamic in pediatric patients. This approach in adults is not well established yet. We hypothesize that modified ultrafiltration may improve respiratory, hemodynamic and coagulation function in adults after cardiac surgeries. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was carried out with 37 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were randomized either to MUF (n=20) at the end of bypass or to control (no MUF) (n=17). The anesthesia and ICU team were blinded for the group selection. The MUF were carried out for 15 minutes after the end of bypass. The patients data were taken at beginning of anesthesia, ending of bypass, ending MUF, 24 hours, and 48 hours after surgery. For clinical outcome the pulmonary, hemodynamic and coagulation function were evaluated. RESULTS: We observed lower drain loss in the MUF group compared to control group after 48 hours (598 ± 123 ml vs. 848 ± 455 ml; P=0.04) and required less red blood cells units transfusion compared to control group (0.6 ± 0.6 units/patient vs.1.6 ± 1.1 units/patient; P=0.03). The MUF group showed lower airway resistance (9.3 ± 0.4 cmH2O.L-1s-1 vs. 12.1 ± 0.8 cmH2O.L-1s-1; P=0.04). There were no deaths in both groups. CONCLUSION: The MUF reduces post operatory bleeding and red blood cells units transfusion, but with no differences on clinical outcome were observed. The routinely MUF employment was not associated with hemodynamic instability.

Técnica de hemofiltración veno-venosa continua / Technique of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration", "_i": "

La hemofiltración veno–venosa continua (HFVVC), es unatécnica realizada en pacientes postoperados de cirugía cardíaca;consiste en extraer agua plasmática del sistema circulatorio,a través de una membrana semipermeable (hemoconcentrador)por convección y gradiente de presión, con el objetivode disminuir hipervolemia, mejorar la función renal, eliminarmediadores de respuesta inflamatoria y optimizar el estado hemodinámicode los pacientes. Este procedimiento es realizadopor el personal de enfermería de perfusión en la unidad de terapiaintensiva con un circuito que se arma y diseña en unárea blanca. Una de las principales ventajas que se le adjudicana las terapias de HFVVC, es la tolerancia hemodinámica ala extracción de grandes volúmenes de líquido en forma gradualy controlada, en pacientes en estado crítico.

The continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (HFVVC), is atechnique realized in post-operated patients of cardiac surgery;it consists of extracting plasmatic water of the circulatorysystem, through a semi permeable membrane (hemoconcentrador)by convection and pressure gradient, with the aimof diminishing hipervolemia, improving the renal function,to eliminate mediators of inflammatory answer and to optimizethe hemodinámico state of the patients. This procedureis realized by the personnel of perfusion infirmary in theunit of intensive therapy with a circuit that weapon and isdesigned in a white area. One of the main advantages thatare adjudged to the HFVVC therapies, is the tolerance haemodynamicsto the extraction of great volumes of liquid ingradual and controlled form, in patients in critical state.

Shock cardiogénico por infarto agudo del miocardio manejado con hemofiltración de alto volumen: Caso clínico / Cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction managed with high volume hemofiltration: Report of a case

Cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction unveils a systemic inflammatory response with elevation of cytokines that contribute to hypoperfusion. High volume hemofiltration may remove cytokines in patients with septic shock resulting in hemodynamic improvement and reducing the requirements of norepinephrine. We report a 48 year-old male with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction who presented a systemic inflammatory response characterized by fever and hemodynamic collapse, without evidence of infection. Its hemodynamic profile was stabilized with high volume hemofiltration.