Desempeño predictivo de los criterios diagnósticos de restricción de crecimiento fetal para resultados adversos perinatales en un hospital de Popayán, Colombia / Predictive performance of fetal growth restriction criteria for adverse perinatal outcomes in a hospital in Popayán, Colombia

Objetivos: determinar el desempeño predictivo de la definición de retardo de crecimiento fetal (RCF) de ultrasonografía de la Sociedad de Medicina Materno Fetal (SMMF), consenso Delphi (CD) y Medicina Fetal de Barcelona (MFB) respecto a resultados adversos perinatales en cada una, e identificar si hay asociación entre diagnóstico de RCF y resultados adversos perinatales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron gestantes con embarazo único de 24 a 36 semanas con 6 días, quienes fueron atendidas en la unidad de medicina materna fetal con evaluación ecográfica de crecimiento fetal y atención de parto en una institución hospitalaria pública de referencia ubicada en Popayán, Colombia. Se excluyeron embarazos con hallazgos ecográficos de anomalías congénitas. Muestreo por conveniencia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de las gestantes al ingreso, la edad gestacional, el diagnóstico de RCF y el resultado adverso perinatal compuesto. Se analizó la capacidad predictiva de tres criterios diagnósticos de restricción de crecimiento fetal para malos resultados perinatales y la asociación entre el diagnóstico de RCF y mal resultado periantal. Resultados: se incluyeron 228 gestantes, cuya edad media fue de 26,8 años, la prevalencia de RCF según los tres criterios fue de 3,95 %, 16,6 % y 21,9 % para CD, MFB y SMMF respectivamente. Ningún criterio aportó área bajo la curva aceptable para predicción de resultado neonatal adverso compuesto, el diagnóstico de RCF por CD y SMMF se asoció a resultados adversos perinatales con RR de 2,6 (IC 95 %: 1,5-4,3) y 1,57 (IC 95 %: 1,01-2,44), respectivamente. No se encontró asociación por MFB RR: 1,32 (IC 95 %: 0,8-2,1). Conclusiones: ante un resultado positivo para RCF, el método Delphi se asocia de manera más importante a los resultados perinatales adversos.Los tres métodos tienen una muy alta proporción de falsos negativos en la predicción de mal resultado perinatal. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que reduzcan los sesgos de medición y datos ausentes.

Objectives: To determine the predictive performance of fetal growth restriction by Maternal Fetal Medicine Society (MFMS) definition of ultrasound, the Delphi consensus (DC) and the Barcelona Fetal Medicine (BFM) criteria for adverse perinatal outcomes, and to identify whether there is an association between the diagnosis of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and adverse perinatal outcomes. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including women with singleton pregnancies between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation seen at the maternal fetal medicine unit for ultrasound assessment of fetal growth and delivery care in a public referral hospital in Popayán, Colombia. Pregnancies with ultrasound findings of congenital abnormalities were excluded. Convenience sampling was used. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured on admission; additional variables were gestational age, FGR diagnosis and adverse composite perinatal outcome. The predictive ability of three fetal growth restriction diagnostic criteria for poor perinatal outcomes was analyzed and asociation between FGR and adverse perinatlal outcomes. Results: Overall, 228 pregnant women with a mean age of 26.8 years were included; FGR prevalence according to the three criteria was 3.95 %, 16.6 % and 21.9 % for DC, BFM and MFMS, respectively. None of the criteria resulted in an acceptable area under the curve for the prediction of the composite adverse neonatal outcome; FGR diagnosis by DC and MFMS were associated with adverse perinatal outcomes with a RR of 2.6 (95 % CI: 1.5-4.3) and 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.01-2.44) respectively. No association was found for BFM RR: 1.32 (95 % CI: 0.8-2.1). Conclusions: Given a positive result for FGR, the Delphi method is significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The proportion of false negative results for a poor perinatal outcome is high for the three methods. Prospective studies that reduce measurement and attrition bias are required.

Las pistolas Taser®. Algunas consideraciones médico-legales / The TASER® guns. Some medical-legal considerations

Las pistolas TASER® fueron introducidos en nuestra sociedad de forma progresiva, con confusión e ignorancia sobre el uso particular de los mismos para intentar inmovilizar o reducir un sujeto en diferentes lugares y circunstancias; Por tanto, han generado un amplio debate social debido a las polémicas de su uso por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad. En este trabajo se describe una actualización de los mecanismos de acción, una descripción detallada de la lesiología que se presenta y los efectos no deseados que pueden derivarse de su uso en diferentes partes del cuerpo, en virtud de las discusiones sobre su inocuidad en la Salud

Taser® guns were introduced in our society progressively, with confusion and ignorance about the particular use of them to try to immobilize or reduce a subject in different places and circumstances. Therefore, they have generated a wide social debate due to the controversies of their use by the security forces. In this work, an update on the mechanisms of action is described, a detailed description of the lesiology that occurs and the unwanted effects that may derive from its use in different parts of the body, by virtue of the discussions about its harmlessness in the Health

Is there an association between electroneuromyography and ultrasound in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome? / Existe associação entre a eletroneuromiografia e a ultrassonografia no diagnóstico da Síndrome do Túnel do Carpo?

Abstract Objective To verify whether there is an association between the results of the severity in electroneuromyography and the positivity in ultrasound in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods Sixty-eight patients were included in the study, 61 women and 7 men, with a mean age of 54.4 years. The ultrasound results (positive or negative) were crossed with the results of electroneuromyography (mild, moderate or severe), and the existence of association was verified. Results One hundred and thirty-six hands with suspicion or symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated. Positive ultrasound diagnosis was observed in 72 hands and negative in 64; 123 hands presented positive electroneuromyography for carpal tunnel syndrome, and there were 13 negative results. The severe degree in electroneuromyography was prevalent. Conclusion There was a statistically significant association between electroneuromyography and ultrasonography (p < 0.05), and ultrasound positivity was higher for more severe levels of carpal tunnel syndrome given by electroneuromyography.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar se existe associação entre os resultados da gravidade da eletroneuromiografia e a positividade da ultrassonografia no diagnóstico da síndrome do túnel do carpo. Métodos Sessenta e oito pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, sendo 61 mulheres e 7 homens, com média de idade de 54,4 anos. Os resultados da ultrassonografia (positivo ou negativo) foram cruzados com os resultados da eletroneuromiografia (leve, moderado ou grave) e verificada a existência de associação. Resultados Cento e trinta e seis mãos com suspeita ou sintomas de síndrome do túnel do carpo foram avaliadas. O diagnóstico ultrassonográfico positivo foi observado em 72 mãos e negativo em 64; 123 mãos apresentaram eletroneuromiografia positiva para síndrome do túnel do carpo e 13 apresentaram resultado negativo. O grau grave da eletroneuromiografia foi prevalente. Conclusão Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre eletroneuromiografia e ultrassonografia (p < 0,05), sendo que a positividade da ultrassonografia foi maior para níveis mais graves de síndrome do túnel do carpo dados pela eletroneuromiografia.

Effects of Obesity on the pulmonary function test

Aim: To evaluate the effects of increasing BMI on the Respiratory function. Introduction: There is a worldwide increasing prevalence of overweihgt and obesity. Researchers have found that obesity affects the respiratory function leading to different respiratory medical illnesses, including asthma and obstructive deep apnea. The effect of obesity on the pulmonary functiion is assisted using different anthropometric measurements, like BMI, waist circumference, skin fold, etc. So the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of increasing BMI on different respiratory function test measures. Methods: 23 adult males with BMI of 25 and above were included in the study and compared with 18 normal weight adult males with BMI of (18-24.99) regarding different measures of PFT like: FVC, FEV1, PEFR and FEF. Results: no significant difference was found between the two groupsñ. Conclusions: there were no effects of increasing BMI on the respiratory functions

Prefrontal symptomatology in People with Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis: Clinical Utility and Psychometric Properties of Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI)

The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystemic disorder. It is considered a neuromuscular disease but also involves cognitive (executive functions, social cognition, attention, memory and language), emotional or behavior changes in over 50% of the reported cases and to of frontotemporal diagnosis lobar degeneration of behavioral variant in up to 15% of the cases. For this reason, the presence of cognitive and motivational problems was analysed in a Spanish sample of ALS patients through the prefrontal symptoms inventory (PSI) to determine applicability in this disease STI. A sample of 31 patients with a potential ALS or definitive diagnostic criteria according to El Escorial was used. Obtained results ISP were compared with a sample of 31 healthy people in the same proportions of gender, age and education level. Obtained results showed a not significant difference between the two populations in the motivational factor problems, related to the depression symptomatology frequently associated with ALS. A significant positive correlation between age at diagnosis and the scale of the motivational problems was observed, with a not significant trend related to problems in the executive control and in social the behavior control and with the age at diagnosis, in the same sense with age at diagnosis. Therefore, it can be concluded that, despite the results obtained, emotional and behavioral deficits in ALS patients and symptoms related to frontotemporal dementia (among others, anosognosia or lack of consciousness symptoms) could have interfered in patient perception about their symptomatology

Tendencia de publicación de ensayos clínicos con resultados negativos financiados por industrias farmacéuticas durante el periodo 2007-2012 / Publication Trend of Clinical Trials with Negative Results Funded by Pharmaceutical industries for the 2007-2012 Period / Tendência de publicação de ensaios clínicos com resultados negativos financiados por indústrias farmacêuticas durante o período 2007-2012

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de ensayos clínicos financiados por la industria farmacéutica durante el periodo 2007-2012 en una revista médica general. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal donde se revisaron ensayos clínicos originales financiados por la industria farmacéutica publicados entre el año 2007 y 2012 en la revista The New England Journal of Medicine (http://www.nejm.org). Se empleó la prueba de χ² de tendencia para evaluar los resultados de los estudios a través de los años. Se creó una base de datos con las diferentes variables, identificando el número de publicaciones y el periodo de mayor publicación de estudios negativos así como la especialidad médica e industria farmacéutica financiadora. Resultados: Se analizaron 321 ensayos clínicos. Se calculó el Odds Ratio para cada año evaluado, encontrando un χ² de tendencia lineal en estudios negativos de 2,91 con valor p 0,08 y en los estudios positivos de 1,16 con valor p 0,28. Se encontró que en el periodo 2007-2009 se publicaron 123 estudios, de los cuales el 40 % presentaron resultados negativos; a diferencia del periodo 2010-2012 en el cual se publicaron 198 ensayos clínicos, de los cuales 142 presentaron resultados negativos. OR 1,68 IC 95 % (1,02-2,78) valor p 0,03. El mayor año de publicación de estudios negativos fue el 2007 con 44,7%. Conclusiones: Se ha visto una disminución progresiva en el número de publicaciones con resultados negativos en general por año. No se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la publicación de estudios negativos por año entre el período 2007-2012. La especialidad médica con mayor número de publicaciones totales y negativas en los dos periodos fue cardiología y las industrias farmacéuticas que más patrocinaron ensayos clínicos totales y con resultados negativos en los dos periodos fueron Merck, Glaxo SmithKline y Sanofi-Aventis. El 50 % de las publicaciones de neurología mostraron resultados negativos.

Objective: To evaluate the results of clinical trials financed by the pharmaceutical industries during the period 2007-2012 in a general medical journal. Materials and methods: We performed an observational cross sectional study where originals clinical trials financed by the pharmaceutical industry published between 2007 and 2012 in the journal The New England Journal of Medicine (http://www.nejm.org) were reviewed. Trend χ² test was used to evaluate the results of studies over the years. A database was created with different variables, identifying the number of publications and the period of greater publishing negatives studies, as well as the medical specialty and pharmaceutical industry funding. Results: 321 clinical trials were analyzed. The Odds Ratio was calculated for each year evaluated, finding a χ²of linear trend in negatives studies of 2.91 with value p 0.08 and positive studies of 1.16 with value p 0.28. It was found that in the period 2007-2009 123 studies were published, 40% of which presented negative results; unlike the 2010-2012 period in which 198 clinical trials where published, 142 of them, showed positive results, OR 1.68, 95 % CI (1.02-2.78) value p 0.03. The highest figures of negative results were published in 2007: 44.7 %. Conclusions: A progressive decrease in the number of publications with annual general negative results has been observed. A statistically significant difference in the publication of negative studies per year was not found between the periods 2007-2012. The medical specialty that showed the largest number of total and negative publications in both periods was cardiology. The pharmaceutical industry that sponsored most total clinical trials with negative results in both periods did so through Merck, Glaxo SmithKline, and Sanofi-Aventis. 50 % of neurology publications showed negative results.

Objetivo: avaliar os resultados de ensaios clínicos financiados pela indústria farmacêutica durante o período 2007-2012 em uma revista médica geral. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo observacional de corte transversal onde revisaram-se ensaios clínicos originais financiados pela indústria farmacêutica publicados entre o ano 2007 e o ano 2012 na revista The New England Journal of Medicine (http://www.nejm.org). Empregou-se o teste do χ²de tendência para avaliar os resultados dos estudos através dos anos. Criou-se uma base de dados com as diferentes variáveis, identificando o número de publicações e o período de maior publicação de estudos negativos assim como a especialidade médica e indústria financiadora. Resultados: analisaram-se 321 ensaios clínicos. Calculou-se o Odds Ratio para cada ano avaliado, encontrando um χ² de tendência lineal em estudos negativos de 2,91 com valor p 0,08 e nos estudos positivos de 1,16 com valor p 0,28. Encontrou-se que no período 2007-2009 se publicaram 123 estudos, dos quais o 40% apresentaram resultados negativos; ao contrário do período 2010-2012 no qual se publicaram 198 ensaios clínicos, dos quais 142 apresentaram resultados negativos 1,68 IC 95% (1,02-2,78) valor p 0,03. O ano com maior quantidade de publicações de estudos negativos foi 2007 com 44,7%. Conclusões: Tem-se identificado uma diminuição progressiva no número de publicações com resultados negativos em geral por ano. Não se encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na publicação de estudos negativos por ano entre o período 2007-2012. A especialidade médica com maior número de publicações totais e negativos nos dois períodos foi cardiologia e as indústrias farmacêuticas que mais patrocinaram ensaios clínicos totais e com resultados negativos nos dois períodos foram Merck, Glaxo SmithKline e Sanofi-Aventis. O 50% das publicações de neurologia mostraram resultados negativos.